Article(id=1211269039133954653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1211269034906088369, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.03.14, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1599753600000, receivedDateStr=2020-09-11, revisedDate=1610380800000, revisedDateStr=2021-01-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766718643219, onlineDateStr=2025-12-26, pubDate=1616860800000, pubDateStr=2021-03-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766718643219, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766718643219, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766718643219, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1211269034906088369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2021', volume='46', issue='3', pageStart='213', pageEnd='318', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1766718642212, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766718779849, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1211269612247838856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1211269034906088369, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1211269612247838857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1211269034906088369, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=300, endPage=305, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1211269039482081892, articleId=1211269039133954653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Research progress of Fas apoptosis pathway in intervertebral disc degeneration, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a common disease in orthopedics, and its pathogenesis is complicated. The main pathological changes are cell apoptosis and extracellular matrix degradation. Clinical therapies are mainly symptomatic and cannot cure diseases at the etiological level. IDD targeted therapy has become the focus of current research due to its small side effects and broad prospects. The apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells caused by activation of the Fas signaling pathway is an important cause of IDD. It affects IDD's pathophysiological process through genetic factors and is closely related to the pathogenesis of IDD inflammation, immunity, and abnormal vascular growth. Targeting Fas signaling inhibition may be a new type of therapy to slow down the process of IDD effectively. This paper reviews Fas apoptotic pathway, etiology of IDD, the relationship between Fas pathway and IDD, and targeted inhibition of Fas pathway in the treatment of IDD.

, correspAuthors=Hai-Yu Zhou, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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椎间盘退变(IDD)是骨科常见病,其发病机制复杂,主要的病理变化为细胞凋亡和细胞外基质降解。该病临床主要以对症治疗为主,无法在病因水平治愈该病,而靶向治疗由于不良反应少及应用前景广阔而成为目前研究的重点。Fas信号通路激活所致的髓核细胞凋亡是IDD的重要发病机制,可通过遗传因素的影响参与IDD的病理生理过程,且与IDD炎症、免疫及血管异常长入等发病机制密切相关,靶向抑制Fas信号通路可能是有效减缓IDD进程的新型疗法。该文就Fas凋亡通路、IDD的病因、Fas通路与IDD的关系及靶向抑制Fas通路治疗IDD的研究进展进行综述。

, correspAuthors=周海宇, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
周海宇,E-mail:
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胡一村,硕士研究生,主要从事脊柱疾病的相关研究。E-mail:

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胡一村,硕士研究生,主要从事脊柱疾病的相关研究。E-mail:

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胡一村,硕士研究生,主要从事脊柱疾病的相关研究。E-mail:

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Fas凋亡途径在椎间盘退变中的作用研究进展
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胡一村 1, 2 , 张晓勃 1, 2 , 张芮浩 1, 2 , 陈祥义 1, 2 , 于得臣 1, 2 , 王克平 1, 3 , 周海宇 1, 3, *
解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2021,46(3): 300-305
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解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2021, 46(3): 300-305
Fas凋亡途径在椎间盘退变中的作用研究进展
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胡一村1, 2 , 张晓勃1, 2, 张芮浩1, 2, 陈祥义1, 2, 于得臣1, 2, 王克平1, 3, 周海宇1, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1兰州大学第二医院骨科,兰州 730030
  • 2甘肃省骨关节疾病研究重点实验室,兰州 730030
  • 3兰州市西固区人民医院骨科,兰州 730060
  • 胡一村,硕士研究生,主要从事脊柱疾病的相关研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

周海宇,E-mail:
Research progress of Fas apoptosis pathway in intervertebral disc degeneration
Yi-Cun Hu1, 2 , Xiao-Bo Zhang1, 2, Rui-Hao Zhang1, 2, Xiang-Yi Chen1, 2, De-Chen Yu1, 2, Ke-Ping Wang1, 3, Hai-Yu Zhou1, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Orthopedics, the Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Disease Research of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730030, China
  • 3Department of Orthopedics, Xigu District People's Hospital of Lanzhou City, Lanzhou 730060, China
出版时间: 2021-03-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.03.14
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椎间盘退变(IDD)是骨科常见病,其发病机制复杂,主要的病理变化为细胞凋亡和细胞外基质降解。该病临床主要以对症治疗为主,无法在病因水平治愈该病,而靶向治疗由于不良反应少及应用前景广阔而成为目前研究的重点。Fas信号通路激活所致的髓核细胞凋亡是IDD的重要发病机制,可通过遗传因素的影响参与IDD的病理生理过程,且与IDD炎症、免疫及血管异常长入等发病机制密切相关,靶向抑制Fas信号通路可能是有效减缓IDD进程的新型疗法。该文就Fas凋亡通路、IDD的病因、Fas通路与IDD的关系及靶向抑制Fas通路治疗IDD的研究进展进行综述。

椎间盘退变  /  Fas信号通路  /  细胞凋亡  /  靶向治疗

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a common disease in orthopedics, and its pathogenesis is complicated. The main pathological changes are cell apoptosis and extracellular matrix degradation. Clinical therapies are mainly symptomatic and cannot cure diseases at the etiological level. IDD targeted therapy has become the focus of current research due to its small side effects and broad prospects. The apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells caused by activation of the Fas signaling pathway is an important cause of IDD. It affects IDD's pathophysiological process through genetic factors and is closely related to the pathogenesis of IDD inflammation, immunity, and abnormal vascular growth. Targeting Fas signaling inhibition may be a new type of therapy to slow down the process of IDD effectively. This paper reviews Fas apoptotic pathway, etiology of IDD, the relationship between Fas pathway and IDD, and targeted inhibition of Fas pathway in the treatment of IDD.

intervertebral disc degeneration  /  Fas signaling pathway  /  apoptosis  /  targeted therapy
胡一村, 张晓勃, 张芮浩, 陈祥义, 于得臣, 王克平, 周海宇. Fas凋亡途径在椎间盘退变中的作用研究进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2021 , 46 (3) : 300 -305 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.03.14
Yi-Cun Hu, Xiao-Bo Zhang, Rui-Hao Zhang, Xiang-Yi Chen, De-Chen Yu, Ke-Ping Wang, Hai-Yu Zhou. Research progress of Fas apoptosis pathway in intervertebral disc degeneration[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2021 , 46 (3) : 300 -305 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.03.14
慢性下腰痛已成为当今世界严重的医学和社会问题,是导致中老年人残疾的重要原因[1]。作为慢性下腰痛最常见的病因,椎间盘退变(intervertebral disc degeneration,IDD)困扰着全世界40%~45%的人口,其中60岁以上成人患病率高达68%[2-3]。目前IDD的临床治疗手段包括手术和非手术治疗,其中手术(如经皮穿刺椎间盘减压、腰椎椎体间融合术、人工椎间盘置换等)依然是主要的治疗方式,但不能从根本上去除病因,且存在高侵袭性和高复发风险,甚至可加重现有损伤。因此,迫切需要寻找一种新型疗法以改变现状。近年来,基因靶向疗法受到广泛关注[4-5],可显著降低患者的手术风险,减少术后并发症,甚至有望逆转IDD的进展[6-7]。Fas信号转导通路作为细胞凋亡的经典途径,对细胞增殖和凋亡的平衡有着重要意义[8]。最近研究发现,Fas信号通路激活是导致IDD恶化的重要因素,通过技术手段抑制椎间盘内Fas信号通路可能是一种有效的治疗方法。本文综述近年来Fas凋亡通路与IDD发生机制的最新研究进展,概括总结既往研究存在的局限,以期为基因治疗应用于临床提供基础。
细胞凋亡不同于程序性细胞死亡,因为细胞死亡可发生在生理发育过程中,且表现为非凋亡特征[9]。椎间盘细胞凋亡是引起IDD的重要机制[10],其凋亡途径可归纳为死亡受体途径、线粒体途径和内质网应激途径。死亡受体途径是指促进细胞凋亡的各种外部因素通过不同的死亡受体信号系统介导细胞凋亡,属于外源性凋亡信号通路[11];内源性凋亡信号通路起源于线粒体,与B细胞淋巴瘤/白血病-2(B-cell lymphoma-2,Bcl-2)家族的激活有关,凋亡关键分子是半胱天冬酶-9(caspase-9),这两种信号通路在髓核细胞凋亡过程中扮演着重要角色[12]。研究发现,Fas可分别通过死亡受体途径和线粒体途径两种方式参与IDD的发生[13]
Fas又称Apo-1、CD95或TNFSF6,最初由Yonehara等[14]在一种诱导细胞凋亡的单克隆抗体中发现,其基因位于人类染色体10q24.1或10q23,跨越约23.5 kb[15]。Fas可广泛表达于各种组织,但主要集中在胸腺、肝脏和肾脏[16]。Park等[17]在腰椎间盘细胞内发现了Fas的表达,且表达程度因椎间盘突出类型不同而不同,这为Fas凋亡途径在IDD中的作用研究奠定了重要基础。Fas的配体FasL(又称CD95L、CD178)于1993年由Suda等[18]从细胞毒性T细胞杂交瘤PC60-d10S细胞系中成功克隆,属于肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)家族,在细胞中以膜结合(mFasL)和可溶性(sFasL)两种形式存在[19]
Fas凋亡途径是死亡受体信号通路的关键要素,也是调控细胞凋亡的主要途径[20-21]。FasL诱导Fas三聚体的形成,后者招募并与细胞质衔接蛋白的N端死亡域、Fas相关死亡域(FADD)结合,将凋亡信号传递给半胱天冬酶原-8(procaspase-8)[22],随后,Fas-FasL-FADD-procaspase-8共同组成死亡诱导信号复合物(death-inducing signaling complex,DISC)[23]。半胱天冬酶家族的成员是关键的效应分子,其中半胱天冬酶-8(caspase-8)是启动因子,在死亡受体介导的细胞凋亡中起顶体蛋白酶的作用[24]。Caspase-8激活后可激活下游的效应蛋白半胱天冬酶-3(caspase-3),导致蛋白酶水解及引起一系列的酶联反应,最终使DNA降解,诱导细胞凋亡[25]
IDD的分子机制十分复杂,目前其病因及发病过程尚未完全阐明。现有证据表明,IDD与生物力学因素、炎性因子破坏、细胞凋亡、酶活性变化和易感基因的影响等有关[26]。细胞凋亡学说是近年来的研究热点,作为经典凋亡途径,Fas通路引起的椎间盘细胞凋亡是椎间盘变性的重要原因[27]。IDD发生时,椎间盘表现为蛋白多糖含量降低、髓核水分减少、髓核细胞凋亡及细胞外基质分解等变化。
正常人体椎间盘处于低氧、低营养、高渗透压、高机械强度的环境下,椎间盘内这种微环境的变化是诱导IDD的重要原因。研究发现,低氧诱导因子-1α在髓核中大量表达,在髓核细胞适应低氧环境时发挥重要作用[28-29]。也有研究发现,低氧诱导因子与椎间盘髓核细胞的凋亡呈正相关[30],这与低氧环境下低氧诱导因子对椎间盘的保护作用不符,因此笔者推测两者之间可能存在一定的负反馈调节,需要进一步研究加以验证;而Fas凋亡通路的关键分子可作为检测细胞凋亡的重要指标。此外,椎间盘内的低营养和异常生物力学因素也是导致IDD的重要原因[31-32]。研究发现,低营养可诱导椎间盘纤维环细胞自噬[33],激活髓核细胞的线粒体凋亡通路[34],从而引起IDD。虽然目前生物力学因素引起IDD的具体机制尚不明确,但学者们一致认为细胞外基质合成减少及细胞衰老死亡是其主要原因[35]。目前,IDD的具体作用机制和信号通路研究较少,但椎间盘细胞凋亡可能是IDD的重要起始因素,Fas凋亡通路在其中的作用需要更深层次的探索。
当细胞外部环境发生变化或由于某种内部因素激活Fas通路时,可诱导IDD的发生。有研究发现,软骨终板细胞凋亡与IDD的发病机制有关。在人类退化的软骨终板细胞中,miR-34a表达水平明显升高,且伴有凋亡增加。体外敲除人软骨终板细胞中的miR-34a可导致Bcl-2蛋白过表达,而上调miR-34a可抑制Bcl-2的表达,提示miR-34a可通过靶向抑制Bcl-2促进软骨终板细胞凋亡,从而促进退变的发生[36]。此外,Fas通路激活可促进纤维环细胞凋亡,从而导致椎间盘变性的发生[37]。IDD与Fas通路存在密切联系,有必要进一步研究Fas凋亡通路在IDD中的作用机制。
目前,Fas是诱导IDD的重要原因已达成共识,但FasL的作用仍存在争议。多数学者认为,FasL在退变椎间盘中的表达呈下降趋势,髓核细胞表达的FasL对椎间盘具有保护作用[38]。Huang等[39]采用人类病例对照研究Fas/FasL基因多态性与IDD的关系,结果显示,Fas的G等位基因(rs1800682)与IDD发病风险增加有关,FasL的T等位基因(rs763110)与所有模型中IDD的发病风险降低有关。但也存在不同的观点,即FasL的表达对椎间盘有损害作用。如Han等[40]认为,FasL能通过上调髓核细胞中Fas的表达而促进髓核细胞凋亡,且凋亡与FasL呈剂量依赖性。Zhu等[41]对348例IDD患者和215名健康者进行基因分型,发现Fas 1377G/A和FasL 844C/T多态性与中国汉族人群IDD的严重程度有关。有研究报道,FasL和肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体的遗传多态性与中国汉族人群IDD的易感性明显相关[42]。因此,FasL在IDD中的作用仍未完全阐明,需要深入研究FasL与IDD的关系及其作用机制。
炎症是导致IDD的重要因素,目前已知的IDD相关炎性因子包括TNF-α、IL-1、IL-2、IL-6、前列腺素E2、环氧合酶-2、HIF-1α等[43]。有研究发现,人髓核细胞中的IL-2可通过激活Fas死亡受体通路促进细胞凋亡[44]。Yamamoto等[45]利用人椎间盘髓核永生化细胞系与巨噬细胞系共培养,发现髓核永生化细胞系可产生促炎细胞因子,而FasL在髓核细胞产生促炎细胞因子的过程中发挥重要作用,与Yoshida等[46]在兔椎间盘的体外研究结果一致。转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)具有再生椎间盘的潜力,Xie等[47]发现,TGF-β1可显著抑制大鼠髓核细胞的凋亡,降低caspase-3和caspase-8的活性。因此,TGF-β1可通过Fas死亡受体通路延缓IDD的进展,IDD炎性因子与Fas凋亡通路可能具有协同作用,抑制Fas通路可能会间接抑制椎间盘内的炎症反应,这为IDD的治疗提供了新的思路。
纤维环、软骨终板及免疫分子共同组成血髓核屏障。正常状态下,髓核与宿主的免疫系统处于隔离状态。当纤维环破裂或其他因素导致髓核组织暴露于自身免疫系统时,保护屏障被损坏,机体激活T细胞、B细胞引起自身免疫反应。髓核在免疫应答中逐步发生级联反应,这在IDD的发生发展中发挥着重要作用[48]。既往研究发现,Fas凋亡通路参与了机体的免疫反应[49]。此外,Fas介导的细胞凋亡受免疫分子和信号通路调控[50]。因此,Fas信号通路与免疫相关性IDD存在密切联系。
人体椎间盘是免疫特权器官,可通过Fas-FasL调节机制与侵入性免疫细胞相互作用。人类髓核细胞具有多种多样的细胞形态,能够合成细胞外基质成分,表达Fas和FasL作为重要的免疫特权位点。FasL功能障碍是IDD的重要特征,此时,髓核细胞与免疫细胞之间的相互作用失衡[51]。而可溶性Fas的增加则可抵消FasL的影响,通过破坏髓核的免疫平衡和增加免疫细胞浸润导致IDD[52]。当FasL过表达时,髓核细胞中的巨噬细胞和CD8+ T细胞凋亡率增高[38],并可诱导侵袭性Fas阳性细胞激活的细胞毒T淋巴细胞凋亡[53]。综上,FasL在人椎间盘免疫特权中发挥重要作用,有助于维持髓核的免疫特权。
干细胞移植可使变性的椎间盘再生,与Fas-FasL途径和免疫细胞相互作用获得特权以及增强免疫力有关[51]。但有学者认为,IDD发生时机体免疫反应并没有明显的利弊之分,这对IDD发生时机体的免疫作用提出了质疑[54]。笔者认为,正常情况下免疫反应对机体具有保护作用,当IDD发生时,髓核等化学物质暴露于免疫系统下,免疫反应可引起其他的连锁损伤,这可能是机体的一种警示信号,但对机体造成了重大损害。目前IDD免疫与Fas凋亡途径的关系尚未完全阐明,加深对免疫特权的认识有可能为治疗IDD提供新的靶点。
椎间盘是人体最大的无血管器官。随着IDD的恶化,椎间盘逐渐被血管化。已知人髓核细胞和血管内皮细胞均表达Fas和FasL。IDD过程中存在多种血管生成机制,这些血管的生成与Fas/FasL的表达存在一定关联。研究发现,内皮细胞表达的Fas具有促进和维持血管完整性的作用[55]。Sun等[56]建立髓核细胞与血管内皮细胞共培养系统,发现正常髓核细胞诱导血管内皮细胞凋亡的能力强于退化的髓核细胞;FasL可介导下游FADD和caspase-3的激活,使血管内皮细胞凋亡,从而防止椎间盘血管再生。血管内皮细胞凋亡可导致终板微血管密度降低,影响IDD的病理过程[57]。因此,人髓核细胞可诱导内皮细胞凋亡,并抑制内皮细胞的迁移。但随着年龄增长,髓核细胞不断衰老,其诱导凋亡的能力不断下降,由此导致的椎间盘微环境变化可能是IDD血管异常长入的重要因素[58]。因此,Fas凋亡通路在IDD晚期血管异常长入变性椎间盘的过程中发挥着关键作用,且可能是通过与内皮细胞相互作用实现的。
靶向抑制Fas凋亡通路可能是减缓IDD进程的有效方法。有研究发现,芍药苷对细胞具有保护作用,可抑制大鼠椎间盘Fas通路的激活,减少FasL诱导的纤维环细胞凋亡[37]。Erwin等[59]发现,脊索细胞(椎间盘前体细胞)分泌的因子可通过抑制活化的caspase-9、caspase-3和caspase-7的表达而抑制髓核细胞死亡,并通过促进细胞外基质的合成而保护椎间盘髓核。研究发现,在IDD过程中,纤维环细胞中胰岛淀粉样多肽(IAPP)的表达明显降低,慢病毒si IAPP转染可降低IAPP及其受体的表达,下调IAPP可诱导纤维环细胞中活性氧(ROS)的产生,使基质金属蛋白酶表达减少,细胞内Ca2+浓度增加,最终导致细胞死亡;si IAPP干预可促进线粒体中细胞色素C的释放,导致caspase-3和caspase-9激活,此外还可诱导Fas/FasL系统的激活和细胞死亡[60]。因此,IAPP表达下调可通过线粒体和死亡受体两种途径诱导纤维环细胞死亡,参与IDD的进展。综上,芍药苷、脊索细胞分泌的因子以及上调IAPP等可能为一种有效的治疗策略,但需要临床试验验证其有效性及可行性。
RNA靶向治疗是近年来研究的热点。通过RNA靶向抑制Fas凋亡通路可有效减缓IDD。Cui等[61]对66例IDD患者和58名健康志愿者的血清进行实时定量PCR(qRT-PCR)和Western blotting检测,结果显示,长链非编码RNA(lncRNA)MAGI2-AS3可抑制FasL的表达,沉默lncRNA MAGI2-AS3可促进髓核细胞中FasL的表达。另有研究报道,Fas小干扰RNA(siRNA)治疗椎间盘细胞凋亡的功效(约10%)优于神经生长因子(PDGF)和胰岛素样生长因子1(IGF-1)(分别为2%和5%)[62]。siRNA介导的Fas表达抑制可增强细胞增殖活性(约21%),在凋亡起始阶段,Fas表达下调可抑制细胞凋亡并诱导细胞增殖,从而增强椎间盘细胞的活力[63]。因此,Fas siRNA可能是治疗IDD的有效方法,在RNA水平抑制Fas通路以减缓退变的发生具有一定可行性。
Wang等[53]采用慢病毒携带miR-155前体转染髓核细胞,转染后髓核细胞的FADD和caspase-3表达受到抑制,敲除miR-155后FADD和caspase-3过表达,表明miR-155可负调控Fas通路的表达。Zhang等[64]收集脊柱侧弯患者和IDD患者的髓核样本,用慢病毒携带miR-210前体(pre-miR-210)和antago miR-210转染实现髓核细胞miR-210的过表达和敲低,结果显示,IDD患者miR-210的表达低于侧弯对照患者,miR-210表达下调促进了Fas介导的髓核细胞凋亡;pre-miR-210治疗后凋亡的髓核细胞比例明显降低,提示miR-210可能是IDD治疗的新靶标。此外,Li等[65]发现,miR-129-5p对IDD具有保护作用,上调miR-129-5p可促进大鼠髓核细胞的增殖,降低FADD的表达,抑制细胞凋亡。另有研究报道,RNA干扰是一种局部治疗IDD的方法[66]。综上,抑制Fas凋亡通路可能是抑制IDD进展的有效方法,这为其靶向治疗提供了新的思路,但以上研究存在一定的局限性:IDD的病因、机制尚未完全阐明,疾病治疗缺乏特异性;未观察到细胞凋亡和增殖的可比变化,缺乏说服力;细胞代谢和活性以及产生细胞外基质的能力仍然是椎间盘修复的关键指标,但多数研究未能证实;治疗方案多处于动物和人体外实验阶段,缺乏足够的临床依据证实临床应用的可行性及有效性。
综上所述,靶向治疗IDD是未来发展的趋势,其中Fas通路可能是靶向治疗IDD的新靶点。虽然目前的研究存在一定的局限性,但携带基因药物或RNA靶向抑制Fas通路可能是IDD的理想治疗方法。载体构建一直是基因靶向治疗所面临的重要挑战,最近研究发现,外泌体可作为有效载体用于靶向治疗疾病且无明显细胞毒性,因此,选用外泌体携带治疗因子转移到受损的椎间盘细胞从而减缓IDD可能是一种有效的治疗手段。
  • 兰州市西固区科技支撑计划项目(2018-3-79)
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2021年第46卷第3期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.03.14
  • 接收时间:2020-09-11
  • 首发时间:2025-12-26
  • 出版时间:2021-03-28
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  • 收稿日期:2020-09-11
  • 修回日期:2021-01-12
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Xigu District Science and Technology Support Plan Project of Lanzhou City(2018-3-79)
兰州市西固区科技支撑计划项目(2018-3-79)
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    1兰州大学第二医院骨科,兰州 730030
    2甘肃省骨关节疾病研究重点实验室,兰州 730030
    3兰州市西固区人民医院骨科,兰州 730060

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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