Article(id=1211268935773720617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1211268928383348982, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.02.14, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1586793600000, receivedDateStr=2020-04-14, revisedDate=1611072000000, revisedDateStr=2021-01-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766718618576, onlineDateStr=2025-12-26, pubDate=1614441600000, pubDateStr=2021-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766718618576, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766718618576, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766718618576, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1211268928383348982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2021', volume='46', issue='2', pageStart='107', pageEnd='211', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1766718616815, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766718805938, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1211269721685627740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1211268928383348982, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1211269721685627741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1211268928383348982, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=193, endPage=199, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1211268936121847877, articleId=1211268935773720617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Application progress of induced pluripotent stem cells in Alzheimer's disease, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the common chronic neurodegenerative diseases, and characterized mainly by the deposition of amyloid β-protein (Aβ), hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, and neuronal and synaptic loss. Currently approved drugs can only alleviate the symptoms and cannot completely cure the disease. Stem cells have specific abilities of self-renewal, proliferation, differentiation and reprogramming. In particular, the induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) developed in recent years have provided a new research strategy for the treatment of AD. The combination of iPSCs technology with gene editing,3D-like organs, and biomaterial scaffolds has resulted in a new approach to the recognition and treatment of AD. This review mainly summarizes the latest applications of iPSCs in AD, including the application of disease modeling in the research of pathogenesis of AD and early biomarker detection, the combination of iPSCs and 3D scaffold in cell therapy, and the application of iPSCs in high-throughput drug screening.

, correspAuthors=Feng-Xue Lao, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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阿尔茨海默病(AD)是常见的慢性神经退行性疾病之一,主要表现为β淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)沉积、tau蛋白过度磷酸化及神经元和突触丢失等。目前已被批准的药物只能减缓症状,无法完全治愈本病。干细胞具有特殊的自我更新、增殖、分化和重新编程能力,特别是近年来开发的诱导多能干细胞(iPSCs)为AD的治疗提供了一个新的研究策略。iPSCs技术与基因编辑、3D类器官、生物材料支架相结合,产生了一种认识和治疗AD的新方法。该文就iPSCs疾病建模应用于AD发病机制研究及早期生物标志物检测、iPSCs与3D支架结合的细胞治疗,以及iPSCs应用于高通量药物筛选等方面的研究进展进行综述。

, correspAuthors=劳凤学, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
劳凤学,E-mail:
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李梦洁,硕士研究生,主要从事阿尔茨海默病发病机制的研究。E-mail:

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李梦洁,硕士研究生,主要从事阿尔茨海默病发病机制的研究。E-mail:

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李梦洁,硕士研究生,主要从事阿尔茨海默病发病机制的研究。E-mail:

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诱导多能干细胞在治疗阿尔茨海默病中的应用进展
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李梦洁 , 章丽娜 , 商迎辉 , 黄汉昌 , 劳凤学 *
解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2021,46(2): 193-199
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解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2021, 46(2): 193-199
诱导多能干细胞在治疗阿尔茨海默病中的应用进展
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李梦洁 , 章丽娜, 商迎辉, 黄汉昌, 劳凤学*
作者信息
  • 生物活性物质与功能食品北京市重点实验室/北京联合大学功能因子与脑科学研究院/生物化学工程学院,北京 100191
  • 李梦洁,硕士研究生,主要从事阿尔茨海默病发病机制的研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

劳凤学,E-mail:
Application progress of induced pluripotent stem cells in Alzheimer's disease
Meng-Jie Li , Li-Na Zhang, Ying-Hui Shang, Han-Chang Huang, Feng-Xue Lao*
Affiliations
  • Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Institute of Functional Factors and Brain Sciences, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100191, China
出版时间: 2021-02-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.02.14
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阿尔茨海默病(AD)是常见的慢性神经退行性疾病之一,主要表现为β淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)沉积、tau蛋白过度磷酸化及神经元和突触丢失等。目前已被批准的药物只能减缓症状,无法完全治愈本病。干细胞具有特殊的自我更新、增殖、分化和重新编程能力,特别是近年来开发的诱导多能干细胞(iPSCs)为AD的治疗提供了一个新的研究策略。iPSCs技术与基因编辑、3D类器官、生物材料支架相结合,产生了一种认识和治疗AD的新方法。该文就iPSCs疾病建模应用于AD发病机制研究及早期生物标志物检测、iPSCs与3D支架结合的细胞治疗,以及iPSCs应用于高通量药物筛选等方面的研究进展进行综述。

阿尔茨海默病  /  诱导多能干细胞  /  细胞模型  /  细胞移植  /  药物筛选

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the common chronic neurodegenerative diseases, and characterized mainly by the deposition of amyloid β-protein (Aβ), hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, and neuronal and synaptic loss. Currently approved drugs can only alleviate the symptoms and cannot completely cure the disease. Stem cells have specific abilities of self-renewal, proliferation, differentiation and reprogramming. In particular, the induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) developed in recent years have provided a new research strategy for the treatment of AD. The combination of iPSCs technology with gene editing,3D-like organs, and biomaterial scaffolds has resulted in a new approach to the recognition and treatment of AD. This review mainly summarizes the latest applications of iPSCs in AD, including the application of disease modeling in the research of pathogenesis of AD and early biomarker detection, the combination of iPSCs and 3D scaffold in cell therapy, and the application of iPSCs in high-throughput drug screening.

Alzheimer's disease  /  induced pluripotent stem cells  /  cell model  /  cell transplantation  /  drug screening
李梦洁, 章丽娜, 商迎辉, 黄汉昌, 劳凤学. 诱导多能干细胞在治疗阿尔茨海默病中的应用进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2021 , 46 (2) : 193 -199 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.02.14
Meng-Jie Li, Li-Na Zhang, Ying-Hui Shang, Han-Chang Huang, Feng-Xue Lao. Application progress of induced pluripotent stem cells in Alzheimer's disease[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2021 , 46 (2) : 193 -199 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.02.14
阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)是一种慢性中枢神经系统退行性疾病[1],其病理变化包括β淀粉样蛋白(amyloid β-protein,Aβ)沉积、tau蛋白过度磷酸化、神经元和突触丢失等。AD的发病与多种因素有关,包括遗传因素、神经递质、免疫因素和环境因素等。近年来,临床上对AD发病机制的认识主要包括Aβ理论、tau蛋白理论、氧化应激学说、炎症机制、自噬理论等,但其具体发病机制仍未明确[2]。针对AD治疗的新药研发旨在减轻症状、减缓疾病进程,临床试验中的药物仍无法完全治愈本病[3],包括已在国内完成三期临床试验的GV971[4]与美国食品和药品管理局(Food and Drug Administration,FDA)批准的多奈哌齐等。因此对AD的治疗策略也从疾病发展的后期治疗转向早期预防[5]。目前研究表明,诱导多能干细胞(induced pluripotent stem cells,iPSCs)作为一种多能神经细胞,能够分化为所有细胞类型,推动了干细胞治疗(如细胞替代疗法)的发展,这使治愈AD成为可能[6]。自iPSCs技术出现以来,源自人类诱导多能干细胞(human induced pluripotent stem cells,hiPSCs)的神经元已应用于各种形式的神经退行性疾病,包括AD、帕金森病(Parkinson's disease,PD)、亨廷顿病(Huntington's disease,HD)和肌萎缩性侧索硬化(amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,ALS)等。iPSCs为建立遗传学和生理学模型提供了一种新颖的方法,可用于深入研究AD的发病机制及其治疗策略[7]
2006年,Takahashi等[8]从候选的24种因子中筛选出4种转录因子(Oct4、Sox2、Myc和Klf),通过反转录病毒载体使其在小鼠成纤维细胞中过表达,获得类似于胚胎干细胞(embryonic stem cells,ESCs)的多能性干细胞,称其为“iPSCs”。iPSCs来源于体外成熟的体细胞,如皮肤成纤维细胞或血细胞[9]等,经小分子或病毒载体传递的转录因子进一步行遗传修饰,使其在表型和分化能力上具有多样性和胚胎干细胞样状态,具有无限自我更新和分化为所有细胞类型的能力[10-11]。iPSCs衍生的神经元具有结构和功能特征,能够形成电生理活性突触网络[12]。在诱导过程中使用额外的转录因子,能够直接有效地将人成纤维细胞分化为特定的神经元亚型,如多巴胺能神经元[13]
近年来,诱导iPSCs的技术也有所改进,从采用反转录病毒或慢病毒作为载体转变为采用非病毒构建体整合以诱导iPSCs[8,14]。研究表明,非病毒构建体的整合比病毒载体更稳定[15]。现已建立了多种可产生iPSCs的无病毒整合系统,如腺病毒、仙台病毒、微环载体、外体载体和直接蛋白质递送等[16-17]。一些小分子细胞,如VC6T、FSK,也被证实可以取代Sox2和Oct4用来诱导细胞重编程[18]
iPSCs技术为人类疾病提供了相应的治疗方案,特别在神经发育障碍方面[19]。iPSCs能够克服动物模型的局限性,建立体外二维(two-dimensional,2D)细胞培养体系和三维(three-dimensional,3D)细胞模型,以此分析神经病理学的表型特征。除此之外,iPSCs具有很强的自我更新和分化能力,能产生大量患者特异性iPSCs,很大程度上减少了使用ESCs带来的伦理问题,也使药物筛选和评估前药、新疗法的疗效成为可能。目前iPSCs已广泛应用于基础研究、疾病建模、细胞疗法和药物筛选。
在iPSCs建立的疾病模型出现之前,研究人员通常采用小鼠动物模型来研究AD。尽管小鼠和人类有一部分的同源基因,但没有任何一种小鼠模型能够完全展示AD患者的病理表现[20]。利用患者本身的细胞或组织产生的iPSCs不仅可以避免上述问题,也避免了非患者特异性来源的伦理限制和免疫排斥问题[11]。除此之外,iPSCs建立的疾病模型已由2D培养逐渐发展为3D培养,后者可以在相对较小的容器中培养大量iPSCs,降低培养的成本[21],还可构造出细胞生长所需的复杂环境[22]。最新研究表明,利用微流体装置建立3D模型可以模拟复杂的细胞相互作用、多细胞结构、细胞间功能单元及其相互作用的物理微环境[23];在体外微流体系统中的研究显示,成釉细胞瘤在体内被神经支配,能表达干细胞标志物、Notch信号通路分子和神经营养因子,因此3D人类神经细胞培养模型对精确的AD建模至关重要[24]。目前与AD发病机制相关的iPSCs模型主要有早老素1(presenilin-1,PSEN1)突变、早老素2(presenilin-2,PSEN2)突变、淀粉样蛋白前体蛋白(amyloid precursor protein,APP)突变等类型,从不同细胞诱导的iPSCs模型中可以诊断AD的生物标志物,从而揭示AD的发病机制。
PSEN1的典型突变包括DE9、L166P、E280A、M146V、M233L,近年来新发现的突变包括A246E或Y256N、H214R和G206V[25-26]。PSEN1的所有突变体均会增加Aβ42:Aβ40的比率[27]
从携带PSEN1 DE9突变的AD患者中产生的iPSCs模型显示,致病性的PSEN1 DE9突变导致AD患者星形胶质细胞表现出严重的疾病表型,包括iPSCs衍生的AD星形胶质细胞促进AD的斑块形成、DE9突变干扰内质网中Ca2+的释放[28]、影响线粒体代谢、DE9星形胶质细胞在炎症刺激后分泌刺激因子(白细胞介素-2、白细胞介素-6、白细胞介素-10和粒细胞巨噬细胞)。早期研究表明,PSEN1的突变体可激活和抑制γ-分泌酶的活性,而DE9突变对γ-分泌酶整体无影响[29-30],研究结果有差异的原因在于携带PSEN1 DE9突变的不同患者之间存在巨大的临床异质性以及不同的研究使用了不同的方法来评估γ-分泌酶的活性[31]
PSEN1 L166P突变是最具攻击性的家族性阿尔茨海默病(familial Alzheimer's disease,fAD)突变之一,携带L166P突变的AD患者生成的iPSCs衍生的神经元中核内体大小显著增加,而这一变化可通过β淀粉样前体蛋白裂解酶(beta amyloid precursor protein lyase,BACE)治疗[32]。鲜有研究的PSEN2 N141I突变模型也显示了该结果[33],且没有观察到tau蛋白在其中的作用机制[34]。研究PSEN的突变模型还有源于早发患者的PSEN1 E280A iPSCs[25]、携带PSEN1 A246E[35]的fAD患者衍生的iPSCs等。由此可见,iPSCs衍生的细胞可以提供一种新的工具用来识别AD的生物标志物。
APP突变包括KM670/671 NL、A692G、APP swe、V717G、A673T、D678H、V717I、APP复制等[27,36]。研究显示,A692G和APP swe突变对Aβ42:Aβ40的比率无影响,V717G突变会增加Aβ42:Aβ40的比率,而A673T作为一种罕见的APP突变可导致Aβ的生成减少,降低了人群患AD的风险[37]。D678H点突变对疾病的影响更为显著,该突变位点位于β-分泌酶切割位点附近,一方面,这有可能引起APP构象变化,从而导致Aβ的累积;另一方面,该位点附近的D678N和H677R突变可加速Aβ纤维的形成[38]。研究人员对2例携带APP D678H突变的AD患者产生的iPSCs进行观察发现,来源于AD-iPSCs的神经元表现出Aβ的异常累积和tau蛋白的异常磷酸化。该突变使半胱天冬酶1保持高活性,且使轴突生长受损。其中,轴突生长受损的主要原因是糖原合酶激酶3β(glycogen synthase kinase,GSK3β)的激活会增加tau蛋白磷酸化和轴突回缩[39]。此外,V717I突变[40]和APP复制[41]也会导致Aβ的异常累积,V717I点突变会使tau蛋白总量和tau蛋白磷酸化水平升高;APP复制会导致tau蛋白异常磷酸化,激活GSK3β的活性[40]
大多数的AD为散发性、晚发型,但有1%~2%的病例为家族性早发型,伴有PSEN1、PSEN2和APP基因的潜在突变。在携带APP突变的患者产生的iPSCs模型中,出现的病理特征均是AD的早期事件,而疾病后期出现的其他病理特征如Aβ聚集、神经纤维缠结、神经元凋亡等在模型里并未出现。因此利用该类模型模拟疾病早期的病理特征,能够为疾病的早期诊断以及对应的靶点治疗提供一个良好的平台。
数十年来临床试验的多次失败表明,AD治疗确实存在一定的难度[42],在神经细胞出现不可逆死亡之前,对AD患者进行更早期的诊断和临床干预已成为AD治疗的关键。因此对AD的治疗策略也转向疾病发展早期的诊断与预防,旨在正电子发射断层扫描(positron emission tomography,PET)发现脑脊液(cerebrospinal fluid,CSF)中的淀粉样蛋白负荷之前,尽早发现表现为先驱症状或无症状的AD患者。2017年,研究人员通过对AD-iPSCs衍生的神经元培养液进行分析来鉴定CSF候选生物标志物,最终在对5个候选多肽的分析中发现α1-酸性糖蛋白(alpha-1-acid glycoprotein,ORM1)显著减少。因此如果在疾病早期观察到CSF中ORM1的显著变化,将有助于确定延缓发病的用药时间[43]。最新研究表明,对致病基因表达谱和候选新药进行电子分析,利用GSE117589微阵列数据集对AD患者和健康对照的iPSCs来源的神经祖细胞(neuronal progenitor,NP)和神经元之间的差异表达基因进行鉴定,采用判别分析模块(discriminant analysis module,DAM)算法可以识别疾病的生物标志物[44]。在这项研究中,对散发性阿尔茨海默病(sporadic Alzheimer's disease,sAD)患者iPSCs来源的NP与非痴呆对照组的NP进行分离,列出了10个预测因子,其中包括MEIS2、HOXA2、COL23A1等基因。同时,iPSCs来源的神经元经DAM分析后确定了12个预测因子,其中包括COLI1A1、SYT17、TFPI2等。其验证结果与Patel等[45]的观察结果一致。因此,使用基于iPSCs的模型可以识别早期易感个体,也为利用iPSCs来源的神经细胞模型来筛选早期诊断AD的生物标志物奠定了基础。
在AD的治疗中,基于iPSCs的细胞替代疗法的主要目的之一是产生新的神经元来替代疾病进展过程中丢失或存在功能缺陷的细胞,或者产生胶质细胞来保护神经元以避免其退化[46]。神经干细胞(neural stem cells,NSC)移植不仅为AD的治疗提供了直接的细胞替代策略,还能通过促进神经营养因子的释放而发挥神经保护作用,通过各种机制改善AD动物模型的认知能力,以逆转AD的病理状态[47]。除此之外,NSC移植也被用作递送潜在治疗剂的载体,包括奈普利赖氨酸、胰岛素降解酶、纤溶酶和组织蛋白酶B,以降低AD小鼠模型中的Aβ水平[48]。研究表明,反转录病毒转导能够成功地产生人类神经前体细胞,并且这些细胞在移植到发育中的动物大脑后具有存活、迁移和分化成不同谱系细胞的潜力[46]
经小鼠iPSCs分化的NSC移植到小鼠胚胎脑后会迁移到不同的脑区域,并分化为神经胶质细胞和神经元,从而弥补退化的神经元。hiPSCs衍生的巨噬细胞样细胞移植到5xFAD转基因AD小鼠模型,经遗传修饰后能表达一种降解Aβ的蛋白酶,从而降低Aβ的水平[49]。研究显示,iPSCs能够在AD模型中逆转早期病理变化。在PD APP转基因小鼠模型中,hiPSCs衍生的胆碱能神经元前体给药会刺激内源性神经发生,并逆转空间记忆损伤[50]。将hiPSCs-NSC移植到卒中小鼠的海马中,可改善神经功能[51]。近几年对干细胞移植到不同的AD大鼠和小鼠模型的分析显示,这种方法对动物的记忆和学习恢复有积极的影响[52]。经iPSCs分化的神经球在移植到受损的小鼠脊髓后能够存活并分化成神经细胞、星形胶质细胞和少突胶质细胞[53]。电生理实验和形态学观察表明,移植的神经元可表达正常活性[46]。AD大鼠模型研究显示,神经营养因子(如NGF)联合NSC移植治疗能够增加其前脑胆碱能神经元和突触的数量,显著改善大鼠的学习和记忆能力[54]
另外,移植的NSC在迁移和分化过程中也会受到受体大脑微环境的显著影响。研究表明,人APP的过度表达可导致移植细胞产生更多的星形胶质细胞[55],提示AD的发病过程可能对NSC移植的治疗效果产生负面影响。大脑中有害的微环境也会使大量的移植细胞意外死亡,因此寻找一种支持细胞生长、神经元再生的方法极其重要。有研究发现,合成的聚脱氨基酪氨酸乙酯碳酸酯联合iPSCs衍生的神经元接种于小鼠脑内,可有效刺激NSC的突触重塑,促进神经细胞进入脑组织,种植在3D支架上的iPSCs在注射部位的存活率提高了约38倍,谷氨酸能和多巴胺诱导神经元以解离或微折叠形式共同移植到微支架上时,存活率也有类似的提高[56]。值得一提的是,生物材料与细胞共同移植的方法在AD的相关研究中应用较少,未来可考虑将其应用于AD的治疗中。
基于iPSCs的治疗具有较低的免疫不相容性,但是fAD患者缺乏可用于重编程的健康体细胞,这一问题应该在治疗中首先予以解决。Aβ沉积可能是AD治疗的另一个障碍,而基于iPSCs的治疗可以替代丢失的神经元并去除Aβ沉积。因此目前用于移植的干细胞需要达到良好制造规范的标准并允许应用于实验研究,但需要一段时间才能产生用于临床治疗的优化供体细胞[57]
对于AD治疗而言,除了优化供体细胞,细胞替代战略也颇具挑战性。AD的病理学特点使得我们很难确定移植的最佳时间和最佳位置。因为AD患者大脑中的多个区域受到了影响,包括颞叶、顶叶、额叶皮质[58]等。在疾病开始扩散之前,移植细胞可能对AD患者是有好处的,但由于AD的机制复杂,移植时间很难确定,且发病过程可能对NSC移植的治疗效果产生负面影响[55]。而且,细胞外环境与细胞移植、存活和部分功能的恢复有关[59]。因此找到最佳位置对于治疗AD至关重要。
研究表明,由干细胞衍生的神经细胞具有高通量筛选(high-throughput screening,HTS)候选治疗药物的潜力,可以作为AD的理想细胞模型[60]。患者的iPSCs可以保留其基因型,更好地模拟神经系统疾病的表型,当其与HTS相结合时,可能为药物毒性试验创造更有利的条件[61]
AD患者特异性iPSCs的神经元能够用于测试并筛选γ-、β-分泌酶抑制剂和Aβ抗体等候选药物,如PSEN2 iPSCs的神经元可对分泌酶抑制剂治疗产生反应[62]。但在最近的临床试验中,γ分泌酶抑制剂的潜在类似物Semagacestat和Avagacestat对AD的治疗无显著效果[63-64],后者甚至可导致认知衰退,与预期结果相反[63,65]。在研究APP V717I突变时发现,fAD神经元和sAD神经元都对另一种分泌酶抑制剂DAPT产生反应,并且用DAPT处理时,诱导的神经元会抑制Aβ38、Aβ40和Aβ42的生成,另外还发现一种能够结合Aβ的抗体,可以阻止APP V717I神经元中总tau蛋白水平的增加,在临床试验中,该抗体成功地降低了Aβ肽的水平,但未能减缓认知障碍的进展[40]。此外,二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid,DHA)能改善雌激素受体应激或抑制活性氧生成[66]。具有APP-E693δ突变的神经元经DHA处理后,存活时间更长,但研究显示DHA治疗只能缓解症状,不能作为一种预防方法[67]。除了表型筛选,iPSCs还可基于目标来筛选潜在的候选药物[68]。研究人员通过AD患者衍生的iPSCs模型鉴定了一种相关疾病蛋白——胞外tau蛋白(extracellular tau,eTau),并开发了一种针对该蛋白的治疗抗体[69]。此外,特定疾病的iPSCs模型也可将药物重新定位,从而发现该药物在其他疾病中的应用。研究者发现抗癫癎药物ezogabine可以在ALS的iPSCs模型中产生疗效,在这项研究中,ezogabine对伴随超氧化物歧化酶1基因突变和其他基因突变(如C9ORF72)的ALS患者的iPSCs模型产生了影响[70]
最近开展了一项通过电子分析筛选新药的研究,利用AD-iPSCs衍生的NP模型和神经元模型,以L1000FWD软件分析鉴定具有抗特征基因干扰谱的药物,发现iPSCs衍生的NP和神经元对环孢素A的预测结果一致[44]。新药开发成本较高,因为候选药物可能会在后期的临床试验中出现一些意料之外的不良反应,从而导致研发失败。而iPSCs技术在药物筛选方面不仅节约了成本,也为新药开发、药物毒性检测等提供了更为有效的平台。
AD患者特异性iPSCs提供的独特平台能检测神经发生过程中的早期疾病表型,并且能根据复杂的表型结合高通量筛选为药物毒性检测提供一种高效的方法,这为研究AD的潜在致病机制和筛选新药提供了技术支撑。在伴有APP、PSEN1和PSEN2突变的AD患者中,iPSCs技术为单基因疾病提供了一种潜在的治疗方法,通过纠正这些突变可为最终治疗AD提供帮助。这项技术不仅克服了从AD患者身上获取活神经元的困难,也克服了不能模拟偶发性AD的困难[46]。iPSCs与其他细胞共培养获得3D类器官模型的研究也为治疗AD开拓了新的思路[71]。随着对AD发病机制认识的不断深入,未来有望开发出对不同发病机制患者均可发挥作用的药物,并可探索抗AD药物联合用药的可行性。
  • 国家自然科学基金(31471587)
  • 学科定位十大前沿研究方向专项(ZK40201902)
  • 北京联合大学研究生科研创新资助项目(YZ2020K001)
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2021年第46卷第2期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.02.14
  • 接收时间:2020-04-14
  • 首发时间:2025-12-26
  • 出版时间:2021-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2020-04-14
  • 修回日期:2021-01-20
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(31471587)
国家自然科学基金(31471587)
Discipline Positioning Ten Leading Research Direction Special Project(ZK40201902)
学科定位十大前沿研究方向专项(ZK40201902)
Research and Innovation Funding Program for Graduate Students of Beijing United University(YZ2020K001)
北京联合大学研究生科研创新资助项目(YZ2020K001)
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    生物活性物质与功能食品北京市重点实验室/北京联合大学功能因子与脑科学研究院/生物化学工程学院,北京 100191

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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