Article(id=1211268933999530937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1211268928383348982, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.02.01, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1582387200000, receivedDateStr=2020-02-23, revisedDate=1589817600000, revisedDateStr=2020-05-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766718618153, onlineDateStr=2025-12-26, pubDate=1614441600000, pubDateStr=2021-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766718618153, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766718618153, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766718618153, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1211268928383348982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2021', volume='46', issue='2', pageStart='107', pageEnd='211', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1766718616815, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766718805938, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1211269721685627740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1211268928383348982, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1211269721685627741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1211268928383348982, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=107, endPage=113, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1211268935215879165, articleId=1211268933999530937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Effects of increasing cortical neuronal activity in mice on axon remyelination and motor function recovery after spinal cord injury by DREADDs, columnId=1190310110212751762, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Basic Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To observe the effect of increasing brain cortical neuronal activity in mice on axon remyelination and motor function recovery after mild spinal cord contusion injury by chemical genetics technology (DREADDs). Methods 33 C57/BL male adult mice accepted stereotactic injection of adeno-associated virus with activated receptor [AAV-hM3D(Gq)-mCitrine] into the right cerebral cortex. Then all of the mice were randomly divided into three groups: sham group (n=11), SCI group (n=11) and activated group (n=11). SCI spinal cord injury model was established in SCI group and activation group. Two weeks later, activation group was intraperitoneally injected with 1 mg/(kg·d) clozapine N-oxide (CNO) to activate the electrical activity of cortical neurons. Sham group and SCI group were intraperitoneally injected with the same amount of normal saline once a day for 4 weeks. Animals were perfused at last, using immunofluorescence to observe the results of infection of virus, the expression of cellular Fos (cFos) within neurons and myelin basic protein (MBP) in dorsal corticospinal tract; transmission electron microscopy to show the result of axonal myelination; BMS scale and irregular horizontal ladders were used to evaluate the motor function of mice. Results Immunofluorescence microscopy confirmed successful transfection of virus into neurons at mice motor cortex, and there was no statistical significance of number of neurons infected by GFP labled adeno-associated virus between the three groups. Neuronal cFos fluorescence intensity at the transfection site in activated group was significantly higher than that in SCI group(P<0.001); MBP fluorescence intensity in the spinal cord injury center in activated group and sham group were significantly higher than that in SCI group (P<0.001). The G-ration value in activated group was apparently lower than that in SCI group (P<0.001). For the BMS score, there was no statistical significance between activated group and SCI group; the evaluation of irregular horizontal ladders found that after 2 weeks intraperitoneal injection, the error rate in activated group and SCI group decrease, and the error rate in activated group was significantly lower than that in SCI group (P<0.001); after 4 weeks intraperitoneal injection, the error rate in activated group and SCI group continued to decline, and the error rate in activated group was significantly lower than that in SCI group (P<0.001). Conclusion Using DREADDs strategies to improve the neuronal activity of cerebral cortical neurons can effectively promote the axon remyelination and the recovery of motor function after mild spinal cord contusion injury in mice.

, correspAuthors=Bo-Tao Tan, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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目的 观察利用特定药物激活特定受体(DREADDs)技术提高大脑皮质神经元电活动对轻度脊髓损伤(SCI)小鼠轴突髓鞘再生及运动功能恢复的影响。方法 成年雄性C57/BL小鼠33只,皮质定向注射携带激活型DREADDs受体的腺相关病毒[AAV-hM3D(Gq)-mCitrine]。随机分为假手术组、SCI组与激活组,每组11只。假手术组不损伤脊髓,SCI组与激活组制备SCI脊髓损伤模型,2周后,激活组腹腔注射1 mg/(kg·d) N-氧化氯氮平(CNO)以激活皮质神经元电活动,假手术组与SCI组腹腔注射等量生理盐水,1次/d,持续4周后灌注取材。采用免疫组织化学方法检测病毒感染情况以及神经元原癌基因(cFos)和髓鞘碱性蛋白(MBP)的表达;采用透射电镜观察背侧皮质脊髓束髓鞘化的程度;采用旷场试验BMS评分及不规则水平楼梯评估小鼠运动功能恢复情况。结果 免疫荧光染色证实腺相关病毒成功感染皮质锥体神经元,三组GFP标记的腺相关病毒转染神经元细胞数量差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。激活组小鼠皮质神经元cFos表达量明显增加,与SCI组和假手术组相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);在脊髓损伤中心,激活组与假手术组轴突的MBP表达量明显高于SCI组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);透射电镜观察显示,激活组G-ratio值明显低于SCI组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);BMS评分结果显示,腹腔注射1、2、4周,三组BMS评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);不规则水平楼梯试验评估发现,腹腔注射2周,激活组与SCI组的错误率降低,且激活组的错误率明显低于SCI组(P<0.001);腹腔注射4周,激活组与SCI组的错误率持续下降,且激活组的错误率明显低于SCI组(P<0.001)。结论 利用DREADDs技术提高大脑皮质神经元电活动能有效促进轻度脊髓挫裂伤后小鼠轴突的髓鞘再生及其技巧性运动功能的恢复。

, correspAuthors=谭波涛, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
谭波涛,E-mail:
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罗美玲,硕士研究生,主要从事神经康复方面的研究。E-mail:

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A. 大脑皮质示意图,M1(初级皮质运动区)为病毒注射区域;B. M1区免疫荧光染色情况(×200),黄色共表达的区域即GFP/NeuN/DAPI阳性细胞,箭头所指为腺病毒感染的椎体神经元

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A. 各组免疫荧光染色结果;B. 各组GFP阳性细胞数及cFos荧光强度比较;与假手术组比较,(1)P<0.001;与SCI组比较,(2)P<0.001(n=8)。

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MBP. 髓鞘碱性蛋白;dCST. 背侧皮质脊髓束;A. 背侧皮质脊髓束T10节段脊髓示意图;B. A图所示左侧dCST的免疫荧光染色结果,绿色示MBP标记阳性髓鞘,红色示SMI312/NF200标记阳性轴突(×800);C. 各组MBP荧光强度比较。与假手术组比较,(1)P<0.05,(2)P<0.001;与SCI组比较,(3)P<0.001 (n=8)。

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A. 透射电镜图(×12 000);B. G-ratio值;与假手术组比较,(1)P<0.05,(2)P<0.001;与SCI组比较,(3)P<0.001 (n=3)。

, figureFileSmall=hLFxp8dDo4KlqSB/jgVXaQ==, figureFileBig=Ql+5k0wHla4ULKX+wafWBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211268944963441041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1211268933999530937, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Behavioral test results of mice ($\bar{x}±s$, n=11)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别BMS评分左后肢不规则水平楼梯错误率(%)
腹腔注射1周腹腔注射2周腹腔注射4周腹腔注射1周腹腔注射2周腹腔注射4周
假手术组9.00±0.009.00±0.009.00±0.000.04±0.000.03±0.000.02±0.00
SCI组8.82±0.128.91±0.099.00±0.000.67±0.02(1)0.49±0.03(1)0.35±0.03(1)
激活组8.91±0.098.91±0.099.00±0.000.65±0.02(1)0.36±0.03(1)(2)0.19±0.01(1)(2)
), ArticleFig(id=1211268945043132821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1211268933999530937, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

小鼠行为学试验结果($\bar{x}±s$, n=11)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别BMS评分左后肢不规则水平楼梯错误率(%)
腹腔注射1周腹腔注射2周腹腔注射4周腹腔注射1周腹腔注射2周腹腔注射4周
假手术组9.00±0.009.00±0.009.00±0.000.04±0.000.03±0.000.02±0.00
SCI组8.82±0.128.91±0.099.00±0.000.67±0.02(1)0.49±0.03(1)0.35±0.03(1)
激活组8.91±0.098.91±0.099.00±0.000.65±0.02(1)0.36±0.03(1)(2)0.19±0.01(1)(2)
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利用DREADDs技术提高大脑皮质神经元电活动对轻度脊髓挫裂伤小鼠轴突髓鞘再生及运动功能恢复的影响
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罗美玲 1, 2 , 谭波涛 2, * , 潘璐 2 , 伍亚民 3 , 刘媛 3 , 虞乐华 2
解放军医学杂志 | 基础研究 2021,46(2): 107-113
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解放军医学杂志 | 基础研究 2021, 46(2): 107-113
利用DREADDs技术提高大脑皮质神经元电活动对轻度脊髓挫裂伤小鼠轴突髓鞘再生及运动功能恢复的影响
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罗美玲1, 2 , 谭波涛2, * , 潘璐2, 伍亚民3, 刘媛3, 虞乐华2
作者信息
  • 1成都市第三人民医院康复医学科,成都 610031
  • 2重庆医科大学附属第二医院康复医学科,重庆 400010
  • 3陆军军医大学附属大坪医院特殊环境战伤防治研究室/创伤、烧伤与复合伤国家重点实验室,重庆 400042
  • 罗美玲,硕士研究生,主要从事神经康复方面的研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

谭波涛,E-mail:
Effects of increasing cortical neuronal activity in mice on axon remyelination and motor function recovery after spinal cord injury by DREADDs
Mei-Ling Luo1, 2 , Bo-Tao Tan2, * , Lu Pan2, Ya-Min Wu3, Yuan Liu3, Le-Hua Yu2
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu 610031, China
  • 2Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
  • 3State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
出版时间: 2021-02-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.02.01
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目的 观察利用特定药物激活特定受体(DREADDs)技术提高大脑皮质神经元电活动对轻度脊髓损伤(SCI)小鼠轴突髓鞘再生及运动功能恢复的影响。方法 成年雄性C57/BL小鼠33只,皮质定向注射携带激活型DREADDs受体的腺相关病毒[AAV-hM3D(Gq)-mCitrine]。随机分为假手术组、SCI组与激活组,每组11只。假手术组不损伤脊髓,SCI组与激活组制备SCI脊髓损伤模型,2周后,激活组腹腔注射1 mg/(kg·d) N-氧化氯氮平(CNO)以激活皮质神经元电活动,假手术组与SCI组腹腔注射等量生理盐水,1次/d,持续4周后灌注取材。采用免疫组织化学方法检测病毒感染情况以及神经元原癌基因(cFos)和髓鞘碱性蛋白(MBP)的表达;采用透射电镜观察背侧皮质脊髓束髓鞘化的程度;采用旷场试验BMS评分及不规则水平楼梯评估小鼠运动功能恢复情况。结果 免疫荧光染色证实腺相关病毒成功感染皮质锥体神经元,三组GFP标记的腺相关病毒转染神经元细胞数量差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。激活组小鼠皮质神经元cFos表达量明显增加,与SCI组和假手术组相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);在脊髓损伤中心,激活组与假手术组轴突的MBP表达量明显高于SCI组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);透射电镜观察显示,激活组G-ratio值明显低于SCI组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);BMS评分结果显示,腹腔注射1、2、4周,三组BMS评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);不规则水平楼梯试验评估发现,腹腔注射2周,激活组与SCI组的错误率降低,且激活组的错误率明显低于SCI组(P<0.001);腹腔注射4周,激活组与SCI组的错误率持续下降,且激活组的错误率明显低于SCI组(P<0.001)。结论 利用DREADDs技术提高大脑皮质神经元电活动能有效促进轻度脊髓挫裂伤后小鼠轴突的髓鞘再生及其技巧性运动功能的恢复。

脊髓损伤  /  特定药物激活特定受体  /  神经元电活动  /  髓鞘再生  /  小鼠

Objective To observe the effect of increasing brain cortical neuronal activity in mice on axon remyelination and motor function recovery after mild spinal cord contusion injury by chemical genetics technology (DREADDs). Methods 33 C57/BL male adult mice accepted stereotactic injection of adeno-associated virus with activated receptor [AAV-hM3D(Gq)-mCitrine] into the right cerebral cortex. Then all of the mice were randomly divided into three groups: sham group (n=11), SCI group (n=11) and activated group (n=11). SCI spinal cord injury model was established in SCI group and activation group. Two weeks later, activation group was intraperitoneally injected with 1 mg/(kg·d) clozapine N-oxide (CNO) to activate the electrical activity of cortical neurons. Sham group and SCI group were intraperitoneally injected with the same amount of normal saline once a day for 4 weeks. Animals were perfused at last, using immunofluorescence to observe the results of infection of virus, the expression of cellular Fos (cFos) within neurons and myelin basic protein (MBP) in dorsal corticospinal tract; transmission electron microscopy to show the result of axonal myelination; BMS scale and irregular horizontal ladders were used to evaluate the motor function of mice. Results Immunofluorescence microscopy confirmed successful transfection of virus into neurons at mice motor cortex, and there was no statistical significance of number of neurons infected by GFP labled adeno-associated virus between the three groups. Neuronal cFos fluorescence intensity at the transfection site in activated group was significantly higher than that in SCI group(P<0.001); MBP fluorescence intensity in the spinal cord injury center in activated group and sham group were significantly higher than that in SCI group (P<0.001). The G-ration value in activated group was apparently lower than that in SCI group (P<0.001). For the BMS score, there was no statistical significance between activated group and SCI group; the evaluation of irregular horizontal ladders found that after 2 weeks intraperitoneal injection, the error rate in activated group and SCI group decrease, and the error rate in activated group was significantly lower than that in SCI group (P<0.001); after 4 weeks intraperitoneal injection, the error rate in activated group and SCI group continued to decline, and the error rate in activated group was significantly lower than that in SCI group (P<0.001). Conclusion Using DREADDs strategies to improve the neuronal activity of cerebral cortical neurons can effectively promote the axon remyelination and the recovery of motor function after mild spinal cord contusion injury in mice.

spinal cord injury  /  designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drugs  /  neuronal activity  /  remyelination  /  mice
罗美玲, 谭波涛, 潘璐, 伍亚民, 刘媛, 虞乐华. 利用DREADDs技术提高大脑皮质神经元电活动对轻度脊髓挫裂伤小鼠轴突髓鞘再生及运动功能恢复的影响. 解放军医学杂志, 2021 , 46 (2) : 107 -113 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.02.01
Mei-Ling Luo, Bo-Tao Tan, Lu Pan, Ya-Min Wu, Yuan Liu, Le-Hua Yu. Effects of increasing cortical neuronal activity in mice on axon remyelination and motor function recovery after spinal cord injury by DREADDs[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2021 , 46 (2) : 107 -113 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.02.01
髓鞘(myelin)包裹在轴突外,对维持轴突的正常功能具有重要作用[1]。研究发现,脊髓损伤(spinal cord injury, SCI)后轴突脱髓鞘现象持续存在,这可能是导致患者功能恢复困难的重要原因之一[2]。在啮齿类动物的SCI研究中,虽然观察到一定程度的自发性髓鞘再生,但不足以诱导机体功能恢复[3-4],采用一定策略促进髓鞘再生是SCI治疗的潜在靶点[5]。越来越多的证据表明,神经元电活动调控着髓鞘的发育过程[6-9]。2017年,Li等[10]在大鼠轻度脊髓挫裂伤后,通过置入电极持续诱导其大脑初级运动皮质(M1)神经元放电,发现大鼠病灶处髓鞘再生活动增强。但置入电极创伤较大,且影响的范围不确定,亟需新技术来解决这些问题。特定药物激活特定受体(designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drugs,DREADDs)技术是一种被广泛使用的化学遗传学方法,其将载有特异性受体的病毒注射到机体内感染靶细胞,当受体与特定的化学药物相结合时,便可实现对细胞信号、电活动等生理行为的调控。由于该技术创伤小,控制范围相对精准,近年来逐渐被广泛应用于神经科学领域[11-14]。2018年,Mitew等[15]使用DREADDs技术增强小鼠大脑感觉神经元的电活动,结果检测到胼胝体受刺激处的轴突髓鞘化程度提高。本研究旨在探讨增强神经元电活动对脊髓损伤小鼠轴突髓鞘再生及运动功能恢复的影响。
6~8周龄成年雄性C57/BL小鼠,体重25~30 g,由陆军特色医学中心实验动物中心提供,动物生产许可证号:SCXK(渝)2012-0005。腺相关病毒pAAV-hSyn-HA-hM3D(Gq)-IRES-mCitrine(上海gene-chem);N-氧化氯氮平(CNO,英国Bristol公司,Tocris Bioscience)。一抗:鸡单克隆抗GFP抗体(1:2000;英国Abcam公司);兔单克隆抗NeuN抗体(1:400;美国Millipore公司);小鼠单克隆抗cFos抗体(1:200;美国santa crutz公司);大鼠单克隆抗MBP抗体(1:200;美国Millipore公司);小鼠单克隆抗Neurofilament抗体(SMI312)(1:200;美国Biolegend公司);小鼠单克隆抗Neurofilament 200抗体(NF200)(1:200;美国Sigma公司)。DAPI(0.5 μg/ml;美国sigma公司)。驴血清以及Alex Fluor-488、Alex Fluor-594和Alex Fluor-647标记的二抗均来自美国Jackson laboratory。激光共聚焦显微镜(Nikon A1+R,日本尼康公司)。荧光显微镜(日本OLYMPUS公司)。透射电镜(Hitachi-7500,日本Hitachi公司)。实验过程符合国家及单位有关实验动物的管理和使用规定。
所有小鼠均进行腺相关病毒pAAV-hSyn-HA-hM3D(Gq)-IRES-mCitrine的立体定位注射。立体定位注射方法:以小鼠大脑Bregma为原点,在距离中线0.8 mm及1.2 mm的右侧大脑皮质,AP方向坐标(单位mm)分别为–0.5/+0.8、–1/+0.8、–0.5/+1.2、–1/+1.2,共4个位点,使用微量注射器向各个位点注射0.6 μl腺相关病毒,注射深度0.7 mm。
33只雄性C57/BL小鼠随机分为假手术组、SCI组与激活组(n=11)。所有实验动物于病毒注射后2周用1%戊巴比妥钠(50 mg/kg)腹腔麻醉,置于俯卧位,以胸椎弯曲最大处为中心,用小鼠剃毛器去除该区毛发。常规消毒,剪开皮肤,显露颈后脂肪垫,于后缘逐层切开,分离肌肉,暴露棘突。根据T9棘突斜向尾侧、T11斜向头侧、T10中立稍斜向后的特点,确定T10、T11的位置。咬去T10、T11棘突及相应椎板,充分暴露脊髓背面及两侧。除假手术组小鼠不接受脊髓损伤外,剩余实验小鼠均采用Impactor Model-2改良Allen's打击设备造成轻度脊髓挫裂损伤,致伤力度为2.5 mm×5 g。打击完毕后,无菌缝合伤口,待其苏醒后观察记录有无异常活动,后放回笼中饲养。术后给予青霉素肌内注射预防感染,20 000 U/次,共3 d。术后常规人工排尿(2次/d或3次/d),直至恢复自主膀胱。将SCI后1 d时后肢运动功能(basso mouse scale,BMS)评分高于3分(提示脊髓损伤过轻),伤后1周BMS评分低于3分(提示脊髓损伤过重)的小鼠剔除,并及时补充相同数量的实验小鼠建模。
将CNO溶于二甲基亚砜(dimethyl sulfoxide,DMSO),制作储存液(10 mg CNO/2 ml DMSO),分装后储存于–20 ℃冰箱,使用时用生理盐水稀释。SCI 2周后,实验动物接受腹腔注射。激活组小鼠接受CNO的工作浓度为1 mg/(kg·d),SCI组与假手术组注射等量生理盐水,1次/d,持续4周。
腹腔注射4周后,各组随机抽取8只小鼠进行灌注取材。用1%戊巴比妥钠麻醉小鼠后,先用0.01 mmol/L PBS经心灌注,然后经4%多聚甲醛(PFA)灌注后取出小鼠T10的脊髓组织。在4%PFA中固定24 h,并经18%、24%、30%的蔗糖溶液梯度脱水,将组织通过OCT进行包埋。脑组织及脊髓组织均行冠状面冷冻切片,厚度为20 μm,于低温冰箱冻存,备用。
小鼠组织切片经0.3%Triton X-100通透30 min,10%驴血清封闭30 min,一抗4 ℃孵育过夜后,Jackson二抗室温孵育1 h,Fluore G Mounting封片。使用激光共聚焦显微镜采集免疫组化图像,通过ImageJ软件分析荧光强度。
各组剩余3只小鼠用0.01 mmol/L PBS经心灌注后再行2.5%戊二醛溶液经心灌注。取出小鼠T10脊髓组织后,固定于4%戊二醛溶液中,用冰盒运送到重庆医科大学生命科学院,由技术人员进行脱水、包埋、固定和超薄切片。切片为损伤中心的背侧皮质脊髓束,厚度为100 nm。图像的放大倍数为12 000倍。髓鞘厚度及G-ratio值(轴突直径占整个神经纤维直径的比值)通过ImageJ软件计算。
手术前1 d将正常小鼠置于旷场内熟悉环境,术后第1天开始进行BMS评分,观察时间为4min,摄像机录下视频后用电脑进行分析。评估时间点为腹腔注射1、2、4周。
水平横梯跑道(长×宽:80 cm×50 cm)由两块有机玻璃组成,横梯间隔为1.3 cm。动物饲养笼放置于跑道末端诱导动物通过横梯跑道回笼,通过摄像机记录小鼠跑过31个横梯的情况。每次实验前随机抽掉5根横梯制成无规律间隔跑道(最大间隔为两个横梯)。实验结束后,志愿者逐帧分析左后肢踩空和滑落横梯的情况,计算错误步数占总步数的比率,评价小鼠左后肢在水平楼梯上的抓握控制能力。检测时间点为腹腔注射1、2、4周。
采用SPSS 23.0、GraphPad Prism 6以及Image J-win64软件进行统计分析。计量资料若满足正态分布,则采用$\bar{x}±s$表示。两组比较,若符合正态分布和方差齐性,则采用t检验;若不满足正态分布或方差齐性,则采用秩和检验。三组及以上且存在多个时间点的数据采用双因素方差分析(Two-way ANOVA)并行Tukey事后多重比较。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
小鼠初级运动皮质(M1)大量神经元表达腺相关病毒的标签蛋白mCitrine(GFP荧光染色),通过与神经元特异性标记物NeuN双染,证实病毒成功感染皮质神经元(图1)。免疫荧光染色结果可见,三组GFP标记的腺相关病毒感染神经元细胞数量差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);假手术组与SCI组皮质神经元细胞的cFos表达均较少,而在激活组中,cFos蛋白的表达量明显增加,其荧光强度[(4.230±0.633)×104 AU]明显高于假手术组及SCI组[分别为(2.125±0.405)×104 AU和(2.770±0.395)×104 AU],差异有统计学意义(P<0.001,图2)。
髓鞘碱性蛋白(myelin basic protein,MBP)及轴突(axon,通过SMI312/NF200标记)免疫荧光共染结果显示,激活组荧光强度高于SCI组[(1.952±0.240)×107 AU vs. (0.191±0.124)×107 AU],差异有统计学意义(P<0.001,图3)。
透射电镜结果可见,腹腔注射4周后,与SCI组比较,激活组左侧背侧皮质脊髓束髓鞘较厚,其G-ratio值(0.787±0.111)与SCI组(0.871±0.080)及假手术组(0.584±0.101)比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.001,P<0.05,图4)。
腹腔注射1、2、4周,三组BMS评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。不规则水平楼梯试验结果显示,腹腔注射1周,激活组及SCI组的错误率均高于假手术组(P=0.001);腹腔注射2周,激活组与SCI组的错误率降低,且激活组的错误率明显低于SCI组(P<0.001),但高于假手术组(P<0.001);腹腔注射4周,激活组与SCI组的错误率仍高于假手术组(P<0.001),但激活组与SCI组的错误率持续降低,且激活组的错误率明显低于SCI组(P<0.001,表1)。
在中枢神经系统疾病如多发性硬化和脊髓损伤中,病理性脱髓鞘现象广泛存在。轴突髓鞘化是一个复杂的过程,不仅受到各种转录因子(如Olig2等)的调控,还受细胞外环境(损伤微环境、轴突本身)的影响[15]。研究显示,上调转录因子Olig2或其他分子可以促进少突胶质细胞前体细胞(oligodendrocyte precursor cells,OPCs)的增殖和轴突髓鞘化[4,16],但这些研究采用的干预措施多为脊髓局部病毒注射,临床转化时相对困难。由于脊髓损伤后的局部微环境非常复杂,通过改善微环境促进再生轴突髓鞘化修复仍充满不确定性[17]。因此,从轴突电活动的调节入手,促进髓鞘再生修复成为重要的备选措施之一,也是本研究的出发点。为了最大限度保留轴突,本研究采用小鼠轻度脊髓挫裂损伤模型,以造成轴突的脱髓鞘改变,方便后续观察,与Li等[9]的研究方法一致。
有研究发现,切断8 d龄(P8)大鼠的一侧视神经,可在短期内(4 d)引起该侧增殖OPCs数量下降90%[18]。体外实验发现,背根神经节细胞的动作电位样放电会影响共培养体系中OPCs的分化及髓鞘发育[19]。另有研究发现,使用光/化学遗传学技术调控皮质神经元电活动后,可观察到实验动物脑白质OPCs的增殖反应及轴突髓鞘化增强[14,20]。本研究采用了新兴的化学遗传学技术DREADDs来提高小鼠大脑M1神经元电活动,结果显示,皮质神经元电活动的提高可以诱导MPB的表达增加,且透射电镜观察到激活组的G-ratio值明显小于SCI组,说明轴突髓鞘得到了更好的修复,该结果与前期报道一致。此外,有研究发现,通过单独饲养以对动物进行人为隔离,结果会损害其额叶皮质的髓鞘化进程[21],从反面说明了神经元电活动依赖的髓鞘修复在治疗中枢神经系统疾患中的重要意义。
电活动诱导髓鞘修复的机制目前尚不清楚。电镜下观察到的非突触“轴突-胶质”链接被认为可能是电活动调控髓鞘形成的结构基础[22]。轴突通过囊泡释放或非囊泡释放的方式将神经递质(如谷氨酸)释放至胞外。少突胶质细胞膜受体(如AMPAR)与谷氨酸结合并激活髓鞘相关蛋白的表达[2,23],从而使得髓鞘更倾向于在电活动水平较高的轴突上延伸[24]。近来研究发现,脑干OPCs细胞膜上的钠通道(Nav1.2)也参与了轴突-胶质信号的转导过程;当谷氨酸受体激活后,Ca2+、Na+内流可刺激OPCs出现动作电位样放电,并诱导髓鞘发育[25]。总体来讲,既往研究多集中在“轴突-胶质”的细胞间信号传递层面,对电活动调控髓鞘形成的下游机制缺乏深入探索,这也是下一步研究需要关注的方向。
此外,本研究还发现,三组小鼠的BMS评分未出现明显差异,主要原因可能是本实验对小鼠造成的损伤较轻,轴突以脱髓鞘改变为主,而小鼠BMS量表主要反映小鼠四肢的粗大运动。另外,通过不规则水平楼梯试验进一步评测小鼠左后肢技巧性运动功能,发现在腹腔注射2周后,激活组错误率明显低于SCI组(P<0.001),且在腹腔注射4周后,激活组和SCI组的错误率持续下降,但激活组的错误率明显低于SCI组(P<0.001),提示增强神经元电活动能有效促进小鼠SCI后技巧性运动功能的恢复。
综上所述,本研究利用DREADDs技术提高了大脑皮质神经元电活动,发现其能有效促进脊髓轻度挫裂伤后的髓鞘再生修复及运动功能恢复,为中枢神经系统疾患的治疗提供了新的思路。
  • 国家自然科学基金(81702221)
  • 国家自然科学基金(82002377)
  • 重庆市科委项目(cstc2018jcyjAX0180)
  • 重庆市科委项目(cstc2019jcyj-msxmX0195)
  • 重庆市渝中区科委项目(20180121)
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2021年第46卷第2期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.02.01
  • 接收时间:2020-02-23
  • 首发时间:2025-12-26
  • 出版时间:2021-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2020-02-23
  • 修回日期:2020-05-19
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(81702221)
国家自然科学基金(81702221)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(82002377)
国家自然科学基金(82002377)
Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing(cstc2018jcyjAX0180)
重庆市科委项目(cstc2018jcyjAX0180)
Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing(cstc2019jcyj-msxmX0195)
重庆市科委项目(cstc2019jcyj-msxmX0195)
Fundamental Research and Frontier Exploration Foundation of Yuzhong, Chongqing(20180121)
重庆市渝中区科委项目(20180121)
作者信息
    1成都市第三人民医院康复医学科,成都 610031
    2重庆医科大学附属第二医院康复医学科,重庆 400010
    3陆军军医大学附属大坪医院特殊环境战伤防治研究室/创伤、烧伤与复合伤国家重点实验室,重庆 400042

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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