Article(id=1211268930077847877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1211268928383348982, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.02.05, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1605024000000, receivedDateStr=2020-11-11, revisedDate=1610467200000, revisedDateStr=2021-01-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766718617219, onlineDateStr=2025-12-26, pubDate=1614441600000, pubDateStr=2021-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766718617219, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766718617219, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766718617219, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1211268928383348982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2021', volume='46', issue='2', pageStart='107', pageEnd='211', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1766718616815, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766718805938, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1211269721685627740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1211268928383348982, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1211269721685627741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1211268928383348982, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=136, endPage=141, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1211268930476306778, articleId=1211268930077847877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Clinical efficacy and safety of antithymocyte globulin prophylaxis for graft recipients in deceased donor kidney re-transplantation, columnId=1190310109000602400, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Clinical Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the efficacy and safety of antithymocyte globulin (ATG) in the immune induction of deceased donor renal re-transplantation. Methods The clinical data of 20 renal re-transplantation patients treated with ATG from June 2017 to November 2020, were retrospectively studied. The safety was assessed with T lymphocyte subsets, pulmonary infection, and bone marrow suppression. The efficacy was assessed with acute rejection (AR) and delayed graft function (DGF). Results The study contained 15 males and 5 females. The average age was 45.7 (25-71) years; 6 patients were positive for prestored antibody and 14 negative antibody; 17 patients received a second transplantation, 3 did a third transplantation. T lymphocytes decreased more than 70% in average induced by ATG on the 1st day after surgery and gradually recovered to 50% of the amount on the 3rd day after surgery (P<0.01). Two weeks after surgery, the number of T lymphocytes recovered to the pretransplant level. NK cells showed a continuous decline (P<0.01). There were 5 patients (25.0%) who suffered AR, 1 patient (5.0%) did DGF, 7 patients(35.0%) presented with pulmonary infection, 5 patients (25.0%) presented with bone marrow suppression, and no ATG allergic reaction cases. The median follow-up period was 17.6 (6-53) months. During the follow-up period, 19 patients (95.0%) survived with allograft and 1 (5.0%) died. Conclusions ATG can significantly suppress the activation and proliferation of T cells, reduce the incidence of AR, and improve the short-term functional recovery of allograft with kidney re-transplantation. ATG induction does not increase the incidence of infection, and the clinical safety of ATG application is reliable.

, correspAuthors=Qiang Wang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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目的 探讨抗胸腺细胞球蛋白(ATG)对再次肾移植受者尸体供肾移植免疫诱导的有效性和安全性。方法 回顾性分析2017年6月—2020年11月应用ATG行免疫诱导的20例再次肾移植患者的临床资料。根据T淋巴细胞亚群、肺部感染和骨髓抑制情况评估ATG诱导的临床安全性,根据急性排斥反应(AR)、移植肾功能延迟恢复(DGF)情况评估ATG诱导的临床有效性。结果 共纳入20例患者,男15例,女5例,平均年龄45.7(25~71)岁;预存抗体阳性6例(30.0%);二次移植17例(85.0%),三次移植3例(15.0%)。ATG诱导T淋巴细胞数在术后第1天下降70%以上,第3天逐渐恢复达总数的50%(P<0.01),术后2周可基本恢复至移植前水平;NK细胞数呈持续下降趋势(P<0.01)。术后患者发生AR 5例(20.0%),DGF 1例(5.0%),肺部感染7例(35.0%),骨髓抑制6例(30.0%),无ATG过敏反应。中位随访时间17.6(6~53)个月,19例(95.0%)人肾存活,1例(5.0%)死亡。结论 ATG可明显抑制T细胞的活化和增殖,降低AR发生率,加速再次移植患者的移植肾短期功能恢复,且ATG诱导没有增高感染发生率,临床安全性好。

, correspAuthors=王强, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
王强,E-mail:
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闫晓东,硕士研究生,主要从事泌尿系统疾病的临床研究。E-mail:

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闫晓东,硕士研究生,主要从事泌尿系统疾病的临床研究。E-mail:

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ATG. 抗胸腺细胞球蛋白;PRA. 群体反应性抗体;CDC. 淋巴细胞毒交叉配合试验

, figureFileSmall=a5kllU07lIsUW5GSSxY5FA==, figureFileBig=bLNUx4SLJKEZY/embKPaHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211268938407736018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1211268930077847877, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Clinical data of 20 patients with kidney re-transplantation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号年龄(岁)性别首次/二次移植肾存活时间移植肾切除预存抗体脱敏治疗免疫方案肌酐(μmol/L)DGFAR肺部感染骨髓抑制ATG过敏反应
三次移植
 1716年/6年FK+SRL+Pred71.0++
 2405年/12年FK+MMF+Pred96.0
 3437年/1年FK+Aza+Pred死亡:混合性排斥反应继发肺部及腹腔感染
二次移植
 15310年FK+MMF+Pred50.0
 23913年CsA+MMF+Pred80.0+
 36019年CsA+MMF+Pred80.0
 45418年CsA+MMF+Pred87.4++
 5307 dFK+MF+Pred79.5
 6436 dFK+MMF+Pred148.7+
 7412个月CsA+MMF+Pred73.3
 85211年CsA+MF+Pred56.1+
 94618年FK+MMF+Pred107.9+
 10259个月FK+MMF+Pred88.3
 11345年FK+MF+Pred135.0++
 125315年Ⅱ类35.0%FK+BLDN+Pred178.0+
 135020年Ⅱ类46.0%+CsA+MMF+Pred140.0+
 14585年Ⅱ类40.0%+FK+MMF+Pred230.0+
 15281年Ⅱ类40.0%+FK+MF+Pred92.0
 16457年Ⅰ类10.7%,Ⅱ类25.0%+FK+MMF+Pred75.0
 17497 dⅡ类66.7%+CsA+MMF+Pred130.0+++
), ArticleFig(id=1211268938516787928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1211268930077847877, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

20例再次肾移植患者的临床资料

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序号年龄(岁)性别首次/二次移植肾存活时间移植肾切除预存抗体脱敏治疗免疫方案肌酐(μmol/L)DGFAR肺部感染骨髓抑制ATG过敏反应
三次移植
 1716年/6年FK+SRL+Pred71.0++
 2405年/12年FK+MMF+Pred96.0
 3437年/1年FK+Aza+Pred死亡:混合性排斥反应继发肺部及腹腔感染
二次移植
 15310年FK+MMF+Pred50.0
 23913年CsA+MMF+Pred80.0+
 36019年CsA+MMF+Pred80.0
 45418年CsA+MMF+Pred87.4++
 5307 dFK+MF+Pred79.5
 6436 dFK+MMF+Pred148.7+
 7412个月CsA+MMF+Pred73.3
 85211年CsA+MF+Pred56.1+
 94618年FK+MMF+Pred107.9+
 10259个月FK+MMF+Pred88.3
 11345年FK+MF+Pred135.0++
 125315年Ⅱ类35.0%FK+BLDN+Pred178.0+
 135020年Ⅱ类46.0%+CsA+MMF+Pred140.0+
 14585年Ⅱ类40.0%+FK+MMF+Pred230.0+
 15281年Ⅱ类40.0%+FK+MF+Pred92.0
 16457年Ⅰ类10.7%,Ⅱ类25.0%+FK+MMF+Pred75.0
 17497 dⅡ类66.7%+CsA+MMF+Pred130.0+++
), ArticleFig(id=1211268938625839836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1211268930077847877, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Changes of T cells count in patients with kidney re-transplantation and without desensitization therapy during the ATG induction perioperative period ($\bar{x}±s$, n=14)

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T淋巴细胞亚群术前血管开放前术后
第1天第3天第7天第15天
总T细胞(%)73.11±3.8631.29±0.95(1)22.94±0.87(1)(2)41.71±1.23(1)(2)(3)52.14±1.65(1)(2)(3)(4)70.91±2.52(2)(3)(4)(5)
细胞毒/抑制性T细胞(%)37.47±1.1412.87±0.82(1)10.79±0.67(1)16.14±0.78(1)(2)(3)24.53±0.91(1)(2)(3)(4)32.69±1.03(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)
辅助性/诱导性细胞(%)30.05±1.0112.93±0.67(1)7.92±0.64(1)(2)19.02±0.86(3)22.06±0.87(3)29.24±0.95(2)(3)
NK细胞(%)14.05±0.5313.91±0.6212.05±0.545.65±0.44(1)(2)(3)5.11±0.67(1)(2)(3)6.75±0.79(1)(2)(3)
CD4+/CD8+T细胞比值1.53±0.461.41±0.472.27±0.671.25±0.521.19±0.541.08±0.39
B细胞(%)9.93±0.5738.83±1.15(1)48.02±1.64(1)(2)49.15±1.59(1)(2)37.79±1.44(1)(3)(4)20.01±1.08(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)
), ArticleFig(id=1211268938701337313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1211268930077847877, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

未进行脱敏治疗的再次肾移植患者ATG诱导围术期T淋巴细胞亚群变化($\bar{x}±s$, n=14)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
T淋巴细胞亚群术前血管开放前术后
第1天第3天第7天第15天
总T细胞(%)73.11±3.8631.29±0.95(1)22.94±0.87(1)(2)41.71±1.23(1)(2)(3)52.14±1.65(1)(2)(3)(4)70.91±2.52(2)(3)(4)(5)
细胞毒/抑制性T细胞(%)37.47±1.1412.87±0.82(1)10.79±0.67(1)16.14±0.78(1)(2)(3)24.53±0.91(1)(2)(3)(4)32.69±1.03(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)
辅助性/诱导性细胞(%)30.05±1.0112.93±0.67(1)7.92±0.64(1)(2)19.02±0.86(3)22.06±0.87(3)29.24±0.95(2)(3)
NK细胞(%)14.05±0.5313.91±0.6212.05±0.545.65±0.44(1)(2)(3)5.11±0.67(1)(2)(3)6.75±0.79(1)(2)(3)
CD4+/CD8+T细胞比值1.53±0.461.41±0.472.27±0.671.25±0.521.19±0.541.08±0.39
B细胞(%)9.93±0.5738.83±1.15(1)48.02±1.64(1)(2)49.15±1.59(1)(2)37.79±1.44(1)(3)(4)20.01±1.08(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)
), ArticleFig(id=1211268938793612007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1211268930077847877, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Postoperative rejection in 5 patients with kidney re-transplantation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号术后排斥发生时间(d)排斥类型(穿刺活栓病理证实)肌酐(μmol/L)
1240抗体与细胞混合性急性排斥反应87.4
220抗体与细胞混合性急性排斥反应130~140
320抗体与细胞混合性急性排斥反应
41非HLA抗体介导的排斥反应135
540急性细胞性排斥反应80
), ArticleFig(id=1211268938890081002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1211268930077847877, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

5例再次肾移植患者移植术后排斥反应

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号术后排斥发生时间(d)排斥类型(穿刺活栓病理证实)肌酐(μmol/L)
1240抗体与细胞混合性急性排斥反应87.4
220抗体与细胞混合性急性排斥反应130~140
320抗体与细胞混合性急性排斥反应
41非HLA抗体介导的排斥反应135
540急性细胞性排斥反应80
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抗胸腺细胞球蛋白对再次肾移植受者尸体供肾移植免疫诱导的临床有效性和安全性
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闫晓冬 1, 2 , 林俊 2 , 张健 2 , 徐俊楠 3 , 刘志佳 3 , 洪欣 4 , 陈昌庆 3 , 于涛 3 , 王强 2, 3, *
解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2021,46(2): 136-141
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解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2021, 46(2): 136-141
抗胸腺细胞球蛋白对再次肾移植受者尸体供肾移植免疫诱导的临床有效性和安全性
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闫晓冬1, 2 , 林俊2, 张健2, 徐俊楠3, 刘志佳3, 洪欣4, 陈昌庆3, 于涛3, 王强2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1河北北方学院研究生院,河北 张家口 075000
  • 2首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院泌尿外科,北京 100050
  • 3解放军总医院第八医学中心全军器官移植研究所,北京 100091
  • 4北京大学国际医院泌尿外科,北京 102206
  • 闫晓东,硕士研究生,主要从事泌尿系统疾病的临床研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

王强,E-mail:
Clinical efficacy and safety of antithymocyte globulin prophylaxis for graft recipients in deceased donor kidney re-transplantation
Xiao-Dong Yan1, 2 , Jun Lin2, Jian Zhang2, Jun-Nan Xu3, Zhi-Jia Liu3, Xin Hong4, Chang-Qin Chen3, Tao Yu3, Qiang Wang2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1Postgraduate School, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei 075000, China
  • 2Department of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
  • 3Organ Transplant Institute, the Eighth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100091, China
  • 4Department of Urology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing 102206, China
出版时间: 2021-02-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.02.05
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目的 探讨抗胸腺细胞球蛋白(ATG)对再次肾移植受者尸体供肾移植免疫诱导的有效性和安全性。方法 回顾性分析2017年6月—2020年11月应用ATG行免疫诱导的20例再次肾移植患者的临床资料。根据T淋巴细胞亚群、肺部感染和骨髓抑制情况评估ATG诱导的临床安全性,根据急性排斥反应(AR)、移植肾功能延迟恢复(DGF)情况评估ATG诱导的临床有效性。结果 共纳入20例患者,男15例,女5例,平均年龄45.7(25~71)岁;预存抗体阳性6例(30.0%);二次移植17例(85.0%),三次移植3例(15.0%)。ATG诱导T淋巴细胞数在术后第1天下降70%以上,第3天逐渐恢复达总数的50%(P<0.01),术后2周可基本恢复至移植前水平;NK细胞数呈持续下降趋势(P<0.01)。术后患者发生AR 5例(20.0%),DGF 1例(5.0%),肺部感染7例(35.0%),骨髓抑制6例(30.0%),无ATG过敏反应。中位随访时间17.6(6~53)个月,19例(95.0%)人肾存活,1例(5.0%)死亡。结论 ATG可明显抑制T细胞的活化和增殖,降低AR发生率,加速再次移植患者的移植肾短期功能恢复,且ATG诱导没有增高感染发生率,临床安全性好。

再次肾移植  /  免疫诱导  /  抗胸腺细胞球蛋白  /  致敏受者

Objective To investigate the efficacy and safety of antithymocyte globulin (ATG) in the immune induction of deceased donor renal re-transplantation. Methods The clinical data of 20 renal re-transplantation patients treated with ATG from June 2017 to November 2020, were retrospectively studied. The safety was assessed with T lymphocyte subsets, pulmonary infection, and bone marrow suppression. The efficacy was assessed with acute rejection (AR) and delayed graft function (DGF). Results The study contained 15 males and 5 females. The average age was 45.7 (25-71) years; 6 patients were positive for prestored antibody and 14 negative antibody; 17 patients received a second transplantation, 3 did a third transplantation. T lymphocytes decreased more than 70% in average induced by ATG on the 1st day after surgery and gradually recovered to 50% of the amount on the 3rd day after surgery (P<0.01). Two weeks after surgery, the number of T lymphocytes recovered to the pretransplant level. NK cells showed a continuous decline (P<0.01). There were 5 patients (25.0%) who suffered AR, 1 patient (5.0%) did DGF, 7 patients(35.0%) presented with pulmonary infection, 5 patients (25.0%) presented with bone marrow suppression, and no ATG allergic reaction cases. The median follow-up period was 17.6 (6-53) months. During the follow-up period, 19 patients (95.0%) survived with allograft and 1 (5.0%) died. Conclusions ATG can significantly suppress the activation and proliferation of T cells, reduce the incidence of AR, and improve the short-term functional recovery of allograft with kidney re-transplantation. ATG induction does not increase the incidence of infection, and the clinical safety of ATG application is reliable.

kidney re-transplantation  /  immune induction  /  anti-human thymocyte immunoglobulin  /  sensitized recipients
闫晓冬, 林俊, 张健, 徐俊楠, 刘志佳, 洪欣, 陈昌庆, 于涛, 王强. 抗胸腺细胞球蛋白对再次肾移植受者尸体供肾移植免疫诱导的临床有效性和安全性. 解放军医学杂志, 2021 , 46 (2) : 136 -141 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.02.05
Xiao-Dong Yan, Jun Lin, Jian Zhang, Jun-Nan Xu, Zhi-Jia Liu, Xin Hong, Chang-Qin Chen, Tao Yu, Qiang Wang. Clinical efficacy and safety of antithymocyte globulin prophylaxis for graft recipients in deceased donor kidney re-transplantation[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2021 , 46 (2) : 136 -141 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.02.05
目前,我国肾脏移植已全面进入公民逝世后器官捐献移植时代,这赋予了肾脏移植许多新的特点和变化[1]。心脏死亡器官捐献(DCD)时代尸体供肾得到详细评估的机会明显增加,肾脏移植由以往的急诊手术变为一种择期、有序的手术,这对于再次肾移植预致敏患者,不仅增加了找到组织相容性供体和躲避针对供体特异性抗体的可能性,而且可以更从容、有计划地进行脱敏和诱导治疗,从而明显提高再次肾移植的成功率。然而,再次肾移植患者的免疫诱导选择及其疗效一直是临床关注的重点和难点[2-4]。本研究旨在探讨抗胸腺细胞球蛋白(ATG)对再次肾移植受者尸体供肾移植免疫诱导的有效性和安全性。
回顾性分析2017年6月—2020年11月在解放军总医院第八医学中心(原解放军309医院)、北大国际医院泌尿外科和北京友谊医院泌尿外科再次行尸体供肾移植的20例受者的临床资料,其中解放军总医院第八医学中心15例、北大国际医院2例、友谊医院3例。再次移植受者接受肾脏移植的标准:供者特异性抗体(DSA)检测阴性或DSA荧光强度<5000,淋巴细胞毒实验<10%。排除标准:外科因素导致再次肾移植失败的病例;失访病例;依从性差的病例。
采用ATG免疫诱导,诱导实施方案如图1所示。ATG在移植肾血流开放前静脉滴注25 mg,开放后静脉滴注25 mg;术后第1、2天静脉滴注50 mg,第3、4天依据骨髓抑制情况每日静脉滴注25 mg或50 mg,如白细胞<4×109/L和(或)血小板<50×109/L停用ATG诱导。总剂量175~250 mg。
预存抗体阳性患者首次脱敏治疗方案:术前3个月常规美罗华200 mg,静脉滴注;血浆置换隔日1次,连续5次。脱敏治疗超过3个月,术前常规美罗华100 mg,静脉滴注;如果首次脱敏治疗超过6个月仍没有完成肾脏移植,需要重新按首次脱敏治疗方案再次实施脱敏治疗。
术后应用三联免疫抑制方案[5]:他克莫司/环孢素+吗替麦考酚酯/麦考酚钠肠溶片/咪唑立宾+泼尼松。他克莫司血药浓度谷值:术后6个月8~10 ng/ml,6~24个月6~8 ng/ml,24~36个月4~6 ng/ml。环孢素血药浓度:术后6个月谷值150~200 g/ml,峰值800~1000 ng/ml;6~24个月谷值100~150 ng/ml,24~36个月谷值80~120 ng/ml。对于再次肾移植患者,他克莫司/环孢素浓度一般选择不同时期目标浓度的上限为调整目标。泼尼松于停用ATG后第2天开始口服,起始剂量30 mg/d,每周递减5 mg,直至10 mg/d,维持12个月,12个月后根据肌酐、全身状态和尿常规改变调整为5 mg/d,维持治疗。
(1)T淋巴细胞亚群监测时间:术前、血管开放前以及术后第1、3、7、15天;(2)急性排斥反应(AR):主要依据受者临床表现、移植肾脏超声和穿刺活检病理检查等诊断;(3)移植肾功能延迟恢复(DGF):定义为肾移植术后1周至少需要进行一次透析治疗;(4)肺部感染和骨髓抑制;(5)受者和移植物存活率。
采用SPSS 20.0软件进行统计分析。计数资料以率(%)表示;符合正态分布的计量资料以$\bar{x}±s$表示,呈偏态分布的计量资料以中位数表示,比较采用重复测量的方差分析。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
共纳入患者20例,男15例,女5例,平均年龄45.7(25~71)岁;预存抗体阳性6例(30.0%),阴性14例(70.0%);二次移植17例(85.0%),三次移植3例(15.0%);人类白细胞抗原(HLA)错配数3.4±0.6;平均血肌酐恢复水平105.2(50~230) μmol/L(表1)。
考虑到脱敏治疗对T、B淋巴细胞的影响,将6例预存抗体阳性患者排除,分析14例未进行脱敏治疗患者应用ATG诱导前后T淋巴细胞亚群的变化,如表2所示。T细胞总数及细胞毒/抑制性T细胞在术后第1天即出现下降,降幅达70%以上,术后第3天逐渐恢复达总数的50%(P<0.01),术后2周可基本恢复到移植前的水平。ATG免疫诱导后辅助性/诱导性细胞与总T细胞变化趋势一致;NK细胞呈现逐渐下降趋势(P<0.01)。ATG诱导围术期CD4+/CD8+ T细胞比值呈先下降后上升再下降的趋势,但不同时间差异无统计学意义,提示ATG对辅助性T细胞的抑制作用较为持久,可能会减少中远期抗体介导的排斥反应的发生;ATG诱导围术期B细胞呈现先升高后下降的趋势(P<0.01)。
术后共发生AR 5例,其中预存抗体阳性患者术后发生AR 1例(5.0%),预存抗体阴性患者术后发生AR 4例(20.0%,表1)。5例患者均行移植肾穿刺活检病理证实(表3):3例为抗体与细胞混合性AR,1例为非HLA抗体介导的AR,1例为细胞性AR;AR发生时间术后1个月3例,术后40 d 1例,术后240 d 1例;4例AR纠正,1例在AR治疗过程中因感染而死亡。术后发生DGF 1例(5.0%),经透析治疗,术后7 d脱离透析。术后发生肺部感染7例(35.0%):2例细菌性感染,2例巨细胞病毒性肺炎,2例卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎,1例真菌性+细菌性肺炎。术后发生骨髓抑制6例(30.0%),经对症治疗及停用ATG后治愈。术后无ATG过敏反应发生。
中位随访时间17.6(6~53)个月,19例人肾存活,受者死亡1例,死亡率5.0%,死亡原因为AR治疗过程中继发肺部感染。
近十多年来,随着移植外科理念的更新、技术的发展、免疫抑制药物的研发,以及各种优化免疫抑制方案的规范,同种异体肾移植已成为终末期尿毒症的首选治疗方法[6]。但是,随着等待移植的尿毒症患者数量及移植次数的增加,约30%的尿毒症患者由于二次或多次移植、多次输血史、反复妊娠、细菌或病毒感染等高危因素,使患者体内针对供者的HLA致敏,从而导致患者体内抗体新发或预存抗体增加,从而成为致敏受者[7]。此类最为常见的预致敏因素使再次肾移植呈现逐年增加的趋势。不同国家、不同中心尸体供肾移植肾10年存活率不同,西班牙为75.6%[8],美国为76.0%[8],墨西哥为72.78%[9],中国单中心大样本报道首次移植肾为80%[10]。总之,移植肾10年存活率在75%~80%,即移植10年后至少有20%~25%的患者再度恢复透析,重新等待肾移植。再次移植成为临床中不可避免且日益增多的问题。本研究20例再次肾移植患者中,二次肾移植17例,首次移植肾存活6 d至20年;三次肾移植3例;再次移植肾存活时间分别为1年、6年和12年;预存抗体阳性患者6例(30.0%),阴性患者14例(70.0%)。
与非致敏患者相比,再次肾移植患者作为一类致敏患者术后具有更高的免疫学风险,特别是预存抗体阳性的患者。据报道,致敏患者肾移植术后早期AR发生率高达33%~69%,其中约2/3为抗体介导的排斥反应(antibody mediated rejection,ABMR)[11-13],而高致敏患者肾移植移植物丢失的风险增高了58.1%[14],因此,如何为预致敏受者安全实施肾移植成为十分重要的临床问题。2019年中华医学会明确提出合理有效的抗体诱导治疗有助于降低再次肾移植术后致敏患者排斥反应的发生率,对于已致敏者推荐选择T细胞清除剂ATG诱导[15]。2016年《中国肾移植受者免疫抑制治疗指南》[16]指出:对排斥反应风险较高的肾移植受者,建议使用淋巴细胞清除性药物,如家兔抗胸腺细胞球蛋白(rabbit antithymocyte globulin,rATG)进行诱导治疗。Brokhof等[17]报道,2009年12月—2011年11月完成114例高致敏患者尸体供肾移植(ATG诱导85例,舒莱诱导29例),随访36个月显示,ATG组供者特异性抗体(de novo DSA,dnDSA)(P=0.02,HR=0.33,95%CI 0.09~1.24)和ABMR(P=0.001,HR=0.9,95%CI 0.04~0.87)发生率明显低于舒莱组;多因素回归分析显示,ATG诱导是与ABMR和dnDSA相关的最重要的变量。Thibaudin等[18]的前瞻性研究将肾移植受者随机分为ATG诱导组与不诱导组,ATG诱导可将AR(经活检证实)发生率从64%降至38%,并将1年移植物存活率从76%提高到89%。Noël等[19]比较了ATG与达利珠单抗(daclizumab)在高免疫风险尸体供肾移植免疫诱导中的临床效果,结果显示,ATG组1年AR(经活检证实)发生率高于达利珠单抗组(15.0% vs. 27.2%,P=0.016)。Hellemans等[20]发现,在标准风险患者中,增加诱导仅可降低1%~4%的AR绝对风险;而在免疫风险高的患者中,rATG诱导的AR相对风险比白细胞介素2受体(interleukin 2 receptor alpha,IL2RA)降低了近50%。本研究中再次移植患者均采用ATG免疫诱导,其中预存抗体阳性的患者术前常规进行脱敏治疗,临床观察AR共5例,发生率为25.0%,与文献报道的AR发生率相似[21]。详细分析该5例患者:(1)预存抗体阳性患者经脱敏治疗后发生AR仅1例(5.0%),预存抗体阴性患者未经脱敏治疗发生AR 4例,发生率为20.0%;(2)未经术前脱敏治疗的患者发生抗体介导的排斥反应的概率更高,4例预存抗体阴性患者中3例出现抗体介导的排斥反应,其中1例为非HLA抗体介导的排斥反应,1例在排斥反应治疗过程中死亡;(3)AR发生时间分别为术后1个月3例(术后20 d、20 d和30 d),术后40 d 1例,术后240 d 1例;4例(75.0%)AR得到纠正,经ATG诱导难治性排斥反应发生率低,且AR发生的时间均向后推移,与文献报道结果相似[22]。AR推迟发生的原因是否与免疫药物维持剂量以及再次肾移植后免疫检测或管理不规范有关,需要进一步临床观察。所以,笔者认为,再次肾移植患者应用ATG诱导可以降低AR发生率,对于预存抗体阴性的再次肾移植患者在ATG诱导的前提下,应适当增加移植前免疫方面的预处理,如应用小剂量的抗CD20抗体以抑制B细胞的活化,可使再次肾移植获得更好的临床效果。
术后通过淋巴细胞亚群监测评估肾移植受者机体免疫状态具有重要意义[23-24]。ATG作为一种淋巴细胞清除药物,是针对T细胞和非T细胞(包括胸腺基质细胞或造血祖细胞)多种特异性抗体的复杂混合物[25],可使T细胞耗竭,并持续导致诱导T细胞亚群的变化,其特征是CD4+ T细胞减低,而CD8+ T细胞增多[26]。ATG不仅可作用于T细胞,还可通过抑制一级和二级免疫应答来抑制供者特异性抗体。已有研究发现,ATG在体外可诱导未成熟B细胞和浆细胞的互补-独立凋亡[27],还可通过T细胞抑制记忆B细胞来抑制次级免疫应答[28],更为重要的是,ATG在免疫重建后可诱导Tregs,从而通过激活Tregs抑制B细胞和DSA的生成[29-30],且ATG对淋巴细胞的抑制呈现剂量依赖性[31]。本研究观察ATG免疫诱导前后T淋巴细胞亚群的变化发现,ATG能够迅速降低T细胞的数量,50 mg即可使T细胞总数及细胞毒/抑制性T细胞下降70%以上,避免T细胞活化诱发的各种免疫反应,从而降低AR的发生率;且术后2周T细胞基本恢复到术前水平,不会增高感染的发生率。本研究观察到NK细胞呈逐渐下降趋势,表明ATG免疫诱导对NK细胞的抑制更为持久,这种抑制作用可以避免NK细胞通过直接识别移植抗原而被激活,减少γ干扰素的分泌和记忆性T细胞的形成,从而避免AR的发生[32-34]。但本研究未进一步延长NK细胞的观察时间,因而对于NK细胞恢复到移植前水平的时间缺乏了解。Kho等[31]研究了ATG诱导对肾移植患者T、B和NK细胞的影响,发现T细胞一般在移植后2周至1个月恢复到移植前的水平,而NK细胞一般在移植后1个月恢复到正常水平。
综上所述,本研究结果表明,ATG作为一种多克隆抗体可明显抑制T细胞的活化和增殖,降低AR的发生率,促进再次肾移植患者移植肾的短期功能恢复,是再次肾移植患者首选的免疫诱导药物;ATG在移植后14 d对T细胞的抑制即可恢复到移植前的水平,ATG诱导并未增高致死性感染的发生率,而合理的抗过敏治疗可完全避免ATG过敏反应,表明ATG临床应用的耐受性和安全性好。但本研究为回顾性研究,临床观察病例数少,观察时间较短,未来仍需进一步探讨ATG临床应用的有效性和安全性。
  • 国家自然科学基金(82070765)
  • 医学免疫学国家重点实验室开放课题(NKMI2020K05)
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2021年第46卷第2期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.02.05
  • 接收时间:2020-11-11
  • 首发时间:2025-12-26
  • 出版时间:2021-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2020-11-11
  • 修回日期:2021-01-13
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(82070765)
国家自然科学基金(82070765)
Medical Immunology Key Laboratory Fund Project(NKMI2020K05)
医学免疫学国家重点实验室开放课题(NKMI2020K05)
作者信息
    1河北北方学院研究生院,河北 张家口 075000
    2首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院泌尿外科,北京 100050
    3解放军总医院第八医学中心全军器官移植研究所,北京 100091
    4北京大学国际医院泌尿外科,北京 102206

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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