Article(id=1211268825425777409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1211268819788632695, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.01.15, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1596124800000, receivedDateStr=2020-07-31, revisedDate=1604332800000, revisedDateStr=2020-11-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766718592267, onlineDateStr=2025-12-26, pubDate=1611763200000, pubDateStr=2021-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766718592267, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766718592267, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766718592267, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1211268819788632695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2021', volume='46', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='100', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1766718590924, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766718828068, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1211269814484594852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1211268819788632695, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1211269814484594853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1211268819788632695, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=89, endPage=94, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1211268825702601488, articleId=1211268825425777409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Research progress of PD-1/PD-L1 axis in pathogenesis and treatment of osteosarcoma, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Osteosarcoma is one of the most common primary malignant tumors in children and adolescents, and its development mechanism in human body has not been clearly explained by scholars. With the in-depth study of immunology, tumor immunity has gradually become a hot spot in the field of tumor research. A large number of studies have shown that programmed death protein-1 (PD-1)and its ligand 1 (PD-L1) can mediate immunosuppression, weaken the killing effect of immune cells on tumor cells, and lead to immune escape of tumor cells, thus promoting the development of tumor. This paper reviews the immune escape mechanism of PD-1/PD-L1 in osteosarcoma and the latest progress of PD-1/PD-L1 axis in the treatment of osteosarcoma, aiming to provide theoretical reference for understanding the role of PD-1/PD-L1 in osteosarcoma and developing new drugs for the treatment of osteosarcoma.

, correspAuthors=Hai-Yu Zhou, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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骨肉瘤是儿童和青少年最常见的原发性恶性肿瘤,其发生机制目前尚未明确。随着免疫学相关研究的不断深入,肿瘤免疫逐渐成为肿瘤领域研究的热点。部分研究证实,程序性死亡蛋白1(PD-1)及其配体1(PD-L1)可介导免疫抑制,减弱免疫细胞对肿瘤细胞的杀伤作用,从而导致肿瘤细胞发生免疫逃逸,进而促进肿瘤的发生、发展。该文阐述了PD-1/PD-L1介导骨肉瘤发生免疫逃亡的机制及其在骨肉瘤治疗中的研究进展,旨在为了解PD-1/PD-L1轴在骨肉瘤治疗中的作用及开发治疗骨肉瘤的新药物提供参考。

, correspAuthors=周海宇, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
周海宇,E-mail:
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施锦涛,硕士研究生,主要从事骨科相关疾病的研究。E-mail:

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施锦涛,硕士研究生,主要从事骨科相关疾病的研究。E-mail:

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施锦涛,硕士研究生,主要从事骨科相关疾病的研究。E-mail:

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HDAC6. 组蛋白脱乙酰基酶6;STAT3. 信号转导子和转录激活子3;Sunitinib. 舒尼替尼;Apatinib. 阿帕替尼;Tfh. 滤泡辅助性T细胞;PD-1. 程序性死亡蛋白1;PD-L1. 程序性死亡受体配体1;GZMB. 颗粒酶B;OS cell. 骨肉瘤细胞;IFN. 干扰素;Tregs. 调节性T细胞;PTEN. 磷酸酶和张力同系物;PI3K. 磷脂酰肌醇3激酶;FGD1. FYVE、RhoGEF和含PH结构域的蛋白1;+. 正反馈、促进;—. 负反馈、抑制;※. 阻断

, figureFileSmall=dPcZQlzGLWTr34fA2Q7mhg==, figureFileBig=KjhQzkaRyH8lX0TI6VWtdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211268832228937765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1211268825425777409, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Researches on the treatment of osteosarcoma based on PD-1/PD-L1 axis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究对象治疗方式治疗效果参考文献
LM8系骨肉瘤大鼠抗PD-1抗体生存时间(35.2±3.7)d(P=0.047)[21]
大鼠纳武单抗[10mg/(kg.5 d)]抑制肿瘤转移[46]
大鼠抗PD-1抗体+抗PD-L1抗体(200 μg)生存时间>16周(P=0.002),无肺转移[47]
大鼠减瘤手术+抗PD-L1抗体生存时间>16周(P=0.001)[48]
大鼠放疗+抗PD-1抗体减少脑转移[49]、[50]
大鼠抗PD-L1抗体+顺铂抗PD-L1抗体+阿霉素抗骨肉瘤效应增强[51]、[52]
40例骨肉瘤患者哌姆单抗(200 mg/3周)MST 52周,PR(2例,5%),SD(9例,23%),PD(29例,73%)[53]
15例晚期骨肉瘤患者哌姆单抗(1次/3周)+环磷酰胺(50 mg/次,2次/d)FPS(2例,13.3%),PR(1例,6.7%),肿瘤体积缩小(4例,26.7%)[54]
儿童骨肉瘤纳武单抗[3 mg/(kg.2周)]无反应[55]
), ArticleFig(id=1211268832325406762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1211268825425777409, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

基于PD-1/PD-L1轴治疗骨肉瘤的研究

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究对象治疗方式治疗效果参考文献
LM8系骨肉瘤大鼠抗PD-1抗体生存时间(35.2±3.7)d(P=0.047)[21]
大鼠纳武单抗[10mg/(kg.5 d)]抑制肿瘤转移[46]
大鼠抗PD-1抗体+抗PD-L1抗体(200 μg)生存时间>16周(P=0.002),无肺转移[47]
大鼠减瘤手术+抗PD-L1抗体生存时间>16周(P=0.001)[48]
大鼠放疗+抗PD-1抗体减少脑转移[49]、[50]
大鼠抗PD-L1抗体+顺铂抗PD-L1抗体+阿霉素抗骨肉瘤效应增强[51]、[52]
40例骨肉瘤患者哌姆单抗(200 mg/3周)MST 52周,PR(2例,5%),SD(9例,23%),PD(29例,73%)[53]
15例晚期骨肉瘤患者哌姆单抗(1次/3周)+环磷酰胺(50 mg/次,2次/d)FPS(2例,13.3%),PR(1例,6.7%),肿瘤体积缩小(4例,26.7%)[54]
儿童骨肉瘤纳武单抗[3 mg/(kg.2周)]无反应[55]
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PD-1/PD-L1轴与骨肉瘤治疗研究进展
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施锦涛 1, 2 , 张凯 1, 2 , 张芮浩 1, 2 , 王克平 3 , 周海宇 1, 2, 3, *
解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2021,46(1): 89-94
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解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2021, 46(1): 89-94
PD-1/PD-L1轴与骨肉瘤治疗研究进展
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施锦涛1, 2, 张凯1, 2, 张芮浩1, 2, 王克平3, 周海宇1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1兰州大学第二医院骨科,兰州 730030
  • 2甘肃省骨关节疾病研究重点实验室,兰州 730030
  • 3兰州市西固区人民医院骨科,兰州 730060
  • 施锦涛,硕士研究生,主要从事骨科相关疾病的研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

周海宇,E-mail:
Research progress of PD-1/PD-L1 axis in pathogenesis and treatment of osteosarcoma
Jin-Tao Shi1, 2, Kai Zhang1, 2, Rui-Hao Zhang1, 2, Ke-Ping Wang3, Hai-Yu Zhou1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Disease Research of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730030, China
  • 3Department of Orthopedics, Xigu Hospital of Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730060, China
出版时间: 2021-01-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.01.15
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骨肉瘤是儿童和青少年最常见的原发性恶性肿瘤,其发生机制目前尚未明确。随着免疫学相关研究的不断深入,肿瘤免疫逐渐成为肿瘤领域研究的热点。部分研究证实,程序性死亡蛋白1(PD-1)及其配体1(PD-L1)可介导免疫抑制,减弱免疫细胞对肿瘤细胞的杀伤作用,从而导致肿瘤细胞发生免疫逃逸,进而促进肿瘤的发生、发展。该文阐述了PD-1/PD-L1介导骨肉瘤发生免疫逃亡的机制及其在骨肉瘤治疗中的研究进展,旨在为了解PD-1/PD-L1轴在骨肉瘤治疗中的作用及开发治疗骨肉瘤的新药物提供参考。

程序性死亡蛋白1  /  骨肉瘤  /  肿瘤免疫

Osteosarcoma is one of the most common primary malignant tumors in children and adolescents, and its development mechanism in human body has not been clearly explained by scholars. With the in-depth study of immunology, tumor immunity has gradually become a hot spot in the field of tumor research. A large number of studies have shown that programmed death protein-1 (PD-1)and its ligand 1 (PD-L1) can mediate immunosuppression, weaken the killing effect of immune cells on tumor cells, and lead to immune escape of tumor cells, thus promoting the development of tumor. This paper reviews the immune escape mechanism of PD-1/PD-L1 in osteosarcoma and the latest progress of PD-1/PD-L1 axis in the treatment of osteosarcoma, aiming to provide theoretical reference for understanding the role of PD-1/PD-L1 in osteosarcoma and developing new drugs for the treatment of osteosarcoma.

programmed death protein-1  /  osteosarcoma  /  tumor immunity
施锦涛, 张凯, 张芮浩, 王克平, 周海宇. PD-1/PD-L1轴与骨肉瘤治疗研究进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2021 , 46 (1) : 89 -94 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.01.15
Jin-Tao Shi, Kai Zhang, Rui-Hao Zhang, Ke-Ping Wang, Hai-Yu Zhou. Research progress of PD-1/PD-L1 axis in pathogenesis and treatment of osteosarcoma[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2021 , 46 (1) : 89 -94 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.01.15
骨肉瘤是最为常见的骨恶性肿瘤,其特点为好发于长骨干骺端,进展迅速且预后不良,在青少年和儿童中病死率很高[1-2],突出症状为肿瘤部位疼痛,且存在高度转移性,如脑转移、肺转移[3-4],5年总生存率为71%[5]。尽管有证据表明,骨肉瘤起源于间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)或更具可塑性的成骨细胞前体[6-7],但具体机制目前尚未明确。近年来多项研究发现,作为抗肿瘤免疫检查点,程序性死亡蛋白1(PD-1)及其配体1(PD-L1)在骨肉瘤中高表达[8-10],PD-1/PD-L1轴在介导骨肉瘤发生免疫逃逸并导致其进展中发挥着重要作用[11]。本文综述了PD-1/PD-L1轴在骨肉瘤中最新研究进展,以期为认识和治疗骨肉瘤提供新的理论依据。
PD-1又称分化簇279(CD279),是一个由288个氨基酸构成的膜蛋白,也是一种重要的免疫抑制分子,在活化的T淋巴细胞、B细胞、巨噬细胞和自然杀伤(NK)细胞等免疫细胞中表达。与PD-1结合的配体PD-L1又称表面抗原分化簇274(CD274)或B7同源体(B7-H1),通常在肿瘤微环境中的肿瘤细胞和肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞(TIL)中表达,并通过PD-1/PD-L1途径调控肿瘤微环境中肿瘤细胞的免疫耐受进程[12-13]。PD-1负调节T细胞受体(TCR)信号,可上调E3-泛素连接酶CBL-b和c-CBL,触发T细胞受体下调,抑制T细胞的活化及细胞因子的释放,PD-1/PD-L1可广泛地负调节免疫反应。随着肿瘤免疫相关研究的深入,越来越多的证据表明,实体肿瘤可逃避自身免疫系统的监视,进而促进肿瘤进展,而相关抗肿瘤免疫治疗取得了良好的效果,逐渐引起了研究者的关注[14-17]。作为肿瘤免疫检查位点,PD-1/PD-L1在骨肉瘤治疗中的研究也已深入开展。
肿瘤微环境在肿瘤的发生、发展过程中发挥了重要作用。除肿瘤细胞外,骨肉瘤中还存在免疫细胞浸润,当出现肿瘤时,机体可通过自身的细胞免疫或体液免疫消除肿瘤细胞或抑制其增长,从而起到免疫监视作用。当骨肉瘤细胞表现出较高的免疫原性时,滤泡辅助性T细胞高表达PD-1,低表达抗肿瘤物质白细胞介素-21(IL-21),从而减弱CD8+T细胞释放干扰素γ(IFN-γ)及脱颗粒的能力,进而降低T细胞对骨肉瘤细胞的毒性[18]。IFN-γ是由有丝分裂原刺激T淋巴细胞产生的一种高效的抗病毒生物活性物质,在肿瘤免疫中发挥一定作用[19]。研究发现,IFN-γ可诱导血管肉瘤中PD-L1的表达进而产生免疫耐受[20],Yoshida等[21]在骨肉瘤中也观察到了此现象,并发现抗PD-L1抗体可明显减少CD4+ T细胞中Foxp3+调节性T细胞(regulatory cells,Tregs)的数量,增加CD8+ T细胞浸润[22],进而发挥抗肿瘤作用。Markel等[23]的研究发现,抗PD-L1抗体能减缓T细胞的耗竭,提示T细胞在PD-L1介导骨肉瘤产生免疫耐受的过程中发挥重要作用。据报道,在MG-63型骨肉瘤细胞系中PD-L1呈高表达,且该细胞系能耐受NK细胞的杀伤作用,当阻断PD-1/PD-L1时,NK细胞的细胞毒性增强,并通过颗粒酶B(GZMB)发挥对骨肉瘤细胞的杀伤作用[24]。Yoshida等[25]研究19例骨肉瘤临床标本发现,IFN-γ和GZMB的表达与PD-L1呈明显正相关。骨肉瘤原发部位存在较多的CD4+ T细胞和CD8+ T细胞浸润,相应地PD-L1表达也明显增强,且IFN-γ刺激可增加骨肉瘤细胞系中PD-L1的表达[26],提示骨肉瘤可适应免疫抗性,产生PD-L1,进而逃避免疫细胞的杀伤作用。综上,PD-1/PD-L1可通过弱化CD4+ T细胞、CD8+ T细胞、NK细胞的功能而导致骨肉瘤细胞的免疫逃逸,因此,上述免疫细胞可作为拮抗PD-1/PD-L1对骨肉瘤作用的靶向免疫细胞,从而为骨肉瘤的治疗提供策略。
肿瘤发生发展涉及的相关信号转导机制备受研究者关注,深入研究和理解骨肉瘤相关通路对认识骨肉瘤以及探寻新的干预手段有一定指导意义。JAK/STAT信号通路是参与肿瘤发生的常见信号通路,信号转导子和转录激活子3(STAT3)是其重要组成部分,阻断STAT3可增加肿瘤组织中细胞因子和趋化因子的表达,激活先天性免疫激活的树突细胞,引起肿瘤T细胞反应[27-28],从而介导机体免疫反应。研究发现,STAT3可调节PD-L1的表达[29]。Dhupkar等[30]在人体原发和转移的骨肉瘤中均观察到PD-L1的表达,并发现抗PD-L1抗体能阻滞p-STAT-3/p-ERK1/2信号传导,激活M1巨噬细胞,减少M2巨噬细胞的数量,导致骨肉瘤肺转移灶的数量显著减少。作为抗肿瘤靶向药物,舒尼替尼(sunitinib)和阿帕替尼(apatinib)可通过特异性阻断相关信号转导途径发挥抗肿瘤效应,表明舒尼替尼和阿帕替尼可使STAT3失活,从而降低骨肉瘤细胞中PD-L1的表达,减弱体内骨肉瘤的肺转移潜力[22,31]。有研究发现,组蛋白脱乙酰基酶6(HDAC6)能促进骨肉瘤细胞中PD-L1的表达,其调节PD-L1的机制主要由STAT3介导,而选择性HDAC6抑制剂能明显抑制骨肉瘤的生长[32]。由此可见,PD-L1经STAT3转导通路在致骨肉瘤免疫逃逸中扮演着重要角色,选择性阻断该信号通路可能在骨肉瘤治疗中发挥更有效的作用。
磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(PI3K)在维持细胞的生长、代谢中具有重要作用。研究发现,PI3K/AKT信号传导途径参与了骨肉瘤的发展,可调节骨肉瘤细胞的增殖、细胞周期、凋亡、迁移、侵袭和化疗耐药性[33]。既往有研究报道,PD-L1由PI3K/AKT信号途径传导[34],使用p110γ特异性抑制剂能抑制髓样细胞肿瘤浸润,使肿瘤对PD-1阻断治疗更敏感[35],因此PD-1/PD-L1经PI3K信号通路可能参与了骨肉瘤的发展。磷酸酶和张力同系物(PTEN)基因位于人类10号染色体,编码含有403个氨基酸的蛋白质,作为PI3K/AKT信号通路负调节剂,PTEN蛋白能抑制PD-L1在细胞中的表达[36],与骨肉瘤的侵袭性密切相关[37]。最近Wu等[38]研究发现,FYVE、RhoGEF和含PH结构域的蛋白1(FGD1)可结合PTEN的N端区域,从而抑制PTEN的功能,进而促进PI3K/AKT活化、PD-L1上调以及骨肉瘤的进展。此外,骨肉瘤中髓源性抑制细胞(MDSCs)高表达,可重塑肿瘤微环境以促进肿瘤的发展,而PI3Kδ/γ在MDSCs中高表达,应用PI3Kδ/γ抑制剂能诱导骨肉瘤细胞CD8+ T细胞浸润,上调PD-L1的表达[39-40]
MicroRNA(miRNA)是一类由内源基因编码的长度约为22个核苷酸的非编码单链RNA,参与转录后基因的表达调控,且与PD-L1的表达密切相关[41]。Ji等[42]发现,miR-140在骨肉瘤中低表达,可与下游靶基因mRNA的3'UTR结合,直接下调PD-L1的表达,增加细胞毒性CD8+ T细胞浸润,降低Tregs的表达,进而抑制骨肉瘤细胞的生长,而这种作用可能是通过抑制mTOR/S6Ks信号通路实现的。最近Liu等[43]发现,microRNA-200a参与了骨肉瘤的进展,其在骨肉瘤中高表达,与骨肉瘤预后不良明显相关,且在体内、体外均可通过PTEN上调PD-L1蛋白水平,减少CD8+ T细胞、CD4+ T细胞数量,增加Foxp3+ Tregs比例,抑制细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL)分泌IFN-γ,从而促进骨肉瘤的生长。据报道,miR-106a与长链非编码RNA(LINC00657)相互作用,可上调PD-L1的表达,进而导致骨肉瘤的侵袭[44]。由此可见,miRNA可经PD-L1调节骨肉瘤的发展,因此基于敲除相关miRNA及阻断PD-L1或许能加强干预骨肉瘤的效果,但仍需进一步研究加以证实。图1为PD-1/PD-L1轴介导骨肉瘤细胞免疫逃逸的机制。
手术切除后再进行局部放疗和全身化疗是目前肿瘤治疗的标准方法,但仍存在全身性进展或远距离转移以及对化疗耐药等现象,进而导致肿瘤预后不良,因此寻找新的治疗措施尤为重要。两项Meta分析显示,PD-1/PD-L1在骨肉瘤中高表达,与骨肉瘤的转移密切相关,常提示预后较差[45-46],因此阻断PD-1/PD-L1可能为抑制骨肉瘤进展的有效措施。研究发现,将抗PD-1抗体用于LM8系骨肉瘤大鼠,骨肉瘤生长不仅得到了较好的控制,且明显延长了大鼠的生存时间[(35.2±3.7) d vs.(25.4±1.6) d,P=0.047][21]。Zheng等[47]研究发现,PD-1、PD-L1在骨肉瘤组织中阳性表达率为27.4%、35.5%;骨肉瘤大鼠腹腔注射10 mg/(kg.5 d)基于抗PD-1抗体的纳武单抗(nivolumab),可明显抑制骨肉瘤的转移潜能。Shimizu等[48]将200 μg抗PD-1/PD-L1抗体注射于实验大鼠腹腔中,发现其可明显延长了大鼠的生存时间(P=0.002),50%的大鼠在肿瘤移植后存活超过16周,并无肺部转移。由此可见,抗PD-1/PD-L1抗体能有效治疗骨肉瘤并抑制其进展。
基于当前对肿瘤的早期手术以及放化疗治疗方式,肿瘤治疗效果仍然不理想,研究人员尝试常规治疗手段结合PD-1/PD-L1靶向治疗,并取得了一定成果。Shimizu等[49]将早期减瘤手术与抗PD-L1抗体联合应用发现,该治疗方式能明显延长实验大鼠的生存期,且约50%的实验大鼠存活超过16周(P=0.001)。也有研究证实,放疗(辐射剂量5 Gy和8 Gy)尽管在早期能抑制骨肉瘤的生长,但后期却出现肿瘤逆生长,分析原因为放疗反应性增加了骨肉瘤PD-L1的表达,而放疗联合抗PD-1抗体可明显改善实验大鼠外周血CD4+ T细胞、CD8+ T细胞比例,减少MDSCs,增强抗肿瘤效应,降低脑转移风险[50-51]。顺铂、阿霉素为恶性肿瘤一线用药,研究发现,阿霉素联合抗PD-L1抗体治疗实验大鼠,能逆转骨肉瘤免疫抑制微环境状态,使CD4+ T细胞、CD8+ T细胞比例增加,并降低Tregs细胞比例,进而产生更好的抗肿瘤效果[52]。此外,联合应用抗PD-L1抗体亦可增强顺铂的抗肿瘤效果(表1)[53]。因此,在手术、放化疗的基础上联合应用PD-1/PD-L1靶向药为延缓骨肉瘤进展提供了新策略。
目前基于PD-1/PD-L1轴的临床试验逐渐开展,纳入临床研究的药物有基于抗PD-1/PD-L1抗体的哌姆单抗(pembrolizumab)和纳武单抗。一项两队列、单臂、开放性2期临床研究共纳入86例晚期肉瘤患者,其中40例为骨肉瘤患者,每3周静脉输注200 mg哌姆单抗(输注时间30 min)进行治疗,中位随访时间17.8个月,发现2例(5%)部分缓解(partial response,PR),9例(23%)疾病稳定(stable disease,SD),29例(73%)疾病进展(progressive disease,PD),中位总生存期(median survival time,MST)为52周[54],由此可见,骨肉瘤患者对治疗的不良反应很少。Le Cesne等[55]的一项开放性、多中心、2期临床研究中,晚期骨肉瘤患者采用口服环磷酰胺(50 mg/次,2次/d)和静脉注射200 mg哌姆单抗(每3周1次)方式治疗,中位随访时间18.9个月,发现2例6个月内无进展(progression-free survival,FPS),无进展率为13.3%(95%CI 1.7~40.5),1例部分缓解(PR),且骨肉瘤PD-L1表达呈阴性,4例肿瘤体积缩小,表明哌姆单抗联合低剂量环磷酰胺无不良反应,对晚期骨肉瘤的治疗显示出中等活性,因此有必要进一步研究PD-1抑制剂与药物联合使用对骨肉瘤的影响。另一项多中心、开放标签、单臂1–2期针对儿童实体肿瘤的临床试验中,儿童每14 d服用3 mg/kg纳武单抗治疗,中位随访时间30 d,发现患儿对纳武单抗治疗耐受性良好,但在扩大的2期队列中并未观察到骨肉瘤对单药纳武单抗治疗的客观反应(表1)[56]
PD-1/PD-L1轴已经在多数研究中被证实可介导肿瘤免疫逃逸,与骨肉瘤的进展密切相关,基于PD-1/PD-L1轴治疗骨肉瘤的动物实验也取得了良好的效果,为研究和治疗骨肉瘤提供了新的思路与策略。基于PD-1/PD-L1轴开发的药物可作为治疗骨肉瘤的新兴药物,然而目前的临床试验研究发现,虽然PD-1/PD-L1轴阻断药治疗骨肉瘤效果较好,但由于骨肉瘤存在肿瘤异质性,加之该类药物昂贵,限制了纳入临床研究的样本量,因此扩大招募研究对象,延展基础研究与临床试验对深入认识PD-1/PD-L1靶向药治疗骨肉瘤尤其重要。另外,联合应用放化疗与PD-1/PD-L1轴阻断药可能是应对骨肉瘤恶化的有效手段,但仍需进一步的试验验证。
  • 兰州市西固区科技支撑计划项目(2018-3-79)
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2021年第46卷第1期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.01.15
  • 接收时间:2020-07-31
  • 首发时间:2025-12-26
  • 出版时间:2021-01-28
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  • 收稿日期:2020-07-31
  • 修回日期:2020-11-03
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Xigu District Science and Technology Support Plan Project of Lanzhou(2018-3-79)
兰州市西固区科技支撑计划项目(2018-3-79)
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    1兰州大学第二医院骨科,兰州 730030
    2甘肃省骨关节疾病研究重点实验室,兰州 730030
    3兰州市西固区人民医院骨科,兰州 730060

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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