Article(id=1211268824112951483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1211268819788632695, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.01.13, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1595520000000, receivedDateStr=2020-07-24, revisedDate=1607443200000, revisedDateStr=2020-12-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766718591954, onlineDateStr=2025-12-26, pubDate=1611763200000, pubDateStr=2021-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766718591954, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766718591954, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766718591954, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1211268819788632695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2021', volume='46', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='100', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1766718590924, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766718828068, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1211269814484594852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1211268819788632695, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1211269814484594853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1211268819788632695, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=76, endPage=83, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1211268824494633165, articleId=1211268824112951483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Research progress on the action mechanism of curcumin in the treatment of traumatic arthritis, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Traumatic arthritis (TA) is a kind of osteoarthritis secondary to joint trauma, and its pathogenesis is not clear at present. It is mainly related to the apoptosis of chondrocytes involved in a variety of cytokines and related signal pathways. Curcumin has anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic effects. Curcumin is used to treat TA mainly by inhibiting oxidase, scavenging free radicals' antioxidant effects, inhibiting the anti-inflammatory effects of cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase and various inflammatory mediators, and acting on various signal transduction pathways to inhibit apoptosis of chondrocytes. This paper describes some of the biological functions of curcumin, and introduces its related mechanism of action in the treatment of TA.

, correspAuthors=Jun Liu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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创伤性关节炎(TA)是继发于关节创伤的一种骨关节炎,发病机制目前尚不明确,主要与多种细胞因子及相关信号通路介导的软骨细胞凋亡有关。姜黄素具有抗炎、抗氧化、抗凋亡等作用,其治疗TA主要与抑制氧化酶,清除自由基的抗氧化作用,抑制环氧化酶、脂氧化酶和多种炎性介质的抗炎作用,以及作用于多种信号转导通路以保护软骨细胞有关。该文通过阐述姜黄素的部分生物功能,介绍其治疗TA的相关作用机制。

, correspAuthors=刘军, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
刘军,E-mail:
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刘鹏,硕士研究生,主要从事关节外科方面的研究。E-mail:

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创伤性关节炎及其姜黄素治疗作用机制的研究进展
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刘鹏 1, 2 , 任莉 3 , 甄平 2 , 李鹏 1, 2 , 常彦峰 2 , 曹国定 1, 2 , 李旭升 2 , 张浩强 2 , 刘军 4, *
解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2021,46(1): 76-83
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解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2021, 46(1): 76-83
创伤性关节炎及其姜黄素治疗作用机制的研究进展
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刘鹏1, 2 , 任莉3, 甄平2, 李鹏1, 2, 常彦峰2, 曹国定1, 2, 李旭升2, 张浩强2, 刘军4, *
作者信息
  • 1甘肃中医药大学临床医学院,兰州 730000
  • 2联勤保障部队第940医院关节骨科,兰州 730050
  • 3兰州理工大学医学技术学院,兰州 730050
  • 4西安交通大学附属第二医院(西北医院)骨科,西安 710004
  • 刘鹏,硕士研究生,主要从事关节外科方面的研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

刘军,E-mail:
Research progress on the action mechanism of curcumin in the treatment of traumatic arthritis
Peng Liu1, 2 , Li Ren3, Ping Zhen2, Peng Li1, 2, Yan-Feng Chang2, Guo-Ding Cao1, 2, Xu-Sheng Li2, Hao-Qiang Zhang2, Jun Liu4, *
Affiliations
  • 1Clinical Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
  • 2Department of Joint Surgery, Institute of Orthopedics, the 940th Hospital of PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Lanzhou 730050, China
  • 3College of Medical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
  • 4Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University (Northwest Hospital), Xi’an 710004, China
出版时间: 2021-01-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.01.13
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创伤性关节炎(TA)是继发于关节创伤的一种骨关节炎,发病机制目前尚不明确,主要与多种细胞因子及相关信号通路介导的软骨细胞凋亡有关。姜黄素具有抗炎、抗氧化、抗凋亡等作用,其治疗TA主要与抑制氧化酶,清除自由基的抗氧化作用,抑制环氧化酶、脂氧化酶和多种炎性介质的抗炎作用,以及作用于多种信号转导通路以保护软骨细胞有关。该文通过阐述姜黄素的部分生物功能,介绍其治疗TA的相关作用机制。

创伤性关节炎  /  姜黄素  /  软骨细胞  /  关节软骨  /  信号通路  /  炎性因子

Traumatic arthritis (TA) is a kind of osteoarthritis secondary to joint trauma, and its pathogenesis is not clear at present. It is mainly related to the apoptosis of chondrocytes involved in a variety of cytokines and related signal pathways. Curcumin has anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic effects. Curcumin is used to treat TA mainly by inhibiting oxidase, scavenging free radicals' antioxidant effects, inhibiting the anti-inflammatory effects of cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase and various inflammatory mediators, and acting on various signal transduction pathways to inhibit apoptosis of chondrocytes. This paper describes some of the biological functions of curcumin, and introduces its related mechanism of action in the treatment of TA.

traumatic arthritis  /  curcumin  /  chondrocytes  /  articular cartilage  /  signal pathway  /  inflammatory factors
刘鹏, 任莉, 甄平, 李鹏, 常彦峰, 曹国定, 李旭升, 张浩强, 刘军. 创伤性关节炎及其姜黄素治疗作用机制的研究进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2021 , 46 (1) : 76 -83 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.01.13
Peng Liu, Li Ren, Ping Zhen, Peng Li, Yan-Feng Chang, Guo-Ding Cao, Xu-Sheng Li, Hao-Qiang Zhang, Jun Liu. Research progress on the action mechanism of curcumin in the treatment of traumatic arthritis[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2021 , 46 (1) : 76 -83 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.01.13
创伤性关节炎(traumatic arthritis,TA)又称外伤性关节炎、损伤性骨关节炎,是关节外科的常见疾病,目前其发病机制尚不明确。有研究发现,TA的发生主要与关节面受力失衡相关[1]。TA早期患者无明显症状或仅表现为轻微的关节不适,口服药物或物理治疗后可缓解;晚期患者关节软骨破坏严重,甚至出现关节畸形等,严重影响患者的日常生活。骨性关节炎(osteoarthritis,OA)是一种慢性进行性退化性疾病,是由增龄、肥胖、劳损、关节先天性异常、关节畸形等诸多因素引起的关节软骨退行性变,好发于负重大、活动多的大关节,较少伴有外伤史,以中老年人群多见,女性多于男性,60岁以上人群的患病率可达50.8%,70岁以上人群可达80.1%,该病的致残率高达53.5%[2]。与OA相比,TA多伴有明确的外伤史,以青壮年多见且无性别差异。OA与TA的病理过程均以关节软骨退化变性及软骨下骨反应性增生为主,但病因不同,临床诊断时需相互鉴别,临床治疗均以减轻患者的临床症状、延缓关节炎的进程为主要目标。
目前TA的治疗方式很多,包括物理疗法、药物治疗、手术治疗等[3]。非手术治疗对早中期TA有一定疗效,且以缓解临床症状为主,无法终止或逆转软骨的破坏,而晚期患者只能接受手术治疗。有研究发现,姜黄素在抗炎、促进成骨细胞增殖分化及抑制破骨细胞形成等方面发挥着重要作用,是抗早中期TA领域极具研究价值和开发前景的药物[4]。姜黄素是从姜科、天南星科一些植物根茎中提取的一种化学成分,为略带酸性的酚性物质[5]。既往研究发现,姜黄素具有抗癌、抗氧化、抗感染、降血脂、抗心力衰竭、抗阿尔茨海默病等多重保护效应,且具有经济安全、毒副作用小等优点[5-7]。近年来,国内外关于姜黄素及其衍生物组织结构和生物活性的研究热度持续高涨[8],姜黄素在OA、类风湿关节炎中的作用也被证实[9]。本文就姜黄素治疗TA的作用机制进行综述。
TA的危险因素主要包括以下几个方面:(1)外界暴力因素(直接暴力或间接暴力)导致关节面骨折、关节腔内异物(如游离体)等,破坏关节面的完整性[10];(2)关节反复扭伤、关节周围韧带松弛导致关节持续不稳或反复脱位,长期超负荷运动等因素造成关节的累积性损伤;(3)先天性的关节发育畸形、关节骨折后愈合不良、长骨骨折愈合存在成角畸形等造成关节面的磨损破坏[11];(4)体内的氧化机制与抗氧化机制失衡,关节液中部分致炎因子含量过多,引起一系列的炎症反应导致软骨细胞凋亡,从而破坏关节软骨[12]
目前TA的发病机制尚不明确。有研究发现,外伤直接或间接地破坏关节软骨,改变了关节面的生物力学平衡,可引起软骨细胞凋亡,软骨组织破坏,导致软骨退行性变[13]。TA的病理学变化最早发生于关节软骨,当关节面负重强度与频率超过正常的承受范围时,关节软骨的合成与降解失衡,导致关节软骨破坏及超微结构改变,而软骨细胞的再生能力很差,一旦损伤很难自我修复。导致软骨损伤的因素主要有以下三个方面。
(1)关节内骨折累及关节面导致关节表面不平整,增加了关节活动时的摩擦力,并引起不同区域关节软骨的应力分布不均衡,导致软骨胶原纤维重塑,高应力侧的软骨变薄,以致骨关节炎形成[14];(2)高能量损伤可直接破坏关节软骨,导致软骨组织坏死、缺损;(3)关节内出血和肿胀等致使关节腔内压力增高,影响关节液的生成,进而导致软骨细胞会因缺乏营养来源而凋亡[15];(4)反复关节脱位、关节囊及韧带断裂等因素造成关节不稳,负重时关节软骨将承受更大的剪切应力,导致蛋白聚糖丢失,使软骨下基质失去正常弹性,软骨胶原纤维和蛋白多糖暴露,长期磨损造成关节软骨退化及松质骨暴露、增生和硬化,最终发生软骨退行性变[16]
炎性因子在TA的发生、发展中起着重要作用,其中肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)、基质金属蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinase,MMP)等的作用较明显[17]。外伤致软骨细胞内线粒体受损,释放氧自由基,引起一系列的变化,如软骨下基质受到损伤和软骨细胞死亡、关节液中炎性因子(TNF-α、IL-1、MMP等)含量高于正常范围等[18]。以上炎性因子的作用机制包括:(1)IL-1可破坏关节软骨,对软骨下基质的降解起促进作用;IL-6主要通过抑制软骨细胞蛋白多糖的合成,促使软骨基质降解,加速关节的损伤,最终导致TA的发生[19]。(2)TNF-α、IL-1及IL-6在骨质破坏及软骨退变中起关键作用,可抑制成骨细胞的增殖及促进破骨细胞的形成,释放各种蛋白酶,如胶原酶、蛋白聚糖酶、MMP等,胶原蛋白和聚蛋白多糖可被相关蛋白酶分解,从而致使软骨下基质分解破坏,对关节软骨的破坏起加速作用[20]。IL-1β与TNF-α存在协同作用[21]。(3)Kunisch等[22]发现,关节软骨受到较大压力负荷后糖胺聚糖(glycosaminoglyca,GAG)的含量降低,而MMP抑制剂(tissue inhibitor of metallo-proteinase,TIMP)能减少GAG的丢失,但关节损伤后,MMP升高的程度远高于TIMP,致使MMP与TIMP的平衡被打破,细胞外基质大量降解,从而导致TA的发生。(4)核因子κB(nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB)在调节炎症反应和免疫反应等方面发挥重要作用,IL-1β和TNF-α主要通过NF-κB的调节而发挥作用[23]
TA的软骨退变与软骨细胞凋亡密不可分。软骨损伤后受损细胞可产生高氧活性物质,使细胞核和线粒体损伤,致使软骨细胞容易衰老,软骨细胞新陈代谢活性降低,再生修复能力减退,导致关节出现退行性改变。
研究发现,姜黄素用于治疗各种疾病与其抗氧化特性密切相关。姜黄素主要通过清除自由基和增强抗氧化酶的活性来抑制氧化应激反应,从而发挥抗氧化作用[5]
自由基是生物体中必需的化学基团,具有强氧化活性,可维持生物体内的代谢平衡。自由基不但可调节细胞生长和细胞之间的信号传导,还可抑制生物体内细菌及病毒的生长,在生物体正常生理代谢过程中发挥重要作用[24]。正常生理情况下,体内的氧化机制与抗氧化机制保持平衡,自由基对机体有益;但外来因素造成关节损伤后,会使软骨内的线粒体受损,释放大量氧自由基,当体内的自由基超过抗氧化系统的清除能力时,可引起一系列有害影响,如蛋白质变性、软骨下基质破坏、软骨细胞凋亡,从而促进破骨细胞的形成,导致骨与软骨破坏。
姜黄素的抗氧化作用与其分子结构有关[25]。姜黄素的分子结构为1,7-二-(4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯基)-1,6-庚二烯-3,5-二酮(图1)。姜黄素分子中含有多个活性基团:2个苯丙烯酰基骨架、2个苯环上各有1个酚羟基和1个甲氧基,丙烯基与β-二酮/烯醇式结构相连接,其中酚羟基和β-二酮这2个活性基团可提供质子,阻断自由基反应,发挥抗氧化作用[24]。但人们对其各功能基团在自由基反应中的具体作用尚存在不同观点[26]。Chen等[27]发现,姜黄素的抗氧化活性与pH值有关,在pH=6.8的环境下,其抗氧化活性主要由酚羟基决定,而在pH=8.0的环境下,则由酚羟基、甲氧基与1,3-二酮结合形成的双烯系统决定。Shang等[28]发现,姜黄素主要依靠酚羟基提供氢原子来发挥抗氧化作用,因此认为酚羟基才是其主要的活性部位。
发生TA时,大量的炎性因子、自由基等物质释放,会导致胶原酶、蛋白多糖等软骨基质分解,软骨细胞受到氧化应激损伤而死亡。有研究发现,姜黄素可在氧化反应中提供质子,清除自由基,减轻脂质氧化,增加组织细胞的抗氧化能力,从而减轻软骨细胞的不可逆损伤[29]。NF-κB信号通路在TA的发生过程中发挥重要作用。机体受到外界刺激时,IκB抑制蛋白激酶(inhibitory κB protein kinase,IKK)会使κB抑制蛋白(inhibitory κB proteins,IκB)发生磷酸化,磷酸化的IκB被蛋白酶所降解,导致NF-κB大量释放,与靶基因上启动子区的κB位点结合,从而调控细胞因子、趋化因子、氧化应激相关酶等的表达[25],参与炎症反应及细胞增殖、分化和凋亡等过程[30]。姜黄素可抑制NF-κB的活化及下游炎性因子的释放,从而调节氧化应激状态,减轻氧化应激损伤[7]
活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)和抗氧化酶是生物体内参与氧化反应的重要化学物质。抗氧化酶主要包括过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)等[31]。正常生理状态下,ROS的产生受SOD、CAT、MDA、GSH-Px等抗氧化酶的调节,后者通过清除体内的过氧化物使机体处于氧化还原动态平衡状态,若ROS大量产生超过细胞的抗氧化能力,平衡被打破,则会发生氧化应激反应,损伤软骨细胞[32]
Nrf2-ARE信号通路在机体的抗氧化应激反应中起重要作用。核因子E2相关因子2(nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2,Nrf2)是发挥抗氧化作用最重要的细胞因子。正常生理状态下,Nrf2在细胞质中的含量很低,当活性氧过表达时,Nrf2可与抗氧化反应元件(anti-oxidant response element,ARE)基因结合,从而启动机体的抗氧化机制[33],诱导机体产生SOD、CAT、醌氧化还原酶(quinone oxidoreductase 1,NQO1)、GSH-Px、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(glutathione S transferase,GST)等抗氧化酶,增强细胞清除ROS的能力,维持细胞内氧化还原状态的平衡并减轻氧化损伤[25]。姜黄素可上调Nrf2的表达,促进Nrf2的核内转移,上调血红素氧化酶-1(HO-1)的表达,从而减轻细胞的氧化应激损伤[34]
Notch信号通路是一种生物进化过程中高度保守的信号通路,参与调节细胞的氧化应激反应,从而影响细胞增殖、分化及凋亡等[35]。姜黄素可通过Notch1信号通路上调Bac-2的表达,减少氧自由基及乳酸脱氢酶的释放,增强CAT、SOD等氧化酶的活性,对超氧化物、过氧化物等自由基进行还原分解,从而发挥抗氧化作用[36]
李旭升等[4]的动物实验发现,姜黄素可通过激活JAK2/STAT3信号通路,增加软骨细胞线粒体的抗氧化应激能力,明显缓解关节软骨的退变。Aborehab等[37]的动物实验发现,使用姜黄素饲养大鼠后,大鼠软骨细胞中MDA及SOD水平升高,提示姜黄素具有抗氧化作用。
炎症反应是生物体内复杂的病理过程,是由感染或组织损伤引起的一系列反应,可导致机体功能障碍。姜黄素可通过抑制炎性因子如环氧化酶(cyclooxygenase,COX)、脂氧化酶(lipoxygenase,LOX)、血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)、前列腺素(prostaglandin,PG)、IL-1、IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α、NF-κB、MMP等而发挥抗炎效应[29]。相较于其他抗炎药物,姜黄素具有毒副作用小的优势。
姜黄素可抑制参与炎症反应的炎性因子的活性及生成,以发挥抗炎作用。COX是花生四烯酸分解代谢为PG类(PGE2、PGD2、PGF2)炎性物质的一种关键酶[29],而代谢产物PG被认为在TA的发病过程中起着关键作用。PGE2参与了TA的炎症反应及软骨细胞破坏等病理过程[38],而PGD2则可直接诱导软骨细胞的凋亡[39]。在炎症发生早期,姜黄素可通过抑制COX-2的生成,减少PG的合成而发挥抗炎作用[40]
5-脂氧化酶(5-lipoxygenase,5-LOX)是花生四烯酸转化为白细胞三烯类炎性物质的另一种关键酶[29]。白细胞三烯(leukotriene,LT)包括LTA4、LTB4、LTC4等,其中LTB4可做为中性粒细胞的趋化因子参与炎症反应。姜黄素可通过阻碍5-LOX的表达或抑制其作用位点的活性来减少白三烯类物质的生成,从而减轻炎症反应[29]。因此,由花生四烯酸转化而来的炎性介质主要是通过COX和LOX途径生成的,而姜黄素则可通过COX和LOX等多种信号途径在细胞及分子水平抑制炎症反应。Moon等[41]的动物实验发现,姜黄素可抑制IL-1β和TNF-α等炎性因子的产生,还可通过抑制COX-2的活性,减少PGE2的产生。邹志余等[42]发现,姜黄素可减轻炎症对软骨细胞的破坏,延缓关节退化,修复关节软骨损伤。
NF-κB蛋白家族做为初级转录因子,在抗凋亡、基因转录、细胞分化及免疫应答等方面发挥着重要的作用[29]。孙焱等[43]发现,NF-κB可参与调节多种炎性因子的转录,与炎症的发生密切相关。当机体受到外来因素刺激时,体内的丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen activated protein kinase,MAPK)途径被激活,引起IKK激活、IκB磷酸化,游离的NF-κB与炎性物质结合发生炎症反应。而姜黄素可抑制软骨细胞中IKK的活化,减少IκB的磷酸化,阻止NF-κB信号通路的传导,从而抑制炎症反应[7];此外,还可抑制激活蛋白-1(activator protein-1,AP-1)、游磷脂酶A2(phospholipase A2,PLA2)、COX-2、5-LOX的活性,减少IL-1β、TNF-α等炎性因子的产生,调控MMP的表达[44]。Kazumi等[45]的研究发现,姜黄素可通过抑制NF-κB信号通路及抑制COX-2的生成,使蛋白酶激活受体2(protease activated receptors 2,PAR2)诱导的PGE2生成减少,从而减轻炎症反应。
有研究发现,姜黄素既可直接抑制TNF-α和COX-2的生成,也可通过抑制NF-κB信号通路来间接抑制TNF-α和COX-2的生成,从而减轻炎症反应[24]。Csaki等[46]发现,姜黄素可抑制IL-1β诱导的NF-κB活化和易位,并抑制NF-κB诱导的COX-2和VEGF表达,从而导致TNF-α、MMPs、5-LOX等炎性介质的表达下调,发挥抗炎作用。
TA的发生及软骨细胞的凋亡与体内自噬减少关系密切,ULK1、Beclin1和LC3基因在正常关节软骨中均有表达,而在关节炎软骨细胞中表达下调[47]。人类自噬相关基因表达分析发现,OA软骨组织中自噬相关基因ULK1、Beclin1和LC3等的表达有所下调[48]。体外研究发现,姜黄素可通过AKT/mTOR途径调节软骨细胞的自噬,并可降低由IL-1β诱导的半胱氨酸蛋白酶-3(caspase-3)和Bax/Bcl-2等的表达,从而起到抗软骨细胞凋亡的作用[49]。有研究发现,姜黄素能够抑制IL-1β诱导的软骨细胞凋亡以及凋亡标志物caspase-3的激活,从而促进Bcl-2的表达;还能够上调软骨细胞的自噬水平,使软骨细胞内自噬小泡的数量增加,从而使软骨细胞内自噬相关基因LC3-Ⅱ、Beclin1的表达增加[50]
动物实验研究发现,在大鼠膝关节腔内局部应用姜黄素可显著减少滑膜中IL-1β和TNF-ɑ的分泌,通过抑制软骨和滑膜组织中Toll样受体(Toll-like receptors,TLRs)信号通路来间接抑制其下游的NF-κB通路,进而起到抗滑膜炎症、重塑软骨基质、抗软骨细胞凋亡的作用[51]。最近研究发现,姜黄素可通过抑制内质网应激诱导的体内、体外软骨细胞凋亡而减缓骨关节炎的进展,并可在大鼠体内通过抑制PERK-eIF2α-ATF4-CHOP信号通路及激活沉默信息调节因子2相关酶1(silent information regulator factor 2-related enzyme 1,SIRT1)而对大鼠软骨细胞发挥保护作用[52]
研究发现,TA的发生是由多种细胞因子及相关信号通路参与的生物反应过程[53]。软骨细胞凋亡受体外压力刺激、软骨细胞生存环境改变、炎性因子、软骨代谢酶降解等多种因素的影响[54]。多种机械因素和生物因素的作用可导致细胞外基质降解、软骨细胞凋亡,关节软骨发生不可逆地破坏。
酪氨酸蛋白激酶/信号转导子和转录激活子(Janus activated kinase signal transducer/activator of transcription,JAK/STAT)是近年来发现的重要的细胞内信号转导通路家族[4]。JAK2/STAT3信号通路与细胞生长、增殖和分化,以及免疫系统的功能等有密切关系[29],尤其在炎症反应过程中发挥着重要的效应[55]。研究发现,JAK2/STAT3通路可减轻细胞氧化应激损伤,维持线粒体功能,延缓TA的进程。李旭升等[4]的动物实验发现,姜黄素可激活JAK2/STAT3信号传导通路,显著增强软骨细胞线粒体的抗氧化应激能力,明显降低软骨细胞凋亡率。
姜黄素可以激活JAK2/STAT3信号通路,上调抗凋亡分子Bcl-2并下调促凋亡分子caspase-3的表达,抑制软骨细胞的凋亡。使用JAK2/STAT3特异性阻断剂AG490可抑制JAK2/STAT3信号通路,通过下调Bcl-2、上调caspase-3的表达,显著减弱姜黄素的软骨细胞保护作用,提示姜黄素可通过JAK2/STAT3信号通路发挥抗TA的作用[56]
有研究发现,干扰素(interferon,IFN)、粒-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor,GM-CSF)、IL-6、IL-15等细胞因子的表达与JAK2/STAT3信号通路有密切的关系[57]。Wang等[58]应用姜黄素治疗TA发现,姜黄素可明显减轻氧化应激反应,从而有效抑制软骨细胞的降解。
MMP是生物体内一种重要的蛋白水解酶。MMP家族包括多个成员,如MMP-1、MMP-3、MMP-9、MMP-13等,是导致关节软骨不可逆破坏的重要原因[59]。发生TA时,由Ⅱ型胶原组成的软骨基质被MMP大量降解,尤其是MMP-1会通过诱导Ⅱ型胶原变性,裂解细胞外基质,从而介导TA软骨基质的破坏[5]。MMP-3不但会裂解蛋白聚糖,还可激活MMP-1,进一步加速Ⅱ型胶原的降解,大量破坏细胞外基质,加速关节炎的进程[29]。MMP-13可直接切断软骨的Ⅱ型胶原,促进软骨间质的降解,而软骨间质的降解产物又可通过正反馈作用加速自身降解,加速软骨的破坏[5]。发生TA时在炎性因子刺激下关节软骨会产生大量的MMP,导致大量软骨细胞病理性凋亡,从而导致关节软骨不可逆的破坏。因此,MMP过表达是骨关节炎关节软骨退变的重要原因。
MMP的活性受NF-κB信号转导通路的调控。在机体受到外在因素的刺激时,NF-κB信号通路被激活,导致下游MMP过量表达,与其他炎性因子共同参与炎症反应,加速关节软骨的破坏[29]。而姜黄素主要通过抑制NF-κB信号通路的传导,抑制MMP的激活及表达,减轻MMP过量表达对软骨细胞的损伤,延缓关节损伤进程[60]
Zhang等[61]发现,局部外用姜黄素可通过抑制MMP-1的表达而减少Ⅱ型胶原及蛋白多糖的降解,从而可保护软骨细胞。Wang等[44]发现,姜黄素可通过抑制NF-κB P65来抑制NF-κB信号通路的传导,进而抑制MMP-1、MMP-13的表达,减少Ⅱ型胶原的降解,减轻软骨损伤,延缓关节炎的进程。Yeh等[62]发现,姜黄素可通过抑制NF-κB信号通路来减少炎性因子的产生,减轻氧化应激对软骨细胞的损伤;上调骨保护素(osteoprotegerin,OPG)/NF-κB受体活化因子配体(receptor activator of NF-κB ligand,RANKL)的比例可抑制成骨细胞凋亡,促进破骨细胞凋亡,延缓OA的进程。
姜黄素不仅是日常的调味品和色素材料,且具有强大的抗氧化及抗炎等药理作用。多种疾病的发生与体内氧自由基过量产生及炎症反应密切相关,而姜黄素已被证实在肿瘤、动脉粥样硬化、糖尿病等多种疾病的治疗中扮演着重要的角色。在骨关节炎、类风湿关节炎等疾病中,姜黄素可降低炎性因子的表达,抑制软骨炎症,增加软骨细胞的生物活性,减少软骨细胞凋亡,促进成骨细胞的增殖分化及抑制破骨细胞的形成等。但迄今为止,姜黄素对TA作用机制及相关信号通路的研究非常有限,且目前多数研究结果将姜黄素对软骨细胞代谢的保护效应归因于其强大的抗炎特性和自由基清除能力,对于姜黄素如何参与TA发生过程中多种信号通路和细胞因子的生物反应过程,特别是核内信号的传递、转录因子的激活及被诱导基因的表达等相关机制尚待深入研究。
  • 全军后勤课题面上项目(CWH17J009)
  • 全军医学科技青年计划(19QNP047)
  • 兰州市人才创新创业项目(2019-RC-65)
  • 甘肃省卫生行业科研计划项目(GSWSKY2018-21)
  • 中央高校创新团队项目(31920200018)
  • 陕西省自然科学基金(2020JM-339)
  • 甘肃省青年科技基金(1606RJYA300)
  • 甘肃省青年科技基金(20JR5RA588)
  • 甘肃省自然科学基金(1606RJZA208)
  • 甘肃省自然科学基金(18JR3RA403)
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2021年第46卷第1期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.01.13
  • 接收时间:2020-07-24
  • 首发时间:2025-12-26
  • 出版时间:2021-01-28
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  • 收稿日期:2020-07-24
  • 修回日期:2020-12-09
基金
Military Logistics Research Project(CWH17J009)
全军后勤课题面上项目(CWH17J009)
Military Medical Science and Technology Youth Development Program(19QNP047)
全军医学科技青年计划(19QNP047)
Lanzhou Talent Innovation and Entrepreneurship Project(2019-RC-65)
兰州市人才创新创业项目(2019-RC-65)
Health Industry Research Plan Project of Gansu Province(GSWSKY2018-21)
甘肃省卫生行业科研计划项目(GSWSKY2018-21)
Central University Innovation Team Project(31920200018)
中央高校创新团队项目(31920200018)
Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province(2020JM-339)
陕西省自然科学基金(2020JM-339)
Youth Science and Technology Foundation of Gansu Province(1606RJYA300)
甘肃省青年科技基金(1606RJYA300)
Youth Science and Technology Foundation of Gansu Province(20JR5RA588)
甘肃省青年科技基金(20JR5RA588)
Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province(1606RJZA208)
甘肃省自然科学基金(1606RJZA208)
Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province(18JR3RA403)
甘肃省自然科学基金(18JR3RA403)
作者信息
    1甘肃中医药大学临床医学院,兰州 730000
    2联勤保障部队第940医院关节骨科,兰州 730050
    3兰州理工大学医学技术学院,兰州 730050
    4西安交通大学附属第二医院(西北医院)骨科,西安 710004

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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