Article(id=1211268823047598244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1211268819788632695, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.01.10, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1588521600000, receivedDateStr=2020-05-04, revisedDate=1610294400000, revisedDateStr=2021-01-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766718591701, onlineDateStr=2025-12-26, pubDate=1611763200000, pubDateStr=2021-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766718591701, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766718591701, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766718591701, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1211268819788632695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2021', volume='46', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='100', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1766718590924, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766718828068, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1211269814484594852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1211268819788632695, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1211269814484594853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1211268819788632695, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=57, endPage=63, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1211268823383142570, articleId=1211268823047598244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Cerebral giant polycystic perivascular space with multiple cysts: A case report and literature review, columnId=1190310109000602400, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Clinical Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To improve doctors' understanding of giant perivascular space (PVS) in the brain. Methods A case of giant intracranial polycystic PVS was analyzed retrospectively by searching the databases of PubMed and Medline, combining with literature reports, the anatomy, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, imaging changes, and treatment principles of giant PVS were summarized. Results A 19-year-old male solder was admitted due to intermittent occipital distension pain for 2 weeks. The brain MRI showed multiple cystic lesions in the right cerebral hemisphere without enhancement. The head-carotid artery CT angiography found no abnormality. The diagnosis was polycystic giant PVS in the brain. His headache was relieved after 3 days of oral compound paracetamol tablets. During a regular follow-up period for 3.5 years, he complained no discomfort. Until October 13, 2020, there were only 41 English articles about brain polycystic giant PVS collected in PubMed, including total of 46 cases. The clinical manifestations were not specific, depending on whether the nerve tissue around PVS was compressed or not. Headache accounted for 32.6%, and hydrocephalus for 43.5%. The MRI of PVS was characterized by its round, oval or tubular structure with a clear, smooth and homogeneous edge, its signal intensity was equal to that of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) without enhancement. It is called giant or huge PVS when its diameter is more than 15 mm. There was no special treatment unless the giant PVS causes surrounding tissue oppression or hydrocephalus, if so, neurosurgical operation could be help to improve patient's status. Conclusions Characteristics of giant PVS appeared on all sequences of MIR is a CSF-like intensity cystic lesion without enhancement. Clinical attention should be paid to differential diagnosis and follow-up and. If space-occupying effect or hydrocephalus development, it can be intervened by neurosurgery, otherwise no special treatment.

, correspAuthors=Guo-Qiang Wang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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目的 报道1例脑内多发囊性巨大血管周围间隙(PVS)及其诊治体会。方法 回顾性分析1例脑内多发囊性巨大PVS患者的病例资料,通过检索PubMed和Medline数据库,综合文献结果,总结多发囊性巨大PVS的解剖、病生理、临床表现、影像学改变及治疗原则。结果 本例为19岁男性士兵,因枕部间断性胀痛2周入院。头颅MRI显示右侧大脑半球多发性囊性病变,无强化。头颈动脉CT血管成像未发现异常。诊断为脑内多发囊性巨大PVS。口服复方对乙酰氨基酚片3 d后,头痛缓解。定期随访3.5年,患者没有发生任何疾病相关症状。截至2020年10月13日,PubMed和Medline收录脑内多发囊性巨大PVS英文报道41篇,共含46例多发囊性巨大PVS病例。临床表现取决于PVS周围的神经组织是否受压以及受压程度。头痛占32.6%,脑积水占43.5%。PVS的MRI表现为圆形、椭圆形或管状结构,边缘清晰光滑,信号强度与脑脊液相同,无强化。当PVS直径大于15 mm时称为巨大PVS,可能造成周围神经组织受压或脑积水,神经外科手术有助于改善病情。结论 巨大PVS的MRI特征是所有序列均为脑脊液样信号的囊性病变,无强化。临床应重视鉴别诊断和随访。如果发生占位效应或脑积水,可行神经外科干预,否则无需特殊处理。

, correspAuthors=王国强, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
王国强,E-mail:
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王海霞,医学硕士,主治医师,主要从事神经内科临床工作。E-mail:

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王海霞,医学硕士,主治医师,主要从事神经内科临床工作。E-mail:

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A. 头颅MRI矢状位T1-WI序列显示右侧额叶、顶叶、扣带回和胼胝体内多发囊性巨大病灶(红箭头),内有脑脊液样(白箭头所示)内容物;B-D. 轴位T1-WI(B),T2-WI(C)和FLAIR序列(D)见多发囊性成簇病灶,边界清晰,呈圆形或椭圆形(红箭头所示),均与脑脊液(白箭头所示)等信号,无占位效应或脑积水样改变;E. DWI序列无弥散受限;F. 磁敏感序列无含铁血黄素异常沉积;G. 增强CT扫描病灶未见强化;H. 头颈动脉CT血管成像未见异常

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Main clinical features of 46 cases of giant PVS

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ID参考文献年龄(岁)性别首发症状MRI所示多发囊性巨大PVS主要治疗结局
部位脑积水分型症状PVS体积(时间)
1[1]6多颅神经麻痹中脑三脑室底造瘘缓解缩小(4、6个月)
2[2]10头痛中脑脑室腹腔分流好转无变化(NA)
3[3]44右肢力弱,偏头痛左丘脑,中脑脑室腹腔分流缓解无变化(3个月)
4[4]10头痛中脑脑室腹腔分流好转无变化(NA)
5[5]35头痛,右足麻木丘脑,中脑,桥脑脑室腹腔分流好转稍缩小(NA)
6[6]71双上肢舞蹈症双基底节苯二氮䓬类缓解NA
7[7]57步态不稳,震颤丘脑,中脑,桥脑脑室腹腔分流缓解无变化(6、8个月)
8[8]45无症状左额顶叶NANA
9[8]57步态不稳左顶叶NANA
10[9]50头痛,抑郁右额顶叶抗抑郁NANA
11[10]17头痛丘脑-中脑三脑室底造瘘好转增大增多(14年)
12[11]52行走缓慢双额顶叶NANA
13[12]74跌倒,尿失禁中脑脑室腹腔分流好转硬膜下血肿(1个月)
14[13]50头痛眼痛,视物模糊中脑三脑室底造瘘好转缩小(5个月)
15[14]15头痛,步态不稳右中脑囊肿穿刺好转无变化(2、5、8年)
16[15]75右三叉神经痛右中脑,桥脑卡马西平好转无变化(1年)
17[16]64无症状双额顶叶NA无变化(2年)
18[17]55跌倒,记忆力减退右中脑脑室腹膜分流缓解无变化(1年)
19[18]30头痛,尿失禁中脑三脑室底造瘘好转无变化(3个月)
20[19]53左下象限盲右前穿质囊肿切开缓解缩小(NA)
21[20]50右偏身感觉减退左基底节三脑室底造瘘缓解缩小(1年)
22[20]51左手震颤伴力弱右基底节,颞叶三脑室底造瘘缓解缩小(NA)
23[21]24头痛右基底节,颞叶囊肿切开缓解NA
24[21]28重症肌无力左中脑,桥脑抗胆碱酯酶缓解NA
25[22]58步态异常,左肢震颤中脑脑室腹膜分流缓解增大(51个月)
26[22]55步态不稳,记忆减退中脑三脑室底造瘘缓解无变化(6个月)
27[23]43晕厥中脑三脑室底造瘘好转无变化(1年)
28[24]57头痛,阵发手笨拙左半球多脑叶NA无变化(6年)
29[25]68晕厥右额顶叶NANA
30[26]59左肢力弱中脑-丘脑囊肿侧脑室造瘘缓解缩小(2个月)
31[27]12左腿痛(神经纤维瘤2型)右额叶NA无变化(5年)
32[28]5无症状双额叶,右顶叶NA无变化(5年)
33[29]50左耳痛双侧半球多脑叶NANA
34[30]72无症状右额顶叶NANA
35[31]50头痛右额叶NA无变化(8个月)
36[32]50癫痫,大发作双基底节,右额叶NANA
37[32]78步态不稳,帕金森左额顶叶左旋多巴好转NA
38[33]55间断左侧偏盲右额顶叶囊肿侧脑室造瘘无变化缩小(NA)
39[34]14头痛左颞枕叶NA无变化无变化(6个月)
40[35]59眶尖综合征右额顶叶治疗原发病好转NA
41[36]59无症状丘脑-中脑NANANA
42[37]69左偏身力弱左基底节,颞叶NA2月故于腺癌转移
43[38]42右手足肌张力障碍左丘脑,中脑,桥脑三脑室底造瘘好转缩小(6个月)
44[39]79听力减退右基底节,丘脑,中脑,桥脑NANANA
45[40]20视力改变,头痛右额叶NA无变化(8、17年)
46[41]18偏头痛中脑,桥脑偏头痛药物缓解无变化(1年)
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46例巨大PVS患者主要临床特征

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ID参考文献年龄(岁)性别首发症状MRI所示多发囊性巨大PVS主要治疗结局
部位脑积水分型症状PVS体积(时间)
1[1]6多颅神经麻痹中脑三脑室底造瘘缓解缩小(4、6个月)
2[2]10头痛中脑脑室腹腔分流好转无变化(NA)
3[3]44右肢力弱,偏头痛左丘脑,中脑脑室腹腔分流缓解无变化(3个月)
4[4]10头痛中脑脑室腹腔分流好转无变化(NA)
5[5]35头痛,右足麻木丘脑,中脑,桥脑脑室腹腔分流好转稍缩小(NA)
6[6]71双上肢舞蹈症双基底节苯二氮䓬类缓解NA
7[7]57步态不稳,震颤丘脑,中脑,桥脑脑室腹腔分流缓解无变化(6、8个月)
8[8]45无症状左额顶叶NANA
9[8]57步态不稳左顶叶NANA
10[9]50头痛,抑郁右额顶叶抗抑郁NANA
11[10]17头痛丘脑-中脑三脑室底造瘘好转增大增多(14年)
12[11]52行走缓慢双额顶叶NANA
13[12]74跌倒,尿失禁中脑脑室腹腔分流好转硬膜下血肿(1个月)
14[13]50头痛眼痛,视物模糊中脑三脑室底造瘘好转缩小(5个月)
15[14]15头痛,步态不稳右中脑囊肿穿刺好转无变化(2、5、8年)
16[15]75右三叉神经痛右中脑,桥脑卡马西平好转无变化(1年)
17[16]64无症状双额顶叶NA无变化(2年)
18[17]55跌倒,记忆力减退右中脑脑室腹膜分流缓解无变化(1年)
19[18]30头痛,尿失禁中脑三脑室底造瘘好转无变化(3个月)
20[19]53左下象限盲右前穿质囊肿切开缓解缩小(NA)
21[20]50右偏身感觉减退左基底节三脑室底造瘘缓解缩小(1年)
22[20]51左手震颤伴力弱右基底节,颞叶三脑室底造瘘缓解缩小(NA)
23[21]24头痛右基底节,颞叶囊肿切开缓解NA
24[21]28重症肌无力左中脑,桥脑抗胆碱酯酶缓解NA
25[22]58步态异常,左肢震颤中脑脑室腹膜分流缓解增大(51个月)
26[22]55步态不稳,记忆减退中脑三脑室底造瘘缓解无变化(6个月)
27[23]43晕厥中脑三脑室底造瘘好转无变化(1年)
28[24]57头痛,阵发手笨拙左半球多脑叶NA无变化(6年)
29[25]68晕厥右额顶叶NANA
30[26]59左肢力弱中脑-丘脑囊肿侧脑室造瘘缓解缩小(2个月)
31[27]12左腿痛(神经纤维瘤2型)右额叶NA无变化(5年)
32[28]5无症状双额叶,右顶叶NA无变化(5年)
33[29]50左耳痛双侧半球多脑叶NANA
34[30]72无症状右额顶叶NANA
35[31]50头痛右额叶NA无变化(8个月)
36[32]50癫痫,大发作双基底节,右额叶NANA
37[32]78步态不稳,帕金森左额顶叶左旋多巴好转NA
38[33]55间断左侧偏盲右额顶叶囊肿侧脑室造瘘无变化缩小(NA)
39[34]14头痛左颞枕叶NA无变化无变化(6个月)
40[35]59眶尖综合征右额顶叶治疗原发病好转NA
41[36]59无症状丘脑-中脑NANANA
42[37]69左偏身力弱左基底节,颞叶NA2月故于腺癌转移
43[38]42右手足肌张力障碍左丘脑,中脑,桥脑三脑室底造瘘好转缩小(6个月)
44[39]79听力减退右基底节,丘脑,中脑,桥脑NANANA
45[40]20视力改变,头痛右额叶NA无变化(8、17年)
46[41]18偏头痛中脑,桥脑偏头痛药物缓解无变化(1年)
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脑内多发囊性巨大血管周围间隙1例并文献复习
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王海霞 1 , 黄勇华 1 , 张楠 1 , 夏翠俏 1 , 李昀 2 , 王国强 1, *
解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2021,46(1): 57-63
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解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2021, 46(1): 57-63
脑内多发囊性巨大血管周围间隙1例并文献复习
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王海霞1 , 黄勇华1, 张楠1, 夏翠俏1, 李昀2, 王国强1, *
作者信息
  • 1解放军总医院第七医学中心神经内科,北京 100700
  • 2潍坊市人民医院神经内科,山东 潍坊 261000
  • 王海霞,医学硕士,主治医师,主要从事神经内科临床工作。E-mail:

通讯作者:

王国强,E-mail:
Cerebral giant polycystic perivascular space with multiple cysts: A case report and literature review
Hai-Xia Wang1 , Yong-Hua Huang1, Nan Zhang1, Cui-Qiao Xia1, Yun Li2, Guo-Qiang Wang1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Neurology, the Seventh Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100700, China
  • 2Department of Neurology, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261000, China
出版时间: 2021-01-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.01.10
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目的 报道1例脑内多发囊性巨大血管周围间隙(PVS)及其诊治体会。方法 回顾性分析1例脑内多发囊性巨大PVS患者的病例资料,通过检索PubMed和Medline数据库,综合文献结果,总结多发囊性巨大PVS的解剖、病生理、临床表现、影像学改变及治疗原则。结果 本例为19岁男性士兵,因枕部间断性胀痛2周入院。头颅MRI显示右侧大脑半球多发性囊性病变,无强化。头颈动脉CT血管成像未发现异常。诊断为脑内多发囊性巨大PVS。口服复方对乙酰氨基酚片3 d后,头痛缓解。定期随访3.5年,患者没有发生任何疾病相关症状。截至2020年10月13日,PubMed和Medline收录脑内多发囊性巨大PVS英文报道41篇,共含46例多发囊性巨大PVS病例。临床表现取决于PVS周围的神经组织是否受压以及受压程度。头痛占32.6%,脑积水占43.5%。PVS的MRI表现为圆形、椭圆形或管状结构,边缘清晰光滑,信号强度与脑脊液相同,无强化。当PVS直径大于15 mm时称为巨大PVS,可能造成周围神经组织受压或脑积水,神经外科手术有助于改善病情。结论 巨大PVS的MRI特征是所有序列均为脑脊液样信号的囊性病变,无强化。临床应重视鉴别诊断和随访。如果发生占位效应或脑积水,可行神经外科干预,否则无需特殊处理。

脑  /  血管周围间隙  /  扩张  /  巨大  /  多囊  /  磁共振成像

Objective To improve doctors' understanding of giant perivascular space (PVS) in the brain. Methods A case of giant intracranial polycystic PVS was analyzed retrospectively by searching the databases of PubMed and Medline, combining with literature reports, the anatomy, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, imaging changes, and treatment principles of giant PVS were summarized. Results A 19-year-old male solder was admitted due to intermittent occipital distension pain for 2 weeks. The brain MRI showed multiple cystic lesions in the right cerebral hemisphere without enhancement. The head-carotid artery CT angiography found no abnormality. The diagnosis was polycystic giant PVS in the brain. His headache was relieved after 3 days of oral compound paracetamol tablets. During a regular follow-up period for 3.5 years, he complained no discomfort. Until October 13, 2020, there were only 41 English articles about brain polycystic giant PVS collected in PubMed, including total of 46 cases. The clinical manifestations were not specific, depending on whether the nerve tissue around PVS was compressed or not. Headache accounted for 32.6%, and hydrocephalus for 43.5%. The MRI of PVS was characterized by its round, oval or tubular structure with a clear, smooth and homogeneous edge, its signal intensity was equal to that of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) without enhancement. It is called giant or huge PVS when its diameter is more than 15 mm. There was no special treatment unless the giant PVS causes surrounding tissue oppression or hydrocephalus, if so, neurosurgical operation could be help to improve patient's status. Conclusions Characteristics of giant PVS appeared on all sequences of MIR is a CSF-like intensity cystic lesion without enhancement. Clinical attention should be paid to differential diagnosis and follow-up and. If space-occupying effect or hydrocephalus development, it can be intervened by neurosurgery, otherwise no special treatment.

cerebral  /  perivascular space  /  dilate  /  giant  /  polycystic  /  magnetic resonance imaging
王海霞, 黄勇华, 张楠, 夏翠俏, 李昀, 王国强. 脑内多发囊性巨大血管周围间隙1例并文献复习. 解放军医学杂志, 2021 , 46 (1) : 57 -63 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.01.10
Hai-Xia Wang, Yong-Hua Huang, Nan Zhang, Cui-Qiao Xia, Yun Li, Guo-Qiang Wang. Cerebral giant polycystic perivascular space with multiple cysts: A case report and literature review[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2021 , 46 (1) : 57 -63 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.01.10
血管周围间隙(perivascular space,PVS)又称Virchow-Robin间隙,为脑血管周围的淋巴间隙,是正常的解剖结构。PVS是否被视为病灶取决于其大小。根据头颅磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)结果,正常的PVS直径<2 mm,常出现在基底节区及幕上白质区[1];直径>5 mm时称之为扩大的PVS,可见于任何年龄段[2];直径>15 mm时称为巨大PVS[3],临床罕见,目前尚无人群发病率报道,易被误认为脑内囊性新生物。本文介绍一例多发囊性巨大PVS,并结合文献检索,总结PVS的解剖、病生理、临床及影像学特点,以期提高临床医师对PVS及巨大PVS的认识。
患者男性,19岁,士兵,因“间断后枕部胀痛2周”于2016年3月23日收入解放军总医院第七医学中心神经内科。头痛呈发作性胀痛,限于顶枕部,每天均有发作,每次持续时间数分钟至数小时,休息后可缓解,无发热,不伴复视或视物不清,无畏光畏声,无恶心呕吐,无意识不清或抽搐,大小便无异常。行头颅MRI检查提示右侧大脑半球多发囊性病变。既往无特殊病史;足月顺产。家族成员无特殊病史。
体温36.2 ℃,脉搏64次/min,呼吸20次/min,血压130/76 mmHg。身高170 cm,体重65 kg。无皮疹或皮下结节,全身浅表淋巴结节无肿大。头面部无畸形,巩膜无黄染,副鼻窦无压痛,扁桃体、甲状腺无肿大。心、肺、腹未见异常,脊柱、四肢无畸形,神经系统查体未见异常。
头颅MRI显示右侧额叶、顶叶、扣带回和胼胝体内多发囊性巨大病灶,为成簇的薄壁、边界清晰的圆形或椭圆形,其信号等同于脑脊液,无占位效应或脑积水改变,弥散成像(diffusion-weighted imaging,DWI)未见异常高信号,无含铁血黄素异常沉积。CT增强扫描病灶无强化。头颈动脉CT血管成像未见异常(图1)。超声:心脏、肝、胆、胰、脾、双肾、前列腺均未见异常。
血清维生素B12 124(参考值133~675) pmol/L,总胆固醇2.07(参考值3.1~5.7) mmol/L,低密度脂蛋白胆固醇1.21(参考值2.07~3.10) mol/L;其他项目包括全血细胞分析、甲状腺功能、肝肾功能、血糖、糖化血红蛋白、三酰甘油、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、同型半胱氨酸、离子(钾、钠、氯、钙、磷、铁、镁)、肌酶、心肌酶、凝血、传染指标、自身抗体、类风湿因子、抗链球菌“O”、C反应蛋白、动态红细胞沉降率、叶酸、肿瘤标志物以及尿、便常规均正常。
诊断结果为:(1)脑内多发囊性巨大PVS;(2)维生素B12水平低。给予复方对乙酰氨基酚片1片口服,1次/d;清脑复神经液20 ml口服,2次/d;甲钴胺片500 μg口服,3次/d。3 d后症状完全缓解,于2016年3月26日出院。
为观察随时间发展患者有无颅内病灶引起的占位效应或脑积水,每半年电话随访一次,随访至今约3.5年,患者头痛无复发,无脑积水相关症状(如视力减退、步态不稳、共济失调或尿失禁)。
以“perivascular space, or Virchow-Robin space”和“dilate, or giant, or huge, or large”为关键词,在PubMed和Medline数据库进行检索,截止到2020年10月13日,共检索到41篇英文文献[1-41]并获取全文,共包括46例巨大PVS患者(表1)。其中男性25例,女性21例,年龄5~79岁(平均45.5岁);首发主要临床表现:15例有头痛,20例影像学存在梗阻性脑积水,4例无症状。
46例患者的MRI改变均为成簇多发囊性病变,形态不规则、大小不等,但边缘清晰,且所有序列都与脑脊液(cerebrospinal fluid,CSF)信号相等,无强化或钙化。8例PVS周围组织的衰减翻转恢复(fluid attenuated inversion recovery,FLAIR)序列信号增高。5例(病例7、15、18、25、26)行MRI波谱分析但无特异性改变,其中2例正常,1例胆碱峰稍高,2例乳酸峰偏高。4例(病例8、9、16、40)行弥散张量成像,其中3例病变部位纤维束减少,1例病灶区纤维束受压移位。
仅6例(病例3、17、25、26、43、45)行CSF分析,其中4例正常,2例蛋白稍高。6例(病例1、11、15、22、30、45)行组织病理学检查,4例为正常脑组织,1例囊壁外层为室管膜细胞伴广泛胶质增生,1例囊壁有反应性星形胶质细胞。
46例患者中,22例接受手术治疗(表1),主要为三脑室造瘘和脑室腹腔分流。术后患者症状基本缓解,影像学检查显示梗阻性脑积水均明显改善,部分患者PVS病灶明显缩小。手术患者中仅1例术后临床症状无变化(病例38);1例术后颅内出现非症状性小血肿(病例22);1例术后1个月发现病灶同侧硬膜下血肿(病例13);1例术后51个月脑积水缓解,但PVS数量增多、原病灶体积增大(病例25)。1例因腺癌行神经系统评估时发现多发囊性PVS,且囊内有动脉瘤,未特殊处理,首诊后2个月死于腺癌转移(病例42)。7例药物治疗原发疾病后临床症状明显缓解(其中重症肌无力、抑郁症、2型神经纤维瘤病、眶尖综合征、帕金森病、三叉神经痛和偏头痛各1例,表1)。
1923年Weed[42]发现,PVS伴随着脑动脉、毛细血管及静脉而延伸,且与神经的周围间隙相通。20世纪80年代,随着MRI的出现,发现PVS是位于中脑、海马、基底节区及半卵圆中心的伴随着穿通动脉的微小、线样、充满液体的结构[43]。解剖学研究证实,不同部位动脉的PVS结构不同,动脉PVS与毛细血管及静脉PVS的结构亦有所不同[44]。在大脑皮质,PVS是软膜动脉进入脑实质移行为穿髓动脉后形成的以软膜鞘为内层、以星形胶质细胞终足构成的胶质界膜为外层的空腔。而基底节区的动脉周围由两层软脑膜覆盖,两层之间的间隙构成了PVS,内层软脑膜与动脉壁紧贴,外层为脑与前穿质表面软膜的延续,与神经胶质界膜相毗邻[4]。当动脉逐步形成毛细血管时,动脉壁的平滑肌细胞层及血管周围的软膜鞘消失,PVS内层为内皮细胞形成的薄层基质,外层为神经胶质界膜[45],毛细血管延续为静脉时,PVS扩大,内层为静脉壁,外层为神经胶质界膜[46]
PVS的生理机制尚不明确。Iliff等[47]发现,CSF沿着穿通动脉的PVS进入脑实质,CSF和脑组织间液的溶质交换发生在PVS处,随后引流到蛛网膜下腔。发生感染性疾病时,PVS可能是病菌直接进入脑膜的途径之一[48]。因为PVS内存在着巨噬细胞,PVS为局部免疫反应的发生提供了场所,这也可能是多发性硬化等疾病的免疫基础[49]。也有研究发现巨噬细胞仅存活在大于10 μm的动脉PVS,且对β淀粉样蛋白的排泄发挥重要作用[50]
头痛是多发囊性巨大PVS最常见的症状,检索到的41例多发囊性巨大PVS患者中,头痛占31.7%,43.9%有脑积水,与其巨大的PVS影响到CSF回流有关。根据巨大PVS所处部位是否造成相应区域神经受压,可表现为舞蹈病[6]、三叉神经痛[15]、发作性意识不清[25]、象限盲[19]。本文报道的病例仅表现为间断头痛,休息及对症止痛后缓解,与巨大PVS的相关性不好确定;患者血脂和血清维生素B12水平偏低,与PVS亦无相关性。
随着MRI分辨率的提高,PVS的发现率随之升高[51]。Groeschel等[52]认为3.0T MRI可发现所有人群的PVS。在MRI所有序列上典型的PVS均为与CSF信号相等的边缘清晰光滑的圆形、椭圆形或管状结构[53]。但实际测量PVS的信号值低于CSF[51],这与PVS内充满了组织间液有关。由于PVS之间是相通的,所以没有弥散受限[54]。通常认为正常的PVS无增强效应,但Naganawa等[55]研究了27位基底节区具有直径<3 mm的PVS受试者(8例无症状,19例淋巴迷路水肿),发现这些PVS在注射造影剂后4 h T2-WI和3D-FLAIR序列上出现强化,但这种延时出现的强化机制和意义尚不明确。
直径>5 mm的PVS称为扩大的PVS[2],扩大到15 mm时称为巨大PVS[3],但由于这类PVS的形状不规则,很难精准把握其尺度。部分巨大PVS的周边在FLAIR序列呈现高信号,这可能是继发的神经胶质增生[56]或慢性缺血改变[25]所致。本例巨大PVS位于右侧半卵圆中心,呈成簇、多发的形状多样的囊性结构,与囊性结构毗邻的脑组织FLAIR高信号,无强化,无占位效应。
PVS根据所在部位可分为三型:Ⅰ型(基底节型),沿着豆纹动脉经过前穿支进入基底节区的PVS[53];Ⅱ型(大脑半球型),沿着髓质动脉进入大脑半球灰质并延伸至脑白质的PVS;Ⅲ型(中脑型),沿着大脑后动脉的穿支动脉进入中脑的PVS [54]。巨大PVS多为Ⅲ型[56],呈圆形或椭圆形,可以是单独的囊性结构,也可能是成簇的多发、形状不一、边界清楚的囊性结构。检索到的46例巨大PVS中,7例(15.2%)为Ⅰ型,17例(37.0%)为Ⅱ型,22例(47.8%)为Ⅲ型;本文报道的1例为Ⅱ型。
有研究认为扩大的PVS与年龄、高血压相关[57]。但Rollins等[58]研究了1250名儿童,其中3.0%存在扩大的PVS,提示年龄不是PVS扩大的独立危险因素。而且年龄与扩大的PVS的数量也缺乏相关性[59]。PVS扩大的确切机制尚不明确;与正常的PVS一样,扩大的PVS多分布在基底节区和脑的凸面。
PVS须与一些疾病相鉴别,包括腔隙性梗死灶(陈旧的腔隙性梗死灶不对称,呈楔形,MRI上病灶周边组织T2/FLAIR高信号)、脑微出血(MRI的SWI序列呈低信号改变)、囊性新生物(如囊性胶质瘤、囊性室管膜瘤等,其病灶周围水肿明显,MRI或CT增强显示肿瘤实质或瘤壁全部或部分强化,常伴有钙化)、脑囊虫病(在囊虫的存活期MRI可见“头节”改变伴环形强化,变性坏死期呈现大片水肿伴厚壁强化,吸收期出现钙化)[60]、淀粉样脑血管病[临床表现多为老年人的复发性和(或)多发性脑叶出血、认知功能减退,影像学多见不对称性脑白质高信号、脑微出血、脑表面含铁血黄素沉积,复合正电子发射断层扫描可见脑部病灶淀粉样蛋白摄取值增高][61]
多发囊性PVS的肿块样扩张一旦造成脑积水或对周围组织造成压迫而出现相应的临床症状,应当进行手术干预,术后症状可明显缓解,脑室扩大程度减轻。
总之,PVS可见于任何年龄段,影像学表现为MRI所有序列目测与CSF信号相同,一般没有强化,波谱分析、弥散张量成像没有特异性改变,CSF基本正常。直径<2 mm的PVS是正常的生理结构,可出现在脑部任何区域,多分布在基底节和幕上白质,可能参与免疫调节;直径>5 mm的扩大PVS与年龄、高血压、脑小血管病等相关;直径>15 mm的巨大PVS可能压迫周围组织结构而引起临床症状或脑积水,此时需要手术干预。临床需要与其他囊性占位性病变相鉴别。
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.01.10
  • 接收时间:2020-05-04
  • 首发时间:2025-12-26
  • 出版时间:2021-01-28
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  • 收稿日期:2020-05-04
  • 修回日期:2021-01-11
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    1解放军总医院第七医学中心神经内科,北京 100700
    2潍坊市人民医院神经内科,山东 潍坊 261000

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