Article(id=1211268820438749815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1211268819788632695, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.01.04, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1590336000000, receivedDateStr=2020-05-25, revisedDate=1609171200000, revisedDateStr=2020-12-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766718591079, onlineDateStr=2025-12-26, pubDate=1611763200000, pubDateStr=2021-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766718591079, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766718591079, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766718591079, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1211268819788632695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2021', volume='46', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='100', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1766718590924, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766718828068, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1211269814484594852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1211268819788632695, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1211269814484594853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1211268819788632695, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=18, endPage=25, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1211268820698796666, articleId=1211268820438749815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=The inhibitory effect of dextran sulfate sodium on the invasion and migration of human gastric cancer cells by affecting M2 tumor-associated macrophages, columnId=1190310110212751762, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Basic Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the potential mechanisms of sulfate sodium (DS) on suppressing human gastric cancer cells (HGC-27) invasion and migration through regulating M2 tumor-associated macrophages (M2-TAMs). Methods (1) In vitro experiment: Differentiation of human monocytes (THP-1) into M0 macrophages was induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate(PMA). Interleukin 4 (IL-4) and interleukin 13 (IL-13) were used to activate M0 macrophages into M2 macrophages. Immunofluorescence and Western blotting were used to detect the expression of CD163, a specific marker of M2-TAMs. HGC-27 cells were divided into 4 groups, including the control group, DS group, M2 group (co-culture of M2 and HGC-27 cells) and M2+DS group (co-culture of M2 and HGC-27 cells treated with DS). Transwell and scratch tests were performed to detect the invasion and migration ability of HGC-27 cells. (2) Animal experiment: 24 nude mice were randomized into control group (n=12) and DS group(n=12). After 24 h intraperitoneally injecting HGC-27 cells, mice were treated with DS (DS group) or saline (control group) through intraperitoneal injections. Later, mice were sacrificed after 14 days. The number of nodules induced by peritoneal implantation of gastric cancer cells was counted and the omentum tumor tissue was collected to examine CD163 expression levels using immunohistochemistry. (3) Human gastric cancer tissue: Clinical gastric cancer samples were collected; the expression of CD163 and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) were detected by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Results (1) In vitro experiment: The expression of CD163 in successfully induced-M2 macrophages was increased; DS could inhibit the polarization of M0 to M2 macrophages; Compared with M2 group, M2+DS group could significantly reduce the invasion and migration ability of HGC-27 cells which was already enhanced by M2-TAMs (P<0.001). (2) Animal experiment: Compared with Control group, the number and volume of metastatic nodules implanted in the abdominal cavity in DS group were significantly decreased, and the expression of CD163 in omentum tumor tissue in DS group was significantly lower (P<0.001). (3) In human gastric cancer tissues: The expression of CD163 in poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas was significantly higher than those in well-differentiated adenocarcinomas and adjacent tissues (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in CD163 expression between well-differentiated adenocarcinomas and adjacent tissues (P>0.05); The expression of CD163 in PD-L1 positive group was significantly higher than that in PD-L1 negative group (P<0.05). There was a positive correlation between CD163 and PD-L1 expression in human gastric cancer cells (P<0.05, r=0.40). Conclusion Dextran sulfate sodium can inhibit the invasion and migration of human gastric cancer cells by affecting M2 tumor-associated macrophages.

, correspAuthors=Yun-Ning Huang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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目的 探讨硫酸右旋糖苷(DS)通过影响M2型肿瘤相关巨噬细胞(M2-TAMs)抑制人胃癌细胞HGC-27侵袭与迁移的作用及可能机制。方法 (1)体外实验:将人胃癌细胞HGC-27分为对照组、DS组、M2组(M2型巨噬细胞与HGC-27细胞共培养)以及M2+DS组(经DS处理的M2型巨噬细胞与HGC-27细胞共培养)。采用Transwell侵袭实验和划痕实验检测DS对M2型巨噬细胞促HGC-27细胞侵袭、迁移的影响。(2)动物实验:将24只裸鼠随机分为对照组(n=12)与DS组(n=12),分别腹腔注射人胃癌细胞HGC-27。24 h后对照组腹腔注射生理盐水,DS组腹腔注射DS。14d后打开裸鼠腹腔,观察胃癌细胞腹腔种植的结节数量,收集裸鼠大网膜瘤组织,通过免疫组化检测CD163蛋白的表达。(3)人胃癌组织:收集临床胃癌标本,通过免疫组化和免疫荧光检测CD163与程序性死亡配体1(PD-L1)的表达。结果 (1)体外实验:成功诱导的M2型巨噬细胞CD163表达明显增高;DS可抑制M0向M2方向的极化。与M2组相比,M2+DS组HGC-27细胞的侵袭、迁移能力显著降低(P<0.001)。(2)动物实验:与对照组相比,DS组的胃癌细胞腹腔种植结节数量明显减少,体积明显缩小,大网膜转移瘤中M2-TAMs特异性表型标志物CD163的表达显著降低(P<0.001)。(3)人胃癌组织:与高分化腺癌和癌旁组织相比,低分化腺癌M2-TAMs特异性表型标志物CD163的表达水平显著增高(P<0.05),与癌旁组织相比,高分化腺癌的CD163蛋白表达无显著增高(P>0.05);PD-L1阳性组CD163的表达较PD-L1阴性组显著增高(P<0.05),CD163与人胃癌细胞PD-L1的表达呈正相关(r=0.40,P<0.05)。结论 硫酸右旋糖苷可通过影响M2-TAMs抑制人胃癌细胞的侵袭与迁移。

, correspAuthors=黄允宁, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
黄允宁,E-mail:
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尚静,硕士研究生,主要从事消化道肿瘤及其免疫机制方面的研究。E-mail:

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尚静,硕士研究生,主要从事消化道肿瘤及其免疫机制方面的研究。E-mail:

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THP-1. 人单核细胞;M0. 巨噬细胞;IL-4. 白细胞介素4;IL-13. 白细胞介素13;DS. 硫酸右旋糖苷

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M0. 巨噬细胞;M2. M2型巨噬细胞;DAPI. 4',6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚;CD163. 富含半胱氨酸清道夫受体1型M130

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CD163. 富含半胱氨酸清道夫受体1型M130;β-tubulin. β微管蛋白;M0. 巨噬细胞;M2. M2型巨噬细胞;DS. 硫酸右旋糖苷;A. 电泳图;B. 柱状图;与M0组比较,(1)P<0.01;与DS组比较,(2)P<0.05。

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DS. 硫酸右旋糖苷;M2. M2型巨噬细胞;A. 各组Transwell实验侵袭后的穿膜细胞;B. 侵袭细胞计数;与对照组比较,(1)P<0.01;与M2组比较,(2)P<0.01;与DS组比较,(3)P<0.05。

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DS. 硫酸右旋糖苷;M2. M2型巨噬细胞;A.各组划痕实验不同时间点的迁移宽度(×10);B.迁移距离;与对照组比较,(1)P<0.01,(2)P<0.05;与M2组比较,(3)P<0.01;与DS组比较,(4)P<0.01。

, figureFileSmall=YmshpHSKIPnhTf74aZWTQg==, figureFileBig=+3zgqJMazCDLe15ww358Vw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211268831834673169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1211268820438749815, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effect of DS on intraperitoneal implantation of metastatic tumor of gastric cancer, figureFileSmall=krn2dXWlkYPVyQIzZX+oew==, figureFileBig=z82KgXFKHnDQBcKPDIRiuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211268831952113685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1211268820438749815, language=CN, label=图6, caption=DS对胃癌腹腔种植转移的影响

DS. 硫酸右旋糖苷

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DS. 硫酸右旋糖苷组;A. 免疫组化图;B. OD值;与对照组比较,(1)P<0.01。

, figureFileSmall=IIAOMd/P394JUbBociu8nA==, figureFileBig=4g0igER2rV8K+ek7+09ADA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211268832283463719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1211268820438749815, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Immunohistochemical detection of CD163 expression in different differentiated gastric cancer (×20), figureFileSmall=pqinZXzohyqoi2dvp9tGhA==, figureFileBig=ElzxnHjr0AIZraEsxdu8sw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211268832400904238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1211268820438749815, language=CN, label=图8, caption=免疫组化检测不同分化程度胃癌CD163的表达(×20)

CD163. 富含半胱氨酸清道夫受体1型M130;A. 免疫组化图;B. OD值;与PD组比较,(1)P<0.05。

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PD-L1. 程序性死亡配体1;CD163. 富含半胱氨酸清道夫受体1型M130;DAPI. 4',6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚

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硫酸右旋糖苷通过影响M2型肿瘤相关巨噬细胞抑制人胃癌细胞侵袭与迁移的作用机制
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尚静 1 , 焦龙杏 1 , 李梦琪 2 , 郭嘉欣 2 , 杨旭 1 , 常瑞 1 , 徐远义 2 , 黄允宁 1, *
解放军医学杂志 | 基础研究 2021,46(1): 18-25
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解放军医学杂志 | 基础研究 2021, 46(1): 18-25
硫酸右旋糖苷通过影响M2型肿瘤相关巨噬细胞抑制人胃癌细胞侵袭与迁移的作用机制
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尚静1 , 焦龙杏1, 李梦琪2, 郭嘉欣2, 杨旭1, 常瑞1, 徐远义2, 黄允宁1, *
作者信息
  • 1宁夏医科大学附属自治区人民医院/西北民族大学第一附属医院胃肠外科,银川 750001
  • 2宁夏医科大学基础医学院病理学系,银川 750004
  • 尚静,硕士研究生,主要从事消化道肿瘤及其免疫机制方面的研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

黄允宁,E-mail:
The inhibitory effect of dextran sulfate sodium on the invasion and migration of human gastric cancer cells by affecting M2 tumor-associated macrophages
Jing Shang1 , Long-Xing Jiao1, Meng-Qi Li2, Jia-Xin Guo2, Xu Yang1, Rui Chang1, Yuan-Yi Xu2, Yun-Ning Huang1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Autonomous Region People's Hospital Affiliated to Ningxia Medical University/the First Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University for Nationalities, Yinchuan 750001, China
  • 2Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
出版时间: 2021-01-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.01.04
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目的 探讨硫酸右旋糖苷(DS)通过影响M2型肿瘤相关巨噬细胞(M2-TAMs)抑制人胃癌细胞HGC-27侵袭与迁移的作用及可能机制。方法 (1)体外实验:将人胃癌细胞HGC-27分为对照组、DS组、M2组(M2型巨噬细胞与HGC-27细胞共培养)以及M2+DS组(经DS处理的M2型巨噬细胞与HGC-27细胞共培养)。采用Transwell侵袭实验和划痕实验检测DS对M2型巨噬细胞促HGC-27细胞侵袭、迁移的影响。(2)动物实验:将24只裸鼠随机分为对照组(n=12)与DS组(n=12),分别腹腔注射人胃癌细胞HGC-27。24 h后对照组腹腔注射生理盐水,DS组腹腔注射DS。14d后打开裸鼠腹腔,观察胃癌细胞腹腔种植的结节数量,收集裸鼠大网膜瘤组织,通过免疫组化检测CD163蛋白的表达。(3)人胃癌组织:收集临床胃癌标本,通过免疫组化和免疫荧光检测CD163与程序性死亡配体1(PD-L1)的表达。结果 (1)体外实验:成功诱导的M2型巨噬细胞CD163表达明显增高;DS可抑制M0向M2方向的极化。与M2组相比,M2+DS组HGC-27细胞的侵袭、迁移能力显著降低(P<0.001)。(2)动物实验:与对照组相比,DS组的胃癌细胞腹腔种植结节数量明显减少,体积明显缩小,大网膜转移瘤中M2-TAMs特异性表型标志物CD163的表达显著降低(P<0.001)。(3)人胃癌组织:与高分化腺癌和癌旁组织相比,低分化腺癌M2-TAMs特异性表型标志物CD163的表达水平显著增高(P<0.05),与癌旁组织相比,高分化腺癌的CD163蛋白表达无显著增高(P>0.05);PD-L1阳性组CD163的表达较PD-L1阴性组显著增高(P<0.05),CD163与人胃癌细胞PD-L1的表达呈正相关(r=0.40,P<0.05)。结论 硫酸右旋糖苷可通过影响M2-TAMs抑制人胃癌细胞的侵袭与迁移。

硫酸右旋糖苷  /  胃癌  /  M2-TAMs  /  抑制  /  侵袭  /  迁移

Objective To investigate the potential mechanisms of sulfate sodium (DS) on suppressing human gastric cancer cells (HGC-27) invasion and migration through regulating M2 tumor-associated macrophages (M2-TAMs). Methods (1) In vitro experiment: Differentiation of human monocytes (THP-1) into M0 macrophages was induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate(PMA). Interleukin 4 (IL-4) and interleukin 13 (IL-13) were used to activate M0 macrophages into M2 macrophages. Immunofluorescence and Western blotting were used to detect the expression of CD163, a specific marker of M2-TAMs. HGC-27 cells were divided into 4 groups, including the control group, DS group, M2 group (co-culture of M2 and HGC-27 cells) and M2+DS group (co-culture of M2 and HGC-27 cells treated with DS). Transwell and scratch tests were performed to detect the invasion and migration ability of HGC-27 cells. (2) Animal experiment: 24 nude mice were randomized into control group (n=12) and DS group(n=12). After 24 h intraperitoneally injecting HGC-27 cells, mice were treated with DS (DS group) or saline (control group) through intraperitoneal injections. Later, mice were sacrificed after 14 days. The number of nodules induced by peritoneal implantation of gastric cancer cells was counted and the omentum tumor tissue was collected to examine CD163 expression levels using immunohistochemistry. (3) Human gastric cancer tissue: Clinical gastric cancer samples were collected; the expression of CD163 and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) were detected by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Results (1) In vitro experiment: The expression of CD163 in successfully induced-M2 macrophages was increased; DS could inhibit the polarization of M0 to M2 macrophages; Compared with M2 group, M2+DS group could significantly reduce the invasion and migration ability of HGC-27 cells which was already enhanced by M2-TAMs (P<0.001). (2) Animal experiment: Compared with Control group, the number and volume of metastatic nodules implanted in the abdominal cavity in DS group were significantly decreased, and the expression of CD163 in omentum tumor tissue in DS group was significantly lower (P<0.001). (3) In human gastric cancer tissues: The expression of CD163 in poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas was significantly higher than those in well-differentiated adenocarcinomas and adjacent tissues (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in CD163 expression between well-differentiated adenocarcinomas and adjacent tissues (P>0.05); The expression of CD163 in PD-L1 positive group was significantly higher than that in PD-L1 negative group (P<0.05). There was a positive correlation between CD163 and PD-L1 expression in human gastric cancer cells (P<0.05, r=0.40). Conclusion Dextran sulfate sodium can inhibit the invasion and migration of human gastric cancer cells by affecting M2 tumor-associated macrophages.

dextran sulfate  /  gastric cancer  /  M2 tumor-associated macrophages  /  inhibition  /  invasion  /  migration
尚静, 焦龙杏, 李梦琪, 郭嘉欣, 杨旭, 常瑞, 徐远义, 黄允宁. 硫酸右旋糖苷通过影响M2型肿瘤相关巨噬细胞抑制人胃癌细胞侵袭与迁移的作用机制. 解放军医学杂志, 2021 , 46 (1) : 18 -25 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.01.04
Jing Shang, Long-Xing Jiao, Meng-Qi Li, Jia-Xin Guo, Xu Yang, Rui Chang, Yuan-Yi Xu, Yun-Ning Huang. The inhibitory effect of dextran sulfate sodium on the invasion and migration of human gastric cancer cells by affecting M2 tumor-associated macrophages[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2021 , 46 (1) : 18 -25 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.01.04
胃癌患者多数死于腹腔种植转移[1]。腹腔种植转移与肿瘤微环境密切相关,肿瘤相关巨噬细胞(tumor-associated macrophages,TAMs)是肿瘤微环境的重要组成部分[2-3]。程序性死亡配体1(programmed death ligand 1,PD-L1)是肿瘤常见分子标志物,存在于癌细胞表面并与细胞毒T细胞表面的免疫检查点程序性死亡受体1(programmed death receptor 1,PD-1)结合,从而使活性T细胞失活,逃避免疫识别[4],与不良预后相关。研究M2型肿瘤相关巨噬细胞(M2 tumor-associated macrophages,M2-TAMs)对胃癌细胞恶性生物学行为的影响,对于寻找新的胃癌治疗靶点具有十分重要的意义。硫酸右旋糖苷(dextran sulfate,DS)是一种大分子糖类,具有来源广、腹腔作用时间长、毒副作用小的特点。研究表明,DS对人胃癌细胞具有直接抑制作用,表现在可抑制人胃癌细胞黏附、血管生成,并促进其凋亡、侵袭迁移和上皮-间质转化等多个方面[5]。有报道称PD-L1在癌细胞中的表达与TAMs的数量有关[6]。DS除了上述直接作用外是否可通过巨噬细胞间接抑制人胃癌细胞的侵袭和迁移有待进一步研究。本研究旨在探讨DS通过影响M2-TAMs抑制人胃癌细胞HGC-27侵袭和迁移的作用及其可能机制。
人胃未分化腺癌细胞株HGC-27由哈尔滨医科大学赠与,THP-1人单核细胞株购自上海中乔新舟生物科技有限公司。
DS购自美国Sigma-Aldich公司(货号D8906)。
RPMI 1640培养基购自美国HyClone公司;佛波酯-12-肉豆蔻酸酯-13-乙酸酯(phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate,PMA)购自美国Sigma-Aldich公司;IL-4和IL-13购自美国Peprotech公司;兔单克隆抗体CD163、小鼠单克隆抗体PD-L1购自英国Abcam公司。
雄性BALB/c裸鼠24只,4~6周龄,体重18~22 g,购自北京维通利华实验动物技术有限公司[生产许可证号:SCXX(京)2006-009]。
收集宁夏回族自治区人民医院2018年2月—2019年10月经手术切除、术后病理确诊为胃腺癌的组织标本46例,所有患者术前均未接受放化疗。
取对数生长期THP-1细胞接种于10 mm培养皿内,经PMA诱导培养48 h后,加入IL-4、IL-13为M2组,加入IL-4、IL-13以及DS为DS组,干预36 h后观察细胞形态变化,利用免疫荧光和Western blotting检测细胞表面标志物CD163的表达。
将THP-1、胃癌HGC-27细胞置于含10%FBS的RPMI 1640培养基中,于37 ℃、5%CO2培养箱内培养,当细胞汇合度达80%时,取对数生长期THP-1细胞,调整细胞密度为2×105个/ml,种板,进行下述实验。称取适量DS溶解于PBS中,混匀后经22 μm过滤器灭菌,使用前用含10%胎牛血清的RPMI 1640培养基稀释至终浓度为0.3%。
BALB/c裸鼠24只,随机分为对照组与DS组,每组12只。将人胃癌HGC-27细胞悬液密度调整为5×107个/ml(0.2 ml/只),两组均腹腔注射。24 h后对照组裸鼠腹腔注射生理盐水(1 ml/只),DS组裸鼠腹腔注射0.3%的DS(1 ml/只),14 d后处死。
将裸鼠大网膜及瘤组织浸泡于4%多聚甲醛溶液中固定,脱水、包埋、切片、抗原修复后依次加入一抗及二抗孵育并显色。倒置显微镜下观察并采集图像。结果判定标准:棕黄色颗粒显像为PD-L1、CD163表达阳性。
人胃癌组织病理切片经脱蜡水化、抗原修复、封闭处理后,孵育不同种属来源的一抗4 ℃过夜,荧光二抗孵育后,加DAPI,封片。在400倍镜下随机选取5个视野,采集图像。PD-L1和CD163主要分布于胞膜和胞质,PD-L1蛋白用红色荧光标记,CD163蛋白用绿色荧光标记,DAPI发蓝色荧光用来标记细胞核。应用Image-Pro Plus软件测定光密度(OD)值,各组均取5张图的平均OD值,应用Adobe Photoshop CS5软件合并图片。
诱导THP-1细胞使其成为贴壁的巨噬细胞爬片。经4%多聚甲醛固定15 min,0.2%TritonX-100通透20 min,10%山羊血清封闭30 min,一抗反应4 ℃过夜,二抗反应37 ℃1 h,滴加DAPI工作液,封片。CD163用FITC标记,细胞核用DAPI标记。应用Image-Pro Plus图像分析软件,在400倍镜下随机选取5个视野,获得所选视野的平均光密度值。
裂解蛋白,EP管置冰上5 min后,振荡30 s,重复5次,吸取上清。BCA法测蛋白浓度,100 ℃煮蛋白10 min。配胶、上样,进行SDS-PAGE胶电泳,切胶、转膜、封闭、一抗孵育、二抗孵育、曝光。应用Image-Pro Plus图像分析软件测量各条带的灰度值,以β-tubulin为内参,用各组目的蛋白与内参蛋白表达灰度值的比值来表示相对蛋白量。
共培养体系建立:将对数生长期的HGC-27细胞接种于6孔板中,待细胞贴壁生长90%~100%,用200 μl枪头比着直尺画横线,PBS冲洗3次,拍照。取对数生长期M2,添加含10%胎牛血清的RPMI 1640培养基重悬后调整细胞密度为5×105个/ml,将细胞分为4组:(1)对照组,仅培养HGC-27;(2)DS组,0.3%DS干预的HGC-27细胞;(3)M2组,将M2接种在Transwell小室上室内,HGC-27细胞接种在下室;(4)DS+M2组,将M2接种在Transwell小室上室内,0.3%DS干预的HGC-27细胞接种在下室;下室用无血清培养液继续培养。重复3孔,培养24、48 h,显微镜下观察,拍照。
稀释基质胶铺于小室上室。待基质胶凝固后,收集对数生长期HGC-27细胞,用不含FBS的培养基调整细胞密度为5×104/孔接种于小室上室。下室分别为:(1)对照组,10%FBS完全培养基;(2)DS组,加入0.3%DS的10%FBS完全培养基;(3)M2组,用10%FBS完全培养基培养的M2;(4)DS+M2组,加入0.3%DS的10%FBS完全培养基培养的M2。重复3孔,培养箱中培养24 h,轻柔擦弃上室细胞与基质胶,经4%多聚甲醛固定20 min,PBS洗涤,0.1%结晶紫染色15 min,显微镜下观察。随机选取5个200倍视野拍照,计算各组中穿膜细胞数量。
采用SPSS 20.0统计学软件进行数据分析。计量资料以$\bar{x}±s$表示,若符合正态性和方差齐性,则两组间比较采用t检验;多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,进一步两两比较采用LSD法。对于3个时间点的重复测量数据,采用重复测量资料的方差分析,因子间相关性分析采用Pearson法。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
经PMA诱导48 h后,THP-1细胞由悬浮状态变成贴壁状态,具备M0形态;IL-4、IL-13继续诱导M0 36 h后定向分化为M2,细胞伸出伪足,呈长梭形、多边形,形态多样,但在M0阶段加入DS或在IL-4、IL-13干预同时加入DS 36 h后M2形态的细胞数量相对减少(图1)。
结果显示,M2特异性表型标志物CD163表达处发绿色荧光,主要分布于细胞质和细胞膜。与M0相比,M2特异性表型CD163表达升高,为M2型巨噬细胞诱导分化成功状态(图2)。
结果显示,与M0组相比,DS组和M2组CD163表达增高(0.35±0.11 vs. 1.29±0.06,P<0.01;0.35±0.11 vs. 1.56±0.11,P<0.01);与DS组相比,M2组CD163表达增高(P<0.05,图3)。
对照组的穿膜细胞数高于DS组(544.67±55.50 vs.178.33±19.30,P<0.01);M2组的穿膜细胞数高于对照组(912.00±41.07 vs. 544.67±55.50,P<0.01);DS+M2组穿膜细胞数低于M2组(254.33±33.53 vs. 912.00±41.07,P<0.01),DS组穿膜细胞数低于DS+M2组(178.33±19.30 vs. 254.33±33.53,P<0.05,图4)。
重复测量资料的方差分析结果显示,多组间比较差异存在统计学意义(F=738.72,P<0.05),表明组间迁移距离存在差异。进一步两两比较发现,24 h对照组迁移距离大于DS组[(183.04±2.50) μm vs.(94.78±4.69) μm,P<0.01];M2组迁移距离大于对照组[(194.74±6.43) μm vs. (183.04±2.50) μm,P<0.05];DS+M2组迁移距离小于M2组[(110.86±7.56) μm vs. (194.74±6.43) μm,P<0.01];DS+M2组迁移距离大于DS组[(110.86±7.56) μm vs. (94.78±4.69) μm,P<0.01]。在48 h对照组迁移距离大于DS组[(278.77±11.66) μm vs. (167.62±6.79) μm,P<0.01];M2组迁移距离大于对照组[(436.13±3.89) μm vs. (278.77±11.66) μm,P<0.01];DS+M2组迁移距离小于M2组[(311.285±2.77) μm vs.(436.13±3.89) μm,P<0.01];DS+M2组迁移距离大于DS组[(311.285±2.77) μm vs. (167.62±6.79) μm,P<0.01](图5)。
胃癌细胞腹腔种植转移瘤颜色灰白,质地硬。与对照组相比,DS组的胃癌细胞腹腔种植转移瘤结节数量明显减少,体积明显缩小(图6)。
结果显示,CD163阳性表达定位于细胞质、细胞膜,呈棕黄色,DS组CD163阳性细胞OD值低于对照组(0.37±0.20 vs. 1.37±0.30,P<0.01,图7)。
低分化腺癌(PD)的CD163表达与高分化腺癌(WD)和癌旁组织(PT)相比均增高(P<0.05);与癌旁组织(PT)相比,高分化腺癌(WD)的CD163表达无显著增高,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05,图8)。
结果显示,PD-L1表达处发红色荧光,主要分布于细胞膜,CD163表达处发绿色荧光,主要分布于细胞膜和细胞质。与PD-L1(+)组比较,PD-L1(–)组荧光强度明显减弱(P<0.05)。将图片合并后可见红光位于肿瘤实质、绿光位于肿瘤间质,且CD163表达越强,PD-L1阳性表达越强,CD163与PD-L1的表达呈正相关(r=0.40,P<0.05,图9)。
癌细胞转移和复发是胃癌患者死亡的主要原因[6]。术后化疗可清除微转移灶及残余肿瘤,是治疗胃癌术后转移的有效方法。大多数静脉化疗药物不能到达腹腔,导致其功效降低,而直接注射入腹腔的药物更容易达到有效浓度,DS正是这种具有腹腔注射应用潜力的药物之一。
肿瘤的进展伴随着微环境的改变,如肿瘤细胞、间质细胞和免疫细胞分泌的趋化因子、细胞因子和其他因子[8-9],以及局部缺氧、炎症和高水平乳酸的存在,可使血液中的单核细胞系列被招募到肿瘤微环境中成为TAMs[10],发育成具有不同免疫防御和免疫监视功能的两大类,即经典激活的巨噬细胞(M1)和交替激活的巨噬细胞(M2),M1具有促炎和抗肿瘤、防止肿瘤免疫逃逸的作用,M2具有抗炎和促肿瘤、帮助肿瘤免疫逃逸的作用[11]
本研究中,M2组CD163的表达高于DS组,与形态学观察结果一致,表明DS能够抑制M0向M2方向的极化,其机制可能是DS作用于激活M2极化的细胞因子IL-6、IL-10、TGF-β和单核细胞集落刺激因子[12]或者其他影响M2极化的信号通路。侵袭和迁移实验的结果表明,DS对HGC-27细胞的侵袭、迁移有抑制作用,M2对HGC-27细胞的侵袭、迁移有促进作用,DS可以抑制M2促HGC-27细胞的侵袭、迁移作用。因此,可以将DS干预M0并抑制其向M2分化的相关机制作为下一步研究的主要内容。
体内实验表明,裸鼠腹腔内种植的肿瘤结节数量及体积随癌细胞注射时间的延长而明显增多、增大。与对照组相比,DS可以抑制人胃癌细胞增殖及腹腔种植转移。免疫组化结果显示,DS可以抑制M2-TAMs特异性表型标志物CD163的表达,表明DS可以减少M2-TAMs的数量。因此,DS可能通过影响M2-TAMs这一间接作用抑制人胃癌细胞HGC-27的增殖、侵袭和迁移。
癌细胞可以通过上调免疫检查点蛋白如PD-L1来逃避免疫监视,这种逃逸可以通过使用免疫检查点阻断剂(ICB)来抵消,如帕普利珠单抗和纳武单抗,它们可以中断PD-1与PD-L1之间的相互作用[13]。免疫组化和免疫荧光检测结果表明,M2-TAMs的浸润程度可能与临床病理特征有关,病理恶性程度越高,胃癌微环境中M2-TAMs细胞数量越多。PD-L1阳性的胃癌标本中CD163阳性细胞密度明显高于PD-L1阴性的胃癌标本,证实了PD-L1阳性的人胃癌细胞周围有明显的M2浸润,PD-L1表达与CD163阳性的巨噬细胞浸润相关,提示M2-TAMs可能促进了人胃癌细胞PD-L1的表达。这些结果也提示M2-TAMs浸润可作为PD-L1表达的预测标志物,M2-TAMs可作为潜在的治疗靶点。据报道,在肝细胞癌、胰腺癌和胃癌中,肿瘤细胞PD-L1的表达与TAM的数量有关[6,14]。Kasikara等[15]发现TAMs受体(Tyro3、Axl、Mertk)上调了乳腺癌细胞系中PD-L1的表达,支持了M2-TAMs可能激活肿瘤细胞中PD-L1表达的观点。M2-TAMs激活肿瘤细胞中PD-L1表达的机制还需要进一步的研究,本课题组目前正在对这一机制进行评估。
综上所述,DS可抑制M2促HGC-27细胞的侵袭和迁移作用,并下调CD163的表达,其作用机制可能是通过抑制M0向M2方向的极化,降低M2促肿瘤作用,从而影响肿瘤的生长。本研究为DS抑制裸鼠腹腔种植转移的作用机制提供了理论支持,并为开发预防和治疗胃癌腹腔转移的有效药物提供了新的依据。
  • 宁夏自然科学基金(2020AAC03184)
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2021年第46卷第1期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.01.04
  • 接收时间:2020-05-25
  • 首发时间:2025-12-26
  • 出版时间:2021-01-28
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  • 收稿日期:2020-05-25
  • 修回日期:2020-12-29
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Natural Science Foundation of Ningxia(2020AAC03184)
宁夏自然科学基金(2020AAC03184)
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    1宁夏医科大学附属自治区人民医院/西北民族大学第一附属医院胃肠外科,银川 750001
    2宁夏医科大学基础医学院病理学系,银川 750004

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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