Article(id=1210676790662664321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1210676785113600955, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.05.05, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1609171200000, receivedDateStr=2020-12-29, revisedDate=1614441600000, revisedDateStr=2021-02-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766577440181, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1622131200000, pubDateStr=2021-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766577440181, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766577440181, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766577440181, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210676785113600955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2021', volume='46', issue='5', pageStart='425', pageEnd='530', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1766577438858, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766718730270, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1211269404306838321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1210676785113600955, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1211269404306838322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1210676785113600955, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=456, endPage=461, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210676791019180183, articleId=1210676790662664321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Effect of advanced pregnancy on DNA methylation level of hippocampus of the offspring rats, columnId=1190310110212751762, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Basic Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the effects of advanced pregnancy on DNA methylation level of hippocampus in the offspring rats. Methods 12- and 3-month-old female SD rats were mated with 3-month-old male SD rats. The offspring(s)from older mother were marked as AMA group, and those from younger mother were marked as control group. The brain and hippocampus samples of the offsprings were taken at the 7th, 14th and 28th day after birth. The mRNA levels of DNA methyltransferase (Dnmt)1, Dnmt3A and Dnmt3B were detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (RT-PCR). The protein expression levels of Dnmt1, Dnmt3A and Dnmt3B were measured by Western blotting. Immunofluorescence and ELISA were used to detect the localization and expression level of 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) in hippocampus. Results RT-PCR showed the Dnmt1 mRNA level was markedly lower in hippocampus of AMA group than that in control group on day 28 after birth (P<0.05); Western blotting analysis showed the expression level of Dnmt3A protein was obviously higher in hippocampus of the AMA group than that in control group on day 7 after birth (P<0.05), while the expression levels of Dnmt1 and Dnmt3A were lower in AMA group than those in control group on day 28 after birth (P<0.05). Immunofluorescence test showed that the 5-mC level in hippocampus was significantly higher in AMA group than that in control group on day 7 and 14 after birth (P<0.05). ELISA showed that the 5-mC level in hippocampus increased slightly but without statistical significance in AMA group than that in control group on day 7, 14 and 28 after birth (P>0.05). Conclusion Advanced pregnancy may lead to the expression disorder of Dnmts and the increased DNA methylation level in offspring's hippocampus, which may be one of the potential mechanisms of offspring's brain dysfunction.

, correspAuthors=Li Jiang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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目的 探讨高龄妊娠对子代大鼠海马甲基化水平的影响。方法 将12月龄及3月龄SD雌性大鼠分别与3月龄SD雄性大鼠合笼,将其子代分为高龄子代组(AMA组)和适龄子代组(对照组),留取子代生后第7、14、28天的大脑及海马标本。实时荧光定量PCR检测两组子代海马DNA甲基转移酶(Dnmt)1、Dnmt3A、Dnmt3B mRNA表达水平,Western blotting检测两组子代海马Dnmt1、Dnmt3A、Dnmt3B蛋白表达水平,免疫荧光及ELISA法检测两组子代海马5-甲基胞嘧啶(5-mC)的定位及表达水平。结果 实时荧光定量PCR检测结果显示,AMA组生后第28天海马Dnmt1 mRNA表达水平明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。Western blotting检测结果显示,AMA组生后第7天海马Dnmt3A蛋白表达水平明显高于对照组(P<0.05),第28天海马Dnmt1、Dnmt3A蛋白表达水平明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。免疫荧光检测结果显示,5-mC表达于海马DG、CA1、CA3区的细胞核内,AMA组生后第7、14天海马5-mC表达水平明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。ELISA检测结果显示,AMA组生后第7、14、28天海马5-mC表达水平较对照组升高,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 高龄妊娠可导致子代海马Dnmts表达紊乱,海马整体甲基化水平升高,可能是高龄妊娠子代脑功能障碍的潜在机制之一。

, correspAuthors=蒋莉, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
蒋莉,E-mail:
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潘亚男,硕士研究生,主要从事高龄妊娠子代发育认知方面的研究

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潘亚男,硕士研究生,主要从事高龄妊娠子代发育认知方面的研究

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潘亚男,硕士研究生,主要从事高龄妊娠子代发育认知方面的研究

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A、B、C. 生后第7、14、28天;与对照组比较,(1)P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=zxU9RQetiIOrOwBcrFgdRQ==, figureFileBig=8qlaSeWQThQ+q3L76dragQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210676795196707182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1210676790662664321, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Advanced pregnancy affects the expressions of Dnmt1, Dnmt3A and Dnmt3B mRNA in hippocampus of offspring rats, figureFileSmall=JvPqZL0xCc1yFgoERMbgtw==, figureFileBig=alV4xkfjF/Iy5J/fPOAgZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210676795326730610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1210676790662664321, language=CN, label=图2, caption=高龄妊娠对子代大鼠海马Dnmt1、Dnmt3A、Dnmt3B mRNA表达的影响

A、B、C. 分别表示Dnmt1、Dnmt3A、Dnmt3B mRNA;与对照组比较,(1)P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=JvPqZL0xCc1yFgoERMbgtw==, figureFileBig=alV4xkfjF/Iy5J/fPOAgZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210676795402228084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1210676790662664321, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Advanced pregnancy affects the expression of 5-mC in hippocampus of offspring rats, figureFileSmall=9+aBL3lehMTtD9VIp+FCaA==, figureFileBig=1Kt+i+Av+W0U3stcDPeliQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210676795494502774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1210676790662664321, language=CN, label=图3, caption=高龄妊娠对子代大鼠海马5-mC表达的影响

A、B、C. 免疫荧光检测生后第7、14、28天两组子代大鼠海马5-mC的表达

, figureFileSmall=9+aBL3lehMTtD9VIp+FCaA==, figureFileBig=1Kt+i+Av+W0U3stcDPeliQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210676795582583161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1210676790662664321, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Primer sequence

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因序列
Dnmt1F:5'-CGACGACGCTAAGGACGATGATG-3'
R:5'-GCCTTGTTGCTCGCCTCTGTC-3'
Dnmt3AF:5'-TGCCAGTCATCCGCCACCTC-3'
R:5'-TCTCCGTCCTCTCGTTCTTGGTG-3'
Dnmt3BF:5'-GAGATGGAGATGGTGAAGCGGATG-3'
R:5'-ACTGTTGCTGTTTCGGGTTCGG-3'
β-actinF:5'-CCCATCTATGAGGGTTACGC-3'
R:5'-TTTAATGTCACGCACGATTTC-3'
), ArticleFig(id=1210676795662274941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1210676790662664321, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因序列
Dnmt1F:5'-CGACGACGCTAAGGACGATGATG-3'
R:5'-GCCTTGTTGCTCGCCTCTGTC-3'
Dnmt3AF:5'-TGCCAGTCATCCGCCACCTC-3'
R:5'-TCTCCGTCCTCTCGTTCTTGGTG-3'
Dnmt3BF:5'-GAGATGGAGATGGTGAAGCGGATG-3'
R:5'-ACTGTTGCTGTTTCGGGTTCGG-3'
β-actinF:5'-CCCATCTATGAGGGTTACGC-3'
R:5'-TTTAATGTCACGCACGATTTC-3'
), ArticleFig(id=1210676795733578111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1210676790662664321, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of the 5-mC expression levels in hippocampus of offspring rats (%,$\bar{x}±s$, n=5)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别第7天第14天第28天
对照组1.34±0.321.34±0.131.42±0.24
AMA组1.57±0.191.45±0.211.81±0.33
t1.35800.98472.1570
P0.21150.35360.0631
), ArticleFig(id=1210676795809075585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1210676790662664321, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

两组子代大鼠海马5-mC表达水平比较(%,$\bar{x}±s$, n=5)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别第7天第14天第28天
对照组1.34±0.321.34±0.131.42±0.24
AMA组1.57±0.191.45±0.211.81±0.33
t1.35800.98472.1570
P0.21150.35360.0631
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高龄妊娠对子代大鼠海马甲基化水平的影响
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潘亚男 1, 2 , 韩慰 1, 2 , 杨静 1, 2 , 程莉 2, 3 , 蒋莉 1, 2, *
解放军医学杂志 | 基础研究 2021,46(5): 456-461
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解放军医学杂志 | 基础研究 2021, 46(5): 456-461
高龄妊娠对子代大鼠海马甲基化水平的影响
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潘亚男1, 2, 韩慰1, 2, 杨静1, 2, 程莉2, 3, 蒋莉1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1重庆医科大学附属儿童医院神经内科/国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心/儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室,重庆 400014
  • 2认知发育与学习记忆障碍转化医学重庆市重点实验室,重庆 400014
  • 3重庆医科大学附属儿童医院儿科研究所,重庆 400014
  • 潘亚男,硕士研究生,主要从事高龄妊娠子代发育认知方面的研究

通讯作者:

蒋莉,E-mail:
Effect of advanced pregnancy on DNA methylation level of hippocampus of the offspring rats
Ya-Nan Pan1, 2, Wei Han1, 2, Jing Yang1, 2, Li Cheng2, 3, Li Jiang1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University/National Clinical Research Center for Children's Health and Disease/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Developmental Diseases in Children, Chongqing 400014, China
  • 2Chongqing Key Laboratory of Cognitive Developmental and Transformation of Learning and Memory Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
  • 3Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
出版时间: 2021-05-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.05.05
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目的 探讨高龄妊娠对子代大鼠海马甲基化水平的影响。方法 将12月龄及3月龄SD雌性大鼠分别与3月龄SD雄性大鼠合笼,将其子代分为高龄子代组(AMA组)和适龄子代组(对照组),留取子代生后第7、14、28天的大脑及海马标本。实时荧光定量PCR检测两组子代海马DNA甲基转移酶(Dnmt)1、Dnmt3A、Dnmt3B mRNA表达水平,Western blotting检测两组子代海马Dnmt1、Dnmt3A、Dnmt3B蛋白表达水平,免疫荧光及ELISA法检测两组子代海马5-甲基胞嘧啶(5-mC)的定位及表达水平。结果 实时荧光定量PCR检测结果显示,AMA组生后第28天海马Dnmt1 mRNA表达水平明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。Western blotting检测结果显示,AMA组生后第7天海马Dnmt3A蛋白表达水平明显高于对照组(P<0.05),第28天海马Dnmt1、Dnmt3A蛋白表达水平明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。免疫荧光检测结果显示,5-mC表达于海马DG、CA1、CA3区的细胞核内,AMA组生后第7、14天海马5-mC表达水平明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。ELISA检测结果显示,AMA组生后第7、14、28天海马5-mC表达水平较对照组升高,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 高龄妊娠可导致子代海马Dnmts表达紊乱,海马整体甲基化水平升高,可能是高龄妊娠子代脑功能障碍的潜在机制之一。

高龄妊娠  /  子代大鼠  /  海马  /  DNA甲基化

Objective To investigate the effects of advanced pregnancy on DNA methylation level of hippocampus in the offspring rats. Methods 12- and 3-month-old female SD rats were mated with 3-month-old male SD rats. The offspring(s)from older mother were marked as AMA group, and those from younger mother were marked as control group. The brain and hippocampus samples of the offsprings were taken at the 7th, 14th and 28th day after birth. The mRNA levels of DNA methyltransferase (Dnmt)1, Dnmt3A and Dnmt3B were detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (RT-PCR). The protein expression levels of Dnmt1, Dnmt3A and Dnmt3B were measured by Western blotting. Immunofluorescence and ELISA were used to detect the localization and expression level of 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) in hippocampus. Results RT-PCR showed the Dnmt1 mRNA level was markedly lower in hippocampus of AMA group than that in control group on day 28 after birth (P<0.05); Western blotting analysis showed the expression level of Dnmt3A protein was obviously higher in hippocampus of the AMA group than that in control group on day 7 after birth (P<0.05), while the expression levels of Dnmt1 and Dnmt3A were lower in AMA group than those in control group on day 28 after birth (P<0.05). Immunofluorescence test showed that the 5-mC level in hippocampus was significantly higher in AMA group than that in control group on day 7 and 14 after birth (P<0.05). ELISA showed that the 5-mC level in hippocampus increased slightly but without statistical significance in AMA group than that in control group on day 7, 14 and 28 after birth (P>0.05). Conclusion Advanced pregnancy may lead to the expression disorder of Dnmts and the increased DNA methylation level in offspring's hippocampus, which may be one of the potential mechanisms of offspring's brain dysfunction.

advanced pregnancy  /  offspring rat  /  hippocampus  /  DNA methylation
潘亚男, 韩慰, 杨静, 程莉, 蒋莉. 高龄妊娠对子代大鼠海马甲基化水平的影响. 解放军医学杂志, 2021 , 46 (5) : 456 -461 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.05.05
Ya-Nan Pan, Wei Han, Jing Yang, Li Cheng, Li Jiang. Effect of advanced pregnancy on DNA methylation level of hippocampus of the offspring rats[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2021 , 46 (5) : 456 -461 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.05.05
高龄妊娠指女性妊娠年龄≥35岁。随着二胎政策的开放、女性受教育程度的提高,以及辅助生殖技术的发展,女性生育年龄呈不断推迟的趋势。高龄父母的不良妊娠结局发生率不断增高,其子代在远期患自闭症、精神分裂症、抑郁等神经精神疾病的风险也会增高[1-2]。我国一项大型CEPS数据研究发现,高龄母亲生育的青少年在学习成绩、认知能力及健康状况方面的表现均较差[3]。本课题组前期通过动物模型研究发现,高龄妊娠子代存在社会交往障碍、焦虑抑郁情绪及学习能力下降[4];高龄妊娠子代海马神经细胞增殖减少、迁移障碍,神经干细胞向神经元及星形胶质细胞分化异常,但具体机制尚不清楚[5]。DNA甲基化是目前研究最为深入的表观遗传调控机制之一,在神经系统发育及成熟过程中发挥重要作用。因此,本研究通过构建高龄妊娠和适龄妊娠子代动物模型,检测并比较子代不同年龄段DNA甲基化的相关指标,观察高龄妊娠对子代海马甲基化的影响,旨在进一步探讨高龄妊娠子代脑功能障碍的可能机制。
SPF级健康12月龄及3月龄雌性Sprague Dawley(SD)大鼠各10只、3月龄雄性SD大鼠10只由重庆医科大学实验动物中心提供[许可证号:SCXK(渝)2018-0003],于SPF级动物实验室中饲养,给予标准饲料,自由摄食、摄水,室内温度20~25℃,明暗周期12 h/12 h。动物实验符合重庆医科大学附属儿童医院实验动物伦理委员会制定的伦理标准。DNA甲基转移酶(Dnmt)1兔多克隆抗体、辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)标记的山羊抗兔IgG抗体、HRP标记的β-actin小鼠IgG抗体购自成都正能生物技术有限公司,Dnmt3A兔多克隆抗体、Dnmt3B兔多克隆抗体购自美国Genetex公司,5-甲基胞嘧啶(5-methylcytosine,5-mC)小鼠单克隆抗体购自英国Abcam公司,山羊抗小鼠IgG二抗(DyLight 549)购自亚科因武汉生物技术有限公司,DAPI购自北京雷根生物技术有限公司,PCR引物购自中国生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司,RNA提取试剂盒购自北京百泰克生物技术有限公司,反转录试剂盒、实时荧光定量PCR试剂购自日本TaKaRa公司,ECL发光液购自美国Bio-Rad公司,DNA提取试剂盒购自北京天根生化科技有限公司,DNA甲基化定量检测试剂盒购自美国Epigentek公司。
高龄雌鼠(12月龄)与雄鼠(3月龄)交配产下的子代为高龄子代组(AMA组),适龄雌鼠(3月龄)与雄鼠(3月龄)交配产下的子代为适龄子代组(对照组)。在生后第7、14、28天对两组子代大鼠进行处理,取大脑全脑与海马组织。
AMA组与对照组每个时间点各8只子鼠,取单侧海马进行实验。麻醉后断头取脑,冰上分离海马,提取组织总蛋白,BCA法测定蛋白浓度。用10%的分离胶、5%的浓缩胶电泳,然后将蛋白电转移至PVDF膜,5%脱脂奶粉室温封闭1 h,分别加入一抗(Dnmt1,1:1000;Dnmt3A,1:2000;Dnmt3B,1:1000;β-actin,1:1000),4℃冰箱孵育过夜。TBST洗膜后加入HRP标记的二抗(1:5000),室温孵育2 h;TBST洗膜3次,ECL发光显影。采用Image Lab软件分析灰度值,蛋白质相对表达水平以Dnmts/β-actin的比值表示。
AMA组与对照组每个时间点各8只子鼠,取单侧海马进行实验。按照试剂盒说明书步骤提取子鼠海马组织RNA,利用TaKaRa反转录体系将RNA反转录成cDNA。采用Nanodrop分光光度计检测cDNA浓度。反应体系:正反向引物各0.2 μl,cDNA模板40 ng,SYBR Premix Ex Taq 5 μl,加蒸馏水至总体积10 μl。扩增条件:95℃预变性30 s;95℃变性5 s,最佳退火温度退火30 s(Dnmt1 62.1℃,Dnmt3A 59.3℃,Dnmt3B 59.0℃),扩增39个循环。以β-actin为内参照,采用2–ΔΔCt法计算目的基因的相对表达量。引物序列见表1
AMA组与对照组每个时间点各8只子鼠,取全脑进行实验。子鼠麻醉后予以0.9%氯化钠溶液灌注,4%多聚甲醛灌注固定,断头取全脑置于4%多聚甲醛中,于4℃冰箱中固定24 h。先后在15%和30%蔗糖溶液中脱水沉底,OCT冰冻切片包埋剂包埋,冠状位切片(30 μm)保存于冰冻保护液中。贴片后置于枸橼酸盐修复液(pH=6.0)中95℃水浴加热15 min,0.3%Triton-X-100浸泡15 min,10%BSA+0.3 mol/L甘氨酸溶液室温封闭1 h。加入5-mC一抗(1:100) 4℃孵育24 h。室温下复温1 h。加入二抗(1:250)避光室温孵育3 h,DAPI(1:2000)染核20 min,滴加抗荧光淬灭剂,封片。在90I荧光显微镜下观察拍摄,并用NIS-Viewer软件分析荧光强度。
AMA组与对照组每个时间点另取5只子鼠,取单侧海马进行实验。按照DNA提取试剂盒说明书步骤提取子鼠海马组织DNA,Nanodrop分光光度计测定DNA浓度。按照DNA甲基化定量检测试剂盒说明书步骤进行检测。在波长450 nm处检测吸光度值,根据公式计算5-mC含量。
采用GraphPad Prism 8软件进行统计分析。计量资料以$\bar{x}±s$表示,组间数据比较采用两独立样本t检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
Western blotting检测结果显示,生后第7天,AMA组Dnmt3A蛋白表达明显高于对照组(1.02±0.13 vs. 0.85±0.13,P<0.05);生后第14天,两组间Dnmt1、Dnmt3A、Dnmt3B蛋白表达差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);而生后第28天,AMA组Dnmt1、Dnmt3A蛋白表达明显低于对照组(0.34±0.10 vs.0.43±0.05;0.66±0.20 vs. 0.91±0.22,P<0.05)(图1)。
实时荧光定量PCR检测结果显示,生后第7、14天,两组Dnmt1、Dnmt3A、Dnmt3B mRNA表达水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);生后第28天,AMA组Dnmt1 mRNA表达明显低于对照组 (0.82±0.16 vs.1.11±0.31,P<0.05)(图2)。
海马免疫荧光染色可见5-mC表达于大鼠海马细胞核内,在DG、CA1、CA3区均有表达。DG区细胞排列致密,CA3区细胞排列相对稀疏,DG区5-mC表达明显强于CA3区。生后第7、14天,AMA组荧光强度高于对照组,两组间差异有统计学意义(906.42±37.97 vs. 839.36±59.60,951.92±41.53 vs.906.93±37.88,P<0.05,图3)。
ELISA检测结果显示,生后第7、14、28天,AMA组海马5-mC的表达水平高于对照组,但两组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05,表2)。
高龄妊娠所致子代神经精神障碍及认知发育问题越来越受到关注。众所周知,海马与个体学习、记忆、情绪调节等功能密切相关,且海马部位神经干细胞的成熟、迁移、分化是大脑结构及功能的基础。本课题组前期研究发现,高龄妊娠可明显抑制未成熟脑海马区的神经发生,其机制尚不明确[5]。已有研究发现,表观遗传修饰在神经发生的不同阶段均具有重要作用,DNA甲基化参与了多种神经精神疾病的发病机制[6]。为此,本研究通过构建高龄妊娠和适龄妊娠子代动物模型,对比观察高龄妊娠是否影响子代海马的甲基化水平,以探索海马DNA甲基化是否与高龄妊娠子代神经发生异常相关。
DNA甲基化主要指在CpG二核苷酸的胞嘧啶第5位碳原子上增加一个甲基基团形成5-mC。Dnmts家族是DNA甲基化形成的重要媒介,其中Dnmt1、Dnmt3具有催化作用,分别对复制过程中新合成的DNA子链以及完全未经修饰的DNA双链进行甲基化修饰[7]。由于脑发育过程伴随着Dnmts在大脑海马的分布定位及表达水平改变[8],因此,本实验检测了AMA组与对照组子鼠生后第7、14、28天(脑发育水平相当于人类新生儿期、婴儿期及幼年期)海马Dnmt1、Dnmt3A、Dnmt3B蛋白及mRNA的表达水平。结果显示,生后第7天,AMA组海马Dnmt3A蛋白表达较对照组明显升高,生后第28天,AMA组海马Dnmt1 mRNA及Dnmt1、Dnmt3A蛋白表达较对照组均明显降低,提示高龄妊娠可影响子代海马Dnmts的表达,高龄妊娠子代存在海马DNA甲基化异常。有研究发现,Dnmts家族参与了神经干细胞自我更新、细胞分化及成熟的过程[9]。Dnmt3A参与调控神经祖细胞向神经元或神经胶质细胞的定向分化,而Dnmt3B可促进神经祖细胞分化,抑制其增殖[8,10];条件性敲除Dnmt1基因可导致神经祖细胞提前向星形胶质细胞分化[11]。本课题组前期研究发现,高龄妊娠子代生后第7天,海马神经干细胞增殖标志物Nestin蛋白及迁移标志物Dcx蛋白表达水平明显降低;生后第28天,海马成熟神经元标志物NeuN表达水平升高,星形胶质细胞标志物GFAP表达水平明显降低,提示子代海马神经发生异常[5],高龄妊娠可能通过干扰子代海马Dnmts表达影响DNA甲基化修饰,进而影响子代神经发生。此外,Dnmts突变可导致大脑结构或功能损伤。有研究发现,Dnmt3A基因敲除的胚胎在发育成熟后可出现神经系统功能异常、运动障碍;Dnmt1及Dnmt3A基因敲除小鼠的突触可塑性受损[12]。另一项研究发现,Dnmt1基因突变可导致遗传性感觉神经病伴痴呆及听力障碍[13]
目前认为,DNA甲基化在外界环境的影响下可发生动态改变[14]。高龄雌鼠卵巢功能下降,子宫和胎盘功能减退[15-16]。有研究发现,高龄雌鼠胚胎多个基因启动子区域甲基化水平异常,着床前胚胎甲基化水平低于适龄雌鼠[17-18]。因此,母亲高龄可能是影响子代甲基化水平的因素之一。本研究进一步比较了AMA组与对照组海马5-mC的表达情况,发现生后第7、14天,AMA组海马5-mC表达量较对照组明显增加,提示AMA组海马整体DNA甲基化水平升高。Western blotting检测结果显示,AMA组虽然生后第14、28天时Dnmts表达降低,但整体DNA甲基化水平仍高于对照组。这可能与DNA甲基化水平受多方面因素影响有关。DNA甲基化水平是甲基化形成和去甲基化动态平衡的结果。Dnmts主要介导甲基化形成过程。近年来发现的去甲基化酶(TET酶)可介导5-mC逐步氧化还原,经过胸苷嘧啶DNA糖基化酶(TDG)酶切除逆转为未经修饰的胞嘧啶[19-20],从而降低甲基化水平。此外,DNA甲基化水平可能还受到DNA复制速率等因素的影响[21]。甲基化水平与疾病的关系较为复杂,目前尚不能明确高龄妊娠子代海马的高甲基化状态会对脑发育产生何种影响。结合DNA甲基化的作用主要是抑制基因表达,本课题组前期研究证实生后第14、28天,AMA组海马脑源性神经营养因子(brain-derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF)表达减少[4]。方金[22]的研究也发现,生后第7天高龄妊娠子代海马区与神经细胞增殖相关的Skp mRNA明显低于适龄妊娠子代;高龄妊娠组成年子代海马Edn1和Hspa1基因表达减少,前者具有类神经递质功能,后者与海马依赖的空间学习记忆有关。在大脑发育的关键期,海马高甲基化状态可能通过抑制神经营养因子、转录激活因子等蛋白的表达而干扰神经发生,进而影响海马的结构或功能,导致子代认知发育障碍。
已有研究发现,多种神经精神疾病存在DNA甲基化水平异常升高[23]。精神分裂症患者的血液及边缘性人格障碍患者的唾液中BDNF启动子区域甲基化水平升高[24];抑郁患者BDNF、5-羟色胺转运体基因的启动子呈高甲基化状态[25];癫癎模型大鼠海马的整体甲基化水平升高[26]。鉴于DNA甲基化具有可调控性,改善疾病的高甲基化状态可以辅助疾病治疗。研究发现,抗抑郁药物治疗后抑郁症患者血液中BDNF启动子区域甲基化水平明显下降[27];以氮杂胞苷及地西他滨为代表的Dnmts抑制剂已被美国FDA批准用作表观遗传修饰治疗的一线药物,应用于血液系统恶性肿瘤的治疗[28-29]
综上所述,本研究结果验证了高龄妊娠可引起子代海马甲基转移酶表达异常,生后脑发育关键期DNA甲基化水平升高。探索高龄妊娠子代DNA甲基化异常有助于对高龄子代脑功能障碍发生机制的深入研究,并为针对性改善其子代脑功能障碍提供干预的方向。
  • 国家自然科学基金(81873792)
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2021年第46卷第5期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.05.05
  • 接收时间:2020-12-29
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2021-05-28
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  • 收稿日期:2020-12-29
  • 修回日期:2021-02-28
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(81873792)
国家自然科学基金(81873792)
作者信息
    1重庆医科大学附属儿童医院神经内科/国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心/儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室,重庆 400014
    2认知发育与学习记忆障碍转化医学重庆市重点实验室,重庆 400014
    3重庆医科大学附属儿童医院儿科研究所,重庆 400014

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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