Article(id=1210676789676995499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1210676785113600955, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.05.02, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1614182400000, receivedDateStr=2021-02-25, revisedDate=1617984000000, revisedDateStr=2021-04-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766577439945, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1622131200000, pubDateStr=2021-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766577439945, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766577439945, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766577439945, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210676785113600955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2021', volume='46', issue='5', pageStart='425', pageEnd='530', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1766577438858, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766718730270, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1211269404306838321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1210676785113600955, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1211269404306838322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1210676785113600955, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=432, endPage=439, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210676790499079121, articleId=1210676789676995499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Experimental study and factor analysis of severe cold infection on CLP rabbit model with severe abdominal infection, columnId=1190310110212751762, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Basic Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the effect of simulated high altitude and cold conditions on the model of severe abdominal infection in rabbits. Methods 60 New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into plain group (altitude 100 m, temperature 5℃, n=20), sub-plateau group (altitude 1000 m, temperature –5℃, n=20) and plateau group (altitude 5000 m, temperature –25℃, n=20). Each group was kept in the corresponding animal feeding cabin for 14 days, then induced severe abdominal model by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). The basic data were measured before operation, and the peripheral vein blood was extracted 24 and 72 hours after operation. The levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), albumin (ALB), prealbumin (PAB) were measured by ELISA, and the white blood cell count (WBC) was performed. The rabbits were killed 72 hours after operation, the ascites were collected from the abdominal fluid, and collected liver, kidney and small intestine, and the pathological changes were observed by HE staining. Pearson correlation was used to analyze the correlation between the infection indexes and the high cold factors at high altitude. Results Seventy-two hours after operation, the survival rate of CLP model rabbits in plain group, sub-plateau group and plateau group was 65.0%(13/20), 35.0%(7/20), 10.0%(2/20), respectively. With the increase of altitude and the decrease of temperature, the survival rate of CLP model rabbits decreased gradually (P<0.01). All CLP rabbits began to show signs of less movement, curling, mental burnout, shortness of breath, coarse breath tone, diarrhea and eye corner exudates. In the plain group, the anal temperature increased continuously and then decreased slowly, with the highest value of 39.2℃ and the lowest value of 36.5℃; in the sub-plateau group, the anal temperature increased sharply and then decreased gradually, with the highest value of 40.6℃ and the lowest value of 34.9℃; in the plateau group, the anal temperature decreased rapidly, with the highest value of 41.2℃ and the lowest value of 34.0℃. At 24 and 72 hours after operation, the levels of PCT and TNF-α in venous blood of CLP model rabbits in plateau group and sub-plateau group were higher than those in plain group, and those in plateau group were higher than those in sub-plateau group (P<0.05); at 72 hours after operation, the levels of ALB and PAB in venous blood of CLP model rabbits in plateau group and sub-plateau group were lower than those in plain group, and those in plateau group were lower than those in sub-plateau group (P<0.05). Pearson correlation analysis showed that PCT, TNF-α were positively correlated with high altitude cold factors (r=0.288, r=0.368, P<0.05), WBC and CRP had no significant correlation with them (r=0.462, r=0.397, P>0.05). The results of ascite culture showed that 51, 69 and 107 pathogens were isolated from plain group, sub-plateau group and plateau group respectively, among which gram-negative bacteria accounted for 52.94%(27/51), 49.27%(34/69), 42.06%(45/107), and gram-positive bacteria accounted for 29.41%(15/51), 34.78%(24/69), 43.93%(47/107). Conclusion The high cold condition at high altitude is an important factor in the infection degree and death of CLP model rabbits. It can aggravate the infection of abdominal cavity and damage the important organ function, affect the nutrition absorption and metabolism of the body. The difference between the pathogenic bacteria and the plain area under this condition may affect the process and treatment of abdominal infection diseases, which is worth further study.

, correspAuthors=Hong-Tao Li, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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目的 探讨模拟高原高寒条件对兔模型严重腹腔感染的影响。方法 将60只新西兰大白兔随机分为平原组(海拔高度100 m,温度5℃)、亚高原组(海拔高度1000 m,温度–5℃)与高原组(海拔高度5000 m,温度–25℃),每组20只。各组于相应条件动物饲养舱内饲养14 d,然后采用盲肠结扎穿孔法(CLP)建立严重腹腔感染模型。术前测定各项基础数据,术前及术后24、72 h抽取耳缘静脉血,采用ELISA法测定C反应蛋白(CRP)、降钙素原(PCT)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白蛋白(ALB)、前白蛋白(PAB)水平,采用血常规试剂进行白细胞计数(WBC)。术后72 h处死,抽取腹腔积液送腹水培养,采集肝脏、肾脏、小肠组织行HE染色观察病理变化。采用Pearson相关法分析各项感染指标与高原高寒因素的相关性。结果 术后72 h,平原组、亚高原组和高原组CLP模型兔生存率依次为65.0%(13/20)、35.0%(7/20)、10.0%(2/20)。随着海拔高度增加、温度降低,CLP模型兔的生存率逐渐降低(P<0.01)。各组CLP模型兔均在术后6 h开始出现少动、蜷缩、精神倦怠、呼吸急促且呼吸音粗、腹泻、眼角渗出物等症状。平原组术后肛温持续升高后缓慢降低,最高为39.2℃,最低为36.5℃;亚高原组术后肛温急剧升高后逐渐降低,最高为40.6℃,最低为34.9℃;高原组术后肛温急剧升高后迅速降低,最高为41.2℃,最低为34.0℃。术后24、72 h,高原组与亚高原组CLP模型兔静脉血中PCT、TNF-α水平高于平原组,且高原组高于亚高原组(P<0.05);术后72 h,高原组与亚高原组CLP模型兔静脉血中ALB、PAB水平低于平原组,且高原组低于亚高原组(P<0.05)。Pearson相关分析结果显示,PCT、TNF-α与高原高寒因素呈正相关(r=0.288,r=0.368,P<0.05),WBC、CRP与高原高寒因素无相关性(r=0.462,r=0.397,P>0.05)。腹水培养结果显示,平原组、亚高原组和高原组分别分离出51、69、107株病原,其中革兰阴性菌依次占52.94%(27/51)、49.27%(34/69)、42.06%(45/107),革兰阳性菌依次占29.41%(15/51)、34.78%(24/69)、43.93%(47/107)。结论 高原高寒是CLP模型兔感染程度和死亡的重要影响因素,可加重腹腔感染,损害重要脏器功能,影响机体的营养吸收与代谢,且该条件下致病菌群与平原地区存在差异,可能影响腹腔感染性疾病的进程及治疗,值得深入研究。

, correspAuthors=李洪涛, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
李洪涛,E-mail:
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段光辉,硕士研究生,住院医师,主要从事胃肠道肿瘤微创治疗、腹腔感染相关疾病诊治方面的研究

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段光辉,硕士研究生,住院医师,主要从事胃肠道肿瘤微创治疗、腹腔感染相关疾病诊治方面的研究

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段光辉,硕士研究生,住院医师,主要从事胃肠道肿瘤微创治疗、腹腔感染相关疾病诊治方面的研究

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CLP. 盲肠结扎穿孔

, figureFileSmall=dhZ8X6dzmdJpr3CxbFedNQ==, figureFileBig=h6/Rx3621cXv0ByEGzN61A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210676795066675429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1210676789676995499, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=The survival curve of CLP model rabbits in each group CLP. 盲肠结扎穿孔, figureFileSmall=G4lpkDhBz1UCl1VM6z28ow==, figureFileBig=9hgoOGG96eDkoBjWieYCPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210676795200893162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1210676789676995499, language=CN, label=图2, caption=各组CLP模型兔生存曲线, figureFileSmall=G4lpkDhBz1UCl1VM6z28ow==, figureFileBig=9hgoOGG96eDkoBjWieYCPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210676795322527982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1210676789676995499, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Histopathological changes of liver, kidney and small intestine in each group (HE×100), figureFileSmall=CMQmzss2h+vQh4LEqZRyvQ==, figureFileBig=46WymYUDbiCmTxYYwAMISQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210676795435774197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1210676789676995499, language=CN, label=图3, caption=各组肝脏、肾脏、小肠组织病理学变化(HE×100), figureFileSmall=CMQmzss2h+vQh4LEqZRyvQ==, figureFileBig=46WymYUDbiCmTxYYwAMISQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210676795544826105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1210676789676995499, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Comparison of baseline data in each group ($\bar{x}±s$, n=20)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目平原组亚高原组高原组P
体重(kg)2.81±0.302.80±0.102.84±0.180.823
肛温(℃)38.3±1.237.9±1.438.1±1.50.142
WBC (×109/L)4.1±2.14.2±1.63.9±1.30.351
CRP (mg/L)7.4±1.98.1±2.18.2±2.30.256
PCT (μg/L)0.5±0.10.3±1.40.6±0.30.334
TNF-α(pg/ml)4.3±2.13.1±2.43.4±2.30.421
ALB (g/L)39.86±20.4036.23±18.5037.62±17.700.571
PAB (g/L)0.30±0.080.32±0.110.29±0.130.084
), ArticleFig(id=1210676795624517885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1210676789676995499, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各组基线资料比较($\bar{x}±s$, n=20)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目平原组亚高原组高原组P
体重(kg)2.81±0.302.80±0.102.84±0.180.823
肛温(℃)38.3±1.237.9±1.438.1±1.50.142
WBC (×109/L)4.1±2.14.2±1.63.9±1.30.351
CRP (mg/L)7.4±1.98.1±2.18.2±2.30.256
PCT (μg/L)0.5±0.10.3±1.40.6±0.30.334
TNF-α(pg/ml)4.3±2.13.1±2.43.4±2.30.421
ALB (g/L)39.86±20.4036.23±18.5037.62±17.700.571
PAB (g/L)0.30±0.080.32±0.110.29±0.130.084
), ArticleFig(id=1210676795704209662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1210676789676995499, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Changes of infection and nutritional indexes of CLP model rabbits in each group after operation ($\bar{x}±s$, n=20)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别WBC(×109/L)CRP(mg/L)PCT(μg/L)TNF-α(pg/ml)ALB(g/L)PAB(g/L)
平原组
 术前4.1±2.17.4±1.90.5±0.14.3±2.139.9±20.40.30±0.08
 术后24 h10.9±2.3(3)22.2±3.8(3)8.3±1.3(3)6.5±2.6(3)39.3±10.70.28±0.24
 术后72 h12.8±3.3(3)25.7±7.2(3)12.6±4.3(3)(4)11.1±1.8(3)(4)26.8±7.2(3)(4)0.18±0.03(3)(4)
亚高原组
 术前4.2±1.68.1±2.10.3±1.43.1±2.436.2±18.50.32±0.11
 术后24 h10.6±2.2(3)24.9±3.8(3)11.3±1.3(1)(3)11.6±2.6(1)(3)29.5±8.40.16±0.05
 术后72 h13.9±3.7(3)25.9±8.1(3)17.3±4.3(1)(3)(4)16.8±1.8(1)(3)(4)21.9±3.1(1)(3)(4)0.11±0.01(1)(3)(4)
高原组
 术前3.9±1.38.2±2.30.6±0.33.4±2.337.6±17.70.29±0.13
 术后24 h12.5±1.3(3)26.8±2.4(3)16.9±3.4(1)(2)(3)15.7±4.8(1)(2)(3)28.9±4.60.16±0.11
 术后72 h14.2±2.9(3)26.1±4.3(3)25.5±4.9(1)(2)(3)(4)22.6±5.5(1)(2)(3)(4)17.6±4.4(1)(2)(3)(4)0.05±0.01(1)(2)(3)(4)
), ArticleFig(id=1210676795788095747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1210676789676995499, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各组CLP模型兔术后各项感染及营养指标变化($\bar{x}±s$,n=20)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别WBC(×109/L)CRP(mg/L)PCT(μg/L)TNF-α(pg/ml)ALB(g/L)PAB(g/L)
平原组
 术前4.1±2.17.4±1.90.5±0.14.3±2.139.9±20.40.30±0.08
 术后24 h10.9±2.3(3)22.2±3.8(3)8.3±1.3(3)6.5±2.6(3)39.3±10.70.28±0.24
 术后72 h12.8±3.3(3)25.7±7.2(3)12.6±4.3(3)(4)11.1±1.8(3)(4)26.8±7.2(3)(4)0.18±0.03(3)(4)
亚高原组
 术前4.2±1.68.1±2.10.3±1.43.1±2.436.2±18.50.32±0.11
 术后24 h10.6±2.2(3)24.9±3.8(3)11.3±1.3(1)(3)11.6±2.6(1)(3)29.5±8.40.16±0.05
 术后72 h13.9±3.7(3)25.9±8.1(3)17.3±4.3(1)(3)(4)16.8±1.8(1)(3)(4)21.9±3.1(1)(3)(4)0.11±0.01(1)(3)(4)
高原组
 术前3.9±1.38.2±2.30.6±0.33.4±2.337.6±17.70.29±0.13
 术后24 h12.5±1.3(3)26.8±2.4(3)16.9±3.4(1)(2)(3)15.7±4.8(1)(2)(3)28.9±4.60.16±0.11
 术后72 h14.2±2.9(3)26.1±4.3(3)25.5±4.9(1)(2)(3)(4)22.6±5.5(1)(2)(3)(4)17.6±4.4(1)(2)(3)(4)0.05±0.01(1)(2)(3)(4)
), ArticleFig(id=1210676795905536267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1210676789676995499, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Distribution of pathogenic bacteria in ascites of CLP model rabbits in each group [n(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
病原菌平原组(51株)亚高原组(69株)高原组(107株)
革兰阴性菌27(52.94)34(49.27)45(42.06)
 大肠埃希菌14(27.45)15(21.74)14(13.08)
 鲍曼不动杆菌2(3.92)3(4.35)6(5.61)
 肺炎克雷伯菌4(7.84)5(7.25)7(6.54)
 产气肠杆菌2(3.92)1(1.44)5(4.67)
 阴沟肠杆菌2(3.92)4(5.79)9(8.41)
 其他3(5.88)6(8.69)4(3.73)
革兰阳性菌15(29.41)24(34.78)47(43.93)
 金黄色葡萄球菌4(7.84)8(11.59)18(16.82)
 草绿色溶血性链球菌1(1.96)4(5.79)8(7.48)
 屎肠球菌5(9.80)5(7.25)12(11.21)
 粪肠球菌4(7.84)7(10.14)9(8.41)
 其他1(1.96)00
真菌9(17.68)11(15.94)15(14.02)
 白丝酵母菌3(5.88)6(8.69)11(10.28)
 其他6(11.76)5(7.25)4(3.73)
), ArticleFig(id=1210676796102668559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1210676789676995499, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

各组CLP模型兔腹腔积液中病原分布情况[株(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
病原菌平原组(51株)亚高原组(69株)高原组(107株)
革兰阴性菌27(52.94)34(49.27)45(42.06)
 大肠埃希菌14(27.45)15(21.74)14(13.08)
 鲍曼不动杆菌2(3.92)3(4.35)6(5.61)
 肺炎克雷伯菌4(7.84)5(7.25)7(6.54)
 产气肠杆菌2(3.92)1(1.44)5(4.67)
 阴沟肠杆菌2(3.92)4(5.79)9(8.41)
 其他3(5.88)6(8.69)4(3.73)
革兰阳性菌15(29.41)24(34.78)47(43.93)
 金黄色葡萄球菌4(7.84)8(11.59)18(16.82)
 草绿色溶血性链球菌1(1.96)4(5.79)8(7.48)
 屎肠球菌5(9.80)5(7.25)12(11.21)
 粪肠球菌4(7.84)7(10.14)9(8.41)
 其他1(1.96)00
真菌9(17.68)11(15.94)15(14.02)
 白丝酵母菌3(5.88)6(8.69)11(10.28)
 其他6(11.76)5(7.25)4(3.73)
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高原高寒条件对兔模型严重腹腔感染的影响
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段光辉 1, 2 , 瞿洪洋 1, 2 , 高笑欣 1, 2 , 尚力凝 1, 2 , 杜成周 1, 2 , 陈鹏 1 , 李洪涛 1, 2, *
解放军医学杂志 | 基础研究 2021,46(5): 432-439
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解放军医学杂志 | 基础研究 2021, 46(5): 432-439
高原高寒条件对兔模型严重腹腔感染的影响
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段光辉1, 2, 瞿洪洋1, 2, 高笑欣1, 2, 尚力凝1, 2, 杜成周1, 2, 陈鹏1, 李洪涛1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1解放军联勤保障部队第940医院普通外科,兰州 730050
  • 2宁夏医科大学研究生院,银川 750004
  • 段光辉,硕士研究生,住院医师,主要从事胃肠道肿瘤微创治疗、腹腔感染相关疾病诊治方面的研究

通讯作者:

李洪涛,E-mail:
Experimental study and factor analysis of severe cold infection on CLP rabbit model with severe abdominal infection
Guang-Hui Duan1, 2, Hong-Yang Qu1, 2, Xiao-Xin Gao1, 2, Li-Ning Shang1, 2, Cheng-Zhou Du1, 2, Peng Chen1, Hong-Tao Li1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Department of General Surgery, the 940 Hospital of the Joint Service Support Force of Chinese PLA, Lanzhou 730050, China
  • 2Graduate School of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
出版时间: 2021-05-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.05.02
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目的 探讨模拟高原高寒条件对兔模型严重腹腔感染的影响。方法 将60只新西兰大白兔随机分为平原组(海拔高度100 m,温度5℃)、亚高原组(海拔高度1000 m,温度–5℃)与高原组(海拔高度5000 m,温度–25℃),每组20只。各组于相应条件动物饲养舱内饲养14 d,然后采用盲肠结扎穿孔法(CLP)建立严重腹腔感染模型。术前测定各项基础数据,术前及术后24、72 h抽取耳缘静脉血,采用ELISA法测定C反应蛋白(CRP)、降钙素原(PCT)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白蛋白(ALB)、前白蛋白(PAB)水平,采用血常规试剂进行白细胞计数(WBC)。术后72 h处死,抽取腹腔积液送腹水培养,采集肝脏、肾脏、小肠组织行HE染色观察病理变化。采用Pearson相关法分析各项感染指标与高原高寒因素的相关性。结果 术后72 h,平原组、亚高原组和高原组CLP模型兔生存率依次为65.0%(13/20)、35.0%(7/20)、10.0%(2/20)。随着海拔高度增加、温度降低,CLP模型兔的生存率逐渐降低(P<0.01)。各组CLP模型兔均在术后6 h开始出现少动、蜷缩、精神倦怠、呼吸急促且呼吸音粗、腹泻、眼角渗出物等症状。平原组术后肛温持续升高后缓慢降低,最高为39.2℃,最低为36.5℃;亚高原组术后肛温急剧升高后逐渐降低,最高为40.6℃,最低为34.9℃;高原组术后肛温急剧升高后迅速降低,最高为41.2℃,最低为34.0℃。术后24、72 h,高原组与亚高原组CLP模型兔静脉血中PCT、TNF-α水平高于平原组,且高原组高于亚高原组(P<0.05);术后72 h,高原组与亚高原组CLP模型兔静脉血中ALB、PAB水平低于平原组,且高原组低于亚高原组(P<0.05)。Pearson相关分析结果显示,PCT、TNF-α与高原高寒因素呈正相关(r=0.288,r=0.368,P<0.05),WBC、CRP与高原高寒因素无相关性(r=0.462,r=0.397,P>0.05)。腹水培养结果显示,平原组、亚高原组和高原组分别分离出51、69、107株病原,其中革兰阴性菌依次占52.94%(27/51)、49.27%(34/69)、42.06%(45/107),革兰阳性菌依次占29.41%(15/51)、34.78%(24/69)、43.93%(47/107)。结论 高原高寒是CLP模型兔感染程度和死亡的重要影响因素,可加重腹腔感染,损害重要脏器功能,影响机体的营养吸收与代谢,且该条件下致病菌群与平原地区存在差异,可能影响腹腔感染性疾病的进程及治疗,值得深入研究。

高原高寒  /  腹腔感染  /  脓毒症  /  盲肠结扎穿孔动物模型

Objective To investigate the effect of simulated high altitude and cold conditions on the model of severe abdominal infection in rabbits. Methods 60 New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into plain group (altitude 100 m, temperature 5℃, n=20), sub-plateau group (altitude 1000 m, temperature –5℃, n=20) and plateau group (altitude 5000 m, temperature –25℃, n=20). Each group was kept in the corresponding animal feeding cabin for 14 days, then induced severe abdominal model by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). The basic data were measured before operation, and the peripheral vein blood was extracted 24 and 72 hours after operation. The levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), albumin (ALB), prealbumin (PAB) were measured by ELISA, and the white blood cell count (WBC) was performed. The rabbits were killed 72 hours after operation, the ascites were collected from the abdominal fluid, and collected liver, kidney and small intestine, and the pathological changes were observed by HE staining. Pearson correlation was used to analyze the correlation between the infection indexes and the high cold factors at high altitude. Results Seventy-two hours after operation, the survival rate of CLP model rabbits in plain group, sub-plateau group and plateau group was 65.0%(13/20), 35.0%(7/20), 10.0%(2/20), respectively. With the increase of altitude and the decrease of temperature, the survival rate of CLP model rabbits decreased gradually (P<0.01). All CLP rabbits began to show signs of less movement, curling, mental burnout, shortness of breath, coarse breath tone, diarrhea and eye corner exudates. In the plain group, the anal temperature increased continuously and then decreased slowly, with the highest value of 39.2℃ and the lowest value of 36.5℃; in the sub-plateau group, the anal temperature increased sharply and then decreased gradually, with the highest value of 40.6℃ and the lowest value of 34.9℃; in the plateau group, the anal temperature decreased rapidly, with the highest value of 41.2℃ and the lowest value of 34.0℃. At 24 and 72 hours after operation, the levels of PCT and TNF-α in venous blood of CLP model rabbits in plateau group and sub-plateau group were higher than those in plain group, and those in plateau group were higher than those in sub-plateau group (P<0.05); at 72 hours after operation, the levels of ALB and PAB in venous blood of CLP model rabbits in plateau group and sub-plateau group were lower than those in plain group, and those in plateau group were lower than those in sub-plateau group (P<0.05). Pearson correlation analysis showed that PCT, TNF-α were positively correlated with high altitude cold factors (r=0.288, r=0.368, P<0.05), WBC and CRP had no significant correlation with them (r=0.462, r=0.397, P>0.05). The results of ascite culture showed that 51, 69 and 107 pathogens were isolated from plain group, sub-plateau group and plateau group respectively, among which gram-negative bacteria accounted for 52.94%(27/51), 49.27%(34/69), 42.06%(45/107), and gram-positive bacteria accounted for 29.41%(15/51), 34.78%(24/69), 43.93%(47/107). Conclusion The high cold condition at high altitude is an important factor in the infection degree and death of CLP model rabbits. It can aggravate the infection of abdominal cavity and damage the important organ function, affect the nutrition absorption and metabolism of the body. The difference between the pathogenic bacteria and the plain area under this condition may affect the process and treatment of abdominal infection diseases, which is worth further study.

high altitude cold  /  abdominal infection  /  sepsis  /  cecal ligation and puncture animal model
段光辉, 瞿洪洋, 高笑欣, 尚力凝, 杜成周, 陈鹏, 李洪涛. 高原高寒条件对兔模型严重腹腔感染的影响. 解放军医学杂志, 2021 , 46 (5) : 432 -439 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.05.02
Guang-Hui Duan, Hong-Yang Qu, Xiao-Xin Gao, Li-Ning Shang, Cheng-Zhou Du, Peng Chen, Hong-Tao Li. Experimental study and factor analysis of severe cold infection on CLP rabbit model with severe abdominal infection[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2021 , 46 (5) : 432 -439 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.05.02
我国地势由东至西呈三阶梯分布,通常依据海拔高度、地理地貌、温度等自然因素分为平原、亚高原和高原。高原高寒地区通常指由大气压、温度等因素引起机体生物学、生理学效应的特殊地区,一般海拔平均处于3000 m以上,温度–25℃以下。我国海拔3000 m以上国土面积占全国面积的近1/4,约3400万人在高原地区从事生产生活。随着国家西部大开发政策的逐步落地,西部地区经济蓬勃发展,在高原地区工作、生活、旅游的人数逐年增加,因此,交通事故、医疗因素及创伤导致的腹部创伤病例逐年增多。腹部创伤及术后继发的感染极易并发严重的腹腔感染,进一步诱发急性全身炎症反应综合征,具有高病死率、预后差等特点[1]。腹腔感染依照感染源的差异可分为社区获得性和卫生保健相关性腹腔感染,按照感染侵袭范围和感染程度可分为复杂腹腔感染和非复杂腹腔感染[2-3]。国外研究腹腔感染的进程、转归发现,复杂腹腔感染患者的病死率为9.2%,且其中10%~55%的患者可进展为脓毒症休克,病死率高达67.8%[4-7]。2020年任建安教授团队依据我国腹腔感染疾病的特点,制定了中国腹腔感染诊治指南,指出腹腔感染以多类型细菌混合感染为主,且在特殊情况下伴有厌氧菌、真菌感染[8-10],当临床上确诊为腹腔感染所致脓毒症或机体进入感染性休克后,应尽早实施抗感染治疗,积极清除感染灶,降低感染加重危及生命的可能性。但目前该类疾病的治疗方案及经验大多基于平原地区病例,尚未有明确的高原地区相关疾病诊疗指南及经验总结。因此,本研究建立盲肠结扎穿孔(cecal ligation and puncture,CLP)动物模型[11],从感染指标、营养代谢、重要脏器功能、感染致病菌群等方面分析高原高寒条件对腹腔感染的影响,以期为临床工作提供借鉴。
血常规试剂、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)试剂盒、C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)试剂盒、白蛋白(albumin,ALB)试剂盒、前白蛋白(prealbumin,PAB)试剂盒(赛默飞世尔科技有限公司);降钙素原(procalcitonin,PCT)试剂盒(南京建成生物工程研究所);HE染色试剂盒(武汉塞维尔生物科技公司)。DYC-3070模拟高原环境动物实验舱(贵州风雷航空军械有限公司);高速离心机(长沙湘仪离心机仪器有限公司);–80℃低温冰箱(德国Dometic公司);全自动酶标仪(美国伯腾仪器有限公司);全自动生化分析仪(深圳雷杜生命科学股份有限公司)。
健康新西兰大耳白兔60只,雌雄不限,5月龄,体重2.5~3.0 kg,由中国农业科学院兰州兽医研究所提供[实验动物生产许可证号:SCXK(甘)2015-0001],由解放军联勤保障部队第940医院(原兰州军区兰州总医院)动物实验中心饲养并提供手术管理。随机分为平原组(海拔高度100 m,温度5℃)、亚高原组(海拔高度1000 m,温度–5℃)与高原组(海拔高度5000 m,温度–25℃),每组20只,于相应条件动物饲养舱内饲养14 d,使其机体及内环境适应外界环境。本研究获得解放军联勤保障部队第940医院伦理委员会审批(2021KYLL005),实验过程符合国家和单位有关实验动物的管理和使用规定。
参照CLP模型建立指南[12]和Quan等[13]的兔多脏器衰竭动物模型改良建立。将各组兔置于相应条件海拔、温度的高原环境模拟动物饲养舱中饲养14 d,术前12 h禁食。操作时,术者进入动物实验舱操作舱,将实验舱内海拔高度、温度调整至各组要求条件,观察舱内压强温度显示器,待两舱气压相同时将兔移至实验舱,称重,测量基础肛温,抽取耳缘静脉血5 ml,并将耳缘静脉留置针用肝素封管。麻醉后固定于试验台,备皮,取腹部正中切口,长约6 cm,探查腹腔各脏器,寻找回盲部,距盲肠末端约8.0 cm处用丝线结扎盲肠及其相应血管,使盲肠远端有肠内容物且保证肠腔内有一定压力,以尖刀片避开周围血管于盲肠远端戳孔2次,孔径直径约0.5 cm,挤压肠管,使内容物流出约20 ml后将盲肠原位放回腹腔,腹腔内灌洗30 ml/kg温生理盐水(37℃),逐层缝合腹壁切口,包扎后放回饲养舱,并继续维持各组要求的海拔高度和温度。术后24、72 h抽取耳缘静脉血5 ml,并于术后72 h后使用耳缘静脉空气栓塞法处死,逐层打开腹部抽取腹水(分装于EP管中,置于–80℃低温冰箱中保存备用),采集肝脏、肾脏、小肠组织,用4%中性甲醛溶液固定,用于观察组织病理学变化。
术前测量各组兔基础肛温并称重,术后每隔4 h监测肛温、活动状态等,记录存活时间。
采用ELISA法测定术前及术后24、72 h静脉血中ALB、PAB、CRP、PCT、TNF-α水平,严格按照试剂盒说明书步骤操作。
采用血常规试剂对术前及术后24、72 h静脉血进行白细胞计数(WBC)。
采用Pearson相关法分析WBC、CRP、PCT、TNF-α与高原高寒因素的相关性。
肝脏、肾脏、小肠等组织使用4%中性甲醛溶液固定后,脱水、包蜡、烤片,行HE染色,于高分辨显微镜下观察病理变化。
采用一般培养法对各组腹水进行细菌培养,将已接种腹水的培养基置于37℃培养箱内培养18~24 h。
应用SPSS 21.0软件进行统计分析。计量数据采用Shapiro-Wilk(S-W)进行正态性检验,符合正态分布的以$\bar{x}±s$表示,两组间比较采用独立样本t检验,同组术前、术后24 h、术后72 h各项数据比较采用重复测量的方差分析;多组间比较采用Bartlett检验方差齐性,P>0.05时采用F检验,P≤0.05时采用LSD检验。计数资料比较采用χ2检验;应用Kaplan-Meier法计算生存率,组间比较采用Log-rank检验;采用Pearson相关法分析各项感染指标与高原高寒因素的相关性。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
平原组、亚高原组和高原组CLP模型兔术前体重、肛温以及WBC、CRP、PCT、TNF-α、ALB、PAB水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05,表1)。
各组CLP模型兔均在术后6 h开始出现少动、蜷缩、精神倦怠、呼吸急促且呼吸音粗、腹泻、眼角渗出物等症状。平原组术后肛温持续升高后缓慢降低,最高为39.2℃,最低为36.5℃;亚高原组术后肛温急剧升高后逐渐降低,最高为40.6℃,最低为34.9℃;高原组术后肛温急剧升高后迅速降低,最高为41.2℃,最低为34.0℃(图1)。
术后72 h,平原组死亡7只,生存率为65.0%(13/20);亚高原组死亡13只,生存率为35.0%(7/20);高原组死亡18只,生存率为10.0%(2/20)。随着海拔高度增加、温度降低,CLP模型兔的生存率逐渐降低(χ2=16.82,P<0.01)(图2)。术后72 h,各组存活兔腹腔内均可见肠管出现充血水肿,肠壁伴有散在出血点及淤斑,腹腔炎性粘连严重,且可见腹水呈淡黄绿色混浊状态。
与术前比较,3组术后24、72 h的WBC、CRP、PCT、TNF-α水平均升高,术后72 h的ALB、PAB水平均降低(P<0.05)。与术后24 h比较,3组术后72 h的PCT、TNF-α水平持续升高,ALB、PAB水平均降低(P<0.05),但WBC、CRP水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
术后24、72 h,高原组与亚高原组CLP模型兔静脉血中PCT、TNF-α水平均高于平原组,且高原组高于亚高原组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后72 h,高原组与亚高原组CLP模型兔静脉血中ALB、PAB水平低于平原组,且高原组低于亚高原组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)(表2)。
Pearson相关分析结果显示,PCT、TNF-α与高原高寒因素呈正相关(r=0.288,P=0.006;r=0.368,P=0.019),WBC、CRP与高原高寒因素无相关性(r=0.462,P=0.382;r=0.397,P=0.192)。
HE染色结果显示,各组CLP模型兔术后肝脏、肾脏、小肠组织均有炎性细胞浸润。平原组肝脏大致正常,肝小叶、肝窦结构清晰、正常,间质仅见少量炎细胞浸润,肾组织大致正常,伴有炎性细胞浸润,小肠绒毛结构大致正常,固有层有少量淋巴细胞浸润。亚高原组肝脏中部分肝窦轻度扩张,肝小叶汇管区结构欠清晰,可见多量淋巴细胞、浆细胞浸润,肾小管及肾小球周围间质有较多淋巴细胞、浆细胞浸润,小肠绒毛稍扭曲、缩短,黏膜固有层见较多淋巴细胞、浆细胞浸润。高原组肝脏中肝小叶汇管区结构不清,肝窦扩张,可见大量淋巴细胞、浆细胞浸润,肾小球萎缩硬化,肾小管水肿变性,间质大量淋巴细胞、浆细胞浸润,小肠绒毛缩短变钝,腺体扭曲变形,黏膜间质纤维化,可见大量淋巴细胞、浆细胞及中性粒细胞浸润(图3)。
平原组CLP模型兔腹腔积液中分离出51株病原,其中革兰阴性菌27株(52.94%),革兰阳性菌15株(29.41%),真菌9株(17.68%);亚高原组CLP模型兔腹腔积液中分离出69株病原,其中革兰阴性菌34株(49.27%),革兰阳性菌24株(34.78%),真菌11株(15.94%);高原组动物腹腔积液中分离出107株病原,其中革兰阴性菌45株(42.06%),革兰阳性菌47株(43.93%),真菌15株(14.02%)。各组CLP模型兔腹腔积液中病原分布情况如表3所示。
腹腔感染已成为腹部创伤及围术期较为常见的感染,特别是以腹腔脏器术后并发占比较高[14-17],极易导致炎症反应失控,进而引起全身炎症反应综合征,最终导致死亡[18]。目前,临床工作中高原高寒地区腹腔感染的诊治原则和策略均基于平原地区的流行病学特点。但有研究发现,高原环境创伤具有失血耐受能力低,易休克,易发生脑水肿、肺水肿,死亡率高等特点[19-21]。本研究采用高原模拟实验舱建立CLP兔模型,对高原高寒条件下影响机体的感染指标、营养代谢、重要脏器功能、感染病原分布等进行分析,以探究高原高寒因素对腹腔感染的影响。
本研究中CLP兔模型参照CLP模型建立指南[12]和Quan等[13]的兔多脏器衰竭动物模型改良而成,实验中监测基础肛温、活动状态、感染指标、营养指标等,结果显示,各组CLP模型兔均在术后6 h开始出现少动、蜷缩、精神倦怠、呼吸急促且呼吸音粗、腹泻、眼角渗出物等症状;平原组CLP模型兔的肛温上升缓慢,感染症状发生较晚,后又徘徊在高温区域并逐渐降低,表明感染缓慢加重;与平原组比较,高原组与亚高原组CLP模型兔的肛温于术后急速上升,表明感染发生强烈且迅速,随后肛温迅速降低,进入休克状态,表明高原高寒条件下机体更容易进入感染状态,并极易诱发脓毒症休克。本研究生存曲线分析显示,随着海拔高度增加、温度降低,CLP模型兔的生存率逐渐降低,表明高原高寒条件是影响CLP模型兔感染程度和死亡的重要因素,且随着海拔升高、温度降低,感染程度逐渐加重、病死率逐渐升高。
有研究发现,急进高原及移居或世居高原地区人群体内IgG水平明显高于平原地区人群[22],高IgG水平患者发生感染初期可通过自身体液免疫有效控制感染,但随着体内细菌繁殖数量的增加和毒素的累积,感染与抗感染之间的平衡被打破,病情发展迅速且程度剧烈[23]。后续研究发现,脓毒症晚期致炎因子与抗炎因子相对失衡,平衡再度被打破,这些因子在体内相互作用,从而引起全身炎症反应综合征[23]。但目前关于外界环境因素影响炎性因子变化的研究报道较少,因此本研究建立CLP兔模型,比较各项感染指标在不同海拔高度的变化情况,结果显示,术后24、72 h高原组与亚高原组CLP模型兔静脉血中PCT、TNF-α水平高于平原组,且高原组高于亚高原组。该结果与陶瑞雨[24]的研究结果一致。有研究发现,感染时细菌产生的内毒素可使机体内炎性因子增多,虽然早期机体自我防御系统产生的部分炎性因子能起到防御作用[25-29],但中后期可能导致继发感染加重,增高病死率,而本研究中,特殊的高原高寒环境加速了这一系列的中和反应,使得炎症平衡提前被打破,加速了机体的感染进程并导致感染进一步加重。
高原高寒环境对腹腔感染时机体的营养代谢和各重要脏器功能也有重要影响,ALB作为载体参与物质运输和抗氧化等重要的生理功能,因此血浆ALB浓度常被用于评估营养状态及判断预后[30-32]。有研究发现,腹腔感染对机体营养代谢方面的影响可概括为以下几个方面:(1)感染使机体ALB分解加快,增加营养消耗;(2)在机体感染的影响下,肝脏ALB合成速率降低,合成量明显减少;(3)感染加重导致机体微环境发生变化,更多的血浆ALB由血管内转移至血管外[33]。但高原高寒因素是否能够影响腹腔感染时的营养代谢尚未明确。本研究结果显示,术后24 h各组ALB、PAB水平无明显差异;术后72 h,高原组、亚高原组ALB、PAB水平低于平原组。有研究发现,高原低氧可导致机体下丘脑、垂体、甲状腺、肾上腺皮质和髓质等内分泌器官功能增强,分泌激素量增多[34],糖、蛋白质、脂肪等物质的有氧代谢过程受到不同程度的抑制,因此,感染初期,高原高寒因素可能增加了各分泌腺体的代偿,并抑制了机体的有氧代谢过程,导致前期未见明显变化。有研究发现,当机体处在高原高寒条件下且感染时间较长时,由于高原环境空气较为干燥,含氧量低,使机体发生脱水,循环血液黏稠度增高,血液流变性降低,同时由于处于应激状态,肠黏膜通透性增加,屏障功能下降,易产生缺血性改变,造成机体电解质紊乱,影响营养物质的代谢[35]。本研究CLP模型兔术后肠壁病理切片可见,高原高寒条件能够导致肠黏膜屏障破坏加快、肠壁细胞损伤加重并增强其通透性,可诱发肠道应激性溃疡形成,进一步使消化道中的营养物质吸收障碍。随着感染进一步加重,全身炎症反应加剧,可激活体内神经内分泌反应和相关激素系统,导致机体分解代谢增加,合成代谢降低[36-38]。本研究CLP模型兔术后肝脏病理切片可见,炎症浸润程度也与高原高寒条件密切相关,由于高海拔、低温、低氧等因素的影响,机体应激反应更加剧烈,可限制营养物质的合成并增加对营养物质的消耗,即肝脏蛋白合成障碍及机体能量消耗增加,该过程中可能产生了负氮平衡。脓毒症合并多器官衰竭时,因高原高寒条件加重各主要脏器的功能损害,进一步对机体的营养代谢造成严重影响。
腹腔感染的致病菌群在高原高寒条件下可发生改变。有研究发现,高原环境可使部分细菌脱水,造成蛋白变性、盐水浓缩而最终死亡;还可导致空气中、皮肤表面革兰阳性球菌占比增高且更容易定植,其中以金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌及肠球菌为主[39]。有研究发现,肠道菌群可随环境、饮食结构的变化而变化[40]。高原地区人群肠道菌群中梭菌占比显著高于平原地区人群[41],且其他致病菌也更容易进入机体并发生定植、繁殖和引发炎症反应,促进肠内细菌与内毒素易位入血,造成后续损害效应,进一步导致严重的脓毒症反应。本研究抽取CLP模型兔的腹腔积液进行培养,分析病原分布情况发现,随着海拔增高、温度降低,菌种数量显著增多,类型比例发生变化,尤其是革兰阳性菌和真菌数量增加。革兰阳性菌与真菌混合感染在临床经验治疗中容易被忽视,且存在加重感染的风险,易诱发脓毒症,损伤其他脏器的功能,且前期不准确的经验性用药容易导致多重耐药菌的出现[42]。因此,了解特殊环境下菌谱的差异,能够为腹腔感染前期经验性抗生素的应用提供借鉴,利于临床医师在特殊环境下制定合理的初始抗感染方案,使患者尽早受益。
本研究存在以下不足:(1)受环境条件限制,采用高原模拟实验舱进行实验,虽然严格把控影响因素,准确记录各项指标,尽量模拟真实环境,但未能在高原高寒地区进行现场试验,结果可能存在偏倚;(2)动物模型样本量较少,观察时间较短,节点较少,未能详细测定感染进程及机体变化情况,未来可增加实验动物数量、观察指标,并搜集相关临床病例进行深入研究;(3)动物建模后仅进行了观察研究,未进行系统的治疗干预,数据不够全面,后续可进行各项治疗方式的干预实验,评估高原高寒条件下腹腔感染的治疗效果及疾病预后。
综上所述,本研究从感染指标、营养代谢、重要脏器功能、感染致病菌群等方面分析高原高寒条件对腹腔感染的影响,结果表明:(1)高原高寒条件下感染发生早且程度重,可迅速损害其他脏器功能;(2)高海拔、低温因素能够降低腹腔感染机体的营养吸收与代谢过程,进一步影响疾病的转归及预后;(3)高原高寒条件可改变腹腔感染的致病菌群,影响感染的发生与发展,对临床经验性抗感染治疗提出了新的挑战。
  • 国家科技部、财政部惠民计划项目(2012GS620101)
  • 甘肃省科技重大专项基金(2011GS04390)
  • 甘肃省自然科学基金(1506RJZA309)
  • 中国博士后科学基金(2015M572710)
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.05.02
  • 接收时间:2021-02-25
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2021-05-28
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  • 收稿日期:2021-02-25
  • 修回日期:2021-04-10
基金
Project of Benefiting People of Ministry of Science and Technology and Ministry of Finance(2012GS620101)
国家科技部、财政部惠民计划项目(2012GS620101)
Major Special Fund for Science and Technology of Gansu Province(2011GS04390)
甘肃省科技重大专项基金(2011GS04390)
Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province(1506RJZA309)
甘肃省自然科学基金(1506RJZA309)
China Postdoctoral Science Fund(2015M572710)
中国博士后科学基金(2015M572710)
作者信息
    1解放军联勤保障部队第940医院普通外科,兰州 730050
    2宁夏医科大学研究生院,银川 750004

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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