Article(id=1210676789169484697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1210676785113600955, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.05.15, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1609430400000, receivedDateStr=2021-01-01, revisedDate=1618070400000, revisedDateStr=2021-04-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766577439825, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1622131200000, pubDateStr=2021-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766577439825, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766577439825, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766577439825, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210676785113600955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2021', volume='46', issue='5', pageStart='425', pageEnd='530', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1766577438858, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766718730270, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1211269404306838321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1210676785113600955, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1211269404306838322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1210676785113600955, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=518, endPage=524, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210676789471474595, articleId=1210676789169484697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Research progress in the prevention and treatment of stress fracture, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Stress fracture is a kind of weight-bearing lower extremity bone injury that usually occurs in athletes, recruits and other specific groups. It is one of the most important reasons that stop them from normal training and may affect athletes'career and military warfare capability. Many intrinsic and extrinsic factors may increase the risk of stress fracture, and preventive measures against these risk factors are the main direction of stress fracture prevention research. At the same time, the importance of more accurate diagnosis and treatment of stress fractures is heightened by the fact that the missed diagnosis or malpractice of stress fractures can have an adverse impact on the career of athletes or military recruits, placing an additional burden on the medical system. In this paper, the treatment and prevention of stress fractures are summarized, and the future prospects are prospected.

, correspAuthors=Yi-Sheng Han, Long Bi, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*Han Yi-Sheng, E-mail: ;
Bi Long, E-mail:
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应力性骨折好发于运动员、新兵等特定群体,主要表现为下肢承重骨的损伤,是导致伤者不能进行正常训练,进而影响运动员职业生涯,或影响部队战斗力的重要原因之一。多种内在因素和外在因素可增加应力性骨折的发生风险,且如果发生漏诊或治疗不当,可能会导致多种并发症。针对危险因素制定预防措施,尽早识别和诊断高危应力性骨折,及时采取精准治疗,对于提高疗效及改善预后至关重要。该文就应力性骨折的治疗与预防进行回顾总结,并对未来的研究前景进行展望。

, correspAuthors=韩一生, 毕龙, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
韩一生,E-mail:;
毕龙,E-mail:
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唐文浩,硕士研究生,主要从事关节置换术后康复治疗方面的研究

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唐文浩,硕士研究生,主要从事关节置换术后康复治疗方面的研究

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唐文浩,硕士研究生,主要从事关节置换术后康复治疗方面的研究

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Br J Gen Pract, 2019, 69(681): 209-300., articleTitle=Stress fractures: Diagnosis and management in the primary care setting, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1210676790155146169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1210676789169484697, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210676790159340474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1210676789169484697, companyId=1210676790155146169, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital Affilated to the Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210676790167729083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1210676789169484697, companyId=1210676790155146169, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=空军军医大学附属西京医院骨科,西安 710032)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1210676792717865057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1210676789169484697, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Therapeutic methods, advantages and disadvantages and application prospect of stress fracture

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治疗方法优缺点应用前景
手术治疗对非手术治疗效果不佳或高危应力性骨折效果较好,能更快地恢复运动能力应用于高危应力性骨折
生物疗法在治疗难愈性骨折方面具有较好的发展前景,但针对人体的高质量研究很少,成本效益低在实际应用中仍需更多高质量研究证据
体外冲击波疗法高效、安全,对应力性骨折具有良好的治疗效果仍需更多试验以确定最佳能量密度和脉冲频率等
脉冲超声疗法对于完全性骨折具有良好的疗效,但对于应力性骨折的治疗效果仍存在争议需要大样本研究证实其有效性
脉冲电磁场疗法对于骨不连或骨折延迟愈合具有一定效果,但临床证据仍偏少可用于促进骨折愈合、治疗骨关节炎、减轻术后疼痛与水肿等
其他中药熏洗、针灸以及双膦酸盐等可能具有一定的效果,但证据质量不高需要更多高质量研究证据
), ArticleFig(id=1210676792793362537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1210676789169484697, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

应力性骨折的治疗方法、优缺点及应用前景

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
治疗方法优缺点应用前景
手术治疗对非手术治疗效果不佳或高危应力性骨折效果较好,能更快地恢复运动能力应用于高危应力性骨折
生物疗法在治疗难愈性骨折方面具有较好的发展前景,但针对人体的高质量研究很少,成本效益低在实际应用中仍需更多高质量研究证据
体外冲击波疗法高效、安全,对应力性骨折具有良好的治疗效果仍需更多试验以确定最佳能量密度和脉冲频率等
脉冲超声疗法对于完全性骨折具有良好的疗效,但对于应力性骨折的治疗效果仍存在争议需要大样本研究证实其有效性
脉冲电磁场疗法对于骨不连或骨折延迟愈合具有一定效果,但临床证据仍偏少可用于促进骨折愈合、治疗骨关节炎、减轻术后疼痛与水肿等
其他中药熏洗、针灸以及双膦酸盐等可能具有一定的效果,但证据质量不高需要更多高质量研究证据
), ArticleFig(id=1210676792894025837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1210676789169484697, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Prevention strategy of stress fracture

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
预防策略应用前景
补充维生素D与钙对于维生素D的最佳补充剂量仍未有研究,是否与钙剂同时服用才可起到更好的预防作用也未经证实
生物力学方面的预防措施步态训练、减震鞋垫对于部队新兵应力性骨折的预防具有一定的应用价值,而反重力跑步机等器械则可帮助高水平运动员合理训练,避免应力性骨折的发生
提高营养与运动水平改善饮食结构及较高的运动水平可有效减少应力性骨折的发生,因此应鼓励新兵在入伍前进行有计划、持续性、适当强度的体育活动。新训期间的各项训练应循序渐进,逐步展开
其他针对危险因素的预防措施对于新兵、运动员等高危群体,慎用非甾体抗炎药
), ArticleFig(id=1210676793003077751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1210676789169484697, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

应力性骨折的预防策略

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
预防策略应用前景
补充维生素D与钙对于维生素D的最佳补充剂量仍未有研究,是否与钙剂同时服用才可起到更好的预防作用也未经证实
生物力学方面的预防措施步态训练、减震鞋垫对于部队新兵应力性骨折的预防具有一定的应用价值,而反重力跑步机等器械则可帮助高水平运动员合理训练,避免应力性骨折的发生
提高营养与运动水平改善饮食结构及较高的运动水平可有效减少应力性骨折的发生,因此应鼓励新兵在入伍前进行有计划、持续性、适当强度的体育活动。新训期间的各项训练应循序渐进,逐步展开
其他针对危险因素的预防措施对于新兵、运动员等高危群体,慎用非甾体抗炎药
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应力性骨折防治研究进展
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唐文浩 , 杨旻 , 第五维龙 , 燕明 , 韩一生 * , 毕龙 *
解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2021,46(5): 518-524
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解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2021, 46(5): 518-524
应力性骨折防治研究进展
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唐文浩, 杨旻, 第五维龙, 燕明, 韩一生* , 毕龙*
作者信息
  • 空军军医大学附属西京医院骨科,西安 710032
  • 唐文浩,硕士研究生,主要从事关节置换术后康复治疗方面的研究

通讯作者:

韩一生,E-mail:;
毕龙,E-mail:
Research progress in the prevention and treatment of stress fracture
Wen-Hao Tang, Min Yang, Wei-Long Diwu, Ming Yan, Yi-Sheng Han* , Long Bi*
Affiliations
  • Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital Affilated to the Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
出版时间: 2021-05-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.05.15
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应力性骨折好发于运动员、新兵等特定群体,主要表现为下肢承重骨的损伤,是导致伤者不能进行正常训练,进而影响运动员职业生涯,或影响部队战斗力的重要原因之一。多种内在因素和外在因素可增加应力性骨折的发生风险,且如果发生漏诊或治疗不当,可能会导致多种并发症。针对危险因素制定预防措施,尽早识别和诊断高危应力性骨折,及时采取精准治疗,对于提高疗效及改善预后至关重要。该文就应力性骨折的治疗与预防进行回顾总结,并对未来的研究前景进行展望。

应力性骨折  /  治疗  /  预防

Stress fracture is a kind of weight-bearing lower extremity bone injury that usually occurs in athletes, recruits and other specific groups. It is one of the most important reasons that stop them from normal training and may affect athletes'career and military warfare capability. Many intrinsic and extrinsic factors may increase the risk of stress fracture, and preventive measures against these risk factors are the main direction of stress fracture prevention research. At the same time, the importance of more accurate diagnosis and treatment of stress fractures is heightened by the fact that the missed diagnosis or malpractice of stress fractures can have an adverse impact on the career of athletes or military recruits, placing an additional burden on the medical system. In this paper, the treatment and prevention of stress fractures are summarized, and the future prospects are prospected.

stress fracture  /  therapy  /  prevention
唐文浩, 杨旻, 第五维龙, 燕明, 韩一生, 毕龙. 应力性骨折防治研究进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2021 , 46 (5) : 518 -524 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.05.15
Wen-Hao Tang, Min Yang, Wei-Long Diwu, Ming Yan, Yi-Sheng Han, Long Bi. Research progress in the prevention and treatment of stress fracture[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2021 , 46 (5) : 518 -524 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.05.15
应力性骨折是一种好发于下肢承重骨的非创伤性损伤,主要由突然增加的高负荷重复运动所致,常见于运动员、部队新兵等群体中[1]。调查数据显示,近年来应力性骨折越来越常见。一项针对美军下肢应力性骨折的流行病学调查显示,2009—2012年美军应力性骨折发生率为5.69/1000人年[2]。英国应征入伍的新兵应力性骨折发生率约为5.7%[3]。2016年Zhao等[4]的前瞻性队列研究发现,中国男性新兵应力性骨折的发生率约为13.5%。Changstrom等[5]研究发现,美国高中生运动员中应力性骨折约占所有运动损伤的0.8%,总体发病率为1.54/10万。应力性骨折的好发部位为胫骨,占49%,其次为跗骨(25%)、跖骨(9%)、股骨和腓骨[6]。骨扫描诊断应力性骨折的灵敏度很高,但特异度低于MRI。MRI诊断应力性骨折的灵敏度与特异度均较高,是最佳的影像学检查方法[7-13]。本文结合国内外文献,对现阶段应力性骨折的防治进展进行回顾总结。
应力性骨折是一种非外伤造成的不全骨折,其外在危险因素包括既往缺乏体育活动、突然增加的训练负荷、鞋类不适、维生素D/钙摄入不足等,内在危险因素包括性别、种族、年龄、身高、体重指数(BMI)、激素水平、饮食习惯、低骨密度、既往应力性骨折病史、肌肉疲劳等[6,8,11,14-16]。有学者认为,能量可用率(energy availability,EA)是骨应力性损伤的危险因素[17]。Zhao等[4]发现,GDF5基因rs143383位点的基因频率与基因型分布在发生应力性骨折的新兵与未发生者之间存在明显差异,提示其可能是应力性骨折发生的危险因素之一。Wright等[18]的系统综述显示,既往应力性骨折病史和性别是下肢应力性骨折发生的危险因素。Barrack等[19]发现,骨应力性损伤的累积风险随着与女性运动员三联征相关的风险因素的累积而增加。Kraus等[20]在女性运动员三联征累积风险评分的基础上提出了改良的评估工具,以用于识别骨应力性损伤风险较高的男性长跑运动员,从而指导治疗方案及预防策略的制定。女性尤其是月经不规律的女性罹患应力性骨折的风险较男性高[21]
根据局部血液供应及不同位置的负荷情况可将应力性骨折的好发部位分为低危、中危和高危三类[7,12,16,22-24]。在高拉力负荷且血供不足的部位(如股骨颈张力侧、髌骨、胫骨前部、内踝、距骨、舟骨、第五跖骨近端和大趾籽骨等)发生的高危应力性骨折若未得到恰当的治疗,可能发生骨折延迟愈合、不愈合、完全骨折、骨不连等并发症。尽早识别这类高危应力性骨折并及时治疗对于改善预后至关重要[25]。应力性骨折漏诊或治疗不及时可导致运动员康复时间延长甚至影响其职业生涯;导致新兵无法完成入伍训练,影响部队战斗力生成,并给部队卫生系统增加额外负担[26]。因此应力性骨折的预防、准确诊断和及时治疗尤为重要。
现代竞技体育越来越向着专业化和精细化的方向发展,为了达到理想的训练效果,运动员常长期大量重复单一的训练动作或运动,一旦发生应力性骨折,其程度会更为严重。传统的治疗方法疗效欠佳。通常的治疗方法(如休息和应用止痛药[11])可能会有较高的复发率,提示临床医师治疗应力性骨折的中心目标应为识别并纠正潜在的危险因素[12],其治疗方法、优缺点及应用前景汇总如表1所示。
Knapik等[8]提出,应力性骨折治疗的关键是正确区分骨不连风险高的应力性骨折与并发症风险低的应力性骨折。对于高危部位的应力性骨折,当进展至骨不连风险较高或患者无法承受非手术治疗较长的恢复时间时(如对于优秀的运动员,较长的康复时间意味着更长时间远离训练场与赛场,对于个人运动状态甚至运动生涯影响较大),可选择手术治疗[7,9,27-30]。多数非手术治疗效果不佳或失败的应力性骨折,采用手术治疗后症状缓解率较高,可更快地恢复运动能力,效果较好。但有报道指出,手术治疗的并发症发生率和后续手术的潜在发生率较高,且不同的手术方式各有优劣[29,31-33]。因此,对于手术方案的选择提出了更高的要求。Kaeding等[34]提出了应力性骨折的综合描述系统,在一定程度上解决了应力性骨折风险判断的准确性问题。该系统将应力性骨折按照结构破坏的程度分为Ⅰ~Ⅴ级,其中Ⅰ级损伤无症状,通常是影像学检查时偶然发现的;Ⅱ级有骨质损伤的影像学表现,但无骨折线;Ⅲ级有骨折线,但无移位;Ⅳ级为骨折移位;Ⅴ级发展为慢性骨不连。研究证实该系统具有较高的可靠性且可准确预测运动员重返运动场的时间[35]
生物疗法为近年来兴起的使用能够促进骨折愈合的各种生物材料进行治疗的方法,包括骨髓间充质干细胞技术、富血小板血浆技术、重组人甲状旁腺激素技术等。虽然应用生物疗法促进骨折愈合具有良好的应用前景,但由于目前其发展不成熟,人体试验较少,故实际应用仍需更多临床试验验证。Hossain等[30]认为,由于研究对象、干预措施以及衡量结果的标准等方面的差异,对于应力性骨折生物疗法的有效性很难得出确切结论。
骨髓间充质干细胞在骨修复与再生过程中发挥着关键作用[36-37]。骨髓间充质干细胞具有免疫调节和成骨分化能力,在难愈性骨折的治疗方面应用前景广阔,但仍有部分不确定因素可能限制其应用,例如其用于肿瘤手术造成的骨损伤的修复尚存在争议。此外,骨髓间充质干细胞的移植数量与时机仍有待进一步研究[38]。Wang等[39]基于大鼠骨折模型的研究发现,骨髓间充质干细胞注射促进了新骨的形成,且在伤后第7天注射效果最佳。
Mousaei Ghasroldasht等[40]应用脂肪源性间充质干细胞(Ad-MSCs)、松质骨移植(CBG)和壳聚糖水凝胶(CHI)促进模型大鼠骨不连的愈合,结果显示,与对照组相比,试验组在影像学表现、组织学检测、生物力学分析、PCR检测方面均有明显优势,表明移植松质骨与壳聚糖水凝胶可通过诱导骨髓间充质干细胞分泌多种生长因子而促进成骨过程,为细胞的附着和生长提供良好环境。
目前关于骨髓间充质干细胞的研究仍较少,且多是基于动物模型,针对人体的高质量临床试验尤其是治疗的成本效益研究很少。
富血小板血浆在促进骨折愈合方面具有较好的前景[41]。Guzel等[42]将70只股骨骨折大鼠随机分为Ⅰ组(n=30,输入富血小板血浆)、Ⅱ组(n=30,无富血小板血浆)与对照组(n=10,作为生物力学测试对照),结果显示,Ⅰ组在组织学和生物力学方面优于Ⅱ组(P<0.05),表明富血小板血浆可促进骨折组织学愈合并能改善骨折愈合的生物力学特性。Roffi等[43]的一篇系统综述显示,虽然当前的研究均提示富血小板血浆在骨愈合中的有效性,但仍需要更多高质量的研究证据。
甲状旁腺激素是一种参与人体内骨矿物质稳态及多种代谢过程的非常重要的激素,可促进成骨细胞的生成,刺激骨形成,加速骨愈合[44]。特立帕肽是采用重组DNA技术生产的甲状旁腺分子N-末端的1—34氨基酸片段。Baillieul等[45]使用特立帕肽对1例诊断为骶骨应力性骨折的36岁长跑运动员进行治疗,取得了良好的疗效。Bakr等[46]对骨折模型大鼠进行随机对照试验,结果显示,体内注射甲状旁腺激素可在应力性骨折发生的第2周开始增加破骨细胞的生成。因此,未来的研究可聚焦于甲状旁腺激素注射剂量与注射时间点方面。
体外冲击波是一种较新的治疗应力性骨折的方法。研究显示,体外冲击波疗法对于骨不连或骨折延迟愈合有较好的效果,但其在应力性骨折中的应用仍需更多的证据[47]。Leal等[47]对26名双侧胫骨应力性骨折的海军学员进行随机、单盲、自身对照的临床研究,在相隔1周的两次治疗中使用了2000次0.1~0.27 mJ/mm2中高频能量的聚焦冲击波,结果显示,体外冲击波疗法可明显缩短应力性骨折的恢复时间。Moretti等[48]回顾性分析10名第五跖骨或胫骨应力性骨折运动员采用体外冲击波治疗的效果,共使用了4000次0.09~0.17 mJ/mm2冲击波,8周后治愈率为100%,且均恢复到受伤前的竞技水平。
程俊华等[49]将34例胫骨应力性骨折患者随机分为试验组(n=19)与对照组(n=15),试验组使用体外冲击波对骨折处进行干预,对照组采用石膏固定的方法治疗,两组患者均获得临床愈合,但试验组达到肌肉疲劳程度6级评分≤1级的时间及愈合时间均短于对照组[(12.21±1.62)周 vs. (17.05±3.51)周,P<0.05;(16.44±2.14)周 vs. (20.20±2.19)周,P<0.05],表明体外冲击波疗法治疗应力性骨折效果较佳。
一项动物实验将犬骨不连模型随机分为干预组与对照组,干预组每只犬每天接受4000次0.54 mJ/mm2(14.5 kV)冲击波,分别在骨不连背侧和腹侧对称的4个预定部位进行干预,12周后影像学检查发现干预组可观察到骨愈合,而对照组则愈合缓慢,差异有统计学意义(P≤0.05)[31]
体外冲击波疗法的原理可能是通过体外冲击波诱导骨膜脱离和骨小梁微骨折,从而促进骨折愈合,但仍需更多研究以确定其有效性以及最佳能量密度水平和脉冲频率等。目前的研究显示,体外冲击波疗法基于严谨的研究背景,拥有高效、安全的特性,在应力性骨折的治疗中具有广阔的应用前景[47]
低强度脉冲超声治疗完全性骨折具有较好的效果[50]。Heckman等[51]在一项前瞻性双盲随机对照试验中利用超声刺激设备配合闭合复位石膏固定对胫骨干骨折进行治疗,共纳入67例闭合性或Ⅰ级开放性胫骨干骨折,其中33例被纳入干预组(采用超声刺激设备配合闭合复位石膏固定治疗),34例被纳入对照组(采用闭合复位石膏固定治疗),结果显示,干预组的临床愈合时间明显短于对照组[(86±5.8) d vs. (114±10.4) d,P=0.01],表明适度的超声刺激能够有效促进骨折修复过程。但也有研究显示,脉冲超声并未明显缩短胫骨应力性骨折的愈合时间[52]。目前对于脉冲超声的疗效仍存在争议,仍需更多大样本临床研究进一步证实。
脉冲电磁场疗法通过将电磁场传递到组织中而影响多种生物过程,可无创治疗多种疾病。Streit等[53]的一项随机对照试验将8例诊断为骨折延迟愈合或骨不连的患者随机分为试验组与对照组,试验组采用手术治疗并辅以脉冲电磁场进行电磁刺激,对照组仅进行手术不进行刺激,对照组和试验组的愈合时间分别为14.7(6~21)周和8.9(6~16)周,证实了脉冲电磁场刺激辅助治疗骨折延迟愈合或骨不连的有效性,但该研究存在样本量过小和未考虑骨折部位影响的缺陷。越来越多的证据表明,应用脉冲电磁场疗法可促进骨折愈合,治疗骨关节炎,减轻术后疼痛与水肿等,但与上述各种疗法类似,相关临床证据仍偏少,需要进一步验证其有效性与成本效益等。
双膦酸盐对破骨细胞介导的骨吸收具有抑制作用,因此其在应力性骨折的治疗与预防中可能发挥一定的作用。但截至目前,仍未有确凿的证据证实双膦酸盐对人类应力性骨折愈合具有任何正面作用,因此需要进一步试验来证实其有效性和安全性[54-55]
陈振南等[56]的一项随机对照双盲试验将34例应力性骨折患者随机分为试验组与对照组,试验组使用中药制作的外用熏洗液,对照组使用外观、气味类似的碘伏调成的熏洗方。结果显示,试验组疼痛评分低于对照组[(1.81±0.56)分 vs. (2.68±0.44)分,P<0.01],达到肌肉疲劳程度6级评分≤1级的时间、骨折线消失时间短于对照组[(8.28±0.38)周 vs. (9.00±1.10)周,P<0.01;(2.83±0.62)个月 vs.(3.50±0.52)个月,P<0.01],提示中药熏洗方可有效减轻应力性骨折的疼痛,同时可促进远期骨折愈合。张崇耀等[57]利用针灸疗法治疗新兵胫骨应力性骨折取得了一定的效果,但由于未设立对照组,结果尚待进一步验证。
Miller等[58]对应力性骨折的治疗提出了整体性策略,即针对患者的不同情况(如骨折部位、损伤程度、个人竞技水平和危险因素等)采取个性化的治疗方案,包括营养、内分泌、心理、专业生物力学器械和物理治疗等方面,以达到骨微裂纹产生与修复之间的平衡。
应力性骨折的预防主要是对造成应力性骨折的各种危险因素的预防与纠正。在预防应力性骨折时,必须同时考虑外在和内在的危险因素,改变饮食行为及保证充足的营养摄入,以促进骨骼健康生长。使用适当的设备,修改合适的训练方案,及早对高危人群进行筛查等,都有助于应力性骨折的预防[7],具体预防策略如表2所示。
钙和维生素D的每日推荐摄入量分别为1000 mg和800~1000 U[59]。但有研究者认为,二者的摄入量应因人而异,并建议每天摄入1200~1500 mg钙和800~3000 U维生素D[27,60]。McCabe等[61]建议危险人群每日服用800~1000 U(最高可达2000 U)维生素D以及1000~1200 mg钙以预防应力性骨折。有研究显示,血清维生素D浓度<40 ng/ml与应力性骨折存在相关性[62]。另一项针对英国皇家海军新兵的研究显示,当基线25-羟维生素D浓度<50 nmol/L时,应力性骨折的发生风险会增加[63]
一项针对海军女性新兵的研究将受试者随机分为干预组与对照组,干预组每天发放2000 mg钙与800 U维生素D,对照组则给予安慰剂。在3700名完成试验的新兵中,干预组应力性骨折发生率较对照组低21%(P=0.02)[64]。该结果有力地支持了补充钙和维生素D可作为降低应力性骨折发生率的有效预防措施。虽然维生素D对应力性骨折的预防效果目前仍存在分歧,但补充钙和维生素D预防应力性骨折仍得到多数研究的支持[14,65-66]。同时有研究证实,单纯补充维生素D并不能起到预防骨折的作用,维生素D补充剂与钙一同服用才可有效预防应力性骨折[61]
与人们的固有观念不同,运动前热身时腿部肌肉的伸展对应力性骨折的发生风险没有影响[67-70]。Bonanno等[71]认为,足部矫形器预防应力性骨折有效,但减震鞋垫对预防全面损伤、应力性骨折或软组织损伤无效。
Miller等[58]提出使用特殊设计的矫形器矫正生物力学方面的异常、进行跑步步态分析以纠正跑步姿势等方式并辅以补充钙和维生素D预防应力性骨折。Miller等认为交叉训练和使用水上跑步机或反重力跑步机等设备的替代训练可让跑步运动员保持心血管健康和跑步状态,并可将地面对下肢的反作用力降至最低,同时这些特殊的训练方式也可用于应力性骨折患者的初步康复[58]
Willy等[72]认为,通过适当增加步频的步态训练可有效减少冲击力(–18.9%,P<0.0001)及膝关节立位偏心量(–26.9%,P<0.0001),从而降低胫骨应力性骨折的发生风险。许多研究者提出了类似的观点,认为跑步步态训练可有效降低应力性骨折的发生风险[12,73]。Huang等[74]的研究为步态调整提供了参考。但Chen等[75]认为,尽管脚跟先着地的跑步者转换步态后能够减轻冲击负荷,但并不能对胫骨提供及时的应力性骨折防护,且步态转换的长期效果并不清楚。
研究发现,入伍前运动水平较高的新兵或爱好运动的年轻人较少发生应力性骨折[76],而入伍前运动水平较低的新兵则容易发生应力性骨折[4]。因此,改善饮食结构和通过球类运动等提高入伍前的身体健康水平可能在减少新兵应力性骨折方面发挥作用,应鼓励新兵在入伍前进行有计划、持续性、适当强度的体育活动[76-79]
低骨密度是骨应力性损伤愈合时间延长的独立危险因素[80]。有研究证实,雌激素替代疗法对骨密度具有积极的影响[81]。但由于低能量利用率是低骨密度和骨应力性损伤的潜在原因,因此有研究者建议以恢复能量利用率作为治疗低骨密度的主要干预措施[82]
Hughes等[83]的研究显示,应用非甾体抗炎药的军队人员应力性骨折发生风险增加了1.9倍(RR=2.9,95%CI 2.8~2.9),尤其在新兵基础战斗训练期间,服用非甾体抗炎药者发生应力性骨折的风险增加了4倍以上(RR=5.3,95%CI 4.9~5.7)。有研究发现,非甾体抗炎药的使用是应力性骨折发生的危险因素[84]。因此,在新兵或运动员等高发群体中慎用非甾体抗炎药也是预防其发生应力性骨折的重要措施之一。
自1855年Breithaupt首次提出应力性骨折以来,由于其高发人群的特定性,目前受到越来越多的关注与重视。随着医学技术的不断发展,应力性骨折的治疗及预防方法也逐步更新。现阶段应力性骨折的治疗仍以静养休息及对症治疗为主,而对于伴有严重并发症的应力性骨折以手术治疗为主。未来的研究重点应聚焦于具有促进骨折愈合的各种生物材料制剂的使用(包括使用剂量和时间以及通过更大规模的研究、质量更高的证据验证其有效性)、体外辅助技术的应用(如冲击波疗法、电磁场疗法、脉冲超声疗法等)和中医治疗等。对于应力性骨折的预防,应以对各种危险因素的纠正与预防为主。当前对于应力性骨折危险因素的研究仍有分歧,因此未来研究应致力于确定应力性骨折的危险因素,以利于制定更好的预防策略。对于具有不同危险因素的人群,应有针对性地采取不同的预防措施。同时着重探讨多种预防策略联合应用的效果,例如补充维生素D及钙剂联合新型脉冲振动疗法的预防效果研究等。
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2021年第46卷第5期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.05.15
  • 接收时间:2021-01-01
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2021-05-28
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  • 收稿日期:2021-01-01
  • 修回日期:2021-04-11
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    空军军医大学附属西京医院骨科,西安 710032

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韩一生,E-mail:;
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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