Article(id=1210676786749379533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1210676785113600955, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.05.14, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1594051200000, receivedDateStr=2020-07-07, revisedDate=1616860800000, revisedDateStr=2021-03-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766577439248, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1622131200000, pubDateStr=2021-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766577439248, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766577439248, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766577439248, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210676785113600955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2021', volume='46', issue='5', pageStart='425', pageEnd='530', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1766577438858, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766718730270, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1211269404306838321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1210676785113600955, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1211269404306838322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1210676785113600955, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=512, endPage=517, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210676787563074537, articleId=1210676786749379533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Research progress on the role of sarcopenia in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic cardio-cerebrovascular disease in the elderly, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is a kind of disease including acute coronary syndrome(ACS), history of myocardial infarction (MI), stable or unstable angina pectoris (SAP, UAP), coronary artery or other blood vessel revascularization (PCI), ischemic stroke (IS), transient ischemic attack (TIA), peripheral vascular disease (PAD) and so on. It has a high morbidity rate, high disability rate, and high mortality rate in elderly patients, which puts a heavy burden on patients'families and society. But the early warning markers of ASCVD were still in the exploratory stage. Sarcopenia is a common disease in elderly individuals. A large number of studies showed that sarcopenia may be an independent risk factor for the onset and severity of ASCVD. As a comorbidity, at the same time, it may also be an independent predictor of poor prognosis of ASACVD. In addition, sarcopenia and ASCVD in elderly individuals have some common pathogenesis, such as inflammation, oxidative stress and insulin resistance. The role of sarcopenia in the pathogenesis of ASCVD in the elderly is reviewed in present paper.

, correspAuthors=Qing-Song Wang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病(ASCVD)是包括急性冠脉综合征、心肌梗死史、稳定或不稳定型心绞痛、冠状动脉或其他血管重建术、缺血性卒中、短暂性脑缺血发作和周围血管病变等的一类疾病,其在老年患者中的高发病率、高致残率、高病死率给患者家庭及社会带来了沉重的负担,但其早期预警指标仍处于探索阶段。肌少症是一种老年人的常见疾病,大量研究发现,肌少症可能是ASCVD发病及严重程度的独立危险因素,同时作为共病也可能是ASCVD不良预后的独立预测因素。此外,肌少症与老年ASCVD之间存在共同的发病机制,如炎症、氧化应激及胰岛素抵抗等。该文就肌少症在老年ASCVD发病中的作用进行综述。

, correspAuthors=王庆松, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
王庆松,E-mail:
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陈长,硕士研究生,主要从事心脑血管疾病及其预后方面的研究

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陈长,硕士研究生,主要从事心脑血管疾病及其预后方面的研究

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肌少症在老年动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病发病中的作用研究进展
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陈长 1 , 刘辉 2 , 蔺阳刚 1 , 刘芝兰 3 , 辛佳艳 3 , 王庆松 2, *
解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2021,46(5): 512-517
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解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2021, 46(5): 512-517
肌少症在老年动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病发病中的作用研究进展
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陈长1, 刘辉2, 蔺阳刚1, 刘芝兰3, 辛佳艳3, 王庆松2, *
作者信息
  • 1西南交通大学医学院,成都 610031
  • 2解放军西部战区总医院神经内科,成都 610500
  • 3川北医学院临床医学系,四川 南充 637000
  • 陈长,硕士研究生,主要从事心脑血管疾病及其预后方面的研究

通讯作者:

王庆松,E-mail:
Research progress on the role of sarcopenia in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic cardio-cerebrovascular disease in the elderly
Zhang Chen1, Hui Liu2, Yang-Gang Lin1, Zhi-Lan Liu3, Jia-Yan Xin3, Qing-Song Wang2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Medical College, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
  • 2Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Western Theater Command of PLA, Chengdu 610500, China
  • 3Clinical Department of Medical Science, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China
出版时间: 2021-05-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.05.14
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动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病(ASCVD)是包括急性冠脉综合征、心肌梗死史、稳定或不稳定型心绞痛、冠状动脉或其他血管重建术、缺血性卒中、短暂性脑缺血发作和周围血管病变等的一类疾病,其在老年患者中的高发病率、高致残率、高病死率给患者家庭及社会带来了沉重的负担,但其早期预警指标仍处于探索阶段。肌少症是一种老年人的常见疾病,大量研究发现,肌少症可能是ASCVD发病及严重程度的独立危险因素,同时作为共病也可能是ASCVD不良预后的独立预测因素。此外,肌少症与老年ASCVD之间存在共同的发病机制,如炎症、氧化应激及胰岛素抵抗等。该文就肌少症在老年ASCVD发病中的作用进行综述。

肌少症  /  老年人  /  动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is a kind of disease including acute coronary syndrome(ACS), history of myocardial infarction (MI), stable or unstable angina pectoris (SAP, UAP), coronary artery or other blood vessel revascularization (PCI), ischemic stroke (IS), transient ischemic attack (TIA), peripheral vascular disease (PAD) and so on. It has a high morbidity rate, high disability rate, and high mortality rate in elderly patients, which puts a heavy burden on patients'families and society. But the early warning markers of ASCVD were still in the exploratory stage. Sarcopenia is a common disease in elderly individuals. A large number of studies showed that sarcopenia may be an independent risk factor for the onset and severity of ASCVD. As a comorbidity, at the same time, it may also be an independent predictor of poor prognosis of ASACVD. In addition, sarcopenia and ASCVD in elderly individuals have some common pathogenesis, such as inflammation, oxidative stress and insulin resistance. The role of sarcopenia in the pathogenesis of ASCVD in the elderly is reviewed in present paper.

sarcopenia  /  elderly people  /  atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
陈长, 刘辉, 蔺阳刚, 刘芝兰, 辛佳艳, 王庆松. 肌少症在老年动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病发病中的作用研究进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2021 , 46 (5) : 512 -517 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.05.14
Zhang Chen, Hui Liu, Yang-Gang Lin, Zhi-Lan Liu, Jia-Yan Xin, Qing-Song Wang. Research progress on the role of sarcopenia in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic cardio-cerebrovascular disease in the elderly[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2021 , 46 (5) : 512 -517 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.05.14
冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病、动脉粥样硬化源性脑卒中或短暂性脑缺血发作,以及周围动脉疾病等动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病(atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease,ASCVD)是影响老年群体身心健康的重要疾患[1],同时也是致死、致残[2],以及产生高额医疗费用[3]的直接原因。探究其相关的共病及危险因素、寻找可靠的预后判断标志物已成为当前研究的热点。
肌少症,也称肌肉减少症、肌肉衰减症或肌肉衰减综合征,是一种与年龄增长相关的,以渐进性全身体重及肌肉含量下降、肌肉功能减退为特征的临床综合征,可导致多系统疾病的不良结局[4]。近年来,国内外学者对肌少症在老年ASCVD中发病机制及预后判断中的作用进行了大量研究,初步揭示了肌少症与老年ASCVD早期干预及预后评估等的相关性,对改善患者预后、降低病死率、提高生存质量具有重要意义。本文对上述研究综述如下。
肌少症一词源于希腊,其概念由Irwin Rosenberg于1989年首次公开提出。他将肌少症定义为一种与老化相关的、渐进性的、全身体重及肌肉质量减少的临床综合征[5]。随着研究的深入,Cruz-Jentoft等[6]提出肌少症是一种与年龄增长相关、进行性和全身性骨骼肌质量和功能加速衰退的疾病。比起首次定义中的仅关注肌肉的质量,后一定义中更关注肌肉的功能状态,即肌肉力量、肌肉强度以及身体机能。研究显示,肌肉功能状态往往比单纯的肌肉质量更能预测临床疾病的不良预后[6]
由于肌少症起病隐匿,且与患者的年龄[7]、生活质量以及多种疾病的不良预后息息相关,因此其流行病学调查非常重要。在一项基于社区人口的系统回顾和荟萃分析中,肌少症的总体患病率为9.9%~40.4%,采用不同诊断标准所得的患病率有所不同[8],其中采用欧洲和亚洲肌少症工作组诊断标准的患病率为12.9%(95%CI 9.9%~15.9%);采用国际肌少症工作组标准的患病率为9.9%(95%CI 3.2%~16.6%);采用美国国家卫生研究院基金会诊断标准的患病率为18.6%(95%CI 11.8%~25.5%);采用四肢骨骼肌质量/身高为标准的患病率为30.4%(95%CI 20.4%~40.3%);采用四肢骨骼肌质量/体重为标准的患病率为40.4%(95%CI 19.5%~61.2%);采用四肢骨骼肌指数回归为标准的患病率为30.4%(95%CI 20.4%~40.3%);采用四肢骨骼肌质量/体重指数为标准的患病率为24.2%(95%CI 18.3%~30.1%);而采用其他标准的患病率为18%(95%CI 7.3%~28.8%)[8]。另一项大样本的荟萃分析对不同性别的肌少症患病率进行了总结,结果显示,在社区人群中,男性和女性的肌少症患病率分别为11%(95%CI 8%~13%)和9%(95%CI 7%~11%);在疗养院人群中,男性和女性的患病率分别为51%(95%CI 37%~66%)和31%(95%CI 22%~42%);而在住院患者中,男性和女性的患病率分别为23%(95%CI 15%~30%)和24%(95%CI 14%~35%)[9]
肌少症在老年人群中较为常见。一项大样本的荟萃分析显示:患有心血管疾病、年龄为(65.3±1.6)岁的2051例患者肌少症的患病率为31.4%(95%CI 22.4%~42.1%);与非痴呆对照组相比,痴呆患者肌少症的患病率为(26.4%,95%CI 13.6%~44.8% vs. 8.3%,95%CI 2.8%~21.9%,P=0.002);与非糖尿病对照组相比,糖尿病患者肌少症的患病率为(31.1%,95%CI 19.8%~45.2% vs.16.2%,95%CI 9.5%~26.2%,P<0.001);与非呼吸系统疾病对照组相比,呼吸系统疾病患者肌少症的患病率为(26.8%,95%CI 17.8%~38.1% vs. 13.3%,95%CI 8.3%~20.7%,P<0.001)[10]。因此,开展针对老年群体肌少症的研究,对提升老年患者的生活质量、减轻家庭和社会的负担具有重要意义。
自2010年欧洲肌少症工作组(European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People,EWGSOP)发布第一个肌少症专家共识至今,目前已形成了以欧洲肌少症工作组[11]、亚洲肌少症工作组(Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia,AWGS)[12]等为代表的一系列专家共识,我国的研究者也针对该疾病进行了探讨,并发表了系列专家共识[13-14]
目前最新的肌少症专家共识为2018版EWGSOP共识[15]和2019版AWGS共识[16]。2018版的EWGSOP共识提出病例发现-评估-确诊-严重程度判断(find-assess-confirm-severity,F-A-C-S)的四步临床途径[15]。诊断标准为:在社区医疗机构或临床工作中使用简明肌少症量表,即SARC-F量表(strength, assistance walking, rise from a chair, climb stairs and falls,SARC-F)对病例进行筛选(SARC-F≥4分)。若同时存在肌力低下则可能为肌少症(握力:男性<27 kg,女性<16 kg);如满足低肌力,且肌肉量或质低下者,可确诊为肌少症(四肢骨骼肌质量:男性<20 kg,女性<15 kg;或四肢骨骼肌指数:男性<7.0 kg/m2,女性<5.5 kg/m2);若同时伴有体能低下(步速<0.8 m/s),则应诊断为严重肌少症。
2019版AWGS共识提出,对肌少症的诊断应该分为社区医疗机构和医院两种途径[16]。在社区医疗机构中,使用病例发现-评估-诊断(case finding-assessment-diagnosis,F-A-D)的临床途径对肌少症进行诊断。其诊断步骤及标准为:采用小腿周径(男性<34 cm,女性<33 cm)或SARC-F量表(≥4分)或SARC-CalF量表(strength, assistance walking, rise from a chair, climb stairs, falls and calf,SARC-CalF)(≥11分)初筛病例,然后进行肌肉力量(握力:男性<28 kg,女性<18 kg)或体能(5次椅立实验≥12 s)评估,若评估结果为阳性,则诊断为“可能肌少症”,需进一步入院确诊。在医院中,肌少症诊断的临床途径为病例发现-诊断(case finding-diagnosis,F-D)。其诊断标准为:入院患者如果出现功能减退、不明原因的体重下降、抑郁、认知障碍、反复跌倒、营养不良,以及存在长期慢性疾病状态;或不存在上述临床状态,但小腿周径男性<34 cm、女性<33 cm,或SARC-F量表评分≥4分,或SARC-CalF量表评分≥11分,则可以确诊为肌少症;如存在肌力低下(握力:男性<28 kg,女性<18 kg)、四肢骨骼肌质量下降(双能X线:男性<7.0 kg/m2,女性<5.4 kg/m2;生物电阻抗:男性<7.0 kg/m2,女性<5.7 kg/m2)或体能下降(6米步行试验<1.0 m/s;5次椅立实验≥12 s;简易体能状况量表评分≤9分)中的一项,则诊断为肌少症,如果三项同时存在则为严重肌少症。
相比于EWGSOP共识,2019版AWGS共识主要有两处不同。首先,EWGSOP共识认为不论使用何种检测手段对肌肉质量进行检测,其截止点均为四肢骨骼肌质量男性<20 kg、女性<15 kg或四肢骨骼肌指数男性<7.0 kg/m2、女性<5.5 kg/m2。而AWGS共识则认为对于肌肉质量的检测,不同测量方式的诊断指标应该有所区别:如使用双能X线评估,截止点为男性<7.0 kg/m2、女性<5.4 kg/m2;如使用生物电阻抗评估,截止点为男性<7.0 kg/m2、女性<5.7 kg/m2。除此以外,AWGS还引入了“可能存在肌少症”这一概念对社区筛查发现的低握力人群进行定义[15-16]
肌少症与老年冠心病的发病、预后之间存在明显关联,是老年冠心病发病和预后不良的独立危险因素,同时也是冠心病患者动脉硬化的相关危险因素以及经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)不良结局的预测指标。
Santana等[17]纳入99例平均年龄为71.6岁的急性心肌梗死患者,参考EWGSOP的诊断指标进行了肌少症的诊断和评估,结果显示肌少症的患病率为64.6%(64/99),高于一般人群的患病率,且男性患者肌少症患病率远高于女性患者[77.6%(38/49) vs.52.0%(26/50),P=0.017],同时肌少症与溶栓相关的心肌梗死评分有关(P=0.002)。
Sato等[18]对378例ST段抬高的急性心肌梗死的患者使用双能X线评估其骨骼肌质量,并将全因死亡、非致命性心肌梗死、非致命性缺血性卒中、充血性心力衰竭住院和计划外血运重建作为终点事件进行长期随访,在校正相关危险因素后,低四肢骨骼肌指数仍与原发性复合事件的高风险独立相关(HR=2.06,95%CI 1.01~4.19,P=0.04)。Zhang等[19]采用AWGS共识对354例65岁以上的老年冠心病患者进行肌少症评估,发现其中肌少症患者占22.6%(78/354),随访发现,合并肌少症的老年冠心病患者非计划性回访明显多于非肌少症患者(34.2%vs. 21.8%,χ2=4.418,P=0.036),未发生不良心脑血管事件的时间明显短于非肌少症患者(χ2=4.102,P=0.043)。
Kang等[20]纳入了475例成功接受PCI的老年冠心病患者,通过测量第一腰椎(L1)的骨骼肌横截面积来对其进行肌少症评估,探讨在PCI治疗成功的冠心病患者中,低骨骼肌质量对远期预后的影响,结果显示29.7%(141/475)的患者存在低L1骨骼肌指数(skeletal muscle index,SMI),低L1 SMI是全因死亡率(HR=4.07,95%CI 1.95~8.45,P<0.001)和主要不良心血管事件(HR=3.76,95%CI 2.27~6.23,P<0.001)的独立预测因子,CT诊断肌少症是行PCI的冠心病患者不良结局的有力预测指标。
Uchida等[21]就肌少症与动脉硬化之间的关系进行了研究,对321例缺血性心脏病患者应用超声测量颈动脉内膜中层厚度(intima-media thickness,IMT)判断动脉硬化情况,以肌肉的功能指标作为肌少症的判断标准,并依据颈动脉IMT将其分为高(IMT≤2.6 mm)、低(MT>2.6 mm)两组。结果显示,与低组相比,高组的步速[(0.97±0.26) m/s vs. (1.10±0.28) m/s,P<0.05)、股四头肌等长收缩力[(37.8%±13.6%) BW vs. (42.8%±14.8%) BW,P<0.05)和握力[(22.9±7.3) kg vs. (24.6±7.2) kg,P<0.05]均显著降低。ROC曲线分析显示,步速AUC为0.649(95%CI 0.587~0.707,P<0.05),股四头肌等长收缩力AUC为0.596(95%CI 0.533~0.657,P<0.05),握力AUC为0.559(95%CI 0.495~0.620,P=0.07),由此可见,缺血性心脏病患者的下肢肌肉功能指标(步速)和股四头肌等长收缩力与动脉硬化之间显著相关,而握力与其没有相关性。
肌少症与外周动脉疾病(peripheral arterial disease,PAD)的发病及预后存在一定的相关性。PAD患者罹患肌少症的风险较一般人群显著上升,同时肌少症也是PAD严重程度及预后不良的有力预测指标。
Addison等[22]分析了老年PAD男性人群中肌少症的患病率,以及肌少症对PAD患者功能状态的影响。结果发现,肌少症在PAD患者中的总患病率为25%(28/104),PAD组肌少症的患病率明显高于正常对照组(23.8% vs. 2.4%,P<0.05),此外在PAD患者中相对于非肌少症组,肌少症组的6分钟步行距离明显缩短[(326±18.8) m vs. (380±9.7) m,P<0.05],而跛行恢复时间明显延长[(592±98) s vs.(395±29) s,P<0.05],男性PAD患者肌少症的患病率较一般人群高,同时患有肌少症和PAD的患者活动功能较仅患有PAD的患者显著下降。
一项来自荷兰的研究采用EWGSOP诊断标准中的建议,使用第三腰椎(L3)水平肌肉厚度对50例Ⅱb期和50例Ⅳ期外周动脉闭塞性疾病患者进行肌少症诊断,评估了其外周动脉闭塞的严重程度,并对患者的下肢骨骼肌指数进行计算。结果显示,与非肌少症患者相比,肌少症患者的下肢骨骼肌指数显著下降,且与Ⅱb期患者相比,Ⅳ期患者的下肢骨骼肌指数更低,肌少症的严重程度与外周动脉闭塞性疾病的严重程度显著相关[23]
Tian等[24]探究了透析患者中肥胖性肌少症对外周动脉疾病患病率的影响,结果显示在透析患者中,肥胖性肌少症患者罹患PAD的风险更高(29.5%vs. 12.5%,P=0.070),肥胖性肌少症是PAD的独立危险因素(β=4.53,P=0.010)。此外,一项来自美国的研究发现,血管疾病患者的握力与肌少症显著相关(R2=49%,P<0.0001),而在腹主动脉瘤、颈动脉狭窄和PAD患者中,PAD患者调整后腰大肌直径最小二乘平均估计值最低[(25.5±1.1) cm2 vs.(26.7±2.0) cm2 vs. (22.7±0.8) cm2],更可能合并肌少症[25]
肌少症是脑血管疾病的独立危险因素。但有研究发现,脑血管疾病同时也是肌少症发病的独立危险因素,脑血管疾病患者中肌少症的患病率显著上升,肌少症与脑血管疾病患者的疾病严重程度及不良预后显著相关。
Springer等[26]对急性大脑缺血模型小鼠进行研究发现,与正常对照组相比,实验组小鼠的体重降低,主要为肌肉和脂肪组织的丢失(r=0.67,P=0.0065),且其体内分解代谢信号转导通路蛋白酶体活性显著增高(r=–0.78,P=0.0006),提示卒中后肌肉组织的分解代谢途径被激活,卒中后可能存在一种特异性的肌少症。
Ryan等[27]对卒中后6个月的190例患者进行队列研究发现,在调整了性别、年龄和种族等危险因素后,卒中组肌少症患病率明显高于非卒中对照组(13.2% vs. 5.3%,P<0.0001)。Nozoe等[28]使用SARC-F量表和美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS)对183例卒中患者进行评估,结果显示,患有肌少症的患者卒中严重程度更重(4±7 vs. 2±3,P=0.002),调整相关危险因素后,卒中前肌少症可以预测老年中、重度急性卒中(OR=3.54,95%CI 1.32~9.49,P=0.01)。
日本的一项研究纳入了267例卒中康复患者,其中 48.3%(129/267)被确诊为肌少症,多元回归分析显示,卒中相关肌少症是男性患者康复后日常生活活动能力的一个预测指标(β=–4.957,95%CI–9.902~–0.012)[29]
Nozoe等[30]使用SARC-F量表以及改良Rankin评分对152例脑卒中患者进行了评估,发现肌少症组不良功能预后发生率明显高于非肌少症组(50%vs. 12%,P<0.001),在调整相关危险因素后卒中前肌少症是卒中后3个月功能预后的独立预测因子(OR=7.39,95%CI 1.47~37.21,P=0.02)。
肌少症与ASCVD共同的病理生理机制目前仍不明确。研究提示,炎症、氧化应激、胰岛素抵抗等机制可能同时参与了老年ASCVD与肌少症的发生与发展过程[6,31-32]
研究提示,长期的全身慢性炎症似乎参与了老年ASCVD与肌少症的全程[33-34]。衰老作为一项独立的危险因素,在细胞水平上由细胞衰老引起促炎表型(senescence associated secretory phenotype,SASP),产生促炎因子介导动脉粥样硬化性疾病的发生发展。SASP是慢性炎症引发粥样斑块不稳定的关键因素之一,也是促成动脉粥样硬化的发病机制之一[33],同时也是心肌梗死和心血管病患者死亡的独立危险因素[35]。IL-6作为炎症反应的上游因子,既反映了全身的炎症水平,又能提示全身分解代谢的水平,促进下游的炎症反应[36]。有研究证实,老年患者中IL-6信号通路的长期激活与其动脉硬化的程度显著相关[37],选择性地抑制IL-6信号通路,降低全身炎症水平可显著降低心血管事件的发生率[38]。随着年龄的增大,体内脂肪组织含量往往会增加,游离胆固醇、脂肪酸等的水平升高,可诱导M2型巨噬细胞向促炎的M1型转化,产生促炎因子如IL-6等,从而诱导全身慢性炎症水平的上升[39]。有研究发现,IL-6水平与肌少症的发生独立相关[40]。也有研究表明,炎症会激活机体的分解代谢途径,促进肌肉蛋白的水解,导致蛋白质合成和分解代谢失衡,促使肌少症的发生[41]
在衰老过程中,由于呼吸链功能的改变,机体会产生大量的活性氧自由基(reactive oxygen species,ROS),而抗氧化细胞的防御功能受损,使生成的ROS无法及时清除,在机体内堆积,导致机体处于氧化应激状态[42]。机体的氧化应激水平升高会导致多种心脑血管疾病如高血压、动脉粥样硬化、心肌梗死、心力衰竭、心律失常等[43],其原因主要有以下几个方面:(1)体内ROS增多导致NO有效性降低,引起血管收缩,促进动脉血压升高;(2)ROS会对心肌钙处理产生负面影响,导致心律失常,并诱导心肌肥大相关信号的传导和细胞凋亡,促进心脏重构;(3)ROS被证实可以促进动脉粥样硬化斑块的形成;(4)ROS可导致心血管疾病患者血管内皮功能障碍,引起不良心血管事件[44-46]。氧化应激是多种年龄相关性疾病的共同机制,随着年龄增长机体抗氧化能力显著下降,体内ROS堆积会影响蛋白的硝化、亚硝化、羰基化以及糖化反应,从而影响肌肉蛋白的合成,同时ROS还会介导增强肌肉蛋白的水解,导致肌少症的发生[47]。此外,肥胖的肌少症患者循环氧化应激水平显著上升,且与其心血管疾病风险显著相关[48]
近年来,代谢相关因素受到广泛关注,胰岛素抵抗是其中最具代表性的通路,而且似乎与肌少症及老年ASCVD存在一定的相关性。大量研究提供了可靠的临床证据,提示在老年ASCVD患者中,胰岛素抵抗是社区人群及1型、2型糖尿病患者独立于其他危险因素的主要心血管危险因素[49]。在缺血性卒中患者中,胰岛素抵抗与其功能预后不良独立相关[50]。当机体出现胰岛素抵抗时,一方面胰岛素分泌减少,体内的葡萄糖稳态破坏,导致葡萄糖利用障碍,而肌肉是人体吸收和利用葡萄糖的重要器官,故肌肉的能量供给显著下调;另一方面,四肢骨骼肌的分解代谢显著上升,同时肌肉小血管的功能出现障碍,显著影响骨骼肌的功能和状态,从而导致骨骼肌含量下降,发生肌少症[51-53]
老年ASCVD已成为世界人口全因死亡的第一位原因[1-2],由其带来的疾病负担日益加重。肌少症作为一种被全新认知的疾病,亟待更多的基础和临床研究探寻其危险因素、发病机制及干预措施。目前对于肌少症与老年ASCVD的关系,其机制尚未能形成统一结论。但根据现有研究可以确定的是,肌少症与老年ASCVD的发病存在诸多相似的病理生理机制,且与老年ASCVD的不良预后存在一定的相关性。因此,有必要关注二者共同的发病途径,并开展系统性、基础性及大样本的临床研究,寻找可靠的生物标志物,从而为老年ASCVD的预测、诊断以及早期干预提供新的思路。
  • 四川省卫生和计划生育委员会科研课题(16PJ014)
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2021年第46卷第5期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.05.14
  • 接收时间:2020-07-07
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2021-05-28
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  • 收稿日期:2020-07-07
  • 修回日期:2021-03-28
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Research Project of Health and Family Planning Commission of Sichuan Province(16PJ014)
四川省卫生和计划生育委员会科研课题(16PJ014)
作者信息
    1西南交通大学医学院,成都 610031
    2解放军西部战区总医院神经内科,成都 610500
    3川北医学院临床医学系,四川 南充 637000

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王庆松,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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