Article(id=1210676785893733199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1210676785113600955, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.05.13, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1615737600000, receivedDateStr=2021-03-15, revisedDate=1618329600000, revisedDateStr=2021-04-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766577439043, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1622131200000, pubDateStr=2021-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766577439043, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766577439043, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766577439043, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210676785113600955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2021', volume='46', issue='5', pageStart='425', pageEnd='530', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1766577438858, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766718730270, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1211269404306838321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1210676785113600955, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1211269404306838322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1210676785113600955, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=504, endPage=511, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210676786178945873, articleId=1210676785893733199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Advances in the research of recombinase polymerase amplification technology, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 has made nucleic acid detection widely known. Fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique is the most commonly used nucleic acid detection method in this epidemic control. However, its requirements on operators, instruments and sites limited its application in some scenarios with lower resources or outside laboratories. Isothermal amplification technology, especially recombinase polymerase amplification(RPA) technology, has the advantages of mild reaction conditions, high sensitivity, excellent specificity and short reaction time, which let it has a good application prospect in the rapid detection of a variety of pathogenic microorganisms. In this paper, the development and application of RPA technology are reviewed and summarized to provide a reference for the further research and promotion of this technology.

, correspAuthors=Chang-Guo Chen, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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新冠疫情的暴发使核酸检测家喻户晓,荧光定量聚合酶链反应(PCR)技术是此次防疫使用最多的核酸检测方法,但因对操作人员、仪器及场地的要求较高限制了其在某些资源匮乏或者实验室外场景的应用。恒温扩增技术特别是重组酶聚合酶扩增(RPA)技术具有反应条件温和、灵敏度高、特异性好、反应时间短等优点,在多种病原微生物的快速检测中具有较好的应用前景。该文对RPA技术的发展及应用进行回顾与总结,以期为该技术的深入研究及推广提供参考。

, correspAuthors=陈昌国, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
陈昌国,E-mail:
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王亚楠,硕士研究生,主要从事病原菌快速检测方面的研究

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王亚楠,硕士研究生,主要从事病原菌快速检测方面的研究

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Analyst, 2020, 145(2): 440-444., articleTitle=Recombinase assisted loop-mediated isothermal DNA amplification, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1210676789593109415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1210676785893733199, awardId=BHJ14J005, language=EN, fundingSource=Key Research Topic of Military Logistics(BHJ14J005), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1210676789693772717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1210676785893733199, awardId=BHJ14J005, language=CN, fundingSource=军队后勤科研重点课题(BHJ14J005), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1210676786921337693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1210676785893733199, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210676786929726302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1210676785893733199, companyId=1210676786921337693, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Academy of Medical Laboratory, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei 075000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210676786938114911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1210676785893733199, companyId=1210676786921337693, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1河北北方学院医学检验学院,河北 张家口 075000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1210676786992640866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1210676785893733199, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210676787001029475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1210676785893733199, companyId=1210676786992640866, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, the Sixth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210676787009418083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1210676785893733199, companyId=1210676786992640866, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2解放军总医院第六医学中心检验科,北京 100048)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1210676788913632148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1210676785893733199, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Principles of recombinase polymerase amplification, figureFileSmall=iGpSBN2OtEAIZo1tBu8Mmg==, figureFileBig=KbhwwFkcX6jQ++ux3Yfk6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210676789005906838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1210676785893733199, language=CN, label=图1, caption=重组酶聚合酶扩增技术原理, figureFileSmall=iGpSBN2OtEAIZo1tBu8Mmg==, figureFileBig=KbhwwFkcX6jQ++ux3Yfk6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210676789207233434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1210676785893733199, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Characteristics of different techniques for nucleic acid isothermal amplification

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
反应条件LAMPSDARCAHDATASNASBATMARPA
模板DNADNADNA/RNADNARNADNA/RNARNADNA/RNA
引物数量4~64122222
酶数量12223322
最适反应温度(℃)60~6537~403760~65374141.537~42
反应时间(min)6060~12060~24075~903060~18030~6020~40
是否需要热变形
), ArticleFig(id=1210676789278536604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1210676785893733199, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同核酸恒温扩增技术的特点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
反应条件LAMPSDARCAHDATASNASBATMARPA
模板DNADNADNA/RNADNARNADNA/RNARNADNA/RNA
引物数量4~64122222
酶数量12223322
最适反应温度(℃)60~6537~403760~65374141.537~42
反应时间(min)6060~12060~24075~903060~18030~6020~40
是否需要热变形
), ArticleFig(id=1210676789375005599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1210676785893733199, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Merits and demerits of different techniques for nucleic acid isothermal amplification

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
扩增技术优点缺点
LAMP引物对目标序列有高度选择性,特异性高;扩增结果可通过肉眼判断引物设计复杂;易产生非特异性扩增,且不易鉴别
SDA反应温度温和,可快速获得单链DNA扩增前需加热变性打开双链;产物不均一;不适用于基因工程
RCA只需一条引物即可对模板进行指数扩增仅限于具有环状结构的病毒、质粒及染色体的扩增
HDA反应体系易获得;反应条件恒温;操作步骤简单反应效率受解旋酶活性的影响;靶序列超过400 bp可显著影响扩增效率
TAS扩增效率高,以10的指数方式扩增;特异性高,只需6次循环,错掺率低循环过程需重复加酶,操作复杂
NASBA检测RNA病毒时不受模板中DNA的干扰检测成本高;不适合大样本检测;目前处于研究阶段
TMA反应在一个试管内完成,可减少污染主要用于RNA检测,适用范围有限
RPA反应条件温和;反应时间短;灵敏度高;特异性高;扩增产物检测方法多样新兴技术,研究不成熟,有待临床进一步检验
), ArticleFig(id=1210676789467280290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1210676785893733199, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同核酸恒温扩增技术的优缺点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
扩增技术优点缺点
LAMP引物对目标序列有高度选择性,特异性高;扩增结果可通过肉眼判断引物设计复杂;易产生非特异性扩增,且不易鉴别
SDA反应温度温和,可快速获得单链DNA扩增前需加热变性打开双链;产物不均一;不适用于基因工程
RCA只需一条引物即可对模板进行指数扩增仅限于具有环状结构的病毒、质粒及染色体的扩增
HDA反应体系易获得;反应条件恒温;操作步骤简单反应效率受解旋酶活性的影响;靶序列超过400 bp可显著影响扩增效率
TAS扩增效率高,以10的指数方式扩增;特异性高,只需6次循环,错掺率低循环过程需重复加酶,操作复杂
NASBA检测RNA病毒时不受模板中DNA的干扰检测成本高;不适合大样本检测;目前处于研究阶段
TMA反应在一个试管内完成,可减少污染主要用于RNA检测,适用范围有限
RPA反应条件温和;反应时间短;灵敏度高;特异性高;扩增产物检测方法多样新兴技术,研究不成熟,有待临床进一步检验
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重组酶聚合酶扩增技术研究进展
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王亚楠 1, 2 , 陈昌国 2, *
解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2021,46(5): 504-511
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解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2021, 46(5): 504-511
重组酶聚合酶扩增技术研究进展
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王亚楠1, 2, 陈昌国2, *
作者信息
  • 1河北北方学院医学检验学院,河北 张家口 075000
  • 2解放军总医院第六医学中心检验科,北京 100048
  • 王亚楠,硕士研究生,主要从事病原菌快速检测方面的研究

通讯作者:

陈昌国,E-mail:
Advances in the research of recombinase polymerase amplification technology
Ya-Nan Wang1, 2, Chang-Guo Chen2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Academy of Medical Laboratory, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei 075000, China
  • 2Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, the Sixth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
出版时间: 2021-05-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.05.13
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新冠疫情的暴发使核酸检测家喻户晓,荧光定量聚合酶链反应(PCR)技术是此次防疫使用最多的核酸检测方法,但因对操作人员、仪器及场地的要求较高限制了其在某些资源匮乏或者实验室外场景的应用。恒温扩增技术特别是重组酶聚合酶扩增(RPA)技术具有反应条件温和、灵敏度高、特异性好、反应时间短等优点,在多种病原微生物的快速检测中具有较好的应用前景。该文对RPA技术的发展及应用进行回顾与总结,以期为该技术的深入研究及推广提供参考。

恒温扩增技术  /  重组酶聚合酶扩增技术  /  现场检测  /  防疫防控

The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 has made nucleic acid detection widely known. Fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique is the most commonly used nucleic acid detection method in this epidemic control. However, its requirements on operators, instruments and sites limited its application in some scenarios with lower resources or outside laboratories. Isothermal amplification technology, especially recombinase polymerase amplification(RPA) technology, has the advantages of mild reaction conditions, high sensitivity, excellent specificity and short reaction time, which let it has a good application prospect in the rapid detection of a variety of pathogenic microorganisms. In this paper, the development and application of RPA technology are reviewed and summarized to provide a reference for the further research and promotion of this technology.

isothermal amplification techniques  /  recombinase polymerase amplification  /  site inspection  /  epidemic prevention and control
王亚楠, 陈昌国. 重组酶聚合酶扩增技术研究进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2021 , 46 (5) : 504 -511 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.05.13
Ya-Nan Wang, Chang-Guo Chen. Advances in the research of recombinase polymerase amplification technology[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2021 , 46 (5) : 504 -511 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.05.13
自聚合酶链反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)技术发明以来,分子检测技术被广泛应用于疾病诊断、个体化诊疗、遗传分析等领域[1-3]。目前一代PCR、荧光定量PCR及新兴的数字PCR技术均需要专用仪器的支持以完成检测,在一些没有专用仪器的场景不能很好地发挥核酸检测的作用。20世纪90年代初,有学者尝试研发不依赖于复杂升降温仪器的核酸恒温扩增技术,其简化的扩增条件在很大程度上降低了对复杂仪器的依赖,为资源匮乏地区及实验室外的现场检测提供了新的技术手段。作为核酸恒温扩增的重要一员,重组酶聚合酶扩增(recombinase polymerase amplification,RPA)技术曾被认为可替代PCR技术。本文就RPA的相关研究进展进行综述。
目前已研发出的核酸恒温扩增技术有环介导恒温扩增(loop-mediated isothermal amplification,LAMP)、链替代扩增(strand displacement amplification,SDA)、滚环扩增(rolling circle amplification,RCA)、依赖解旋酶的恒温基因扩增(helicase-dependent isothermal DNA amplification,HDA)、转录依赖的扩增系统(transcription-based amplification system,TAS)、依赖核酸序列的扩增(nuclear acid sequence-based amplification,NASBA)、转录介导的扩增(transcription mediated amplification,TMA)、RPA等。不同核酸扩增技术的特点及优缺点如表12所示。
RPA由英国TwistDx Inc公司于2006年成功开发[4]。虽然RPA恒温扩增法创立较晚,但其发展速度较快。与其他恒温扩增技术相比,RPA可在23~45℃条件下进行扩增反应,最适温度为37~42℃,不需要热变性,在常温下即可完成扩增过程,核酸扩增速度较快,可在20 min内获得目的扩增产物,并且不需要温控设备,可真正实现便携式快速核酸检测。RPA因其使用相对简单,与其他恒温扩增方法相比具有更高的敏感性、特异性以及不需要起始加热、可以使用多重引物等特点被广泛应用。
RPA技术主要依赖于能结合单链核酸(寡核苷酸引物)的T4噬菌体来源的重组酶T4 UvsX、单链结合蛋白(single-stranded binding protein,SSB)和链置换DNA聚合酶等,以上三种物质的混合物在常温下均有活性,最佳反应温度为37℃左右。如图1所示,重组酶在ATP的参与和定位因子(T4 UvsY)的帮助下与扩增引物结合形成重组酶引物复合体,并在双链DNA中寻找同源序列,一旦定位到同源序列,重组酶引物复合体会插入双链DNA形成D-环结构,启动链置换反应,SSB蛋白与解开的DNA链结合防止进一步被置换。同时,重组酶从重组酶引物复合体中被水解,3'端引物暴露并与DNA聚合酶结合,DNA开始复制延伸,最终两条母链分离,形成两条新的互补双链DNA,实现对模板上的目标区域进行指数式扩增。
在整个过程中,重组酶引物复合体的形成是影响D-环结构形成速率的关键[5],在重组酶完全包覆引物但尚未与双链DNA结合时D-环结构形成速率最高[6]。SSB蛋白和T4 UvsY(连同ATP)是T4 UvsX蛋白和链置换反应发生的必备条件[6-8],然而,当这两种蛋白同时存在时,T4 UvsX蛋白的浓度需要比仅存在其中一种时更高[5,9-10]。当T4 UvsX蛋白降解时,SSB蛋白可刺激链置换反应的发生[9],而T4 UvsY蛋白可防止SSB蛋白与T4 UvsX蛋白对引物结合位点的相互竞争,避免SSB蛋白在起始就与引物结合。当引物浓度降低时,SSB蛋白抑制T4 UvsX蛋白的链置换活性;T4 UvsY蛋白增多时,可能侵入SSB蛋白包覆的引物中,促进T4 UvsX蛋白与引物结合,从而取代引物上的SSB蛋白[11]
引物设计是核酸扩增反应的重要一环。然而,目前尚无专门的软件用于RPA引物设计。通常情况下,RPA使用的引物较PCR引物长,设计引物时长度最少30个碱基,32~35个碱基的引物最为常用。有研究报道,普通PCR引物可用于RPA扩增并获得有效的扩增产物,但大于45个碱基的较长引物由于易形成引物二聚体或发夹结构影响扩增效率而不推荐使用[12]。与PCR引物设计的原则相同,设计RPA引物时亦要避免大量的回文结构及过高或过低的G、C含量(<30%或>70%),引物5'端避免出现多个G,3'端应尽量含有G、C。RPA反应扩增靶序列长度一般在80~400 bp,最长可扩增1.5 kb的长序列,以100~200 bp靶序列的扩增效果最佳[13]
在进行RPA实时检测(RT-RPA)时,可使用exo探针或fpg探针。前者是含有46~52个碱基的长寡核苷酸,在荧光基团和淬灭剂之间有碱基被四氢呋喃(tetrahydrofuran,THF)替代且呈结合状态,当探针与靶序列结合时,该位点被裂解,荧光基团与淬灭剂分离使得荧光信号释放,5~10 min即可检测到阳性荧光信号。此外,被裂解的exo探针产生的游离3'端可作为一个正向引物被聚合酶延长[14]。与exo探针相比,fpg探针更短,长度为32~35个碱基,其淬灭剂在5'端,荧光基团位于淬灭剂5~6个碱基之后,是通过C-O-C键连接的脱氧核糖(deoxyribose,dR)荧光基团。fpg是一种8-羟基DNA糖苷酶,可识别并裂解dR荧光基团,但其生成的游离3'端不可作为引物被聚合酶延长。在进行RPA侧流层析(RPA-LF)检测时,通常使用nfo探针,该探针与exo探针识别位点(THF)相同,产生的信号低且切割不完全,避免了扩增产物的降解,且其裂解后产生的游离3'端可作为引物被延长;该探针也可用于凝胶电泳检测。研究发现,与nfo探针相比,exo探针具有更高的灵敏度,但会导致核酸外切酶降解DNA,故不能用于琼脂糖凝胶电泳[15]
适宜的反应温度是实验成功的关键因素之一。RPA反应的推荐温度为37~42℃[12],有研究显示其最大反应温度范围可在15~50℃,而得到阳性扩增结果的反应温度一般均大于30℃[16],少数学者在25℃时利用RPA扩增技术与侧流层析试纸条(recombinase polymerase amplification-lateral flow dipstick,RPA-LFD)结合的方法得到了阳性结果[17]。由于没有复杂温控模块的存在,环境温度的变化可影响RPA的扩增效果,当周围环境温度不稳定时,可适当延长反应时间以提高检出率[18]
除温度的影响外,RPA较小的反应体系中含有多种酶和引物,从而导致整个反应体系较为黏稠,特别是试剂混合后黏滞性增加可影响低拷贝靶序列的扩增效率,有学者建议在RPA反应开始时即对反应体系进行搅拌混匀以加快RPA反应速率和提高反应灵敏度。如果反应混合条件有限,也可将反应液的总体积减少至5 μl,以省去混合步骤,较小的体积可增强扩增时试剂与寡核苷酸的相互作用,从而提高反应效率[19]
成功的RPA反应除需要考虑引物与探针设计的内在影响,还需要考虑外部温度、体系混匀的控制及对错配、抑制剂和背景DNA的耐受性。有研究发现,错配发生在引物5'端或中心时对RPA反应影响轻微,但当错配发生在引物3'端时对RPA反应影响明显[20]。这与RPA反应的机制有关,如上所述,RPA反应从引物3'端开始复制扩增,因此可利用3'端的错配敏感性鉴别单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)。一般认为,除引物3'端外,RPA错配耐受性是有利的,对于高度多态性的靶标,可使引物设计具有一定的灵活性;相反,这种错配耐受性也会造成相似物种间的非特异性扩增,从而影响检测结果的准确性。
在样品制备和处理过程中会出现或引入一些类似抑制剂作用的物质而干扰核酸的正常扩增。有研究证实,RPA反应可在部分抑制剂存在的情况下进行:20 g/L血红蛋白、0.5 U肝素以及1.25%尿液不会影响RPA反应;50 g/L血红蛋白、4%(V/V)乙醇、5%尿液对RPA反应仅有轻微影响;0.05%(V/V)十二烷基磺酸钠(sodium dodecyl sulfate,SDS)、10%尿液可完全抑制RPA反应[21-23]。DNA模板浓度与抑制剂的抑制作用呈负相关,当DNA模板用量为10 pg时,抑制剂的抑制作用会减轻,而当DNA模板浓度降低至接近检测限时,抑制剂对RPA反应的抑制作用更明显[21-23]。培养介质的使用也会在制备样本时引入影响因素,当使用亚硒酸胱氨酸肉汤作为增菌液时,大量的引物二聚体可导致RPA-LFD检测结果呈假阳性[24]。在常规抑制剂的存在下,RPA反应通常具有较好的稳定性,这有利于粗提样品的扩增,是使用普通PCR方法较难实现的。
除可耐受抑制剂,RPA还能够在背景DNA存在的情况下扩增目标核酸,与对抑制剂的耐受性类似,RPA对背景DNA的耐受性也呈浓度依赖性。Clancy等[25]发现,当背景DNA含量为400 ng时,RPA反应受到明显抑制;当背景DNA含量降低至200 ng时,RPA反应受到的抑制作用随之减轻。另外,Rohrman等[26]指出,RPA反应体系中所使用的引物、探针以及靶序列的选择均可影响其自身对背景DNA的耐受。
PCR的检测方法也可用于RPA,如实时荧光检测、侧向层析和凝胶电泳。RPA反应的结果可根据使用探针的不同,采用不同的方法读取。传统的TaqMan探针不能用于实时RPA检测,PCR Taq聚合酶也不可与扩增系统共存。Taq聚合酶的5'→3'核酸外切酶活性在链置换过程中可逐渐消化置换链,从而抑制DNA的扩增,因此RT-RPA常选用exo探针和fpg探针。侧向层析法大多以nfo探针和金纳米作为示踪剂直接使用扩增后产物进行夹心检测,但建议在进行条带检测前用缓冲液稀释扩增产物以避免产生虚带。使用凝胶电泳检测RPA结果时,由于试剂及蛋白易形成复合物,影响电泳条带的迁移,可选用加热(65℃下10 min)变性、去垢剂(SDS)处理、酶(蛋白酶K)消化、高速离心沉淀蛋白等方法消除影响[27-28]。与实时荧光检测相比,层析检测的成本较低,更适用于资源匮乏地区。
除以上常用方法外,桥联絮凝分析、比色反应、电化学转导、电化学生物传感器、硅微环谐振器(SMR)光子检测和表面增强拉曼散射(SERS)检测等方法也可与RPA结合以实现快速检测。桥联絮凝分析法是一种无需设备、只需裸眼观察即可得出结果的方法,更适用于低资源配置地区。该方法依赖于羧基官能化磁珠的可逆絮凝,絮凝程度主要取决于盐浓度、pH值以及DNA的长度(最小为100 bp)。在扩增产物中加入纳米磁珠后呈现絮凝状态,经过乙醇洗脱后,在低pH的缓冲液中,磁珠溶液可再次呈现悬浮状态,如果磁珠溶液仍处于絮凝状态,则可判断结果为阳性[29]。RPA反应可通过比色反应进行终点判读,生物素修饰的引物或脱氧核苷酸(dNTPs)均可用于产生被标记的扩增产物,随后加入辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)、四甲基联苯胺(TMB)、过氧化氢酶即可产生颜色变化,其强度与扩增子浓度呈比例关系。利用电化学转导检测RPA扩增产物的方法是通过捕获由酶标探针和表面固定互补探针所产生的扩增子的单链DNA来进行检测[30],也可用经磁珠和金纳米颗粒分别标记的正向引物和反向引物进行扩增,应用磁铁将该双标记产物捕获到工作电极,利用析氢反应可检测金纳米颗粒,进一步检测扩增产物[31]。另外,RPA联合电化学生物传感器可检测植物病原体,用修饰引物产生一端含生物素、另一端含寡核苷酸的扩增产物,然后与探针互补的且标记AuNPs-DNA的序列杂交,用磁珠纯化扩增子,除去多余试剂,加热变性扩增产物,使AuNPs释放于溶液中,用差分脉冲伏安法测定AuNPs的含量[32],其含量与扩增产物呈正比。RPA反应还可利用SMR光子检测,核酸在逐渐衰减的谐振器波导中以不对称方式进行扩增,核酸与引物结合诱导了波导表面近端折射率的变化,随着核酸不断扩增,波长偏移可在SMR上实时监测到[33]。由于每个波长的偏移都是在单独的硅微环上检测的,与多重实时荧光检测相比,该方法减轻了荧光基团光谱重叠造成的信号干扰。该方法无需标记荧光,敏感性较高,可作为实时荧光检测的替代方法。SERS已被用于RPA扩增产物的检测,其原理是纳米级金属表面被激光激发时,由于共振驱动表面电荷运动,产生一个高度局部化光场,当分子靠近该增强场时,拉曼信号明显增强。SERS灵敏度较高,Lau等[34]使用该方法检测三种植物病原菌并证实其敏感性分别是RPA琼脂凝胶电泳和PCR琼脂凝胶电泳的100倍和1000倍。
RPA技术可用于不同种类的目标生物检测,如细菌、真菌、病毒、原生动物等的双链DNA、单链DNA、甲基化DNA以及通过RNA或miRNA反转录产生的cDNA等核酸样本。
由于传统的细菌培养费时费力且易被杂菌污染,RPA技术在细菌检测方面显示出极大优势。大肠埃希菌是人体肠道中的正常菌群,但当人类误食被病原菌污染的食物时,会引发严重的肠炎及腹泻,刘婧文等[35]利用exo探针使用RT-RPA在37℃下于20 min内完成了对大肠埃希菌的定性,但前期需进行9 h的增菌,与传统的增菌培养法相比,检测时间大幅缩短,且最低检测限可达0.01 ng/μl,为临床快速诊断提供了技术支持。单核细胞增生李斯特菌是一种人畜共患病原菌,主要感染免疫力低下的人与动物群体,周红蕾等[36]使用优化后的RPA反应体系,在42℃下于15 min内应用琼脂糖凝胶电泳检出该病原菌,其基因组DNA和菌液的最低检测限分别为3×102拷贝/μl和103 cfu/ml,且对人工污染该菌的样本使用RPA与qPCR检测,结果一致。此外,其他常见细菌如幽门螺杆菌[37]、链球菌[38]等的RPA检测皆有报道。霍乱在我国被列为甲类传染病,致病菌为霍乱弧菌,由于饮食习惯,我国南方每年都须进行霍乱防控,并需对水生生物进行卫生防疫。蒋丽婷等[39]利用RT-RPA技术建立了一种快速检测霍乱弧菌的方法,其灵敏度达到0.1 ng/μl,与RT-PCR相当,该结果与传统增菌法检测结果完全一致。柱状黄杆菌是一种可引起众多淡水鱼发生严重疾病的病原菌,虽然已经建立了多种检测方法,但仍需开发一种适用于现场检测的技术。Mabrok等[40]运用RPA-LFD方法在37℃下扩增30 min检测到柱状黄杆菌,比传统PCR技术速度快4倍。小麦全蚀病菌感染是小麦低产的重要因素,严重时可导致小麦大面积死亡。鞠玉亮等[41]使用RPA-LFD技术建立了一种可快速检测小麦全蚀病菌的方法,其基因组DNA的检出限为10 pg/μl,这对小麦全蚀病的早期预防有重要意义。RPA技术在真菌检测方面也有突破,如Meng等[42]比较了PCR、RT-PCR、RT-RPA三种方法检测念珠菌的效率,结果显示,RT-RPA检测时间最短,为35 min,但其阳性检出率略低于PCR;Ma等[43]使用RPA-LFD方法对隐球菌感染患者的标本进行检测,结果显示其特异度和灵敏度分别达到95.2%和95.8%,可用于临床早期诊断。
RPA还可用于细菌耐药基因的检测。某些革兰阴性杆菌因为含有新德里金属酰胺酶(New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase,NDM)而对多种抗生素耐药,Wang等[44]使用RT-RPA方法检测了该耐药基因,同时与PCR检测结果进行比较,发现两种方法的检出率完全一致。马骉等[45]运用RPA-LFD技术对动物源性的三种大肠埃希菌磺胺类耐药基因进行同步快检,检测限可达103拷贝/μl,且无交叉反应。
2019年12月,新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)开始出现后,疫情在世界范围内蔓延,目前SARS-CoV-2感染的诊断主要依靠反转录定量PCR(RT-qPCR)检测病毒RNA。Behrmann等[46]运用RT-RPA技术建立了快速筛查的检测体系,最快7 min即可获得高浓度的RNA,检测时间为15~20 min,与RT-qPCR相比,新开发的RT-RPA具有100%的实验诊断灵敏度与特异度,是目前报告检测SARS-CoV-2最快的方法之一。人乳头瘤病毒(human papillomavirus,HPV)与女性宫颈癌和癌前病变相关,其早期发现是预防宫颈癌的重要手段。Ma等[47]使用RPA方法快速检测HPV16和HPV18两种高危型人乳头瘤病毒,并与TaqMan qPCR方法比较,结果显示,两种方法检测HPV16和HPV18的一致率分别为97.6%、98.5%,相关性良好。RT-RPA亦被广泛应用于中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒[48]、埃博拉病毒[49]及H7N9禽流感病毒[50]等病毒的检测。
RPA技术也可用于动植物类病毒的检测。犬瘟病毒可引起食肉动物致命性的全身系统性疾病,早期发现可控制病情的发展,获得良好的预后结果。Wang等[51]使用RT-RPA方法检测并通过回归分析发现,在40℃下3~12 min时即可获得满意结果,应用于临床样本的检测时与RT-PCR结果一致,且RT-RPA的时间阈值(threshold time,TT)与RT-PCR循环阈值(cycle threshold,Ct)呈线性相关,其决定系数R2达到0.947。番茄黄化曲叶病毒感染番茄后,番茄生长缓慢甚至停滞,结出的果实数量少且小。Wang等[52]使用RPA技术与纳米金探针结合,在20 min内可视化检测番茄的感染状况,对番茄黄化曲叶病毒感染具有诊断和预测价值。
寄生虫病一直是危害人类健康的重要疾病。旋毛虫是最常见的寄生线虫之一,主要生活在各种脊椎动物和人类的肌肉中,人类因进食含有旋毛虫幼虫的生的或未经煮熟的肉类而感染。Li等[53]使用RPA-LFD方法在37℃下、25 min内检测到实验室感染小鼠模型组织中的旋毛虫DNA,敏感性为传统PCR的10倍,可有效诊断感染。弓形虫通常寄生于人和动物的有核细胞内,在人体多为隐性感染。Wu等[54]使用RPA-LFD方法对弓形虫特定基因进行检测,能在15 min内实现可视化检测。作为五大寄生虫病之一的疟疾是由疟原虫感染引起的严重传染疾病,其诊断方法主要是显微镜镜检和免疫学快速检测,但一些无症状感染者却无法检出。为了补充现有的诊断方法,Lalremruata等[55]开发了RT-RPA检测疟原虫的技术,对无症状感染者的检出准确率达100%,对未处理的血样标本直接进行RT-RPA检测的效率进行评估,结果显示,诊断准确度为89%,该方法简化了测试步骤,可作为临床疟原虫感染的筛查工具。
除以上应用外,RPA技术还可用于癌症的诊断。在鼻咽癌的快速检测中,Liu[56]通过邻位链接(proximity ligation assay,PLA)探针融合了RPA与TMA技术,构建了PLA-RPA-TMA方法,可快速检测肿瘤细胞释放到血液中的特异性标志物。
PCR是核酸检测技术的革命性分水岭,而核酸恒温扩增被称为PCR的替代品,RPA由于其温和的反应条件、较短的反应时间、较高的检测灵敏度和特异性受到广泛关注。但临床试验认证发现,脱离实验室环境后,RPA在非密闭环境下反应扩增后易产生气溶胶污染,且反应灵敏度降低为标准方法的50%,临床特异性则多与标准方法一致,表明在某些情况下,RPA反应可能误检阳性样本,报告假阴性,但其高特异性不易出现假阳性。RPA技术至今尚未有现场实际应用的报道,可能与现场无法提取较高质量的核酸模板、加样量不准确、反应体系储存条件受限及易因气溶胶造成假阳性等有关。笔者认为,可通过使用合理的快速核酸释放溶液,结合微流控技术来克服现场核酸提取及加样量控制的问题;试剂可采取微囊、纳米囊等方法储存,使反应体系中的酶在常温下长时间保存且仍有较佳的反应活性;在实验研究中常用RT-RPA、凝胶电泳及RPA-LFD的方法检测扩增产物,应用于现场检测时前两者受到限制,而RPA-LFD技术与透明封闭容器结合使用可避免气溶胶的危害。将核酸快速释放试剂、RPA反应体系及LFD试纸条整合置于特殊设计的反应容器中,通过简单几步按键操作使核酸扩增依序进行,最终可通过肉眼透过封闭容器的透明部位直接读取LFD试纸条结果,实现真正的现场快速检测。
到目前为止,RPA检测试剂尚未被FDA批准用于临床样本检测。对于临床检验,要求对每一份标本的检测都应该准确且及时,对于检测技术,稳定更为重要。另外,RPA反应物复杂,虽然该检测技术使用的试剂已商业化,但仅有一家公司出售,其反应所需的酶不能单独获得,限制了其进一步的研发。Chen等[57]为解决这一限制,基于一种ProofMan新型探针研发了重组酶结合辅助环介导扩增(recombinase assisted loop-mediated amplification,RALA)方法,实现了简单、恒温DNA扩增,甚至可检测SNP,但整个技术方法有待验证。RPA技术可能不会在未来几年取代PCR的地位,但可与PCR的功能形成互补。目前,RPA仍处于临床及现场测试评估的初期阶段,尚未成熟到作为临床及现场环境中的常规测试。随着RPA技术的持续快速发展,该技术可能成为功能强大的高效移动核酸检测方法。
  • 军队后勤科研重点课题(BHJ14J005)
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2021年第46卷第5期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.05.13
  • 接收时间:2021-03-15
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2021-05-28
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  • 收稿日期:2021-03-15
  • 修回日期:2021-04-14
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Key Research Topic of Military Logistics(BHJ14J005)
军队后勤科研重点课题(BHJ14J005)
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    1河北北方学院医学检验学院,河北 张家口 075000
    2解放军总医院第六医学中心检验科,北京 100048

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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