Article(id=1209198310330601644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1209198303988813828, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.06.07, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1612627200000, receivedDateStr=2021-02-07, revisedDate=1618156800000, revisedDateStr=2021-04-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766224943000, onlineDateStr=2025-12-20, pubDate=1624809600000, pubDateStr=2021-06-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766224943000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766224943000, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766224943000, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1209198303988813828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2021', volume='46', issue='6', pageStart='531', pageEnd='636', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1766224941489, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766225124231, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1209199070531424860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1209198303988813828, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1209199070531424861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1209198303988813828, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=574, endPage=579, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1209198310632591543, articleId=1209198310330601644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Effects of neonatal Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia on lung structure and function of mice, columnId=1190310110212751762, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Basic Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To study the effect of Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia (S.pp) on the lung structure and function of mice. Methods Fifty neonatal BALB/c mice (1-week-old) were randomly divided into S.pp group and control group (25 each).Mice in S.pp group were infected intranasally with 2×107 cfu of S. pneumoniae (D39) in 5 μl to establish the S.pp model, same dosage of PBS were used synchronously to treat the mice in control group. Three and five weeks after treatment, lung tissues and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of the two groups were collected, HE staining was performed to detect the pathological changes of lung tissue and alveolar structure; the collagen fiber deposition around alveoli was identified by Masson staining; the levels of IL-25, IL-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) in BALF were examined by ELISA. Five weeks after the infection, lung resistance was evaluated by EMKA pulmonary system. Results HE staining showed that, compared with control group, the radial alveolar count (RAC) decreased significantly in infancy and adult S.pp group (8.00±1.10 vs. 3.53±0.35, P=0.018; 13.73±2.49 vs.4.02±0.21, P=0.018), the mean linear intercept (MLI) increased obviously (88.99±5.55 vs. 127.10±9.54, P=0.006; 74.45±4.84 vs. 131.30±17.86, P=0.020), and the alveolar septum thickness increased markedly [(2.38±0.18) μm vs. (3.28±0.13) μm,P=0.002; (3.41±0.60) μm vs. (5.78±0.75) μm, P=0.023]. Compared with control group, the mean alveolar diameter (MAD)increased significantly in infancy S.pp group [(167.00±8.85) μm vs. (193.40±5.14) μm, P=0.042], but no significant difference existed between control group and adult S.pp group. The infiltration of inflammatory cells around alveoli increased obviously in infancy and adult S.pp group compared with that in control group (1.68±0.24 vs. 0.72±0.12, P=0.002; 1.88±0.30 vs.0.67±0.23, P=0.006). Compared with control group, the concentrations of IL-25, IL-33 and TSLP in BALF of adult S.pp group increased significantly [(36.16±2.80) pg/ml vs. (45.16±1.74) pg/ml, P=0.024; (52.06±1.70) pg/ml vs. (61.42±1.50) pg/ml,P=0.004; (13.32±0.74) pg/ml vs. (16.71±0.54) pg/ml, P=0.007]; Collagen fiber deposition around alveoli increased markedly[(0.01±0.01) mm2 vs. (0.44±0.01) mm2, P<0.001], and the airway resistance increased significantly when the concentration of inhaled aerosolized methacholine reached to 12.5–50.0 mg/ml in adult S.pp group mice (P<0.001). Conclusion Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia may induce the decrease of mean alveolar count, the increase of MLI, the alveolar septum thickness and airway resistance in BALB/c mice, thus lead to abnormal lung tissue structure and function.

, correspAuthors=Zheng-Xiu Luo, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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目的 研究新生期肺炎链球菌肺炎(S.pp)对小鼠肺组织结构及功能的影响。方法 50只新生期(出生后第7天)BALB/c小鼠随机分为S.pp组和对照组,每组25只。其中S.pp组鼻腔内滴注2×107 cfu肺炎链球菌(5 μl)建立S.pp模型,对照组滴注等量PBS。感染后3周(幼年期)、5周(成年期)收集各组支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)及肺组织标本,HE染色检测小鼠肺组织炎症情况及肺泡结构;Masson染色检测肺泡周围胶原纤维沉积情况;ELISA检测BALF中IL-25、IL-33、胸腺基质淋巴细胞生成素(TSLP)水平;EMKA动物肺功能检测系统检测成年期小鼠肺阻力。结果 与对照组比较,S.pp组小鼠发育至幼年期、成年期时辐射状肺泡计数(RAC)均明显减少[分别为(8.00±1.10)个 vs. (3.53±0.35)个,P=0.018;(13.73±2.49)个 vs. (4.02±0.21)个,P=0.018];平均肺泡截距(MLI)明显增加(分别为88.99±5.55 vs.127.10±9.54,P=0.006;74.45±4.84 vs. 131.30±17.86,P=0.020);肺泡间隔厚度明显增厚[分别为(2.38±0.18) μm vs.(3.28±0.13) μm,P=0.002;(3.41±0.60) μm vs. (5.78±0.75) μm,P=0.023]。S.pp组小鼠发育至幼年期平均肺泡直径(MAD)明显增加[(167.00±8.85) μm vs. (193.40±5.14) μm,P=0.042],但成年期两组MAD差异无统计学意义。S.pp组小鼠发育至幼年期、成年期肺泡周围炎性细胞浸润较对照组明显增多(分别为1.68±0.24 vs. 0.72±0.12,P=0.002;1.88±0.30 vs. 0.67±0.23,P=0.006)。与对照组比较,肺炎组小鼠发育至成年期时BALF中IL-25、IL-33及TSLP水平均明显升高[分别为(36.16±2.80) pg/ml vs. (45.16±1.74) pg/ml,P=0.024;(52.06±1.70) pg/ml vs. (61.42±1.50) pg/ml,P=0.004;(13.32±0.74) pg/ml vs. (16.71±0.54) pg/ml,P=0.007];肺泡周围胶原纤维沉积明显增多(0.01±0.01 vs.0.44±0.01,P<0.001);当雾化吸入乙酰甲胆碱浓度达到12.5~50.0 mg/ml时气道阻力较对照组明显升高(P<0.001)。结论 S.pp可诱导BALB/c小鼠平均肺泡计数减少,平均肺泡截距增大,肺泡间隔增厚,气道阻力增加,导致肺组织结构及功能异常。

, correspAuthors=罗征秀, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
罗征秀,E-mail:
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孔潇,医学硕士,主要从事新生期肺炎链球菌肺炎对小鼠肺发育影响方面的研究

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孔潇,医学硕士,主要从事新生期肺炎链球菌肺炎对小鼠肺发育影响方面的研究

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孔潇,医学硕士,主要从事新生期肺炎链球菌肺炎对小鼠肺发育影响方面的研究

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language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effect of neonatal Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia on the airway resistance of adulthood mice (n=5), figureFileSmall=WWjQGZ0bLCI7PFJxfA08Vw==, figureFileBig=MZwiQYsCyUVFIgqhUX02TQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209198317674828250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1209198310330601644, language=CN, label=图4, caption=新生期肺炎链球菌肺炎对成年期小鼠气道阻力的影响(n=5)

与对照组比较,(1)P<0.001。

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新生期肺炎链球菌肺炎对小鼠肺组织结构和功能的影响
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孔潇 1 , 彭欣 1 , 李媛媛 1, 2 , 吴毅 1 , 王艺颖 1 , 简鼎 1 , 张光莉 2 , 罗征秀 2, *
解放军医学杂志 | 基础研究 2021,46(6): 574-579
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解放军医学杂志 | 基础研究 2021, 46(6): 574-579
新生期肺炎链球菌肺炎对小鼠肺组织结构和功能的影响
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孔潇1, 彭欣1, 李媛媛1, 2, 吴毅1, 王艺颖1, 简鼎1, 张光莉2, 罗征秀2, *
作者信息
  • 1重庆医科大学附属儿童医院儿科研究所/儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室/国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心/儿童发育重大疾病国家国际科技合作基地/儿科学重庆市重点实验室,重庆 400014
  • 2重庆医科大学附属儿童医院呼吸科,重庆 400014
  • 孔潇,医学硕士,主要从事新生期肺炎链球菌肺炎对小鼠肺发育影响方面的研究

通讯作者:

罗征秀,E-mail:
Effects of neonatal Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia on lung structure and function of mice
Xiao Kong1, Xin Peng1, Yuan-Yuan Li1, 2, Yi Wu1, Yi-Ying Wang1, Ding Jian1, Guang-Li Zhang2, Zheng-Xiu Luo2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University/Key Laboratory of Child Development Disease, Ministry of Education/National Center for Clinical Medical Research on Child Health and Diseases/National International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base for Major Diseases of Child Development/Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
  • 2Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
出版时间: 2021-06-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.06.07
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目的 研究新生期肺炎链球菌肺炎(S.pp)对小鼠肺组织结构及功能的影响。方法 50只新生期(出生后第7天)BALB/c小鼠随机分为S.pp组和对照组,每组25只。其中S.pp组鼻腔内滴注2×107 cfu肺炎链球菌(5 μl)建立S.pp模型,对照组滴注等量PBS。感染后3周(幼年期)、5周(成年期)收集各组支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)及肺组织标本,HE染色检测小鼠肺组织炎症情况及肺泡结构;Masson染色检测肺泡周围胶原纤维沉积情况;ELISA检测BALF中IL-25、IL-33、胸腺基质淋巴细胞生成素(TSLP)水平;EMKA动物肺功能检测系统检测成年期小鼠肺阻力。结果 与对照组比较,S.pp组小鼠发育至幼年期、成年期时辐射状肺泡计数(RAC)均明显减少[分别为(8.00±1.10)个 vs. (3.53±0.35)个,P=0.018;(13.73±2.49)个 vs. (4.02±0.21)个,P=0.018];平均肺泡截距(MLI)明显增加(分别为88.99±5.55 vs.127.10±9.54,P=0.006;74.45±4.84 vs. 131.30±17.86,P=0.020);肺泡间隔厚度明显增厚[分别为(2.38±0.18) μm vs.(3.28±0.13) μm,P=0.002;(3.41±0.60) μm vs. (5.78±0.75) μm,P=0.023]。S.pp组小鼠发育至幼年期平均肺泡直径(MAD)明显增加[(167.00±8.85) μm vs. (193.40±5.14) μm,P=0.042],但成年期两组MAD差异无统计学意义。S.pp组小鼠发育至幼年期、成年期肺泡周围炎性细胞浸润较对照组明显增多(分别为1.68±0.24 vs. 0.72±0.12,P=0.002;1.88±0.30 vs. 0.67±0.23,P=0.006)。与对照组比较,肺炎组小鼠发育至成年期时BALF中IL-25、IL-33及TSLP水平均明显升高[分别为(36.16±2.80) pg/ml vs. (45.16±1.74) pg/ml,P=0.024;(52.06±1.70) pg/ml vs. (61.42±1.50) pg/ml,P=0.004;(13.32±0.74) pg/ml vs. (16.71±0.54) pg/ml,P=0.007];肺泡周围胶原纤维沉积明显增多(0.01±0.01 vs.0.44±0.01,P<0.001);当雾化吸入乙酰甲胆碱浓度达到12.5~50.0 mg/ml时气道阻力较对照组明显升高(P<0.001)。结论 S.pp可诱导BALB/c小鼠平均肺泡计数减少,平均肺泡截距增大,肺泡间隔增厚,气道阻力增加,导致肺组织结构及功能异常。

新生期  /  肺炎链球菌肺炎  /  肺组织结构

Objective To study the effect of Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia (S.pp) on the lung structure and function of mice. Methods Fifty neonatal BALB/c mice (1-week-old) were randomly divided into S.pp group and control group (25 each).Mice in S.pp group were infected intranasally with 2×107 cfu of S. pneumoniae (D39) in 5 μl to establish the S.pp model, same dosage of PBS were used synchronously to treat the mice in control group. Three and five weeks after treatment, lung tissues and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of the two groups were collected, HE staining was performed to detect the pathological changes of lung tissue and alveolar structure; the collagen fiber deposition around alveoli was identified by Masson staining; the levels of IL-25, IL-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) in BALF were examined by ELISA. Five weeks after the infection, lung resistance was evaluated by EMKA pulmonary system. Results HE staining showed that, compared with control group, the radial alveolar count (RAC) decreased significantly in infancy and adult S.pp group (8.00±1.10 vs. 3.53±0.35, P=0.018; 13.73±2.49 vs.4.02±0.21, P=0.018), the mean linear intercept (MLI) increased obviously (88.99±5.55 vs. 127.10±9.54, P=0.006; 74.45±4.84 vs. 131.30±17.86, P=0.020), and the alveolar septum thickness increased markedly [(2.38±0.18) μm vs. (3.28±0.13) μm,P=0.002; (3.41±0.60) μm vs. (5.78±0.75) μm, P=0.023]. Compared with control group, the mean alveolar diameter (MAD)increased significantly in infancy S.pp group [(167.00±8.85) μm vs. (193.40±5.14) μm, P=0.042], but no significant difference existed between control group and adult S.pp group. The infiltration of inflammatory cells around alveoli increased obviously in infancy and adult S.pp group compared with that in control group (1.68±0.24 vs. 0.72±0.12, P=0.002; 1.88±0.30 vs.0.67±0.23, P=0.006). Compared with control group, the concentrations of IL-25, IL-33 and TSLP in BALF of adult S.pp group increased significantly [(36.16±2.80) pg/ml vs. (45.16±1.74) pg/ml, P=0.024; (52.06±1.70) pg/ml vs. (61.42±1.50) pg/ml,P=0.004; (13.32±0.74) pg/ml vs. (16.71±0.54) pg/ml, P=0.007]; Collagen fiber deposition around alveoli increased markedly[(0.01±0.01) mm2 vs. (0.44±0.01) mm2, P<0.001], and the airway resistance increased significantly when the concentration of inhaled aerosolized methacholine reached to 12.5–50.0 mg/ml in adult S.pp group mice (P<0.001). Conclusion Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia may induce the decrease of mean alveolar count, the increase of MLI, the alveolar septum thickness and airway resistance in BALB/c mice, thus lead to abnormal lung tissue structure and function.

neonatal  /  Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia  /  lung structure
孔潇, 彭欣, 李媛媛, 吴毅, 王艺颖, 简鼎, 张光莉, 罗征秀. 新生期肺炎链球菌肺炎对小鼠肺组织结构和功能的影响. 解放军医学杂志, 2021 , 46 (6) : 574 -579 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.06.07
Xiao Kong, Xin Peng, Yuan-Yuan Li, Yi Wu, Yi-Ying Wang, Ding Jian, Guang-Li Zhang, Zheng-Xiu Luo. Effects of neonatal Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia on lung structure and function of mice[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2021 , 46 (6) : 574 -579 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.06.07
肺炎链球菌(Streptococcus pneumoniaeSp)是儿童社区获得性呼吸道感染最常见的细菌病原体,感染后可急剧增加肺部细菌数量,促使大量白细胞流入肺部,引起弥漫性肺泡上皮细胞损伤[1]。流行病学研究发现,新生儿携带和(或)感染肺炎链球菌后,5岁内发生哮喘的风险明显增高[2-3]。但LaCanna等[4]研究发现,成年期小鼠患肺炎链球菌肺炎(Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia,S.pp),肺组织在感染后2周恢复正常,对实验性哮喘的发生无明显影响。S.pp后肺组织是否完全恢复不仅依赖于病原微生物是否被彻底清除,也依赖于受损肺组织是否完全再生修复。本课题组前期研究发现,新生期S.pp可导致成年期气道上皮完整性缺失,主要表现为上皮E钙黏蛋白(E-cadherin)、紧密连接蛋白(ZO-1)表达降低[5],因此推测肺泡上皮可能已经发生了损伤。新生期肺炎链球菌感染促进哮喘发生是否与感染后肺组织结构及功能异常有关目前尚未见报道。因此,本研究探讨了新生期S.pp对肺组织结构、上皮源性细胞因子表达水平及气道反应性的影响,以及新生期S.pp与哮喘发生的关系,以期为改善儿童S.pp的远期预后提供理论依据。
8只清洁级BALB/c孕鼠(约28~32 g)购自重庆医科大学实验动物中心[SYXK(渝)2018-0003],饲养于独立通气的消毒饲养盒中。饲养条件:恒温25℃,湿度50%~65%,光照12 h/d,饲料及饮水充足且均经过消毒处理。自购买后开始观察并准确记录孕鼠的生产时间。所有实验操作均于超净工作台内进行。实验过程符合单位和国家有关实验动物管理和使用的规定。
肺炎链球菌标准株(D39)由重庆医科大学医学检验、临床检验诊断学教育部重点实验室惠赠。取1 ml标准株接种至THY培养基中,在5%CO2、37℃恒温孵箱中培养,待生长至对数期(6~8 h),与50%甘油按7:3混匀后,以1 ml/支分装储存于–80℃冰箱备用。
方法参考本课题组前期研究并适当改进[6]。将出生后第7天的50只BALB/c小鼠随机分为S.pp组与对照组,每组25只,分别给予鼻腔滴注5 μl共计2×107 cfu肺炎链球菌或等量PBS。建立模型后监测各组小鼠生命体征,以及是否出现安静少动、体重不增、脱毛等感染表现,感染第2天从S.pp组小鼠中通过简单随机抽样法抽取3只小鼠,取全肺进行细菌载量检测,有且仅有肺炎链球菌生长提示建模成功[6],所有实验操作均在超净工作台内进行。
两组于建模后3周(幼年期)、5周(成年期)各取8只小鼠麻醉处死,摘取眼球放尽血液,仰卧位固定头部及四肢,暴露胸腔,眼科钳夹闭左肺门,进行支气管肺泡灌洗,收集支气管肺泡灌洗液(bronchoalveolar lavage fluid,BALF),气管插管后用PBS洗5次,取BALF 1.2 ml,2500 r/min离心5 min,取上清液保存于–80℃用于后续实验。打开胸腔,暴露心脏和肺部,剪开左心室,将25号针头插入右心室以PBS冲洗直至肺部颜色变为粉红色或白色。取出右肺,储存于–80 冰箱,将完整的左肺浸入4%多聚甲醛中,4℃下固定48 h,乙醇脱水后包埋在石蜡中,用于后续肺组织病理检测。
采用ELISA法检测成年期小鼠BALF上清液IL-25、IL-33及胸腺基质淋巴细胞生成素(thymic stromal lymphopoietin,TSLP)水平,实验步骤按说明书进行。IL-25、IL-33及TLSP试剂盒购自上海生工生物技术公司。
选取S.pp组及对照组小鼠各8个左肺组织进行石蜡包埋,肺组织连续切为4 μm的石蜡切片,将石蜡切片脱蜡至水,每只小鼠随机选取3张组织切片进行HE染色。光学显微镜下,每张切片随机选取上、中、下、左、右5个视野(×200),观察肺泡周围炎性细胞浸润情况及肺泡结构。炎症严重程度按以下评分标准进行半定量分析[7]:0分,正常;1分,少数炎性细胞;2分,炎性细胞成环,厚度为1个细胞层;3分,炎性细胞成环,厚度为2~4个细胞层;4分,炎性细胞环>4个细胞层。采用软件Image-Pro® 6.0测量辐射状肺泡计数(radial alveolar count,RAC:指从细支气管到其最近胸膜所连接直线穿过的肺泡数)、平均肺泡直径(mean alveolar diameter,MAD:在每个视野下随机取6个肺泡,测量每个肺泡直径,最后取平均值)、平均肺泡截距(mean linear intercept,MLI:参考Dunnil[8]的方法,以视野正中为中心划“+”交叉线,计数经此交叉线的肺泡隔数NS,测出“+”字线总长度L,以公式MLI=L/NS计算平均肺泡截距,用于估计单个肺泡大小的平均直径)以及平均肺泡间隔厚度(在每个视野下随机选取6个肺泡,测量每个肺泡四周4个点的肺泡间隔厚度,取平均值)。
分别从两组中各选取3个肺组织进行Masson染色,检测肺泡周围胶原纤维沉积水平。在200倍镜下随机选取5个视野,采用图像分析软件Image-Pro®6.0测定蓝染色区域(为胶原纤维沉积),取5个视野平均值[9]
采用EMKA动物肺功能检测系统检测成年期(6周)小鼠肺阻力,在小鼠意识清醒、自主呼吸正常的状态下,使用梯度乙酰甲胆碱(0、3.125、6.25、12.5、25及50 mg/ml)雾化给药,其中0 mg/ml为生理盐水雾化吸入以测量气道反应性基线,通过生物记录仪检测小鼠呼吸气流及压力变化。每雾化3 min后休息2 min,连续记录5 min,取平均值,得到小鼠通气肺阻力值(lung resistance,LR)。
采用GraphPad Prim 7.0软件进行统计分析。计量资料符合正态分布,以$\bar{x}±s$表示,两组间比较采用独立样本t检验;肺阻力指标分析采用双因素方差分析,进一步两两比较采用Bonferroni检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
HE染色结果显示,S.pp组小鼠发育至幼年期(3周),RAC较对照组明显减少[(8.00±1.10)个 vs. (3.53±0.35)个,P=0.018],MLI、MAD及肺泡间隔厚度较对照组明显增加[分别为88.99±5.55 vs. 127.10±9.54,P=0.042;(167±8.85) μm vs. (193.40±5.14) μm,P=0.042;(2.38±0.18) μm vs. (3.28±0.13) μm,P=0.002]。S.pp组小鼠发育至成年期(5周),RAC较对照组明显减少[(13.73±2.49)个 vs. (4.02±0.21)个,P=0.018],MLI和肺泡间隔厚度较对照组明显增加[分别为74.45±4.84 vs. 131.30±17.86,P=0.020;(3.41±0.60) μm vs. (5.78±0.75) μm,P=0.023],两组间MAD差异无统计学意义[(155.50±6.39) μm vs. (173.70±14.62) μm,P=0.317](图1)。
Masson染色结果显示,新生期S.pp组小鼠发育至幼年期肺泡周围胶原纤维沉积(即蓝染区域面积)与对照组比较差异无统计学意义[(0.04±0.01) mm2 vs. (0.07±0.01) mm2P=0.077],但是发育至成年期肺泡周围胶原纤维沉积较对照组小鼠明显增多[(0.01±0.01) mm2 vs. (0.44±0.01) mm2P<0.0001],差异有统计学意义(图2)。
HE染色结果显示,新生期S.pp组小鼠幼年期及成年期肺泡周围炎性细胞评分较对照组明显增高,差异有统计学意义[分别为(0.72±0.12)分 vs. (1.68±0.24)分,P=0.002;(0.67±0.23)分 vs.(1.88±0.30)分,P=0.006,图3]。
ELISA检测结果显示,S.pp组小鼠发育至成年期,BALF中IL-25、IL-33、TSLP水平较对照组明显升高[分别为(36.16±2.80) pg/ml vs.(45.16±1.74) pg/ml,P=0.024;(52.06±1.70) pg/ml vs.(61.42±1.50) pg/ml,P=0.004;(13.32±0.74) pg/ml vs.(16.71±0.54) pg/ml,P=0.007],差异有统计学意义。
采用无创肺功能仪分析新生期S.pp对成年期小鼠气道阻力的影响,结果显示,乙酰甲胆碱浓度≤6.25 mg/ml时两组肺阻力差异无统计学意义,当乙酰甲胆碱浓度达12.5 mg/ml时,新生期S.pp组小鼠气道阻力较对照组明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001,图4)。
流行病学研究发现,新生期肺炎链球菌感染后发生持续性喘息或哮喘的风险增加[10],而临床研究发现,哮喘患者更易发生S.pp,可能与上皮损伤导致肺炎链球菌清除率降低有关[11]。本课题组前期研究发现,新生期肺炎链球菌感染可促进实验性哮喘的发生[12]。肺泡是肺部气体交换的主要部位,具有结构支撑、气体交换、分泌等多种功能。肺部细菌数量急剧增加导致中性粒细胞大量流入肺泡,中性粒细胞通过分泌中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶(NE)和髓过氧化物酶(MPO)杀伤细菌的同时,也对肺泡上皮细胞造成损伤[13-14]。新生期S.pp促进哮喘发生是否与肺炎后受损肺组织未完全修复导致肺组织结构及功能异常有关尚未见报道。本课题组前期研究发现,新生期肺炎链球菌感染可导致成年期肺组织上皮连接蛋白E-cadherin、ZO-1等表达降低[5],本研究在前期研究的基础上进一步探讨了新生期S.pp对肺泡上皮完整性和结构的影响。
RAC是评估肺泡化程度的重要指标[15]。临床研究发现,肺泡化主要发生于出生至2岁期间,但在随后8年内仍持续增加;小鼠肺泡化在出生后5~30 d完成[16-17]。本研究发现,新生期S.pp感染小鼠发育至幼年期及成年期时RAC均较对照组明显减少,提示新生期S.pp可致小鼠肺泡化降低。MAD及MLI可反映气体在肺泡中自由活动的空间大小[18]。有研究发现持续慢性炎症可导致MLI增加[19],本研究结果显示,新生期S.pp致幼年期MAD及MLI较对照组明显增大,提示早期感染可致肺泡壁断裂融合,从而使空腔增大、肺泡密度降低,导致肺泡结构异常。肺泡间隔厚度影响气体交换速率,本研究发现新生期感染S.pp小鼠发育至幼年期及成年期时肺泡间隔明显增厚,提示新生期肺炎链球菌感染可影响气体交换速率。此外,有研究发现,Ⅱ型肺泡上皮增生及间质纤维化均可导致肺泡间隔增厚[20]。本课题组前期研究发现,新生期患S.pp可致气道周围胶原纤维沉积增多[5],本研究进一步对肺泡周围胶原纤维沉积进行定量分析,发现新生期S.pp可致成年期肺泡周围胶原纤维沉积明显增多,提示新生期S.pp可致肺泡间质胶原纤维沉积、肺泡间隔厚度增加,从而使气道阻力增高。
Th1/Th2免疫失衡是支气管哮喘的主要发病机制。本课题组前期研究发现,新生期S.pp可诱导Th1/Th2免疫失衡[21-22]。有研究发现,IL-25、IL-33、TLSP可增强Ⅱ型免疫反应[23],促进炎症反应、黏液产生及肺重塑[24];肺泡上皮受损后分泌的细胞因子IL-25、IL-33、TSLP是促进成纤维细胞增殖分泌胶原纤维的重要介质[25-27];Wang等[28]对IL-25、IL-33、TLSP与炎性细胞进行共定位研究证实,IL-25、IL-33、TLSP在促进气道炎症浸润中起关键作用。其中,IL-25可直接通过介导肺泡上皮细胞及成纤维细胞活化而导致胶原纤维沉积增多[27];IL-33为IL-1细胞因子家族成员,可通过基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)和基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制因子-1(TIMP-1)促进细胞外基质蛋白沉积及肺纤维化发展[29];TSLP为IL-7类细胞因子,可通过肺泡巨噬细胞促进胶原纤维沉积[26],且临床研究显示TSLP抑制剂可减轻过敏性哮喘的气道高反应性,证实了TSLP在肺功能中的关键作用[30-31]。本研究发现,新生期S.pp小鼠发育至成年期时BALF中IL-25、IL-33、TLSP均明显升高,提示新生期S.pp可促进上皮源性细胞因子IL-25、IL-33、TLSP的产生及肺泡周围胶原纤维的沉积,且可能通过增强Th2型免疫应答促进哮喘的发生。
综上所述,新生期S.pp可致肺组织不完全修复,诱导肺组织结构及功能异常,促进气道高反应性形成,可能是哮喘发病的潜在危险因素。
  • 重庆市自然科学基金(cstc2020jcyj-msxmX0677)
  • 重庆市科委重点项目(cstc2017jcyjBX0049)
  • 重庆市渝中区科委项目(20200156)
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2021年第46卷第6期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.06.07
  • 接收时间:2021-02-07
  • 首发时间:2025-12-20
  • 出版时间:2021-06-28
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  • 收稿日期:2021-02-07
  • 修回日期:2021-04-12
基金
Chongqing Natural Science Foundation(cstc2020jcyj-msxmX0677)
重庆市自然科学基金(cstc2020jcyj-msxmX0677)
Key Projects of Chongqing Science and Technology Commission(cstc2017jcyjBX0049)
重庆市科委重点项目(cstc2017jcyjBX0049)
Project of Science and Technology Committee of Yuzhong District, Chongqing(20200156)
重庆市渝中区科委项目(20200156)
作者信息
    1重庆医科大学附属儿童医院儿科研究所/儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室/国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心/儿童发育重大疾病国家国际科技合作基地/儿科学重庆市重点实验室,重庆 400014
    2重庆医科大学附属儿童医院呼吸科,重庆 400014

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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