Article(id=1209198308833227556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1209198303988813828, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.06.01, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1614528000000, receivedDateStr=2021-03-01, revisedDate=1621353600000, revisedDateStr=2021-05-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766224942643, onlineDateStr=2025-12-20, pubDate=1624809600000, pubDateStr=2021-06-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766224942643, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766224942643, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766224942643, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1209198303988813828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2021', volume='46', issue='6', pageStart='531', pageEnd='636', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1766224941489, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766225124231, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1209199070531424860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1209198303988813828, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1209199070531424861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1209198303988813828, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=531, endPage=537, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1209198309139411766, articleId=1209198308833227556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=The interpretation of Chinese expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of trauma-induced hypercoagulopathy, columnId=1190310109461971339, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Guideline and Consensus, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Trauma-induced hypercoagulopathy is a hypercoagulable phenotype of trauma-induced coagulopathy (TIC) characterized by vascular endothelial injury, excessive release of procoagulants, hyperfibrinogenemia, platelet hyperactivity, anticoagulant pathways impairment and fibrinolysis shutdown. Recent studies have found that the incidence, mortality and disability rate of trauma-induced hypercoagulopathy increased significantly with the severity of trauma. Therefore, the People's Liberation Army Professional Committee of Critical Care Medicine and China Medical Education Association Professional Committee of Thrombosis, Hemostasis and Critical Care Medicine jointly formulated Chinese expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of trauma-induced hypercoagulopathy published in Military Medical Research in April, 2021. In present paper, the main contents of the consensus were interpreted from the definition, pathophysiological mechanism, assessment, prevention, and treatment of trauma-induced hypercoagulopathy.

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创伤性高凝血症是创伤性凝血病(TIC)以血液高凝状态为主要特征的表型,具有血管内皮损伤、促凝物质过度释放、高纤维蛋白原血症、血小板高反应性、抗凝机制受损、纤溶抑制等多种特征性血凝学改变。近年来研究发现,随着创伤严重程度的不同,创伤性高凝血症的发生率、致死率和致残率亦不相同。因此,全军重症医学专业委员会与中国医药教育协会血栓与止血危重病专业委员会共同制定了《创伤性高凝血症诊疗中国专家共识》,该共识2021年4月发表于Military Medical Research[《军事医学研究(英文)》杂志]。该文从创伤性高凝血症的定义、病理生理机制、评估、预防及治疗等五个方面对该共识的主要内容进行解读。

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AT. 抗凝血酶;DIC. 弥散性血管内凝血;PAI-1. 纤溶酶原激活物抑制物-1;t-PA. 组织型纤溶酶原激活物;蓝线示高凝血症;红线示低凝血症

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TEG. 血栓弹力图;APTT. 活化部分凝血活酶时间;PT. 凝血酶原时间;FIB. 纤维蛋白原

, figureFileSmall=U9h1BqCP7ElkLQBS29bNZA==, figureFileBig=77PknEN2BLFYER1E/wBJbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209198313098834926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1209198308833227556, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Thrombophilia testing

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类疾病检查项目
遗传性AT缺乏AT活性、抗原测定
蛋白C缺乏蛋白C活性、抗原测定
蛋白S缺乏蛋白S活性、游离蛋白S抗原
凝血酶原G20210A突变基因检测
活化蛋白C抵抗症活化蛋白C抵抗试验,基因检测
获得性抗磷脂综合征ACA和β2GPI的IgM或IgG,一项抗体两次检测阳性,且两次检测间隔至少12周;LA应在抗凝治疗前或停用肝素24 h后以及停用口服抗凝药至少1周后进行
阵发性睡眠性血红蛋白尿血常规,结合珠蛋白,LDH,总胆红素,铁代谢,尿常规,外周血流式细胞仪检测
恶性肿瘤、系统性红斑狼疮、肾病综合征、胶原血管病、炎症性肠病、肥胖病史,查体,血尿常规,肝肾功能,胸片,肿瘤筛查
骨髓增殖性肿瘤JAK2、CALR、MPL基因突变分析
), ArticleFig(id=1209198313195303924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1209198308833227556, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

易栓症实验检测

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类疾病检查项目
遗传性AT缺乏AT活性、抗原测定
蛋白C缺乏蛋白C活性、抗原测定
蛋白S缺乏蛋白S活性、游离蛋白S抗原
凝血酶原G20210A突变基因检测
活化蛋白C抵抗症活化蛋白C抵抗试验,基因检测
获得性抗磷脂综合征ACA和β2GPI的IgM或IgG,一项抗体两次检测阳性,且两次检测间隔至少12周;LA应在抗凝治疗前或停用肝素24 h后以及停用口服抗凝药至少1周后进行
阵发性睡眠性血红蛋白尿血常规,结合珠蛋白,LDH,总胆红素,铁代谢,尿常规,外周血流式细胞仪检测
恶性肿瘤、系统性红斑狼疮、肾病综合征、胶原血管病、炎症性肠病、肥胖病史,查体,血尿常规,肝肾功能,胸片,肿瘤筛查
骨髓增殖性肿瘤JAK2、CALR、MPL基因突变分析
), ArticleFig(id=1209198313291772920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1209198308833227556, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Antithrombotic treatment protocols for different thrombotic complications of trauma-induced hypercoagulopathy

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
治疗静脉系统动脉系统
深静脉血栓肺栓塞门静脉血栓颅内静脉血栓心肌梗死缺血性脑卒中外周动脉闭塞肠系膜动脉
抗凝治疗普通肝素
低分子肝素
磺达肝癸钠
华法林
达比加群
利伐沙班
抗血小板治疗阿司匹林
氯吡格雷
替格瑞洛
溶栓治疗r-tPA
尿激酶
介入治疗经导管溶栓术
血栓抽吸术
机械取栓术
血管成形术限Cockett综合征
支架植入术限Cockett综合征
), ArticleFig(id=1209198313384047614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1209198308833227556, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

创伤性高凝血症不同血栓并发症的抗栓治疗方案选择

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
治疗静脉系统动脉系统
深静脉血栓肺栓塞门静脉血栓颅内静脉血栓心肌梗死缺血性脑卒中外周动脉闭塞肠系膜动脉
抗凝治疗普通肝素
低分子肝素
磺达肝癸钠
华法林
达比加群
利伐沙班
抗血小板治疗阿司匹林
氯吡格雷
替格瑞洛
溶栓治疗r-tPA
尿激酶
介入治疗经导管溶栓术
血栓抽吸术
机械取栓术
血管成形术限Cockett综合征
支架植入术限Cockett综合征
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《创伤性高凝血症诊疗中国专家共识》解读
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宋景春
解放军医学杂志 | 指南与共识 2021,46(6): 531-537
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解放军医学杂志 | 指南与共识 2021, 46(6): 531-537
《创伤性高凝血症诊疗中国专家共识》解读
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宋景春
作者信息
  • 解放军联勤保障部队第908医院重症医学科,南昌 330002
The interpretation of Chinese expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of trauma-induced hypercoagulopathy
Jing-Chun Song
Affiliations
  • Department of Critical Care Medicine, the 908 Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Forces of Chinese PLA, Nanchang 330002, China
出版时间: 2021-06-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.06.01
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创伤性高凝血症是创伤性凝血病(TIC)以血液高凝状态为主要特征的表型,具有血管内皮损伤、促凝物质过度释放、高纤维蛋白原血症、血小板高反应性、抗凝机制受损、纤溶抑制等多种特征性血凝学改变。近年来研究发现,随着创伤严重程度的不同,创伤性高凝血症的发生率、致死率和致残率亦不相同。因此,全军重症医学专业委员会与中国医药教育协会血栓与止血危重病专业委员会共同制定了《创伤性高凝血症诊疗中国专家共识》,该共识2021年4月发表于Military Medical Research[《军事医学研究(英文)》杂志]。该文从创伤性高凝血症的定义、病理生理机制、评估、预防及治疗等五个方面对该共识的主要内容进行解读。

创伤  /  高凝  /  血栓  /  诊断  /  治疗  /  共识

Trauma-induced hypercoagulopathy is a hypercoagulable phenotype of trauma-induced coagulopathy (TIC) characterized by vascular endothelial injury, excessive release of procoagulants, hyperfibrinogenemia, platelet hyperactivity, anticoagulant pathways impairment and fibrinolysis shutdown. Recent studies have found that the incidence, mortality and disability rate of trauma-induced hypercoagulopathy increased significantly with the severity of trauma. Therefore, the People's Liberation Army Professional Committee of Critical Care Medicine and China Medical Education Association Professional Committee of Thrombosis, Hemostasis and Critical Care Medicine jointly formulated Chinese expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of trauma-induced hypercoagulopathy published in Military Medical Research in April, 2021. In present paper, the main contents of the consensus were interpreted from the definition, pathophysiological mechanism, assessment, prevention, and treatment of trauma-induced hypercoagulopathy.

trauma  /  hypercoagulability  /  thrombosis  /  diagnosis  /  treatment  /  consensus
宋景春. 《创伤性高凝血症诊疗中国专家共识》解读. 解放军医学杂志, 2021 , 46 (6) : 531 -537 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.06.01
Jing-Chun Song. The interpretation of Chinese expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of trauma-induced hypercoagulopathy[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2021 , 46 (6) : 531 -537 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.06.01
严重创伤一直是世界公认的重要公共卫生问题,全世界每年至少有580万人因创伤死亡,占总死亡人数的9%[1]。创伤性凝血病(trauma-induced coagulopathy,TIC)是创伤患者预后不良的独立危险因素[2-3]。根据2019年国际血栓与止血学会(International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis,ISTH)的推荐意见,TIC是创伤后由组织损伤引起的凝血功能障碍,其相关凝血异常可表现为高凝或低凝,临床症状和体征可相应表现为血栓栓塞或难以控制的大出血[4]。因为未控制的创伤后出血是创伤患者的首位死因,因此既往的TIC研究主要集中于TIC低凝表型导致的出血性凝血功能障碍[5]。近年来研究发现,创伤性高凝血症的发生率可达22.2%~85.1%,由此导致创伤后血栓形成事件增加2~4倍,死亡率升高2倍[3,6-7]。基于此,全军重症医学专业委员会和中国医药教育协会血栓与止血危重病专业委员会共同制定了《创伤性高凝血症诊疗中国专家共识》。该共识包括创伤性高凝血症的定义、病理生理机制、评估、预防和治疗等5个部分,共形成了15条推荐意见。本文从上述5个部分对该共识的主要内容进行解读,以期更好地指导临床诊疗工作。
推荐意见1:创伤性高凝血症是以高凝状态为主要特征的TIC表型,是创伤后由于组织损伤引起的以血液凝固性增高为特征的凝血功能紊乱,临床可表现为血栓前状态或血栓形成。
1964年,Innes等[8]对42例创伤患者入院后的凝血功能进行连续监测,发现创伤患者早期血液凝固时间(clotting time,CT)明显缩短,证实在创伤早期阶段,患者血液即可出现高凝状态。创伤性高凝血症相关血栓并发症可表现为静脉血栓、动脉血栓和微血栓等。血栓发生部位与血管基础病变、血管直接损伤部位、血液湍流和高凝状态有关[9]
推荐意见2:创伤性高凝血症的发生受性别、年龄、体重、创伤类型和严重程度等的影响。
通常认为女性、体重指数(body mass index,BMI)>30 kg/m2、重度颅脑损伤、ISS为6~15分的损伤是创伤性高凝血症形成的危险因素[10-13]
推荐意见3:组织损伤、炎症和应激是形成创伤性高凝血症的主要机制。
创伤时组织损伤一方面会释放大量组织因子(tissue factor,TF),激活外源性凝血途径,促使凝血酶大量生成[14],另一方面又会导致抗凝血酶(antithrombin,AT)活性下降,促进血栓形成[15](图1)。组织损伤还会通过损伤相关分子模式(damage-associated molecular patterns,DAMPs)释放大量炎性小体,激活caspase后释放白细胞介素-1β和白细胞介素-18,启动细胞焦亡[16]。同时大量炎性介质的释放也会激活和增强凝血因子活性,通过炎症与凝血的交互作用加重凝血障碍[17]。创伤应激时交感神经亢奋,激活肾上腺素系统大量释放儿茶酚胺类物质,进一步引起内皮细胞损伤。儿茶酚胺类物质还能增强凝血因子Ⅷ的活性,激活血小板并加强凝血酶诱导的血小板聚集,进而缩短血液凝固时间。创伤性高凝血症具有血管内皮损伤、促凝物质过度释放、高纤维蛋白原血症、血小板高反应性、抗凝机制受损、纤溶抑制等多种特征性血凝学改变。
推荐意见4:创伤性凝血病发生时存在高凝血症与低凝血症表型之间的相互转化。
创伤并发失血性休克时,组织持续低灌注会引起内皮损伤进一步加重,继而糖萼脱落,导致内源性肝素化,凝血因子活性受到抑制,形成低凝状态[18]。同时血管内皮细胞损伤、肿胀引起内皮细胞间隙增大,导致毛细血管渗漏综合征,加重组织灌注障碍和凝血紊乱。组织低灌注会导致内皮细胞释放大量活化蛋白C(activated protein C,APC),APC可抑制凝血因子Ⅴ和Ⅷ的活性,导致低凝状态;同时APC可抑制纤溶酶原激活物抑制物-1(plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1,PAI-1)活性,造成组织型纤溶酶原激活物(tissue-type plasminogen activator,t-PA)功能增强,形成纤溶亢进。随着大量失血和液体复苏,可出现血液稀释、酸中毒和低体温,形成继发性凝血病。休克和酸中毒可促使血小板内颗粒过度释放,形成血小板耗竭,导致血小板聚集、黏附等功能障碍,加重低凝血症。低凝高纤溶状态可加速纤维蛋白原的快速消耗,促进低纤维蛋白原血症形成,最终导致难以控制的大出血和弥散性血管内凝血(disseminated intravascular coagulation,DIC)[19]
推荐意见5:推荐采用常规凝血指标筛查创伤性高凝血症。
常规凝血功能筛查指标对高凝状态的敏感度不高,目前还没有依据常规凝血指标制定的创伤性高凝血症诊断标准[20]。但是,临床常规凝血指标能提示创伤性高凝血症的发生。
活化部分凝血活酶时间(activated partial prothrombin time,APTT)和凝血酶原时间(prothrombin time,PT)缩短提示凝血因子活性亢进导致高凝状态。纤维蛋白原≥4.0 g/L时可诊断高纤维蛋白原血症,提示可能因为纤维蛋白原功能亢进导致高凝状态。血小板计数≥400×109/L时可诊断血小板增多,提示可能由于血小板功能亢进导致高凝状态。D-二聚体(D-dimer,DD)和纤维蛋白降解产物(fibrin degradation products,FDP)升高是创伤后机体因止血需要形成血栓后的继发纤溶活动,是创伤后最常见的实验室表现,并不能证明创伤后机体是否处于高凝状态。凝血酶-抗凝血酶复合物(thrombin-antithrombin complex,TAT)是由凝血酶和AT按1:1比例形成的分子复合物,是凝血酶生成的敏感标志物。创伤早期TAT即可升高,提示凝血酶生成,可联合其他指标判断创伤性高凝血症。
推荐意见6:推荐使用黏弹力实验诊断创伤性高凝血症。
黏弹力凝血实验以全血为检测标本,能够更全面准确地反映创伤患者的凝血状态,特别是对高凝状态的识别灵敏度很高。黏弹力实验与常规凝血指标有一定相关性,但会出现两者不一致的情况,这是由于检测原理不同而导致的[21]。黏弹力凝血实验主要包括血栓弹力图(thromboelastography,TEG)参数,凝血和血小板功能分析仪(Centuryclot@或Sonoclot@),以及旋转式血栓弹力装置(rotational thromboelastometry device,ROTEM)。TEG检测参数的R时间缩短提示凝血因子活性亢进,α角增大和k时间缩短提示纤维蛋白原功能亢进,MA值增加提示血小板功能亢进。LY30%<0.8%提示可能存在纤溶关闭,但该标准系美国学者提出,国人尚无相关研究数据。凝血与血小板功能分析仪检测参数ACT缩短代表凝血因子功能亢进,CR升高代表纤维蛋白原功能亢进,PF升高代表血小板功能亢进。应用黏弹力实验进行凝血评估时,需注意凝血参数的正常值范围会受到标本的影响,比如是自然全血或者枸橼酸抗凝血标本。
TEG判断创伤患者高凝状态的具体标准目前尚未统一。Brown等[22]对1893篇关于TEG与高凝状态和血栓事件的论文进行荟萃分析,最终纳入8939例创伤患者,其中717例发生血栓事件,结果显示MA >66.7 mm可作为创伤性高凝血症的诊断标准。黏弹力实验不仅能够诊断创伤性高凝血症,而且对血栓事件的发生具有预测作用。一项针对983例创伤患者的回顾性研究显示,582例(85.1%)患者入院时出现高凝状态,99例(14.5%)诊断为深静脉血栓(deep venous thrombosis,DVT)[7]。创伤性高凝血症患者即使接受机械或药物预防措施,DVT的发生率仍然较非高凝状态的创伤患者高1倍以上。
推荐意见7:推荐常规应用多普勒超声检查创伤性高凝血症相关血栓并发症。
创伤引起的高凝状态本身即为血栓形成的高风险因素,因此创伤性高凝血症患者无需常规使用血栓风险评估量表[23]。多普勒超声对下肢深部血管、颈部血管、腹腔实质脏器血管、心肺大血管的血栓诊断准确度高,同时具有无创、可重复性强、无需造影剂且无需搬运患者等优点,是目前广泛使用的深静脉血栓检查方法。血管放射影像学检查可经CT、MR或数字减影血管造影(DSA)等完成,其对某些器官(如脑、肺等)灌注的诊断在一定程度上优于多普勒超声检查,可精准诊断器官小血管病变,适用于多普勒超声无法明确诊断的情况。
推荐意见8:创伤后反复出现血栓栓塞的患者推荐进行易栓症实验筛查。
需要注意的是,易栓症不是常规筛查项目,但对反复出现栓塞的患者需考虑存在易栓症的可能。易栓症的具体筛查项目见表1
推荐意见9:创伤救治过程中,应尽量避免因药物、有创操作等医源性因素加重创伤性高凝血症。
氨甲环酸(反式-4-氨基甲基环己烷-1-羧酸)是创伤救治时常用的止血药物,能竞争性结合纤溶酶原的赖氨酸结合位点,防止纤溶酶原与纤维蛋白的相互作用。CRASH-2研究将20 211例创伤患者随机分为氨甲环酸组和对照组,氨甲环酸组接受经验性氨甲环酸抗纤溶治疗(10 min内静脉注射1 g氨甲环酸,随后8 h内再给予1 g),结果显示,氨甲环酸组全因死亡率明显下降(14.5% vs. 16.0%),因出血导致死亡的风险也明显降低(4.9% vs. 5.7%),而且并未增加血栓事件(1.7% vs. 2.0%)[24]。然而,MATTERs研究针对军事战斗中应用氨甲环酸进行急救复苏的患者进行回顾性分析发现,与未接受氨甲环酸者比较,接受氨甲环酸治疗的293例患者尽管全因死亡率明显降低(17.4% vs. 23.9%),但静脉血栓栓塞症(venous thromboembolism,VTE)的发生率升高了约10倍[25]。有学者提出“过度使用氨甲环酸”和“氨甲环酸使用不足”的概念,前者是指血流动力学稳定的创伤患者仅接受氨甲环酸治疗而不输血,后者是指接受大量输血患者未给予氨甲环酸或延迟使用氨甲环酸。在阿富汗战争中军医采用氨甲环酸救治创伤患者则同时存在过度使用和使用不足的情况[26]。因此,创伤救治时应注意个体化使用氨甲环酸,避免增加血栓风险。
创伤救治时反复进行血管穿刺或置入导管也是导致血栓形成的独立危险因素,尤其在小儿创伤时多见[27]。血管穿刺和置入导管可引起血管内皮损伤,激活凝血系统在血管损伤部位形成血栓,严重时还会出现假性动脉瘤、动静脉瘘、血管内膜剥脱甚至血管破裂。超声引导下血管穿刺是减轻血管损伤的重要技术,推荐在创伤患者进行有创操作时使用[28]
推荐意见10:创伤性高凝血症患者且评估为出血高风险者,建议进行机械预防,如为出血低风险者,可进行机械预防联合药物预防。
机械和药物都是预防创伤性高凝血症患者出现血栓并发症的重要方法。决定深静脉血栓预防策略之前,应对创伤患者的出血风险进行评估[29-30]。出血风险评估应包括:(1)患者因素。年龄≥85岁,正在口服抗血小板药物或抗凝药物;(2)基础疾病。存在未控制的活动性出血,既往颅内出血病史,消化道溃疡病史,近期脑卒中病史,肝肾功能障碍;(3)诊疗计划。拟行手术或手术后未超过12 h。
双下肢进行机械预防前应先经血管超声排除静脉血栓。机械预防的常用措施包括间歇充气加压泵(intermittent pneumatic compression,IPC)和分级加压弹力袜(graduated static compression stockings,GCS)。血栓形成高风险者可使用IPC联合GCS。机械预防的时间应持续直至危险因素去除后。进行机械预防时应选择恰当的压力参数,并严格监控使用过程,避免出现并发症。已有研究显示,相对于未使用抗凝治疗的患者(DVT发生率20%~50%),接受预防性抗凝治疗的创伤患者DVT发生率(15%~20%)明显降低,但颅脑损伤和骨折往往成为延后进行预防性抗凝治疗的独立危险因素。颅内出血患者的VTE风险是急性缺血性脑卒中患者的2~4倍。因此,颅内出血患者采用药物联合IPC预防血栓的具体时机建议为:(1)入院48h内血肿无扩大且没有低凝血症时;(2)开颅手术后24 h内;(3)脊髓损伤72 h内[31]
对肾功能正常的创伤患者,药物预防优先推荐使用低分子量肝素(low-molecular-weight heparin,LMWH)皮下注射,并通过监测血浆抗Ⅹa因子活性调整剂量,抗凝目标为0.2~0.5 IU/ml;对肾功能不全的创伤患者可选择普通肝素(unfractionated heparin,UFH)皮下注射。已有研究对比应用磺达肝癸钠和依诺肝素预防髋、膝关节置换术后DVT的效果,结果显示,与依诺肝素组比较,磺达肝癸钠组DVT发生率下降50%(6.8% vs. 13.7%,P<0.001)[32]。抗血小板药物也有预防深静脉血栓的作用。一项PEP研究纳入来自澳大利亚、新西兰、南非、瑞典和英国的148家医院随机抽取的13 356例因髋部骨折拟行手术的患者,以及从新西兰22家医院随机抽取的4088例拟择期行人工关节置换术的患者,结果显示,与服用安慰剂的患者比较,6679例每日服用160 mg阿司匹林的患者VTE发生率下降36%[33]
治疗创伤性高凝血症相关血栓的常见措施包括处理原发疾病、抗凝治疗、抗血小板治疗、介入治疗和溶栓治疗,具体治疗方案的选择依据血栓的发生部位、形成时间和危害严重程度而各不相同(表2)。
推荐意见11:阻断应激、减轻组织损伤是改善创伤性高凝血症的前提。
创伤应激时血浆儿茶酚胺物质浓度升高会损伤内皮细胞,激活血小板,提升凝血因子活性,抑制AT活性,促发炎症和高凝状态。因此,阻断应激可以减轻血管内皮损伤、降低氧耗、改善器官灌注以促进组织修复。
推荐意见12:创伤性高凝血症患者形成血栓时,评估出血风险后可启动抗凝治疗。
GARFIELD-VTE研究对2014—2017年全球10 685例确诊的VTE患者进行回顾性分析,其中90.9%的患者接受抗凝治疗,5.1%的患者接受溶栓、介入或外科手术治疗,结果表明抗凝治疗仍是针对血栓最主要的治疗手段[34]。启动抗凝治疗前,须对创伤患者的血栓危害和出血风险进行评估,全面评估患者接受抗凝治疗的综合获益。活动性出血是抗凝治疗的禁忌;如无大出血,同时患者出现可能危及生命的血栓事件,宜尽早启动抗凝治疗;若出血对全身影响较小,则可在局部确切止血治疗的前提下,启动抗凝治疗。
推荐意见13:创伤性高凝血症患者形成动脉血栓时,评估出血风险后可启动抗血小板治疗。
抗血小板药物是针对动脉血栓的一线治疗措施,同时也会增加创伤患者的出血风险。当创伤性高凝血症并发动脉血栓时,谨慎评估出血风险后可选择适当的抗血小板治疗方案。抗血小板药物根据血小板表面作用受体的不同可分为环氧酶(COX)-1抑制剂、P2Y12受体抑制剂、磷酸二酯酶(phosphodiesterase,PDE)抑制剂和糖蛋白ⅡbⅢa受体拮抗剂。
推荐意见14:创伤性高凝血症患者如已经形成血栓,依靠抗凝抗血小板治疗效果不佳或评估出血风险高时,可以选择介入治疗。
介入治疗方法主要包括导管内溶栓术(catheter-directed thrombolysis)、经皮机械血栓切除术(percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy)、静脉成形术、支架置入术和下腔静脉滤器安置术等。
介入治疗的优点包括:(1)经导管给药可以避免药物通过侧支绕过闭塞静脉段,从而实现血栓内药物高浓度;(2)机械性破坏血栓可提高血栓溶解效率;(3)减少溶栓药物用量和治疗时间;(4)减少出血并发症。
推荐意见15:创伤性高凝血症患者并发血栓时,不常规推荐系统溶栓治疗。
创伤性高凝血症患者遭遇危及生命的急性血栓时,在没有介入治疗的条件下如需进行系统溶栓治疗,须谨慎评估出血风险,并选择恰当的溶栓药物、剂量和给药方式。
综上所述,创伤性高凝血症是以血液高凝状态为主要特征的TIC表型。创伤患者须严密评估凝血状态,经诊断为创伤性高凝血症的患者需积极预防血栓并发症。创伤性高凝血症患者如已发生血栓,需在评估出血风险的前提下,选择个体化抗栓或介入治疗(图2)。
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2021年第46卷第6期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.06.01
  • 接收时间:2021-03-01
  • 首发时间:2025-12-20
  • 出版时间:2021-06-28
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  • 收稿日期:2021-03-01
  • 修回日期:2021-05-19
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    解放军联勤保障部队第908医院重症医学科,南昌 330002
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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