Article(id=1209198304596987908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1209198303988813828, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.06.14, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1610121600000, receivedDateStr=2021-01-09, revisedDate=1619539200000, revisedDateStr=2021-04-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766224941634, onlineDateStr=2025-12-20, pubDate=1624809600000, pubDateStr=2021-06-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766224941634, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766224941634, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766224941634, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1209198303988813828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2021', volume='46', issue='6', pageStart='531', pageEnd='636', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1766224941489, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766225124231, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1209199070531424860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1209198303988813828, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1209199070531424861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1209198303988813828, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=616, endPage=622, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1209198304894783494, articleId=1209198304596987908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Research progress on the role of adenosine pathway in tumor immunity, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A variety of mechanisms help tumor escape from the recognition and killing by the body immune system. In recent years, the adenosine pathway has been found to play an important role in tumor immune evasion. Adenosine is produced from extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the presence of two ectonucleotidases (CD39 and CD73), and exerts specific functions through binding to its receptors [mainly adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR)]. Studies have suggested that the adenosine pathway can be over-activated in the tumor micro-environment, and thus promoting tumor development and progression by generating the immuno-suppressive signals. This review talked about the role of the adenosine pathway in regulating tumor immunity and its potential clinical application value. At the same time, the latest research evidence of adenosine-pathway-related targeted drugs is evaluated and summarized to provide a comprehensive reference for understanding the significance of the adenosine pathway in cancer management.

, correspAuthors=Hao Chen, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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肿瘤可通过多种机制逃避机体免疫系统的识别和杀伤。腺苷通路在肿瘤免疫逃逸过程中扮演着重要角色。腺苷由胞外三磷酸腺苷(ATP)在CD39和CD73两种外核酸酶的作用下产生,经与腺苷受体[主要为腺苷A2A受体(A2AR)]结合而发挥效应。在肿瘤微环境中,腺苷通路被过度激活可诱导免疫抑制信号,促进肿瘤的发生和发展。该文对腺苷通路调节肿瘤免疫的作用及其潜在的临床应用价值进行总结,并对当前腺苷通路相关靶向药物的研究证据进行总结和评价,旨在为深入认识腺苷通路在肿瘤领域的意义提供参考。

, correspAuthors=陈昊, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
陈昊,E-mail:
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俞阳,硕士研究生,住院医师,主要从事肿瘤免疫治疗方面的研究

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俞阳,硕士研究生,住院医师,主要从事肿瘤免疫治疗方面的研究

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J Transl Med, 2020, 18(1): 1-10., articleTitle=Frequency of circulating CD8+ CD73+ T cells is associated with survival in nivolumab-treated melanoma patients, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209198317674828252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1209198304596987908, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=75, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=43, authorNames=Li FW, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li FW. Effects and mechanisms of adenosine A2A receptor in hepatocellular carcinoma[D]. Shanghai: PLA Naval Medical University, 2018: 1-75., articleTitle=Effects and mechanisms of adenosine A2A receptor in hepatocellular carcinoma, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209198317788074462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1209198304596987908, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=75, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=44, authorNames=李风伟, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=[李风伟. 腺苷A(2A)受体在肝细胞癌发生发展中的作用及机制研究[D]. 上海: 解放军海军军医大学, 2018: 1-75.], articleTitle=腺苷A(2A)受体在肝细胞癌发生发展中的作用及机制研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209198317867766243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1209198304596987908, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=2019, issue=null, pageStart=8014627, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=45, authorNames=Wu Z, Yang L, Shi L, journalName=Biomed Res Int, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wu Z, Yang L, Shi L, et al. Prognostic impact of adenosine receptor 2 (A2AR) and programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1)expression in colorectal cancer[J]. Biomed Res Int, 2019, 2019: 8014627., articleTitle=Prognostic impact of adenosine receptor 2 (A2AR) and programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1)expression in colorectal cancer, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209198317960040934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1209198304596987908, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=70, issue=7, pageStart=2009, pageEnd=2021, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=46, authorNames=Kamai T, Kijima T, Tsuzuki T, journalName=Cancer Immunol Immunother, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kamai T, Kijima T, Tsuzuki T, et al. Increased expression of adenosine 2A receptors in metastatic renal cell carcinoma is associated with poorer response to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents and anti-PD-1/Anti-CTLA4 antibodies and shorter survival[J]. Cancer Immunol Immunother, 2021, 70(7): 2009-2021., articleTitle=Increased expression of adenosine 2A receptors in metastatic renal cell carcinoma is associated with poorer response to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents and anti-PD-1/Anti-CTLA4 antibodies and shorter survival, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209198318027149802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1209198304596987908, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=145, issue=5, pageStart=1414, pageEnd=1422, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=47, authorNames=Wang X, Zhang T, Song Z, journalName=Int J Cancer, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang X, Zhang T, Song Z, et al. Tumor CD73/A2aR adenosine immunosuppressive axis and tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: Correlations with clinicopathological characteristics and clinical outcome[J]. Int J Cancer, 2019, 145(5): 1414-1422., articleTitle=Tumor CD73/A2aR adenosine immunosuppressive axis and tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: Correlations with clinicopathological characteristics and clinical outcome, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209198318077481453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1209198304596987908, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=77, issue=13, pageStart=CT119, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[42], rfOrder=48, authorNames=Emens L, Powderly J, Fong L, journalName=Cancer Res, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Emens L, Powderly J, Fong L, et al. CPI-444, an oral adenosine A2a receptor (A2aR) antagonist, demonstrates clinical activity in patients with advanced solid tumors[J]. Cancer Res, 2017, 77(13): CT119., articleTitle=CPI-444, an oral adenosine A2a receptor (A2aR) antagonist, demonstrates clinical activity in patients with advanced solid tumors, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209198318161367535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1209198304596987908, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=10, issue=1, pageStart=40, pageEnd=53, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[43], rfOrder=49, authorNames=Fong L, Hotson A, Powderly JD, journalName=Cancer Discov, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Fong L, Hotson A, Powderly JD, et al. Adenosine 2A receptor blockade as an immunotherapy for treatment-refractory renal cell cancer[J]. Cancer Discov, 2020, 10(1): 40-53., articleTitle=Adenosine 2A receptor blockade as an immunotherapy for treatment-refractory renal cell cancer, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209198318232670705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1209198304596987908, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=79, issue=13, pageStart=CT026, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[44], rfOrder=50, authorNames=Bendell J, Bauer T, Patel M, journalName=Cancer Res, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bendell J, Bauer T, Patel M, et al. Evidence of immune activation in the first-in-human phase Ia dose escalation study of the adenosine 2a receptor antagonist, AZD4635, in patients with advanced solid tumors[J]. Cancer Res, 2019, 79(13): CT026., articleTitle=Evidence of immune activation in the first-in-human phase Ia dose escalation study of the adenosine 2a receptor antagonist, AZD4635, in patients with advanced solid tumors, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209198318287196661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1209198304596987908, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=36, issue=15_suppl, pageStart=4123, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[45], rfOrder=51, authorNames=Overman MJ, Lorusso P, Strickler JH, journalName=J Clin Oncol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Overman MJ, Lorusso P, Strickler JH, et al. Safety, efficacy and pharmacodynamics (PD) of MEDI9447 (oleclumab) alone or in combination with durvalumab in advanced colorectal cancer(CRC) or pancreatic cancer (panc)[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2018, 36(15_suppl): 4123., articleTitle=Safety, efficacy and pharmacodynamics (PD) of MEDI9447 (oleclumab) alone or in combination with durvalumab in advanced colorectal cancer(CRC) or pancreatic cancer (panc), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209198318358499833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1209198304596987908, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=78, issue=13, pageStart=CT180, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[46], rfOrder=52, authorNames=Lorenzen S, Siu L, Burris H, journalName=Cancer Res, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lorenzen S, Siu L, Burris H, et al. Preliminary phase 1 profile of BMS-986179, an anti-CD73 antibody, in combination with nivolumab in patients with advanced solid tumors[J]. 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ATP. 三磷酸腺苷;TME. 肿瘤微环境;HIF-1. 缺氧诱导因子-1;AMP. 单磷酸腺苷;Tregs. 调节T细胞;MDSC. 髓源抑制性细胞;DC. 树突细胞;NK. 自然杀伤细胞;A2AR. 腺苷A2A受体;A2BR. 腺苷A2B受体

, figureFileSmall=zM68VuXBooirYaiHmhtoHg==, figureFileBig=MU4GkX1V2Dc4SHXafgQ59A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209198310653563066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1209198304596987908, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Clinical trials of adenosine-pathway-related targeted drugs in tumor treatment

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分子靶点ClinicalTrials.gov识别号药物试验设计联合用药肿瘤类型
A2ARNCT02655822CPI-444Ⅰ期联合PD-L1单抗肾细胞癌或前列腺癌
NCT03454451CPI-444Ⅰ期联合CD73单抗NSCLC,肾细胞癌,结直肠癌,TNBC,宫颈癌,卵巢癌,胰腺癌,子宫内膜癌,肉瘤,头颈部鳞癌,膀胱癌,前列腺癌,非霍奇金淋巴瘤
NCT03337698CPI-444Ⅰ、Ⅱ期联合PD-L1单抗NSCLC
NCT04280328CPI-444Ⅰ期联合CD38单抗多发性骨髓瘤
NCT03980821AZD4635Ⅰ期单药除了神经系统肿瘤及淋巴瘤外的实体瘤
NCT04089553AZD4635Ⅱ期联合PD-L1单抗
联合CD73单抗
前列腺癌
NCT02740985AZD4635Ⅰ期单药
联合PD-L1单抗
NSCLC,前列腺癌或结直肠癌
NCT03381274AZD4635Ⅰ、Ⅱ期联合CD73单抗NSCLC
NCT03629756AB928Ⅰ期联合PD-1单抗NSCLC,头颈部鳞癌,乳腺癌,结直肠癌,黑色素瘤,膀胱癌,卵巢癌,子宫内膜癌,Merkel细胞癌,胃食管癌,肾细胞癌或前列腺癌
NCT03720678AB928Ⅰ期联合mFOLFOX6化疗胃食管癌或结肠直肠癌
NCT03719326AB928Ⅰ期联合化疗乳腺癌或卵巢癌
NCT03846310AB928Ⅰ期联合PD-1单抗NSCLC
NCT04262856AB928Ⅱ期联合PD-1单抗NSCLC
NCT03555149AB928Ⅰ、Ⅱ期联合PD-1单抗直肠癌
NCT02403193PBF-509Ⅰ、Ⅱ期联合PD-1单抗NSCLC
NCT04233060CS3005Ⅰ期单药实体瘤
NCT03099161MK-3814Ⅰ期单药
联合PD-1单抗
实体瘤
NCT03873883EOS100850Ⅰ期单药
联合PD-1单抗
联合化疗
实体瘤
CD73NCT03736473MEDI9447Ⅰ期单药实体瘤
NCT02503774MEDI9447Ⅱ期单药
联合PD-L1单抗
实体瘤
NCT03611556MEDI9447Ⅰ、Ⅱ期联合化疗
联合PD-L1单抗与化疗
胰腺癌
NCT03381274MEDI9447Ⅰ、Ⅱ期联合激酶抑制剂
联合A2AR拮抗剂
NSCLC
NCT03773666MEDI9447Ⅰ期联合PD-L1单抗膀胱癌
NCT04262375MEDI9447Ⅱ期联合PD-L1单抗NSCLC或肾细胞癌
NCT04262388MEDI9447Ⅱ期联合PD-L1单抗胰腺癌、NSCLC或头颈癌
NCT03616886MEDI9447Ⅰ、Ⅱ期联合PD-L1单抗与化疗TNBC
NCT04089553MEDI9447Ⅱ期联合A2AR拮抗剂前列腺癌
NCT03267589MEDI9447Ⅱ期联合PD-L1单抗卵巢癌
NCT03875573MEDI9447Ⅱ期联合PD-L1单抗与放疗Luminal B乳腺癌
NCT03819465MEDI9447Ⅰ期联合PD-L1单抗NSCLC
NCT03833440MEDI9447Ⅱ期联合PD-L1单抗NSCLC
NCT02754141BMS-986179Ⅰ、Ⅱ期单药
联合PD-1单抗
联合rHuPH20
实体瘤
NCT03549000NZV930Ⅰ期单药
联合PD-1单抗
联合A2AR拮抗剂
联合PD-1单抗与A2AR拮抗剂
NSCLC,TNBC,胰腺癌,微卫星稳定结直肠癌,卵巢癌,肾细胞癌,前列腺癌
NCT04237649NZV930Ⅰ期联合KAZ954实体瘤
NCT03454451CPI-006Ⅰ期联合A2AR拮抗剂
联合PD-1单抗
NSCLC,肾细胞癌,结直肠癌,TNBC,宫颈癌,卵巢癌,胰腺癌,子宫内膜癌,肉瘤,头颈部鳞癌,膀胱癌,前列腺癌,非霍奇金淋巴瘤
NCT04104672AB680Ⅰ期联合PD-1单抗胰腺癌
NCT04148937LY-3475070Ⅰ期单药
联合PD-1单抗
实体瘤
NCT04322006TJ004309Ⅰ、Ⅱ期联合PD-1单抗实体瘤
NCT03835949TJ004309Ⅰ期联合PD-L1单抗实体瘤
CTR20200445TJ004309Ⅰ、Ⅱ期联合PD-1单抗实体瘤
CD39NCT04261075IPH5201Ⅰ期单药
联合PD-L1单抗
联合PD-L1单抗与CD73单抗
实体瘤
NCT03884556TTX-030Ⅰ期单药
联合PD-1单抗
联合化疗
实体瘤或淋巴瘤
NCT04306900TTX-030Ⅰ期联合PD-1单抗
联合化疗
实体瘤
NCT04336098SRF617Ⅰ期单药实体瘤
), ArticleFig(id=1209198310729060542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1209198304596987908, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

肿瘤领域腺苷通路靶向药物的临床试验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分子靶点ClinicalTrials.gov识别号药物试验设计联合用药肿瘤类型
A2ARNCT02655822CPI-444Ⅰ期联合PD-L1单抗肾细胞癌或前列腺癌
NCT03454451CPI-444Ⅰ期联合CD73单抗NSCLC,肾细胞癌,结直肠癌,TNBC,宫颈癌,卵巢癌,胰腺癌,子宫内膜癌,肉瘤,头颈部鳞癌,膀胱癌,前列腺癌,非霍奇金淋巴瘤
NCT03337698CPI-444Ⅰ、Ⅱ期联合PD-L1单抗NSCLC
NCT04280328CPI-444Ⅰ期联合CD38单抗多发性骨髓瘤
NCT03980821AZD4635Ⅰ期单药除了神经系统肿瘤及淋巴瘤外的实体瘤
NCT04089553AZD4635Ⅱ期联合PD-L1单抗
联合CD73单抗
前列腺癌
NCT02740985AZD4635Ⅰ期单药
联合PD-L1单抗
NSCLC,前列腺癌或结直肠癌
NCT03381274AZD4635Ⅰ、Ⅱ期联合CD73单抗NSCLC
NCT03629756AB928Ⅰ期联合PD-1单抗NSCLC,头颈部鳞癌,乳腺癌,结直肠癌,黑色素瘤,膀胱癌,卵巢癌,子宫内膜癌,Merkel细胞癌,胃食管癌,肾细胞癌或前列腺癌
NCT03720678AB928Ⅰ期联合mFOLFOX6化疗胃食管癌或结肠直肠癌
NCT03719326AB928Ⅰ期联合化疗乳腺癌或卵巢癌
NCT03846310AB928Ⅰ期联合PD-1单抗NSCLC
NCT04262856AB928Ⅱ期联合PD-1单抗NSCLC
NCT03555149AB928Ⅰ、Ⅱ期联合PD-1单抗直肠癌
NCT02403193PBF-509Ⅰ、Ⅱ期联合PD-1单抗NSCLC
NCT04233060CS3005Ⅰ期单药实体瘤
NCT03099161MK-3814Ⅰ期单药
联合PD-1单抗
实体瘤
NCT03873883EOS100850Ⅰ期单药
联合PD-1单抗
联合化疗
实体瘤
CD73NCT03736473MEDI9447Ⅰ期单药实体瘤
NCT02503774MEDI9447Ⅱ期单药
联合PD-L1单抗
实体瘤
NCT03611556MEDI9447Ⅰ、Ⅱ期联合化疗
联合PD-L1单抗与化疗
胰腺癌
NCT03381274MEDI9447Ⅰ、Ⅱ期联合激酶抑制剂
联合A2AR拮抗剂
NSCLC
NCT03773666MEDI9447Ⅰ期联合PD-L1单抗膀胱癌
NCT04262375MEDI9447Ⅱ期联合PD-L1单抗NSCLC或肾细胞癌
NCT04262388MEDI9447Ⅱ期联合PD-L1单抗胰腺癌、NSCLC或头颈癌
NCT03616886MEDI9447Ⅰ、Ⅱ期联合PD-L1单抗与化疗TNBC
NCT04089553MEDI9447Ⅱ期联合A2AR拮抗剂前列腺癌
NCT03267589MEDI9447Ⅱ期联合PD-L1单抗卵巢癌
NCT03875573MEDI9447Ⅱ期联合PD-L1单抗与放疗Luminal B乳腺癌
NCT03819465MEDI9447Ⅰ期联合PD-L1单抗NSCLC
NCT03833440MEDI9447Ⅱ期联合PD-L1单抗NSCLC
NCT02754141BMS-986179Ⅰ、Ⅱ期单药
联合PD-1单抗
联合rHuPH20
实体瘤
NCT03549000NZV930Ⅰ期单药
联合PD-1单抗
联合A2AR拮抗剂
联合PD-1单抗与A2AR拮抗剂
NSCLC,TNBC,胰腺癌,微卫星稳定结直肠癌,卵巢癌,肾细胞癌,前列腺癌
NCT04237649NZV930Ⅰ期联合KAZ954实体瘤
NCT03454451CPI-006Ⅰ期联合A2AR拮抗剂
联合PD-1单抗
NSCLC,肾细胞癌,结直肠癌,TNBC,宫颈癌,卵巢癌,胰腺癌,子宫内膜癌,肉瘤,头颈部鳞癌,膀胱癌,前列腺癌,非霍奇金淋巴瘤
NCT04104672AB680Ⅰ期联合PD-1单抗胰腺癌
NCT04148937LY-3475070Ⅰ期单药
联合PD-1单抗
实体瘤
NCT04322006TJ004309Ⅰ、Ⅱ期联合PD-1单抗实体瘤
NCT03835949TJ004309Ⅰ期联合PD-L1单抗实体瘤
CTR20200445TJ004309Ⅰ、Ⅱ期联合PD-1单抗实体瘤
CD39NCT04261075IPH5201Ⅰ期单药
联合PD-L1单抗
联合PD-L1单抗与CD73单抗
实体瘤
NCT03884556TTX-030Ⅰ期单药
联合PD-1单抗
联合化疗
实体瘤或淋巴瘤
NCT04306900TTX-030Ⅰ期联合PD-1单抗
联合化疗
实体瘤
NCT04336098SRF617Ⅰ期单药实体瘤
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腺苷通路在肿瘤免疫中的作用研究进展
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俞阳 1, 2 , 张安琪 3 , 高磊 1, 2 , 尹振宇 1, 2 , 刘乾 1, 2 , 白玉萍 1, 2 , 刘乐 1, 2 , 齐文博 1, 2 , 陈昊 1, *
解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2021,46(6): 616-622
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解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2021, 46(6): 616-622
腺苷通路在肿瘤免疫中的作用研究进展
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俞阳1, 2, 张安琪3, 高磊1, 2, 尹振宇1, 2, 刘乾1, 2, 白玉萍1, 2, 刘乐1, 2, 齐文博1, 2, 陈昊1, *
作者信息
  • 1兰州大学第二医院肿瘤外科,兰州 730030
  • 2兰州大学第二临床医学院肿瘤外科,兰州 730030
  • 3北京大学第六医院/北京大学精神卫生研究所/国家卫生健康委员会精神卫生学重点实验室(北京大学)/国家精神心理疾病临床医学研究中心(北京大学第六医院),北京 100191
  • 俞阳,硕士研究生,住院医师,主要从事肿瘤免疫治疗方面的研究

通讯作者:

陈昊,E-mail:
Research progress on the role of adenosine pathway in tumor immunity
Yang Yu1, 2, An-Qi Zhang3, Lei Gao1, 2, Zhen-Yu Yin1, 2, Qian Liu1, 2, Yu-Ping Bai1, 2, Le Liu1, 2, Wen-Bo Qi1, 2, Hao Chen1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Tumor Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
  • 2Department of Tumor Surgery, the Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
  • 3Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing 100191, China
出版时间: 2021-06-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.06.14
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肿瘤可通过多种机制逃避机体免疫系统的识别和杀伤。腺苷通路在肿瘤免疫逃逸过程中扮演着重要角色。腺苷由胞外三磷酸腺苷(ATP)在CD39和CD73两种外核酸酶的作用下产生,经与腺苷受体[主要为腺苷A2A受体(A2AR)]结合而发挥效应。在肿瘤微环境中,腺苷通路被过度激活可诱导免疫抑制信号,促进肿瘤的发生和发展。该文对腺苷通路调节肿瘤免疫的作用及其潜在的临床应用价值进行总结,并对当前腺苷通路相关靶向药物的研究证据进行总结和评价,旨在为深入认识腺苷通路在肿瘤领域的意义提供参考。

腺苷  /  免疫逃逸  /  CD73  /  CD39  /  腺苷A2A受体  /  综述

A variety of mechanisms help tumor escape from the recognition and killing by the body immune system. In recent years, the adenosine pathway has been found to play an important role in tumor immune evasion. Adenosine is produced from extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the presence of two ectonucleotidases (CD39 and CD73), and exerts specific functions through binding to its receptors [mainly adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR)]. Studies have suggested that the adenosine pathway can be over-activated in the tumor micro-environment, and thus promoting tumor development and progression by generating the immuno-suppressive signals. This review talked about the role of the adenosine pathway in regulating tumor immunity and its potential clinical application value. At the same time, the latest research evidence of adenosine-pathway-related targeted drugs is evaluated and summarized to provide a comprehensive reference for understanding the significance of the adenosine pathway in cancer management.

adenosine  /  immune evasion  /  CD73  /  CD39  /  adenosine A2A receptor  /  review
俞阳, 张安琪, 高磊, 尹振宇, 刘乾, 白玉萍, 刘乐, 齐文博, 陈昊. 腺苷通路在肿瘤免疫中的作用研究进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2021 , 46 (6) : 616 -622 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.06.14
Yang Yu, An-Qi Zhang, Lei Gao, Zhen-Yu Yin, Qian Liu, Yu-Ping Bai, Le Liu, Wen-Bo Qi, Hao Chen. Research progress on the role of adenosine pathway in tumor immunity[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2021 , 46 (6) : 616 -622 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.06.14
肿瘤的发生发展与机体免疫状况密切相关,抗肿瘤免疫有赖于体内的T细胞、树突细胞(dendritic cells,DCs)、自然杀伤细胞(natural killer cells,NK)以及巨噬细胞等的识别和清除。人体免疫系统具有多种调节机制,可调节免疫反应的持续性和强度[1-2]。其中,免疫检查点为免疫系统中的抑制性调节信号,可保护正常组织免受自身免疫的攻击或免疫的过度激活。而肿瘤利用这一特点,通过过度表达免疫检查点分子,传递抑制信号,从而逃避免疫系统的识别和杀伤[3]。近年来,针对免疫检查点阻断剂的研究取得了重大进展[4]。多种免疫检查点抑制剂(如抗PD-1、PD-L1和CTLA-4抗体等)已被批准上市,在非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung carcinoma,NSCLC)、肾细胞癌、膀胱癌、头颈部癌、黑色素瘤,以及微卫星不稳定肿瘤等多种肿瘤中展现了确切的疗效[5-6]。尽管免疫检查点抑制剂具有强大的疗效,但研究发现仅少部分患者能从中获益,大部分患者仍然疗效不明[7],亟需寻找新的分子通路以为肿瘤的免疫分型、免疫治疗与预后分析等提供新思路。腺苷通路是一条与肿瘤免疫逃逸相关的重要通路,肿瘤主要通过增高微环境中的腺苷水平来产生免疫抑制信号[8]。本文系统回顾了相关文献,对腺苷通路在肿瘤免疫中的作用机制及其潜在的临床应用价值进行综述,旨在为肿瘤免疫的临床和基础研究提供参考。
腺苷是调节外周免疫反应并维持机体稳态的重要分子。腺苷主要由胞外三磷酸腺苷(adenosine triphosphate,ATP)代谢产生,在生理情况下,正常组织的细胞外腺苷和ATP维持着较低的浓度,但在病理条件下,如机体组织出现炎症、缺血或缺氧时,组织中各类细胞可快速释放ATP到细胞外,造成胞外短暂的ATP高浓度[9-10]。作为刺激信号,ATP可激活免疫反应。随后,进入胞外的ATP很快被外核酸酶CD39和CD73去磷酸化,形成腺苷。不同于ATP的作用,腺苷主要产生抑制免疫反应的信号。这些病理生理过程共同调节机体恢复稳态(图1)。
在肿瘤微环境中,细胞外存在高浓度的ATP,这主要是由于肿瘤微环境的缺氧特征可导致死亡的细胞(主要为肿瘤细胞)破裂释放大量ATP,造成ATP过度累积[11]。ATP随即在外核酸酶CD39和CD73的作用下产生腺苷。外核酸酶CD39和CD73是腺苷通路中的关键分子,前者水解胞外ATP和二磷酸腺苷(adenosine diphosphate,ADP)转化成单磷酸腺苷(adenosine monophosphate,AMP),随后在后者的作用下生成腺苷。CD39和CD73表达于肿瘤微环境中的各类细胞,包括基质细胞、肿瘤细胞、浸润免疫细胞及上皮细胞等,尤其在肿瘤细胞和部分浸润免疫细胞中高表达[12-13],协同诱导产生高浓度腺苷环境[14]。同时,缺氧可激活缺氧诱导因子-1(hypoxia-inducible factor-1,HIF-1),进一步上调各细胞表面CD39和CD73分子的表达[13,15]。因此,肿瘤微环境中腺苷通路被过度激活,肿瘤细胞处于高浓度腺苷环境中。
在肿瘤的发生发展过程中,腺苷对于肿瘤获得免疫逃逸起到了重要作用。腺苷通过P1型嘌呤受体[腺苷A1受体(adenosine A1 receptor,A1R)、腺苷A2A受体(adenosine A2A receptor,A2AR)、腺苷A2B受体(adenosine A2B receptor,A2BR)、腺苷A3受体(adenosine A3 receptor,A3R)]发挥相应的功能。腺苷受体属于G蛋白偶联受体家族,主要表达于各种类型的免疫细胞。目前认为,腺苷诱导的肿瘤免疫抑制主要与A2AR和A2BR密切相关,前者为高亲和性受体,表达于T细胞、NK细胞、单核细胞、巨噬细胞和DCs;后者为低亲和性受体,主要表达于巨噬细胞和DCs[16]。腺苷与各类免疫细胞上的腺苷受体(A2AR和A2BR)结合后,导致胞内环腺苷酸(cyclic adenosine monophosphate,cAMP)水平增高,从而减轻机体炎症效应,抑制免疫反应。
首先,腺苷可抑制或影响效应免疫细胞的成熟、分化及其功能。腺苷通过A2AR和A2BR抑制单核细胞分化成巨噬细胞,促进巨噬细胞由促炎的M1型转向抗炎的M2型[17]。对于DCs,腺苷通过A2AR和A2BR抑制其抗原提呈能力,同时诱导DCs分泌促血管及免疫抑制因子[如白介素10(interleukin 10,IL-10)、转化生长因子-β(transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β)、精氨酸酶和3-双加氧酶(indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase,IDO)等][18]。腺苷通过A2AR抑制NK细胞的成熟,使其杀伤活性显著下降。对于T细胞,腺苷激活A2AR可抑制CD4+ T细胞产生IL-2,继而引起T细胞上CD28等共刺激分子的表达下调[19];腺苷通过A2AR抑制CD8+ T细胞的增殖、分化和成熟,以及IL-2、干扰素-γ(interferon gamma,INF-γ)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)等细胞因子的产生[16,20-21]。类似地,高浓度的腺苷通过A2AR抑制B细胞的增殖、分化、成熟及细胞因子的产生。其次,对于免疫抑制细胞,如调节T细胞(regulatory T cells,Tregs)和髓源抑制性细胞(myeloid-derived suppressor cells,MDSC)等,腺苷可促进这些细胞抑制免疫反应的功能。激活的A2AR通过叉头状转录因子3(forkhead box protein 3,FOXP3)和淋巴细胞活化基因3(lymphocyte activating 3,LAG3)通路促使更多的T细胞转化为免疫抑制性Tregs,而Tregs本身可高表达CD39和CD73,构成了正反馈的闭合通路,进一步抑制免疫反应。最后,A2AR激活可增加免疫细胞表面免疫检查点的表达,包括程序性死亡受体-1(programmed death-1,PD-1)、细胞毒性T淋巴细胞抗原4(cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen-4,CTLA-4)和LAG3[13,16,21]。总之,CD39-CD73-腺苷通路在肿瘤微环境中显著表达,通过腺苷受体抑制效应免疫细胞的杀伤功能,增强免疫抑制细胞的活性,从而为肿瘤细胞的免疫逃逸提供了重要的支持。
腺苷通路分子的表达水平在一定程度上可以反映肿瘤微环境的特征,单独或联合应用这些分子进行肿瘤分型可为药物治疗、病情监测及预后评估提供指导。
CD39在肿瘤微环境中表达于多种细胞表面,可作为生物标志物。多项研究对CD39在肺癌、黑色素瘤、胰腺癌、淋巴瘤、胃癌及结直肠癌等多种肿瘤中的表达进行了检测和分析[22-25]。张斌[25]发现,CD39在胃癌和结直肠癌组织中的表达水平较正常组织高,但与肿瘤临床病理特征及患者总生存期(overall survival,OS)并无明显关系,可能是该研究样本量较小导致检验性能不足所致。另有研究发现,CD39高表达与肿瘤的不良结局有关[22-23]
与CD39类似,CD73亦广泛表达于肿瘤微环境中的多种细胞。多项研究分析了CD73与多种肿瘤(包括乳腺癌、肺癌、胃癌、黑色素瘤、头颈部癌、妇科肿瘤和泌尿系统肿瘤等)的相关性[6,22,26-36],结果显示,肿瘤微环境中CD73高表达与不良预后密切相关[6,22,26-28,30-31,33,35]。Morello等[36]证实了黑色素瘤患者外周血中CD73的活性与肿瘤结局的关系,可溶性CD73高活性患者的生存时间明显短于低活性患者。另有研究发现,CD73高表达为临床结局的有利因素,尤其在肿瘤早期阶段[29,32,34]。这与腺苷通路的免疫抑制机制并不相符,一种解释是CD73诱导产生的高浓度腺苷可作为血管内皮的屏障,减少肿瘤细胞的转移。此外,有研究探讨了CD73分子预测免疫治疗效果的潜能:Morello等[36]和Capone等[37]分别评估了黑色素瘤患者外周血中CD73活性和CD73+ T细胞比率与抗PD-1抗体疗效的关系,结果提示,CD73可作为免疫治疗效果的预测指标。
作为腺苷通路产生免疫抑制信号最重要的受体,A2AR在肿瘤中的表达具有重要意义。李风伟[38]和Wu等[39]分别探讨了A2AR在肝癌和结直肠癌中的表达及意义,发现A2AR在肝癌和结直肠癌组织中呈高表达,且A2AR高表达与患者的OS呈负相关,可作为OS的独立预测因子。Kamai等[40]检测了肾细胞癌患者肿瘤组织中A2AR的表达,发现A2AR表达增加与肾细胞癌转移、免疫靶向治疗抵抗和患者OS缩短明显相关。Wang等[41]发现,肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞上A2AR的表达与淋巴瘤患者的OS明显相关,A2AR+患者具有更短的OS。
目前,肿瘤的免疫检查点抑制剂研究在临床上取得了巨大进展。基于腺苷通路在肿瘤免疫逃逸中的重要作用,阻断腺苷通路在肿瘤免疫治疗中具有重要意义。靶向腺苷通路的药物主要包括阻断腺苷与受体结合的A2AR阻断剂、抑制腺苷生成的CD73抑制剂和CD39抑制剂。基于临床前研究的结果,已有多种腺苷通路阻断剂进入了临床试验阶段,以检验这些药物单独应用或联合其他抗肿瘤药物的有效性和安全性。
阻断腺苷与其受体的结合是抑制腺苷通路效应的最直接方法。目前已有7种A2AR阻断剂进入临床试验阶段,包括CPI-444、AZD4635、AB928、PBF-509、CS3005、MK-3814和EOS100850(表1)。其中CPI-444和AZD4635已有初步的临床数据公布,均得到了积极的结果。这些试验的干预策略包括单药治疗、与PD-L1抗体联合、与CD73抗体联合等。CPI-444在NSCLC中的应用已进入Ⅱ期临床试验,可获得的临床证据主要来自一项Ⅰa和Ⅰb研究(NCT02655822)。该研究主要包括两个部分:第一部分初步探讨了CPI-444的治疗剂量和具体方案;第二部分验证了最佳剂量方案在多种实体瘤中的安全性和临床活性,包括黑色素瘤、NSCLC、三阴性乳腺癌(triple-negative breast cancer,TNBC)和肾细胞癌等。第一部分研究招募了48名受试者,最终确定最佳治疗方案为100 mg/次,2次/d,共28 d,总的疾病控制率[定义为完全缓解(complete response,CR)、部分缓解(partial response,PR)或疾病稳定(stable disease,SD)的患者]达45%,常见的不良反应为恶心(13%)和疲乏(19%)[42]。随后,研究者在一项更大样本的肾细胞癌队列研究中进一步检验了CPI-444的临床有效性,该研究共纳入68例肾细胞癌患者,其中33例采用CPI-444单药治疗,35例接受CPI-444联合PD-L1单抗(atezolizumab)治疗[43]。结果显示,CPI-444单药治疗组和联合治疗组分别有1例和4例患者达到CR,中位无进展生存期(progression-free survival,PFS)分别为4.1个月和5.8个月。AZD4635在前列腺癌与NSCLC等肿瘤中的应用已进入了Ⅱ期临床试验,最新公布的数据来自一项针对实体瘤的Ⅰ期临床试验(NCT02740985),共纳入38例晚期实体瘤患者,其中15例接受AZD4635单药治疗,23例接受AZD4635联合PD-L1单抗(durvalumab)治疗。结果显示,AZD4635最大耐受剂量在单药和联合用药时均为100 mg/次,1次/d,常见的不良反应包括恶心、疲乏、呕吐和头晕。在纳入的8例前列腺癌患者中,经AZD4635单药和联合治疗后各有1例达到CR;纳入的头颈癌、膀胱癌、胃癌和肉瘤等患者中,接受治疗超过6个月的患者均达到SD[44]
抑制CD73分子的活性可显著降低肿瘤微环境中腺苷的水平,进而解除抗肿瘤免疫抑制。CD73抑制剂包括单抗和小分子抑制剂两类,目前已有7种药物进入临床试验阶段,包括MEDI9447、BMS-986179、NZV930、CPI-006、AB680、LY-3475070和TJ004309(表1)。大多数临床试验处于患者招募阶段,仅MEDI9447和BMS-986179公布了初步的有效性和安全性。一项关于MEDI9447的Ⅱ期临床试验(NCT02503774)初步披露了其在结直肠癌和胰腺癌中的数据。该研究中分别有21例晚期结直肠癌患者和20例胰腺癌患者接受了MEDI9447与durvalumab联合治疗,最终1例晚期结直肠癌患者和2例胰腺癌患者达到PR,2例晚期结直肠癌患者和3例胰腺癌患者达到SD;报告的不良反应包括腹泻(8.7%)、发热(8.7%)、疲劳(6.5%)、谷丙转氨酶升高(6.5%)、谷草转氨酶升高(6.5%)和碱性磷酸酶升高(6.5%)等[45]。目前BMS-986179仅有一项在研的临床试验(NCT02754141),初步研究结果在2018年ACCR会议上进行了报告。截至2017年12月,研究共招募59例实体瘤患者,接受了BMS-986179单药或与nivolumab联合治疗,结果提示,单药治疗及后续的联合疗法均有良好的耐受性,未见4级治疗相关不良反应及治疗相关的死亡。在纳入的头颈癌、胰腺癌、前列腺癌、肛门癌和肾癌患者中,有7例最终达到PR,10例达到SD[46]
与CD73类似,目前已开发出CD39抑制剂,进入临床试验阶段的有IPH5201、TTX-030和SRF617等(表1)。这类抑制剂的研究相对较少且处于早期阶段,均为Ⅰ期临床试验。目前尚无临床试验公布研究结果,其安全性和有效性仍有待评估。
腺苷通路在肿瘤的发生和发展中起着重要作用。肿瘤特殊的微环境导致腺苷通路被过度激活,从而诱导抗肿瘤免疫抑制反应,肿瘤由此逃避免疫系统的监视和清除。在腺苷通路中,CD39、CD73和A2AR是产生腺苷和发挥作用的3个关键分子。作为肿瘤的生物标志物,腺苷通路相关分子的表达水平与肿瘤的临床病理特征及预后存在明显相关性。此外,腺苷通路在免疫治疗反应的评估中具有广阔的应用价值。针对腺苷通路的不同分子已开发出多种靶向抑制剂,包括A2AR阻断剂、CD73抑制剂和CD39抑制剂等,其中多种药物展现出了令人振奋的临床活性。然而,这些靶向腺苷通路的药物研究刚刚起步,其抗肿瘤效益有待更多大样本研究进一步证实。鉴于腺苷的产生有赖于低氧环境和细胞更新,未来可考虑将腺苷通路抑制剂与诱导低氧和细胞死亡的抗肿瘤药物联合。此外,还可探讨与其他免疫治疗的协同作用,如联合PD-1、PD-L1和CTLA-4抗体等。总之,腺苷通路在肿瘤免疫中扮演了重要角色,随着研究的不断深入,腺苷通路将显示出巨大的临床转化潜力。
  • 甘肃省重点人才项目(2019RCXM020)
  • 兰州市城关区科技计划项目(2019RCCX0034)
  • 兰州大学第二医院“萃英科技创新”计划项目(CY2017-ZD01)
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2021年第46卷第6期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.06.14
  • 接收时间:2021-01-09
  • 首发时间:2025-12-20
  • 出版时间:2021-06-28
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  • 收稿日期:2021-01-09
  • 修回日期:2021-04-28
基金
Key Talents Project of Gansu Province(2019RCXM020)
甘肃省重点人才项目(2019RCXM020)
Science and Technology Project of Chengguan District of Lanzhou City(2019RCCX0034)
兰州市城关区科技计划项目(2019RCCX0034)
Cuiying Scientific and Technological Innovation Program of Lanzhou University Second Hospital(CY2017-ZD01)
兰州大学第二医院“萃英科技创新”计划项目(CY2017-ZD01)
作者信息
    1兰州大学第二医院肿瘤外科,兰州 730030
    2兰州大学第二临床医学院肿瘤外科,兰州 730030
    3北京大学第六医院/北京大学精神卫生研究所/国家卫生健康委员会精神卫生学重点实验室(北京大学)/国家精神心理疾病临床医学研究中心(北京大学第六医院),北京 100191

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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