Article(id=1209139840134803545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1209139833285505965, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.07.13, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1610899200000, receivedDateStr=2021-01-18, revisedDate=1615478400000, revisedDateStr=2021-03-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766211002620, onlineDateStr=2025-12-20, pubDate=1627401600000, pubDateStr=2021-07-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766211002620, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766211002620, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766211002620, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1209139833285505965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2021', volume='46', issue='7', pageStart='637', pageEnd='742', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1766211000986, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766212174313, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1209144754630168707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1209139833285505965, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1209144754630168708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1209139833285505965, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=724, endPage=730, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1209139841497952357, articleId=1209139840134803545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Research progress on the tumor suppressor gene PBRM1 in renal cell carcinoma, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Renal cancer, as a common urinary system tumor, its occurrence and development involve a series of genetic events including changes in the level of epigenetics. Its etiology is complex and highly heterogeneous. Renal cell carcinoma is the chief type of kidney cancer, while the clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC) is the most common subtype of renal cell carcinoma.Recently, exon sequencing revealed that the mutation rate of polybromo-1 (PBRM1) gene in CCRCC can be as high as 40%. BAF180 protein, which is encoded by PBRM1 gene, is one of the specific subunits of the chromatin remodeling complex PBAF (polybromo-associated BRG1-associated factor), a type of SWItch/sucrose nonfermentable (SWI/SNF) complexes. It not only participates in the formation of PBAF complex, but also mediates the binding of the complex to specific DNA regions, thus affecting the gene transcription and translation processes, so indicates that PBRM1 plays an important role in the occurrence and development of renal cell carcinoma. The research status, molecular mechanism and clinical transformation of the major cancer related genes in CCRCC,especially the tumor suppressor gene PBRM1, were reviewed in present paper, in order to provide reference for the basic and clinical transformation research of SWI/SNF in renal cell carcinoma and other related tumors.

, correspAuthors=You-Fu Pan, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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肾癌作为一种常见的泌尿系统肿瘤,其发生、发展涉及一系列遗传学包括表观遗传学水平的改变,且病因复杂,有着高度的异质性。肾细胞癌是肾癌的最主要类型,而透明肾细胞癌(CCRCC)是肾细胞癌最常见的亚型。近期通过外显子测序发现,多溴蛋白1(PBRM1)基因(编码BAF180蛋白)在CCRCC中的突变率可高达40%。BAF180蛋白是SWI/SNF染色质重塑复合体中PBAF(polybromo-associated BRG1-associated factor)的特异组成亚基之一,不仅参与了PBAF复合物的形成,还可介导该复合物与DNA特定区域的结合,从而影响基因的转录、翻译等过程,表明PBRM1在肾细胞癌发生发展中扮演着十分重要的角色。该文对肾细胞癌的主要癌相关基因尤其是抑癌基因PBRM1的研究现状、分子机制及临床转化研究进展进行综述,以期为SWI/SNF与肾细胞癌及其他相关肿瘤的基础和临床转化研究提供参考。

, correspAuthors=潘有福, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
潘有福,E-mail:
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唐余,硕士研究生,主要从事肿瘤分子遗传学方面的研究

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BrD. 溴结构域;BAH. 溴邻同源结构域;HMG. 高迁移率族结构域

, figureFileSmall=j88IKlH6eOGqjR286W5QqA==, figureFileBig=t0WUevc/kfY8QXVBH30OCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209139846480785703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1209139840134803545, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Common mutation sites of BAF180 protein, figureFileSmall=TSotE5Iq/91vuf17SwUMHA==, figureFileBig=6KySVKFBn02K33cEdiL2lw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209139846568866090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1209139840134803545, language=CN, label=图3, caption=BAF180蛋白的常见突变位点

BrD. 溴结构域;BAH. 溴邻同源结构域;HMG. 高迁移率族结构域;1、2、3三条线为根据突变位点所包含的病例数而划分的等级;在354例癌症病例中,存在163个突变位点。大多数突变为截短突变(137个),其次为错义突变(23个),移码突变较少(2个)。图片来源于TCGA Data,PanCancer Atlas,并稍加改动[47]

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抑癌基因PBRM1在肾细胞癌中的作用研究进展
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唐余 1 , 辛慧 1 , 潘有福 1, 2, *
解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2021,46(7): 724-730
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解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2021, 46(7): 724-730
抑癌基因PBRM1在肾细胞癌中的作用研究进展
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唐余1, 辛慧1, 潘有福1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1遵义医科大学医学遗传学教研室,贵州遵义 563003
  • 2贵州省基因检测与治疗重点实验室,贵州遵义 563003
  • 唐余,硕士研究生,主要从事肿瘤分子遗传学方面的研究

通讯作者:

潘有福,E-mail:
Research progress on the tumor suppressor gene PBRM1 in renal cell carcinoma
Yu Tang1, Hui Xin1, You-Fu Pan1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Medical Genetics, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, China
  • 2Guizhou Province Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, China
出版时间: 2021-07-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.07.13
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肾癌作为一种常见的泌尿系统肿瘤,其发生、发展涉及一系列遗传学包括表观遗传学水平的改变,且病因复杂,有着高度的异质性。肾细胞癌是肾癌的最主要类型,而透明肾细胞癌(CCRCC)是肾细胞癌最常见的亚型。近期通过外显子测序发现,多溴蛋白1(PBRM1)基因(编码BAF180蛋白)在CCRCC中的突变率可高达40%。BAF180蛋白是SWI/SNF染色质重塑复合体中PBAF(polybromo-associated BRG1-associated factor)的特异组成亚基之一,不仅参与了PBAF复合物的形成,还可介导该复合物与DNA特定区域的结合,从而影响基因的转录、翻译等过程,表明PBRM1在肾细胞癌发生发展中扮演着十分重要的角色。该文对肾细胞癌的主要癌相关基因尤其是抑癌基因PBRM1的研究现状、分子机制及临床转化研究进展进行综述,以期为SWI/SNF与肾细胞癌及其他相关肿瘤的基础和临床转化研究提供参考。

肾细胞癌  /  抑癌基因  /  多溴蛋白1  /  SWI/SNF染色质重塑复合体  /  分子机制

Renal cancer, as a common urinary system tumor, its occurrence and development involve a series of genetic events including changes in the level of epigenetics. Its etiology is complex and highly heterogeneous. Renal cell carcinoma is the chief type of kidney cancer, while the clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC) is the most common subtype of renal cell carcinoma.Recently, exon sequencing revealed that the mutation rate of polybromo-1 (PBRM1) gene in CCRCC can be as high as 40%. BAF180 protein, which is encoded by PBRM1 gene, is one of the specific subunits of the chromatin remodeling complex PBAF (polybromo-associated BRG1-associated factor), a type of SWItch/sucrose nonfermentable (SWI/SNF) complexes. It not only participates in the formation of PBAF complex, but also mediates the binding of the complex to specific DNA regions, thus affecting the gene transcription and translation processes, so indicates that PBRM1 plays an important role in the occurrence and development of renal cell carcinoma. The research status, molecular mechanism and clinical transformation of the major cancer related genes in CCRCC,especially the tumor suppressor gene PBRM1, were reviewed in present paper, in order to provide reference for the basic and clinical transformation research of SWI/SNF in renal cell carcinoma and other related tumors.

renal cell carcinoma  /  tumor suppressor gene  /  polybromo-1  /  SWItch/sucrose nonfermentable (SWI/SNF)complex  /  molecular mechanism
唐余, 辛慧, 潘有福. 抑癌基因PBRM1在肾细胞癌中的作用研究进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2021 , 46 (7) : 724 -730 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.07.13
Yu Tang, Hui Xin, You-Fu Pan. Research progress on the tumor suppressor gene PBRM1 in renal cell carcinoma[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2021 , 46 (7) : 724 -730 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.07.13
肾癌是常见的泌尿系统肿瘤,其发生率占全部肿瘤的3%~5%,全世界每年报告肾细胞癌(renal cell carcinoma,RCC)病例超过30万,且呈逐年增长的趋势[1]。男性的肾癌发病率约是女性的2倍,且其生存率较低[2]。肾癌有多种组织病理学类型,根据2004年世界卫生组织的分类,肾癌可分为10种类型,肾细胞癌在其中最为常见。肾细胞癌主要包括透明肾细胞癌(clear cell renal cell carcinoma,CCRCC)、乳头状肾细胞癌(papillary renal cell carcinoma,PRCC)、嫌色肾细胞癌(chromophobe renal cell carcinoma,ChRCC)、肾集合管癌(collecting duct carcinoma,CDC)、肾髓质癌(renal medullary carcinoma,RMC)、肾黏液样小管状和梭形细胞癌(mucinous tubular and spindle cell carcinoma,MTSCC)等[3]。2016年世界卫生组织的肾细胞癌分类中又增加了一些新的类型。在肾细胞癌中,CCRCC占65%~70%,PRCC占15%~20%,ChRCC占5%~7%,其余占3%~15%[4]。由此可见,CCRCC不仅是主要的肾细胞癌亚型,也是肾癌最常见的类型。
肾癌的发生发展机制十分复杂,遗传、肥胖、吸烟、高血压等均为其危险因素。大多数患者早期无症状,最常见的中晚期症状为腰痛、血尿、腹部肿块等[5]。由于肾癌早期不易诊断,因此,明确其发生机制和遗传背景,以及鉴定有效的分子标志物,对改进诊断和治疗方案具有积极意义。本文对肾细胞癌的主要癌相关基因尤其是抑癌基因PBRM1的研究现状、分子机制及临床转化研究进展进行综述,以期为SWI/SNF与肾细胞癌及其他相关肿瘤的基础和临床转化研究提供参考。
肾细胞癌的发生和发展是一个十分复杂且较为长期的过程,涉及许多遗传学事件的发生,典型的如基因突变和拷贝数改变。不同类型的肾细胞癌基因突变谱并不相同。查询癌症基因组图谱数据库发现,CCRCC中突变率居于前10位的基因包括VHL(41.3%)、PBRM1(38.1%)、SETD2(12.2%)、BAP1(9.5%)、MTOR(7.7%)、KDM5C(5.0%)、PCLO(3.7%)、KMT2C(3.7%)、ARID1A(3.5%)、SPEN(3.5%)。见图1
这些突变基因大致可分为泛素化修饰系统基因、表观遗传调控基因及其他基因。泛素化修饰系统基因主要是von Hippel-Lindau(VHL)。VHL基因定位于人类染色体3p25.2,是CCRCC中突变率最高的基因[6],其CpG岛甲基化可见于20%的肾细胞癌临床样本中[7]。VHL的突变或失活可导致多种肿瘤的易感性升高,如嗜铬细胞瘤、胰岛细胞肿瘤、内淋巴囊肿瘤和子宫腺瘤等,尤其是近70%的患者会罹患肾细胞癌或肾囊肿[8-9]。缺乏VHL基因使低氧诱导因子(HIF)α不能被泛素化并降解[10],进而在细胞核中积累。HIF调控的基因(如VEGF)表达增加,导致血管生成;同时,一些与代谢和炎症相关的信号转导通路也常常失调,进而加速肿瘤的进展[11]
CCRCC中大多数突变基因属于表观遗传调控基因,包括PBRM1、SETD2、BAP1、KDM5C、KMT2C、ARID1A、SPEN。PBRM1是CCRCC中第二大突变基因,定位于3号染色体短臂(3p)上,突变率为38.1%。SETD2基因也位于染色体3p上,在10%~15%的CCRCC中发生突变[12]。BAP1定位于3p21.1,编码一种去泛素化酶[13],最初被鉴定为与乳腺癌基因1(breast cancer gene 1,BRCA1)的RNG结构域相互作用的蛋白质[14],通过去泛素化作用参与表观遗传调控、DNA损伤修复等过程,从而发挥抑癌作用[15-17]。BAP1失活可导致多梳抑制复合体(polycomb repressive complex,PRC)的调控功能失调,以及部分miRNAs表达的改变,从而使CCRCC进展到晚期[18-19]
KDM5C基因编码一种从组蛋白H3(H3K4me3)上去除甲基的脱甲基酶,而H3K4me3是活跃转录基因的标志[20]。组蛋白赖氨酸N-甲基转移酶2C(KMT2C)是组蛋白甲基化修饰蛋白KMT2家族的一员,在调控发育途径中发挥重要作用,KMT2C突变不仅存在于CCRCC中,还存在于管囊性肾细胞癌中[21-22]。ARID1A是SWI/SNF染色质重塑复合体的一个亚单位,其突变可影响SWI/SNF复合物的活性,进而使部分信号通路蛋白转录表达发生异常[23],如增加磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)的敏感性及抑制蛋白激酶B的活性[24]。ARID1A表达降低与CCRCC预后不良相关[25],提示其可作为CCRCC预后的一个评估指标。SPEN编码的SMRT/HDAC1蛋白是一种大型核蛋白,在转录调控及X染色体失活中发挥重要作用,也可影响乳腺癌初级纤毛形成及癌细胞迁移[26],但SPEN在CCRCC中的作用及机制尚未见报道。
CCRCC中其他突变率较高的基因有mTOR、PCLO。哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(the mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)是PI3K相关激酶,也是细胞生长及增殖的重要调节因子[27]。PI3K/mTOR直接通过控制糖酵解相关基因的转录及糖酵解酶的翻译后修饰[28]来调控肿瘤的Warburg效应。CCRCC的特征之一是糖酵解的增加及PI3K信号通路的激活[29],提示mTOR在CCRCC进程中可能发挥着重要功能。PCLO是一种新发现的420 ku锌指蛋白,其突变与突触前细胞瘤、神经胶质母细胞瘤相关,还与小细胞肺癌耐药及肝癌等的发生相关[30-34]。PCLO在CCRCC中的作用也未见相关报道。
除上述突变率较高的基因外,在CCRCC中还存在部分突变率较低的基因如KDM6A。KDM6A(UTX)定位于人类染色体Xp11.2,编码一种转移H3K27甲基化的蛋白酶,在1%的CCRCC中发生突变[20],并参与了表观遗传调控过程。KDM6A缺陷细胞的增殖依赖于甲基化H3K27的PRC2成员EZH2,提示抑制EZH2可能是治疗KDM6A突变肿瘤的有效方法[35]。此外,microRNA是一种长约22nt的短链非编码RNA,在许多癌症中均发现了microRNA表达的失调,肾癌中也不例外。miR-205-5p、miR-143及miR-184均显示出了抗CCRCC的作用[36-38],对这些microRNA进行研究可为CCRCC的治疗提供潜在的靶点。
PBRM1是不久前才发现的CCRCC中的高频突变基因,其突变率可达41%左右[39](图1)。近年来研究发现,SWI/SNF各个成员在多种肿瘤中的突变率可超过20%[40],表明SWI/SNF在多种肿瘤的发生发展中起着重要作用。SWI/SNF染色质重塑复合体可分为3种:经典的cBAF,多溴蛋白结合的PBAF(polybromo-associated BRG1-associated factor),以及近年来鉴定的含有GLTSCR1或GLTSCR1L和BRD9的GBAF[41]。PBRM1编码BAF180蛋白,为PBAF的特异性组成部分,也是该SWI/SNF染色质重塑复合体靶向染色质的重要亚基[42]。PBAF复合体介导的染色质重塑与DNA的复制、转录、修复,以及细胞增殖、分化的控制有关[42]。PBAF 的活动依赖于各结构域功能的发挥,PBRM1在CCRCC中的高突变率使其成为了近年的研究热点。
PBRM1定位于染色体3p21,其编码产物BAF180蛋白全长1689个氨基酸。BAF180由6个参与组蛋白尾上乙酰化赖氨酸残基结合的溴结构域(BrD)、2个参与蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用的溴邻同源结构域(BAH)和1个与DNA结合的高迁移率族结构域(HMG)组成[43](图2):(1)BAF180蛋白的BrD可特异性识别组蛋白乙酰化(Histone Ac);(2)BAH有募集效应蛋白的作用;(3)HMG可结合到DNA的凹槽中。
BrD是在染色质重塑复合体的亚基及许多组蛋白乙酰转移酶(HATS)中发现的与乙酰化赖氨酸(acetylated lysine)结合的结构域。BAF180的不同BrD与组蛋白的不同乙酰化位点有不同的亲和性,表明它们可能有助于组蛋白“密码”的“解读”[44]。最近的研究发现,在细胞内染色质重塑和转录激活等过程中,溴结构域-乙酰化识别是调节蛋白质与蛋白质相互作用的关键机制[43]
BAH最早是在脊椎动物多溴蛋白中发现的130个氨基酸区,能够募集其他可结合的蛋白质[44]。在BAF180蛋白中,串联的BAH结构域可能有助于锚定PBAF复合体中的亚基。在酵母细胞中,含有BAH结构域的起始点识别复合体1(the origin recognition complex 1,Orc1)可与沉默信息调节因子1(silent information regulation 2 homolog 1,Sirt1)相互作用[45]
HMG是由约80个氨基酸组成的区域,存在于各种真核生物染色体蛋白及核小体结合蛋白中,其主要作用是结合到DNA的小凹槽中。HMG结合DNA后可使后者的结构发生改变,从而调节染色质功能及基因表达[43]
PBRM1是CCRCC中第二常见的突变基因(图1)。有趣的是PBRM1突变主要发生于CCRCC,在其他RCC亚型中突变很少或未观察到,如PRCC(4%)和ChRCC(0%)[46]。在CCRCC中PBRM1的突变大多数是截短突变(137个),其次是错义突变(23个),移码突变较少(2个)[47]。PBRM1突变位点沿整个基因分布,影响BrD、BAH及HMG[47](图3)。此类突变可使PBRM1蛋白的结构域发生变化,从而引起细胞的生理学改变,以至引发癌症。
PBRM1突变被认为是癌变的早期事件,已有不少研究对其抑癌机制进行了探讨。Ibragimova等[48]通过分析TCGA的CCRCC Infinium数据库中与染色质修饰相关基因启动子的甲基化状态,发现在所有肿瘤及正常标本中KDM5C、ARID1A、PBRM1、KDM6A、SETD2及BAP1的启动子均未甲基化。此外,由于VHL、PBRM1、SETD2及BAP1均位于染色体3p上,染色体3p的缺失可能会赋予肿瘤细胞更强的生长优势[48]。在乳腺癌中,PBRM1可增强p21的表达,进而抑制细胞增殖[49]。此外,PBRM1还可能是细胞衰老所必需的基因,可通过调节p53介导特异性基因转录[50]。由于PBRM1既可影响p21的表达,也可影响p53的转录活性,而已知p21是p53的下游靶基因,因此,在CCRCC中PBRM1是直接调控p21的转录水平,还是通过p53影响p21的转录水平,或两者皆有目前尚不清楚。最近Cai等[51]提供了PBRM1通过p53调控p21的证据,他们发现,在CCRCC患者中仅约3%存在TP53突变,但是BAF180的BrD4可通过特异性识别p53的K382赖氨酸残基乙酰化状态,增加p53与CDKN1A(编码p21)启动子的结合能力,最终使p21的表达水平上升。
PBRM1对DNA双链断裂(DSBs)诱导的转录沉默也具有重要作用,并可促进受损部位的修复,而PBRM1突变体则不能发挥此功能[52]。PBRM1还可能通过促进着丝粒凝聚和基因组稳定性来阻止肿瘤的发生[53],敲除PBRM1基因后,参与染色体不稳定及细胞增殖的基因表达上调,尤其是RNAi介导的PBRM1降低可促进CCRCC的细胞增殖、细胞克隆形成及迁移,这与其肿瘤抑制因子的作用一致[54],提示在肾细胞癌中,PBRM1也可能通过以上机制发挥抑癌作用。
PBRM1表达升高可导致部分肾细胞癌细胞黏附、碳水化合物代谢、凋亡过程和缺氧反应相关基因表达上调,以及部分参与细胞分裂不同阶段的基因表达下调[55-56],提示PBRM1可能作为一个上游主导基因来调控肿瘤细胞的黏附性,从而影响肿瘤细胞在体内的转移。
PBRM1的突变或缺失还可能导致细胞中几种关键的信号通路失调。Gu等[57]通过建立PBRM1及BAP1突变的肾癌小鼠模型,发现PBRM1缺失可激活mTORC1信号通路,促进肾癌的发生。Miao等[58]通过对PBAF缺陷型CCRCC细胞株基因表达的分析,发现PBRM1缺乏可导致JAK/STAT通路相关蛋白的基因转录发生改变。沉默PBRM1基因可使RIG-Ⅰ样受体(RLR)信号通路相关蛋白的表达上升[59],后者是一个典型的与炎症相关的免疫信号通路,提示PBRM1缺失还可能与免疫信号通路相关。
在VHL缺失的CCRCC中,PBRM1失活可降低干扰素刺激基因因子3(ISGF3)的表达,影响干扰素的生成。VHL丢失后可造成STAT3信号通路激活,PBRM1的进一步丢失或失活又增强了HIF1的表达和STAT3通路的激活,活化的STAT3可能抑制CCRCC细胞中ISGF3的表达[60-61]。这些结果提示ISGF3和STAT3有可能是PBRM1缺失的CCRCC的潜在治疗靶点。
综上所述,PBRM1作为许多肿瘤的抑癌基因,其突变/失活可以扰动肿瘤细胞内多种信号通路相关基因的表达,进而影响肿瘤细胞的生长特性和肿瘤的发展进程。以上PBRM1抑癌机制的探索无疑将有助于鉴定一些有效的治疗靶点,并可为控制肿瘤的浸润和转移提供对策。
Nam等[62]通过对657例CCRCC患者的癌组织样本进行PBRM1免疫组化分析发现,PBRM1表达降低的患者肿瘤特异性生存率(CSS)及无进展生存期(PFS)明显降低(P<0.001);在多因素分析中,PBRM1表达是PFS较短的独立预测因子(P=0.007)。研究还发现,在癌症早期(Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期)组PBRM1的表达明显下降,CSS及PFS明显降低(P<0.001),而在晚期(Ⅲ期和Ⅳ期)组中则无明显变化,因此认为PBRM1可以作为早期肾细胞癌患者的一个预后及诊断指标。但Kim等[63]对肾细胞癌Ⅳ期患者的PBRM1表达谱进行分析后得出了与此不一致的结论。他们比较了53例肾细胞癌患者的生存期及mTOR抑制剂的治疗效果,发现肾细胞癌Ⅳ期患者PBRM1高表达组总生存期(OS)明显低于低表达组[(23.0±8.3)个月 vs.(45.0±4.8)个月,P=0.022],即PBRM1的表达升高与OS降低相关,且晚期肾细胞癌患者对mTOR抑制剂的应答效果较差(P=0.101)。导致这种不一致的原因可能与肿瘤分期及样本量不同有关,也可能与患者对药物的敏感性变化有关,因此,其中的机制仍需进一步研究。
在治疗方面,肾细胞癌的传统治疗方式为手术切除和基于细胞因子的治疗,但存在复发率高、毒性高及应答率低等风险[64]。对于VHL失活的肾细胞癌而言,临床上使用的舒尼替尼、HIF拮抗剂等药物已取得良好的治疗效果[65-66]。对于PBRM1突变的肾细胞癌而言,虽然Fay等[67]发现,PBRM1突变在抗VEGF治疗的患者中有所富集,但Beuselinck等[68]发现,PBRM1突变与苏尼替尼治疗反应无明显关系。此外,Miao等[58]通过分析35例转移性CCRCC的全外显子测序结果,以及临床抗PD-1或阻断PD-L1的免疫治疗结果,发现PBRM1双等位基因失活(loss of function,LOF)与临床免疫治疗效果的相关性较好,随后在63例CCRCC患者中得到了验证。Braun等[69]在对803例临床肾细胞癌患者进行分析,探讨PBRM1突变是否可以作为免疫检查点抑制剂的标志物时也得出了类似的结论。最近有研究发现,一种新的EZH2抑制剂L501-1669可抑制PBRM1失活的癌细胞增殖,促进其凋亡[70]
以上研究结果表明,PBRM1基因的突变情况、表达水平及下游关键分子的鉴定均对肾细胞癌患者的分型分期、治疗和预后有着重要作用,且PBRM1失活所引起的肾细胞癌可通过特异性药物进行干预。
肾癌作为常见的泌尿系统肿瘤,对人类的健康威胁极大。目前关于肾细胞癌中的VHL突变机制和临床转化的研究已经取得了丰硕成果,但对肾细胞癌的第二大突变基因PBRM1的研究仍较少。虽然目前的实验数据已表明PBRM1在临床上对肾细胞癌的分期、治疗、预后等均有影响,且已有研究揭示了PBRM1的部分抑癌机制,还提出了以PBRM1为靶点的治疗方案,但是PBRM1在肾细胞癌中的作用机制尚未阐明,许多问题仍需进一步探讨,如基因组水平PBRM1调控的靶基因有哪些,PBAF与哪些转录因子协同调控此类基因,其失活影响了哪些miRNA,对代谢的影响,以及肿瘤微环境发生的变化等。因此,PBRM1的功能和分子机制仍需进一步深入研究,这对肾细胞癌以及PBRM1缺陷的相关肿瘤的预防、个性化治疗和预后有着积极的理论意义和临床转化价值。
  • 国家自然科学基金(31760321)
  • 贵州省科学技术基金(黔科合基础[2017]1217)
  • 贵州省科学技术基金(黔科合基础[2018]1189)
参考文献 引证文献
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2021年第46卷第7期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.07.13
  • 接收时间:2021-01-18
  • 首发时间:2025-12-20
  • 出版时间:2021-07-28
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  • 收稿日期:2021-01-18
  • 修回日期:2021-03-12
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(31760321)
国家自然科学基金(31760321)
Science and Technology Foundation of Guizhou Province(QKHJC-2017-1217)
贵州省科学技术基金(黔科合基础[2017]1217)
Science and Technology Foundation of Guizhou Province(QKHJC-2018-1189)
贵州省科学技术基金(黔科合基础[2018]1189)
作者信息
    1遵义医科大学医学遗传学教研室,贵州遵义 563003
    2贵州省基因检测与治疗重点实验室,贵州遵义 563003

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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