Article(id=1209139838033465795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1209139833285505965, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.07.01, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1617811200000, receivedDateStr=2021-04-08, revisedDate=1624723200000, revisedDateStr=2021-06-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766211002118, onlineDateStr=2025-12-20, pubDate=1627401600000, pubDateStr=2021-07-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766211002118, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766211002118, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766211002118, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1209139833285505965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2021', volume='46', issue='7', pageStart='637', pageEnd='742', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1766211000986, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766212174313, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1209144754630168707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1209139833285505965, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1209144754630168708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1209139833285505965, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=637, endPage=642, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1209139838314484176, articleId=1209139838033465795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Interpretation of the 2021 KDIGO clinical practice guideline: Management of blood pressure for patient with chronic kidney disease, columnId=1190310109461971339, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Guideline and Consensus, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Hypertension is a common complication of patient with chronic kidney diseases (CKD), and an important risk factor for the development of CKD. Therefore, controlling hypertension is one of the keys to block the progression of CKD. Since the release of 2012 edition "KDIGO clinical practice guideline for management of blood pressure (BP) in patient with chronic kidney disease", new clinical trials has been constantly emerging. Based on this, KDIGO has released a 2021 updated guide. The new guideline covers standardized BP measurements, lifestyle interventions without dialysis, BP management and medication recommendations, and for special CKD population, including kidney transplant patients and children, the corresponding BP management and medication recommendations are recommended. Compared with the previous guideline, standardized BP measurements in the clinic is a new addition. Furthermore, one of the most noteworthy is that the target BP of CKD patients without dialysis is systolic pressure <120 mmHg, which further demonstrates the benefits of intensive hypotensive therapy, but the recommendation level is only 2B. This article launches interpretation for the above several aspects in this new consensus.

, correspAuthors=Jun-Jun Cai, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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慢性肾脏病(CKD)患者常合并高血压,而高血压又是促进CKD发展的重要危险因素,控制高血压是阻断CKD进展的关键之一。自2012版《KDIGO临床实践指南:慢性肾脏病患者的血压管理》发布以来,新的临床试验证据不断涌现。基于此,KDIGO发布了2021版更新指南。新版指南涵盖标准的诊室血压测量、非透析CKD患者的生活方式干预、血压管理和用药建议,并推荐对特殊CKD人群(包括肾移植患者和儿童)加强血压管理。与前版指南相比,标准的诊室血压测量为新增加的内容,而最值得关注的是,指南建议未接受透析的CKD患者血压靶目标值应控制在收缩压<120 mmHg,进一步体现了强化降压的获益,但推荐等级仅为2B。该文就以上几个方面的内容对该共识展开解读。

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王凯,医学博士,主治医师,主要从事中西医结合急危重症医学、中西医结合心血管内科学和介入心脏病学方面的研究

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王凯,医学博士,主治医师,主要从事中西医结合急危重症医学、中西医结合心血管内科学和介入心脏病学方面的研究

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王凯,医学博士,主治医师,主要从事中西医结合急危重症医学、中西医结合心血管内科学和介入心脏病学方面的研究

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Circulation, 2017, 136(5): 440-450., articleTitle=Effect of intensive blood pressure lowering on left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with hypertension: SPRINT (systolic blood pressure intervention trial), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209197926010712595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1209139838033465795, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=67, issue=5, pageStart=728, pageEnd=741, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=14, authorNames=Xie X, Liu Y, Perkovic V, journalName=Am J Kidney Dis, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xie X, Liu Y, Perkovic V, et al. Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors and kidney and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with CKD: a Bayesian network Meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials[J]. Am J Kidney Dis, 2016, 67(5): 728-741., articleTitle=Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors and kidney and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with CKD: a Bayesian network Meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209197926073627157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1209139838033465795, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1996, volume=334, issue=15, pageStart=939, pageEnd=945, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=15, authorNames=Maschio G, Alberti D, Janin G, journalName=N Engl J Med, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Maschio G, Alberti D, Janin G, et al. Effect of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor benazepril on the progression of chronic renal insufficiency. The Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme Inhibition in Progressive Renal Insufficiency Study Group[J]. N Engl J Med, 1996, 334(15): 939-945., articleTitle=Effect of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor benazepril on the progression of chronic renal insufficiency. The Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme Inhibition in Progressive Renal Insufficiency Study Group, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209197926128153111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1209139838033465795, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1999, volume=354, issue=9176, pageStart=359, pageEnd=364, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=16, authorNames=Ruggenenti P, Perna A, Gherardi G, journalName=Lancet, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ruggenenti P, Perna A, Gherardi G, et al. Renoprotective properties of ACE-inhibition in non-diabetic nephropathies with non-nephrotic proteinuria[J]. Lancet, 1999, 354(9176): 359-364., articleTitle=Renoprotective properties of ACE-inhibition in non-diabetic nephropathies with non-nephrotic proteinuria, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209197926207844890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1209139838033465795, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=354, issue=2, pageStart=131, pageEnd=140, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=17, authorNames=Hou FF, Zhang X, Zhang GH, journalName=N Engl J Med, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hou FF, Zhang X, Zhang GH, et al. Efficacy and safety of benazepril for advanced chronic renal insufficiency[J]. N Engl J Med, 2006, 354(2): 131-140., articleTitle=Efficacy and safety of benazepril for advanced chronic renal insufficiency, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209197926279148060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1209139838033465795, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2002, volume=288, issue=19, pageStart=2421, pageEnd=2431, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=18, authorNames=Wright JT Jr, Bakris G, Greene T, journalName=JAMA, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wright JT Jr, Bakris G, Greene T, et al. Effect of blood pressure lowering and antihypertensive drug class on progression of hypertensive kidney disease: results from the AASK trial[J]. JAMA, 2002, 288(19): 2421-2431., articleTitle=Effect of blood pressure lowering and antihypertensive drug class on progression of hypertensive kidney disease: results from the AASK trial, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209197926354645534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1209139838033465795, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=383, issue=23, pageStart=2219, pageEnd=2229, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=19, authorNames=Bakris GL, Agarwal R, Anker SD, journalName=N Engl J Med, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bakris GL, Agarwal R, Anker SD, et al. Effect of finerenone on chronic kidney disease outcomes in type 2 diabetes[J]. N Engl J Med, 2020, 383(23): 2219-2229., articleTitle=Effect of finerenone on chronic kidney disease outcomes in type 2 diabetes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209197926421754400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1209139838033465795, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=35, issue=5, pageStart=878, pageEnd=887, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=20, authorNames=Pisano A, Bolignano D, Mallamaci F, journalName=Nephrol Dial Transplant, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Pisano A, Bolignano D, Mallamaci F, et al. Comparative effectiveness of different antihypertensive agents in kidney transplantation: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Nephrol Dial Transplant, 2020, 35(5): 878-887., articleTitle=Comparative effectiveness of different antihypertensive agents in kidney transplantation: a systematic review and meta-analysis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209197926497251874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1209139838033465795, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=85, issue=3, pageStart=536, pageEnd=546, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=21, authorNames=Sarafidis PA, Ruilope LM, journalName=Kidney Int, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Sarafidis PA, Ruilope LM. Aggressive blood pressure reduction and renin-angiotensin system blockade in chronic kidney disease: time for re-evaluation?[J]. Kidney Int, 2014, 85(3): 536-546., articleTitle=Aggressive blood pressure reduction and renin-angiotensin system blockade in chronic kidney disease: time for re-evaluation?, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209197926568555045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1209139838033465795, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2009, volume=361, issue=17, pageStart=1639, pageEnd=1650, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=22, authorNames=ESCAPE Trial Group, Wühl E, Trivelli A, journalName=N Engl J Med, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ESCAPE Trial Group, Wühl E, Trivelli A, et al. Strict blood-pressure control and progression of renal failure in children[J]. N Engl J Med, 2009, 361(17): 1639-1650., articleTitle=Strict blood-pressure control and progression of renal failure in children, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209197926648246824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1209139838033465795, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=29, issue=8, pageStart=2225, pageEnd=2233, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=23, authorNames=van den Belt SM, Heerspink HJL, Gracchi V, journalName=J Am Soc Nephrol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=van den Belt SM, Heerspink HJL, Gracchi V, et al. Early proteinuria lowering by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition predicts renal survival in children with CKD[J]. J Am Soc Nephrol, 2018, 29(8): 2225-2233., articleTitle=Early proteinuria lowering by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition predicts renal survival in children with CKD, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1209197922000957862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1209139838033465795, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1209197922009346472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1209139838033465795, companyId=1209197922000957862, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Emergency, the First Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300381, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1209197922013540777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1209139838033465795, companyId=1209197922000957862, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1天津中医药大学第一附属医院急症部,天津 300381)]), AuthorCompany(id=1209197922097426859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1209139838033465795, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1209197922105815467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1209139838033465795, companyId=1209197922097426859, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Department of Gastroenterology, the Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin 300170, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1209197922114204076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1209139838033465795, companyId=1209197922097426859, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2天津市第三中心医院消化(肝病)科,天津 300170)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1209197924668535268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1209139838033465795, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Key guidance from KDIGO 2021 clinical practice guideline for BP management in CKD

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
关键实践要点推荐意见
1. 血压测量推荐意见1.1 在成人高血压管理中,建议采用标准化诊室血压测量,而非常规诊室血压测量(1B)。
推荐意见1.2 在高血压管理中,建议采用动态血压监测(ABPM)或家庭血压监测(HBPM)的诊室外血压测量值作为标准化诊室血压测量的补充(2B)。
2. CKD非透析患者生活方式干预降压推荐意见2.1 高血压合并CKD患者的钠摄入量限制在<2 g/d(<90 mmol/d)或氯化钠<5 g/d(2C)。
推荐意见2.2 高血压合并CKD患者应进行中等强度的体育锻炼,每周累计时间至少150 min,或达到与心血管和身体耐受性相适应的水平(2C)。
3. 未接受透析的CKD人群血压管理(伴或不伴糖尿病)推荐意见3.1 对于高血压合并CKD的成人患者,如耐受,以SBP<120 mmHg为血压控制目标,建议采用标准化诊室血压测量来管理血压(2B)。
推荐意见3.2.1 对于CKD合并高血压,严重蛋白尿(G1–G4,A3)且不伴糖尿病的患者,建议起始使用RASi(ACEI或ARB)(1B)。
推荐意见3.2.2 对于CKD合并高血压,中度蛋白尿(G1–G4,A2)且不伴糖尿病的患者,建议起始使用RASi(ACEI或ARB)(2C)。
推荐意见3.2.3 对于CKD合并高血压,中重度蛋白尿(G1–G4,A2和A3)且合并糖尿病的患者,建议起始使用RASi(ACEI或ARB)(1B)。
推荐意见3.3 对于合并或不合并糖尿病的CKD患者,避免ACEI、ARB与直接肾素抑制剂(DRI)联合使用(1B)。
4. 肾移植受者的血压管理(CKDG1T–G5T)推荐意见4.1 采用标准化诊室血压测量,高血压的成年肾移植受者的目标收缩压为<130 mmHg,舒张压<80 mmHg。
推荐意见4.2 建议成年肾移植受者使用二氢吡啶类钙通道阻滞剂(CCB)或ARB作为一线降压药(1C)。
5. CKD儿童血压管理推荐意见5.1 对于慢性肾脏病儿童,通过动态血压(ABPM)监测的24 h平均动脉压(MAP)水平应降至≤同年龄、性别、身高人群血压水平的50百分位(2C)。
), ArticleFig(id=1209197924765004264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1209139838033465795, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2021版慢性肾脏病(CKD)血压管理临床实践指南的关键实践要点和推荐意见

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
关键实践要点推荐意见
1. 血压测量推荐意见1.1 在成人高血压管理中,建议采用标准化诊室血压测量,而非常规诊室血压测量(1B)。
推荐意见1.2 在高血压管理中,建议采用动态血压监测(ABPM)或家庭血压监测(HBPM)的诊室外血压测量值作为标准化诊室血压测量的补充(2B)。
2. CKD非透析患者生活方式干预降压推荐意见2.1 高血压合并CKD患者的钠摄入量限制在<2 g/d(<90 mmol/d)或氯化钠<5 g/d(2C)。
推荐意见2.2 高血压合并CKD患者应进行中等强度的体育锻炼,每周累计时间至少150 min,或达到与心血管和身体耐受性相适应的水平(2C)。
3. 未接受透析的CKD人群血压管理(伴或不伴糖尿病)推荐意见3.1 对于高血压合并CKD的成人患者,如耐受,以SBP<120 mmHg为血压控制目标,建议采用标准化诊室血压测量来管理血压(2B)。
推荐意见3.2.1 对于CKD合并高血压,严重蛋白尿(G1–G4,A3)且不伴糖尿病的患者,建议起始使用RASi(ACEI或ARB)(1B)。
推荐意见3.2.2 对于CKD合并高血压,中度蛋白尿(G1–G4,A2)且不伴糖尿病的患者,建议起始使用RASi(ACEI或ARB)(2C)。
推荐意见3.2.3 对于CKD合并高血压,中重度蛋白尿(G1–G4,A2和A3)且合并糖尿病的患者,建议起始使用RASi(ACEI或ARB)(1B)。
推荐意见3.3 对于合并或不合并糖尿病的CKD患者,避免ACEI、ARB与直接肾素抑制剂(DRI)联合使用(1B)。
4. 肾移植受者的血压管理(CKDG1T–G5T)推荐意见4.1 采用标准化诊室血压测量,高血压的成年肾移植受者的目标收缩压为<130 mmHg,舒张压<80 mmHg。
推荐意见4.2 建议成年肾移植受者使用二氢吡啶类钙通道阻滞剂(CCB)或ARB作为一线降压药(1C)。
5. CKD儿童血压管理推荐意见5.1 对于慢性肾脏病儿童,通过动态血压(ABPM)监测的24 h平均动脉压(MAP)水平应降至≤同年龄、性别、身高人群血压水平的50百分位(2C)。
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《2021 KDIGO临床实践指南:慢性肾脏病患者的血压管理》解读
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王凯 1 , 蔡均均 2, *
解放军医学杂志 | 指南与共识 2021,46(7): 637-642
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解放军医学杂志 | 指南与共识 2021, 46(7): 637-642
《2021 KDIGO临床实践指南:慢性肾脏病患者的血压管理》解读
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王凯1, 蔡均均2, *
作者信息
  • 1天津中医药大学第一附属医院急症部,天津 300381
  • 2天津市第三中心医院消化(肝病)科,天津 300170
  • 王凯,医学博士,主治医师,主要从事中西医结合急危重症医学、中西医结合心血管内科学和介入心脏病学方面的研究

通讯作者:

蔡均均,E-mail:
Interpretation of the 2021 KDIGO clinical practice guideline: Management of blood pressure for patient with chronic kidney disease
Kai Wang1, Jun-Jun Cai2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Emergency, the First Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300381, China
  • 2Department of Gastroenterology, the Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin 300170, China
出版时间: 2021-07-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.07.01
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慢性肾脏病(CKD)患者常合并高血压,而高血压又是促进CKD发展的重要危险因素,控制高血压是阻断CKD进展的关键之一。自2012版《KDIGO临床实践指南:慢性肾脏病患者的血压管理》发布以来,新的临床试验证据不断涌现。基于此,KDIGO发布了2021版更新指南。新版指南涵盖标准的诊室血压测量、非透析CKD患者的生活方式干预、血压管理和用药建议,并推荐对特殊CKD人群(包括肾移植患者和儿童)加强血压管理。与前版指南相比,标准的诊室血压测量为新增加的内容,而最值得关注的是,指南建议未接受透析的CKD患者血压靶目标值应控制在收缩压<120 mmHg,进一步体现了强化降压的获益,但推荐等级仅为2B。该文就以上几个方面的内容对该共识展开解读。

慢性肾脏病  /  高血压  /  血压管理  /  改善全球肾脏病预后组织  /  指南解读

Hypertension is a common complication of patient with chronic kidney diseases (CKD), and an important risk factor for the development of CKD. Therefore, controlling hypertension is one of the keys to block the progression of CKD. Since the release of 2012 edition "KDIGO clinical practice guideline for management of blood pressure (BP) in patient with chronic kidney disease", new clinical trials has been constantly emerging. Based on this, KDIGO has released a 2021 updated guide. The new guideline covers standardized BP measurements, lifestyle interventions without dialysis, BP management and medication recommendations, and for special CKD population, including kidney transplant patients and children, the corresponding BP management and medication recommendations are recommended. Compared with the previous guideline, standardized BP measurements in the clinic is a new addition. Furthermore, one of the most noteworthy is that the target BP of CKD patients without dialysis is systolic pressure <120 mmHg, which further demonstrates the benefits of intensive hypotensive therapy, but the recommendation level is only 2B. This article launches interpretation for the above several aspects in this new consensus.

chronic kidney disease  /  hypertension  /  blood pressure management  /  Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes  /  guideline interpretation
王凯, 蔡均均. 《2021 KDIGO临床实践指南:慢性肾脏病患者的血压管理》解读. 解放军医学杂志, 2021 , 46 (7) : 637 -642 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.07.01
Kai Wang, Jun-Jun Cai. Interpretation of the 2021 KDIGO clinical practice guideline: Management of blood pressure for patient with chronic kidney disease[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2021 , 46 (7) : 637 -642 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.07.01
我国非透析慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)患者合并高血压的患病率高达67.3%~71.2%[1],且随着肾功能的下降,估算肾小球滤过率(eGFR)水平越低,高血压的患病率也越高。目前针对该人群的高质量大规模随机对照试验(RCTs)证据有限,虽然各国指南均主张对CKD合并高血压患者进行强化降压达标,最佳血压控制靶目标值整体上趋于更严格的水平,但具体的目标推荐值尚存在差异。
2012年,改善全球肾脏病预后组织(Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes,KDIGO)发布了非透析CKD患者血压管理临床实践指南,但随着新的临床研究数据的不断涌现,尤其是收缩压干预试验(systolic blood pressure intervention trial,SPRINT)[2]结果的公布,为非透析CKD患者的强化降压目标——收缩期血压(systolic blood pressure,SBP)<120 mmHg提供了依据。基于现有的证据,KDIGO对2012版指南进行了更新,并于2021年2月23日在Kidney International杂志上发表,以期基于最新循证证据为CKD患者血压管理提供当前最优建议,实现最佳的临床预后。
新版指南分为5章,包括11项推荐和若干实践要点(表1),除涵盖原指南中针对非透析CKD患者的生活方式干预、血压控制目标、用药选择,以及肾移植受者和儿童等特殊人群的血压管理内容外,还引入了一章专门介绍标准的诊室血压测量[3]。本文就以上几个方面进行解读。
此部分是对2012版指南的补充,主要是考虑到诊室环境中血压测量结果的高变性,以及相关RCTs(如SPRINT研究)多采用标准化诊室血压测量方法,为了根据现有循证医学证据进行合理的血压管理,建议采用标准化的诊室血压测量方法。
推荐意见1.1 在成人高血压管理中,建议采用标准化诊室血压测量,而非常规诊室血压测量(1B)。
标准化诊室血压测量是指使用符合标准的血压测量设备,严格按照标准的准备工作步骤和测量技术要求进行血压测量。该定义并未限制测量设备,电子血压计或汞柱血压计均可应用,新一版指南证据的主要来源——SPRINT研究中使用的是全自动血压计,因此该定义应考虑到不同诊疗场所中的测量设备不一致,强调的重点在于操作的标准化。需要指出的是,新指南的制定所依据的RCTs多采用标准化的血压测量,若测量方法不规范,新指南推荐的血压目标值则不完全适用。虽然标准化的血压测量增加了患者、医师和卫生机构的负担,但由于对血压管理的获益超过了潜在的实施负担,因此该建议仍被指南强力推荐(推荐等级:1B)。
推荐意见1.2 在高血压管理中,建议采用动态血压监测(ABPM)或家庭血压监测(HBPM)的诊室外血压测量值作为标准化诊室血压测量的补充(2B)。
如果标准化的诊室血压测量不易实现,可采用24 h动态血压监测(ambulatory blood pressure monitoring,ABPM)或家庭血压监测(home blood pressure monitoring,HBPM)作为标准化诊室血压测量的补充(推荐等级:2B)。
推荐意见2.1 高血压合并CKD患者的钠摄入量限制在<2 g/d(<90 mmol/d)或氯化钠<5 g/d(2C)。
无论是普通人群还是CKD人群,减少膳食盐摄入量均可短暂降低血压,同时还可减少普通人群心血管疾病的发生。因此,即便针对CKD人群的证据较弱,新指南中仍建议CKD合并高血压人群每日摄入钠<2 g或氯化钠<5 g(推荐等级:2C),与普通人群一致。遗憾的是,对于CKD人群尚无RCTs数据来评估膳食减盐对心血管疾病、肾衰竭或病死率的影响,而在临床试验中,也少有参与者能够长期坚持钠摄入量<2 g/d。最近对非CKD人群RCTs的荟萃分析结果表明,随着钠摄入量的减少,在降低患者血压和心血管疾病风险方面均显示出分级获益。我国成人膳食中平均盐摄入量为10.5 g/d[1],患者因饮食习惯而较难达标,但需要指出的是,减少钠的摄入量即使不能严格限制在<2 g/d仍然可获益。新指南同样认为,CKD儿童也应减少饮食中钠的摄入量,并根据体重来调整目标量。
但是,对于患有CKD和失盐性肾病(如Thorn综合征)患者及正在执行终止高血压膳食(dietary approaches to stop hypertension,DASH),或使用盐替代品的人群,减少盐的摄入量可能是不合适的。此外,DASH饮食和盐替代品中往往富含钾离子,可能会增加CKD患者发生高血钾的风险。
推荐意见2.2 高血压合并CKD患者应进行中等强度的体育锻炼,每周累计时间至少150 min,或达到与心血管和身体耐受性相适应的水平(2C)。
目前,已经明确普通人群有规律的体育活动对提高身体素质和力量、降压、减重,以及改善血糖代谢紊乱或治疗糖尿病是有益的[4],但对CKD人群的研究有限。新指南相关的荟萃分析发现,部分低质量研究证据提示:体育活动有助于CKD人群降压、减重、提高生活质量;部分观察性数据显示CKD患者较高的体力活动水平与较低的死亡风险之间存在剂量-反应关系[5]。鉴于此,新指南建议CKD并发高血压的患者应进行中等强度的体育锻炼,每周至少150 min的累计运动时间,或达到与其心血管功能和身体耐受相适应的水平(推荐等级:2C)。该建议与2020 KDIGO慢性肾脏病患者的糖尿病管理临床实践指南相一致。但考虑到CKD患者常存在多种合并症且体质虚弱,活动强度应根据患者的认知及身体状况进行个性化调整,新指南提出,即使活动量低于预期,也可从中获益。
如减重、限酒在普通人群中的降压获益已经被证实。但对于CKD人群中的风险或获益证据不足,暂时未给出具体的建议。
推荐意见3.1 对于CKD合并高血压的成人患者,如可耐受,以SBP<120 mmHg为血压控制目标,建议采用标准化诊室血压测量来管理血压(2B)。
目前,各国指南针对CKD血压管理的目标不一致。《2017美国心脏病学会(ACC)/美国心脏协会(AHA)成人高血压的预防、监测、评估和管理指南》中建议CKD患者血压目标值为<130/80 mmHg[6],《2018欧洲心脏病学会(ESC)/欧洲高血压学会(ESH)动脉高血压管理指南》建议SBP达到130~139 mmHg[7],2020加拿大高血压指南的推荐意见则为SBP<120 mmHg[8]。我国2018版高血压防治指南及2016版中国肾性高血压管理指南中的推荐则是根据白蛋白尿的情况而定,靶目标在白蛋白尿<30 mg/d时为SBP<140/90 mmHg,在白蛋白尿30~300 mg/d或更高时为SBP<130/80 mmHg,60岁以上的患者可适当放宽降压目标[1,9]
KDIGO 2012年的血压管理指南中靶目标为<130/80 mmHg,新版指南主要基于SPRINT研究结果对靶目标更新了推荐。该研究发现,强化降压相较于标准降压(SBP<120 mmHg vs. <140 mmHg)能够为CKD患者带来额外的心脏保护、延长生存期和认知获益[2],建议如患者可耐受,可将未进行肾移植及未接受透析的CKD合并高血压成人患者的血压靶目标定为:标准化诊室血压测量下SBP<120 mmHg(推荐等级:2B)。需要指出的是,指南推荐的血压靶目标并未带来预期的肾脏保护,其所带来的心血管获益独立于CKD[10],因此该推荐等级仅为2B。对于CKD合并高血压的虚弱及老年人群,新的推荐对心血管和认知功能的获益也超过了损害的风险(如急性肾损伤及电解质异常)。此外,尽管制定了SBP靶目标,仍应结合患者的特征、耐受性和偏好制定个体化的降压目标,这对于临床管理至关重要。
对于糖尿病、晚期CKD(G4/5)、蛋白尿明显增多(>1 g)、SBP基线120~129 mmHg、年龄<50岁或>90岁,以及“白大褂高血压”或严重高血压等亚组人群,支持SBP<120 mmHg的证据不足。对于CKD合并糖尿病患者,虽然SPRINT研究中明确排除了此类人群[仅有一个亚组纳入了糖代谢异常的患者(空腹血糖≥5.55 mmol/L)],但与空腹血糖正常的患者相比结果无明显差异。ACCORD研究[11]是针对糖尿病患者进行的,但排除了血肌酐>133 μmol/L的患者,受试者随机分配到与SPRINT研究设定的相同的SBP靶目标值(<120 mmHg vs. <140 mmHg)。该研究并未显示出整体的心血管获益,但低SBP组的卒中事件明显减少。此外,ACCORD研究还显示强化降压在标准血糖治疗组存在心血管获益,但在强化降糖治疗组中未见类似获益,其机制不明[11]。由于冠状动脉灌注取决于舒张期血压(diastolic blood pressure,DBP),因此,患有冠脉疾病及基线DBP低的人群可能会因强化降压策略而导致心肌梗死的风险增加[12]。然而,在SPRINT研究中,与基线DBP较高的患者相比,基线DBP低的患者强化SBP降低可带来相似的心血管和生存获益[2]
虽然目前CKD强化降压在多个亚群中的获益和风险不明确,但并不意味着强化降压是不适合的,只是在临床实践中应考虑到患者对潜在风险和不良反应的个体化差异。如果患者对SBP<120 mmHg不能迅速耐受,可从小剂量开始服用降压药物,逐渐增量至血压达到目标值。
目前针对CKD合并高血压的特定降压药物治疗的证据有限。CKD合并高血压者,如果超过目标血压20 mmHg及以上,就需要联合使用两种或更多的抗高血压药物。目前尚无针对CKD中不同药物组合进行比较的随机对照试验,此外,除肾素-血管紧张素系统抑制剂(renin-angiotensin system inhibitors,RASi)、β受体阻滞剂和钙通道阻滞剂(calcium channel blocker,CCB)以外,尚无针对其他种类降压药物的随机对照试验。因此,除单一降压药物外,CKD中的任何抗高血压治疗路径均为基于专家意见、病理生理学或药理学,以及根据普通人群中的发现或替代结果得出的推论。
推荐意见3.2.1 对于CKD合并高血压,严重蛋白尿(G1–G4,A3)且不伴糖尿病的患者,建议起始使用RASi[血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors,ACEI)或血管紧张素受体拮抗剂(angiotensin receptor blockers,ARB)](1B)[A3:尿白蛋白与肌酐比值(albumin-creatinine ratio,ACR)>300 mg/g(>30 mg/mmol)]。
推荐意见3.2.2 对于CKD合并高血压,中度蛋白尿(G1-G4,A2)且不伴糖尿病的患者,建议起始使用RASi(ACEI或ARB)(2C)[A2:ACR为30~300 mg/g (3~30 mg/mmol)]。
推荐意见3.2.3 对于CKD合并高血压,中重度蛋白尿(G1-G4,A2和A3)且合并糖尿病的患者,建议起始使用RASi(ACEI或ARB)(1B)。
Xie等[13]的一项网状Meta分析纳入了119项RCTs共64 768例伴或不伴糖尿病和蛋白尿的CKD患者,结果显示,与阳性治疗策略或安慰剂相比,ACEI及ARB均可减少肾衰竭及主要心血管事件(major adverse cardiac events,MACEs)的发生,同时ACEI还可降低全因死亡率。对于CKD不伴糖尿病及明显蛋白尿的患者,3项中等质量的临床试验结果表明,RASi可以同时改善肾脏和心脏预后[14-16]。AASK研究[17]结果提示,RASi可以改善eGFR。RASi对于CKD伴糖尿病及大量蛋白尿患者的肾脏获益独立于降压作用。一项荟萃分析发现,与安慰剂或标准治疗相比,ACEI并不降低糖尿病伴或不伴蛋白尿患者的全因死亡率,但ACEI和ARB均可降低血清肌酐升高的风险。
推荐意见3.3 对于合并或不合并糖尿病的CKD的患者,避免ACEI、ARB与直接肾素抑制剂(DRI)联合使用(1B)。
此外,由于CKD患者常存在液体潴留,因此利尿剂常被用于CKD合并高血压的治疗,但利尿剂对该类人群主要临床终点事件影响的研究较少。FIDELIO-DKD研究[18]发现,盐皮质激素受体拮抗剂芬尼酮对肾脏和心血管具有保护作用,对收缩压的影响不大(降低2~3 mmHg),但高钾血症的发生率较高。但芬尼酮尚未应用于临床。
推荐意见4.1 采用标准化诊室血压测量,高血压的成年肾移植受者的目标收缩压为<130 mmHg,舒张压<80 mmHg。
目前尚无针对肾移植受者的RCTs来明确不同的血压靶目标对临床重要结果(如移植生存率、心血管事件或死亡率)的影响,因此现有指南未明确该类人群的血压靶目标值,仅提出一个指导临床实践的血压控制目标为<130/80 mmHg。新版指南与KDIGO 2012版血压指南和KDIGO关于肾移植受者的诊治指南一致,同样要求采用标准化诊室血压测量方式。
肾移植受者血压控制目标值与第3部分中普通人群不一致的原因主要考虑有两个方面:一方面,大型RCTs(如SPRINT研究[2])在评价心血管获益时未纳入肾移植受者;另一方面,与SPRINT研究中目标血压较高组相比,随机测量SBP<120 mmHg组的急性肾损伤发生率及eGFR丢失率均轻度增高,可能的原因是移植肾中神经支配的小动脉血流自动调节功能丢失,进而导致GFR下降,血管舒张功能紊乱可能加重低血压对肾脏的影响。因此,为了保证移植肾的存活,在无进一步证据支持的情况下,该指南暂不推荐此类患者的目标血压值降低至<120 mmHg。
推荐意见4.2 建议成年肾移植受者使用二氢吡啶类钙通道阻滞剂(CCB)或ARB作为一线降压药(1C)。
该指南将二氢吡啶类CCB或ARB作为肾移植受者的一线降压药物推荐(推荐等级:1C),该建议主要是基于预防移植物功能丢失的考虑而制定的。比较不同类别抗高血压药物对肾移植受者的益处和危害的荟萃分析提示,使用二氢吡啶类CCB或ARB可减少移植物的功能丢失,但未发现两种药物的心血管获益[19]。ACEI对于肾移植受者的获益暂未明确,临床试验结果表明,ACEI可降低肾移植受者的血压和蛋白尿,但对全因死亡率或移植物功能丢失无影响[20]。非二氢吡啶类CCB对移植物存活无获益。
肾移植受者在选择降压药物时还需考虑其他因素,如存在蛋白尿的肾移植受者应该首先考虑ARB。但由于ARB对GFR的急性负面作用可能与其他移植功能障碍的原因相混淆(如排斥反应),因此在移植后早期移植肾功能稳定之前应该避免使用ARB。此外,对于备孕、妊娠期或哺乳期妇女,CCB是安全的,ARB则是禁忌。
推荐意见5.1 对于慢性肾脏病儿童,通过动态血压(ABPM)监测的24 h平均动脉压(MAP)水平应降至≤同年龄、同性别、同身高人群血压水平的50百分位(2C)。
以儿童CKD为研究对象的大规模RCTs证据有限,新版指南的推荐意见主要是基于欧洲严格控制血压和ACEI对儿童CKD进展的影响(ESCAPE)试验[21-22]结果制定的,建议可通过ABPM监测CKD儿童的MAP确定:MAP水平应降至≤同年龄、同性别、同身高人群血压水平的50百分位(推荐等级:2C)。目前尚不清楚该推荐血压目标值对肾脏保护的益处是否可扩展到不同CKD病因、蛋白尿水平及不同种族儿童的亚群。对于何时启动降压治疗,新版指南与2012版建议相同,当血压超过同身高、同年龄和同性别儿童90百分位数以上时开始进行降压治疗,新指南中推荐持续超过50百分位数时就应接受治疗。此外,该指南建议CKD儿童每年进行一次ABPM监测,每3~6个月采用标准化诊室血压测量方式进行一次监测。
与2012版指南相同,但新版指南仍进一步建议将ACEI或ARB作为CKD患儿高血压的一线治疗方案,此类药物可降低蛋白尿,且耐受性良好。
该指南作为2012版的更新,更加重视血压的标准测量,并建议大多数CKD患者的SBP目标值<120 mmHg。但该指南的推荐意见主要基于单一的RCT结果,未来仍需要在CKD人群中展开更多以血压管理为目标的大型RCTs,尤其是对于在以前的试验中纳入了足够数目的患者亚群,评估不同降压策略对CKD患者的心血管、肾脏、认知和(或)病死率等方面的获益,为临床管理提供依据。此外,由于循证医学证据不充分,新版指南仍存在不足之处,因此临床医师仍应结合患者的临床实际及指南现有的推荐意见制定个体化的诊治方案,以实现最佳临床预后。
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2021年第46卷第7期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.07.01
  • 接收时间:2021-04-08
  • 首发时间:2025-12-20
  • 出版时间:2021-07-28
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  • 收稿日期:2021-04-08
  • 修回日期:2021-06-27
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    1天津中医药大学第一附属医院急症部,天津 300381
    2天津市第三中心医院消化(肝病)科,天津 300170

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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