Article(id=1208862455959262040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1208862455166538583, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.08.10, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1617033600000, receivedDateStr=2021-03-30, revisedDate=1623772800000, revisedDateStr=2021-06-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766144869079, onlineDateStr=2025-12-19, pubDate=1630080000000, pubDateStr=2021-08-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766144869079, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766144869079, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766144869079, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1208862455166538583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2021', volume='46', issue='8', pageStart='743', pageEnd='848', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1766144868890, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766144939527, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208862751481524455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1208862455166538583, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208862751481524456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1208862455166538583, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=802, endPage=807, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208862456433218394, articleId=1208862455959262040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Breast involvement in granulomatous polyangiitis: A case report and literature review, columnId=1190310109000602400, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Clinical Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To report a case of granulomatous polyangiitis (GPA) with breast involvement, and perform a literature review to better understand this disorder. Methods Retrospectively analyze the data of a case of GPA with breast involvement, to summarize the clinical characteristics of GPA with breast involvement by searching the database (CNKI, Wanfang Data, PubMed) and comprehensively analyze the literature results. Results A case of 53-year-old woman was admitted to the Department of Rheumatology and Immunology of the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital because of "inflamed eyelids for 8 months, hearing loss for 6 months, breast induration for 4 months". The symptoms of mammary gland were bilateral-painful breast induration with ulceration. The patient was diagnosed with GPA by positive proteinase 3 (PR3) antibody and biopsy.After treatment with prednisone and cyclophosphamide, the patient experienced a relapse and then was treated with rituximab.By March 2021 (searching CNKI, Wanfang Data and PubMed), a total of 28 English cases of GPA with breast involvement and no Chinese case were found by searching literature. The disorder often occurs in women aged 40 to 60 (60.7%, 17/28), and the typical manifestation was unilateral breast (75.0%, 21/28) involvement. Positive PR3 antibody (69.2%, 9/13) is common. Pathological characteristics of the mammary are infiltration of lymphocyte, vasculitis and granulomatosis lesion. Conclusions The disorder of GPA with breast involvement is rare with non-specific breast symptoms. Detection of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies and pathological examination can assist the diagnosis.

, correspAuthors=Xiao-Hu Deng, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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目的 报道1例肉芽肿性多血管炎(GPA)合并乳腺受累患者的临床特点并复习文献,以提高对该病的认识。方法 回顾性分析1例GPA乳腺受累患者的病例资料,通过检索中英文数据库,综合文献结果,总结GPA乳腺受累的临床特点。结果 本例为53岁女性,因“眼睑红肿8个月,听力下降6个月,乳腺硬结4个月”至解放军总医院第一医学中心风湿免疫科住院,乳腺表现为双侧乳腺痛性硬结伴破溃,蛋白酶3(PR3)抗体阳性,乳腺病理检查可见淋巴细胞浸润,经醋酸泼尼松及环磷酰胺治疗后复发,后改用利妥昔单抗治疗缓解。检索中国知网、万方数据知识服务平台、PubMed数据库(截至2021年3月),英文文献共有28例GPA乳腺受累的病例,中文文献未见相关病例。GPA乳腺受累好发于40~60岁女性(60.7%,17/28),以单侧乳腺(75.0%,21/28)受累多见,常出现PR3(69.2%,9/13)抗体阳性,病理表现可见淋巴细胞浸润、血管炎及肉芽肿。结论 GPA乳腺受累罕见,且乳腺症状缺乏特异性,检测抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体及病理检查可辅助诊断。

, correspAuthors=邓小虎, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
邓小虎,E-mail:
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廖思敏,博士研究生,主要从事腹膜后纤维化与IgG4相关性疾病研究

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廖思敏,博士研究生,主要从事腹膜后纤维化与IgG4相关性疾病研究

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廖思敏,博士研究生,主要从事腹膜后纤维化与IgG4相关性疾病研究

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Semin Hematol, 2010, 47(2): 115-123., articleTitle=Rituximab: mechanism of action, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209197631725760872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862455959262040, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2005, volume=1051, issue=null, pageStart=12, pageEnd=19, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=39, authorNames=Voswinkel J, Müller A, Lamprecht P, journalName=Ann N Y Acad Sci, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Voswinkel J, Müller A, Lamprecht P. Is PR3-ANCA formation initiated in Wegener's granulomatosis lesions? Granulomas as potential lymphoid tissue maintaining autoantibody production[J]. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2005, 1051: 12-19., articleTitle=Is PR3-ANCA formation initiated in Wegener's granulomatosis lesions? Granulomas as potential lymphoid tissue maintaining autoantibody production, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209197631788675435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862455959262040, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=65, issue=7, pageStart=859, pageEnd=864, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=40, authorNames=Voswinkel J, Mueller A, Kraemer JA, journalName=Ann Rheum Dis, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Voswinkel J, Mueller A, Kraemer JA, et al. B lymphocyte maturation in Wegener's granulomatosis: a comparative analysis of VH genes from endonasal lesions[J]. 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Previously publishedliterature about GPAwithbreast involvement

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发表文献年龄/性别乳腺症状乳腺症状是否首发其他脏器受累ANCA治疗预后
Elsner等[1]45/F右乳痛性肿块,乳头分泌物上呼吸道、肺、肾泼尼松、盐酸氮芥因肾衰竭死亡
Pambakian等[3]40/F右乳肿块上呼吸道、肺、肾、皮肤死亡
Pambakian等[3]42/F左乳痛性肿块耳、鼻、肺泼尼松未死亡
Oimomi等[4]48/F右乳肿块鼻、肺、脑泼尼松+CTX肿物缩小
Marston[5]35/F双乳痛性结节鼻、肺、皮肤泼尼松6个月内无复发
Deininger[6]48/F右乳硬结,乳头内陷,局部皮肤增厚鼻、肺激素+免疫抑制剂3年后症状、影像完全恢复
Deininger[6]57/F双乳硬结,乳头内陷,局部皮肤增厚上呼吸道、肺免疫抑制剂左乳肿块2.5年后复发
Joanne等[7]43/F右乳肿块耳、上呼吸道、肺、肾泼尼松+CTX好转
Jordan等[8]57/F双乳肿块上呼吸道、肺、肾泼尼松+CTX2年后无复发
Jordan等[8]59/F乳腺肿块耳、上呼吸道、肺、肾泼尼松+CTX2.5年后无复发
Wilson[9]39/F右乳痛性肿块伴发热上呼吸道、肺
Stappaerts等[10]76/F右乳肿块,乳头内陷耳、肺c-ANCA第1次阴性,第2次1:40
Robert等[11]69/F左乳肿块MPO+泼尼松+CTX未复发
Göbel等[12]58/F右乳痛性肿块眼、耳、肺、肾、关节PR3+泼尼松+CTX症状缓解
Trüeb等[13]40/M双乳痛性结节伴溃疡ANCA---
Zardawi等[14]56/F右乳头发红、疼痛,后出现右乳肿块关节PR3+泼尼松+CTX
Neralić-Meniga等[15]32/F左乳多个结节ANCA-泼尼松+CTX2个月内肿块消失
Veerysami等[16]60/F左乳痛性肿块上呼吸道、关节ANCA 1:160泼尼松+CTX9个月无复发
Comas等[17]52/F右乳痛性肿块皮肤PR3+
Kandiah[18]40/F双乳痛性肿块伴破溃上呼吸道、肺PR3+泼尼松+CTX2年4个月乳腺好转
Szabo-Moskal[19]56/F右乳肿块皮肤、肺、肾
Georgescu等[20]65/F左乳痛性肿块泼尼松+CTX12个月无复发
Bataduwaarachchi等[21]48/F双乳痛性肿块伴溃疡耳、上呼吸道、肺、脑PR3+泼尼松+CTX2个月后出现脑血管炎,改用RTX
Gallais Sérézal等[22]81/F双乳皮肤肿痛发红皮肤PR3+泼尼松+CTX1年无复发
Ryba等[23]64/F右乳肿块肺、肾ANCA+泼尼松+CTX,后改用AZA维持完全缓解
Lluch等[24]25/M右乳多个痛性结节皮肤、上呼吸道、肺、肾、关节PR3+糖皮质激素+RTX缓解
Jarrot等[25]25/F双乳溃疡伴疼痛耳、上呼吸道PR3+糖皮质激素+RTX,每半年一次RTX维持5个月完全恢复,2年随访ANCA转阴
Gadeyne等[26]44/F右乳多个结节皮肤、肾、关节PR3+糖皮质激素+RTX随访无复发
), ArticleFig(id=1209197627573399803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862455959262040, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

既往文献报道的GPA合并乳腺受累的情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发表文献年龄/性别乳腺症状乳腺症状是否首发其他脏器受累ANCA治疗预后
Elsner等[1]45/F右乳痛性肿块,乳头分泌物上呼吸道、肺、肾泼尼松、盐酸氮芥因肾衰竭死亡
Pambakian等[3]40/F右乳肿块上呼吸道、肺、肾、皮肤死亡
Pambakian等[3]42/F左乳痛性肿块耳、鼻、肺泼尼松未死亡
Oimomi等[4]48/F右乳肿块鼻、肺、脑泼尼松+CTX肿物缩小
Marston[5]35/F双乳痛性结节鼻、肺、皮肤泼尼松6个月内无复发
Deininger[6]48/F右乳硬结,乳头内陷,局部皮肤增厚鼻、肺激素+免疫抑制剂3年后症状、影像完全恢复
Deininger[6]57/F双乳硬结,乳头内陷,局部皮肤增厚上呼吸道、肺免疫抑制剂左乳肿块2.5年后复发
Joanne等[7]43/F右乳肿块耳、上呼吸道、肺、肾泼尼松+CTX好转
Jordan等[8]57/F双乳肿块上呼吸道、肺、肾泼尼松+CTX2年后无复发
Jordan等[8]59/F乳腺肿块耳、上呼吸道、肺、肾泼尼松+CTX2.5年后无复发
Wilson[9]39/F右乳痛性肿块伴发热上呼吸道、肺
Stappaerts等[10]76/F右乳肿块,乳头内陷耳、肺c-ANCA第1次阴性,第2次1:40
Robert等[11]69/F左乳肿块MPO+泼尼松+CTX未复发
Göbel等[12]58/F右乳痛性肿块眼、耳、肺、肾、关节PR3+泼尼松+CTX症状缓解
Trüeb等[13]40/M双乳痛性结节伴溃疡ANCA---
Zardawi等[14]56/F右乳头发红、疼痛,后出现右乳肿块关节PR3+泼尼松+CTX
Neralić-Meniga等[15]32/F左乳多个结节ANCA-泼尼松+CTX2个月内肿块消失
Veerysami等[16]60/F左乳痛性肿块上呼吸道、关节ANCA 1:160泼尼松+CTX9个月无复发
Comas等[17]52/F右乳痛性肿块皮肤PR3+
Kandiah[18]40/F双乳痛性肿块伴破溃上呼吸道、肺PR3+泼尼松+CTX2年4个月乳腺好转
Szabo-Moskal[19]56/F右乳肿块皮肤、肺、肾
Georgescu等[20]65/F左乳痛性肿块泼尼松+CTX12个月无复发
Bataduwaarachchi等[21]48/F双乳痛性肿块伴溃疡耳、上呼吸道、肺、脑PR3+泼尼松+CTX2个月后出现脑血管炎,改用RTX
Gallais Sérézal等[22]81/F双乳皮肤肿痛发红皮肤PR3+泼尼松+CTX1年无复发
Ryba等[23]64/F右乳肿块肺、肾ANCA+泼尼松+CTX,后改用AZA维持完全缓解
Lluch等[24]25/M右乳多个痛性结节皮肤、上呼吸道、肺、肾、关节PR3+糖皮质激素+RTX缓解
Jarrot等[25]25/F双乳溃疡伴疼痛耳、上呼吸道PR3+糖皮质激素+RTX,每半年一次RTX维持5个月完全恢复,2年随访ANCA转阴
Gadeyne等[26]44/F右乳多个结节皮肤、肾、关节PR3+糖皮质激素+RTX随访无复发
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肉芽肿性多血管炎乳腺受累1例并文献复习
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廖思敏 , 赵玉荣 , 朱剑 , 邓小虎 *
解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2021,46(8): 802-807
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解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2021, 46(8): 802-807
肉芽肿性多血管炎乳腺受累1例并文献复习
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廖思敏, 赵玉荣, 朱剑, 邓小虎*
作者信息
  • 解放军总医院第一医学中心风湿免疫科,北京 100853
  • 廖思敏,博士研究生,主要从事腹膜后纤维化与IgG4相关性疾病研究

通讯作者:

邓小虎,E-mail:
Breast involvement in granulomatous polyangiitis: A case report and literature review
Si-Min Liao, Yu-Rong Zhao, Jian Zhu, Xiao-Hu Deng*
Affiliations
  • Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
出版时间: 2021-08-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.08.10
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目的 报道1例肉芽肿性多血管炎(GPA)合并乳腺受累患者的临床特点并复习文献,以提高对该病的认识。方法 回顾性分析1例GPA乳腺受累患者的病例资料,通过检索中英文数据库,综合文献结果,总结GPA乳腺受累的临床特点。结果 本例为53岁女性,因“眼睑红肿8个月,听力下降6个月,乳腺硬结4个月”至解放军总医院第一医学中心风湿免疫科住院,乳腺表现为双侧乳腺痛性硬结伴破溃,蛋白酶3(PR3)抗体阳性,乳腺病理检查可见淋巴细胞浸润,经醋酸泼尼松及环磷酰胺治疗后复发,后改用利妥昔单抗治疗缓解。检索中国知网、万方数据知识服务平台、PubMed数据库(截至2021年3月),英文文献共有28例GPA乳腺受累的病例,中文文献未见相关病例。GPA乳腺受累好发于40~60岁女性(60.7%,17/28),以单侧乳腺(75.0%,21/28)受累多见,常出现PR3(69.2%,9/13)抗体阳性,病理表现可见淋巴细胞浸润、血管炎及肉芽肿。结论 GPA乳腺受累罕见,且乳腺症状缺乏特异性,检测抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体及病理检查可辅助诊断。

肉芽肿性多血管炎  /  乳腺  /  抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体

Objective To report a case of granulomatous polyangiitis (GPA) with breast involvement, and perform a literature review to better understand this disorder. Methods Retrospectively analyze the data of a case of GPA with breast involvement, to summarize the clinical characteristics of GPA with breast involvement by searching the database (CNKI, Wanfang Data, PubMed) and comprehensively analyze the literature results. Results A case of 53-year-old woman was admitted to the Department of Rheumatology and Immunology of the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital because of "inflamed eyelids for 8 months, hearing loss for 6 months, breast induration for 4 months". The symptoms of mammary gland were bilateral-painful breast induration with ulceration. The patient was diagnosed with GPA by positive proteinase 3 (PR3) antibody and biopsy.After treatment with prednisone and cyclophosphamide, the patient experienced a relapse and then was treated with rituximab.By March 2021 (searching CNKI, Wanfang Data and PubMed), a total of 28 English cases of GPA with breast involvement and no Chinese case were found by searching literature. The disorder often occurs in women aged 40 to 60 (60.7%, 17/28), and the typical manifestation was unilateral breast (75.0%, 21/28) involvement. Positive PR3 antibody (69.2%, 9/13) is common. Pathological characteristics of the mammary are infiltration of lymphocyte, vasculitis and granulomatosis lesion. Conclusions The disorder of GPA with breast involvement is rare with non-specific breast symptoms. Detection of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies and pathological examination can assist the diagnosis.

granulomatous polyangiitis  /  breast  /  anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies
廖思敏, 赵玉荣, 朱剑, 邓小虎. 肉芽肿性多血管炎乳腺受累1例并文献复习. 解放军医学杂志, 2021 , 46 (8) : 802 -807 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.08.10
Si-Min Liao, Yu-Rong Zhao, Jian Zhu, Xiao-Hu Deng. Breast involvement in granulomatous polyangiitis: A case report and literature review[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2021 , 46 (8) : 802 -807 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.08.10
肉芽肿性多血管炎(granulomatous polyangitis,GPA)乳腺受累少见,1969年由Elsner和Harper[1]首次报道1例45岁女性GPA患者出现肺、肾、乳腺受累,病理证实肉芽肿性坏死及血管炎而最终确诊。随后陆续有个案报道GPA合并乳腺受累,一项回顾性研究报道GPA乳腺受累发生率为2.3%[2]。本研究报道了1例GPA合并乳腺受累患者,并总结既往国内外详细报道的病例及其临床特点,以期提高临床医师对GPA合并乳腺受累的认识。
患者,女,53岁,因“眼睑红肿8个月,听力下降6个月,乳腺硬结4个月”入院。2020年5月无诱因出现右上眼睑红肿、疼痛、破溃,无视物不清,当地医院诊断“右眼睑板腺炎”,予左氧氟沙星滴眼液及金霉素眼膏治疗后症状稍缓解。2020年7月无诱因出现右耳听力下降伴耳痛、流稀水样液体,伴右侧腮腺肿痛,当地医院诊断“急性中耳乳突炎、腮腺炎”,予抗生素及抗病毒药物对症治疗后稍好转。2020年9月无诱因出现双侧乳腺外下象限硬结伴疼痛、破溃,流少量清亮液体,无流血流脓,当地医院予以中药治疗未见好转。2020年10月因听力下降加重、双侧大腿外侧新发皮下硬结伴压痛就诊于当地医院风湿免疫科。查感染、肿瘤指标阴性,抗核抗体(ANA)、胞浆型-抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体(c-ANCA)、蛋白酶3-抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体(PR3-ANCA)阳性;左大腿皮下结节活检病理:小块纤维脂肪组织,小血管周围可见灶状中性粒细胞及淋巴细胞浸润;免疫组化:CD34(+)、CD31(+)、网织纤维染色(+)。右乳腺结节活检:小块乳腺组织增生,可见灶状淋巴细胞浸润;免疫组化:ER(+)、PR(+)、CK(+)、CK5/6(+)、p63(+)、Ki-67(5%+)。右上睑活检病理:多量炎细胞浸润,灶性区可见肉芽组织。当地医院诊断“ANCA相关性血管炎可能性大”,予以静脉输注环磷酰胺400 mg/2周及口服醋酸泼尼松片60 mg/d后,乳腺、大腿硬结缩小,听力恢复。醋酸泼尼松片减至30 mg/d时右耳听力下降加重,伴流液,右乳局部皮肤发红伴溃疡,当地医院将激素甲泼尼龙加量至40 mg/d,并转诊至解放军总医院第一医学中心风湿免疫科。病程中无发热、鼻塞,无流涕、咳嗽、咳痰,无泡沫尿,无口腔溃疡等。精神状态可,自发病起体重无明显变化。既往史、个人史、家族史无特殊。
体温35.8 ℃,脉搏96次/min,呼吸20次/min,血压140/77 mmHg。体型偏胖,自主体位。双侧大腿外侧及右上臂内侧均可触及一皮下结节,直径2~4 cm,质中等、有压痛、边界清晰、活动度差。双腋下可触及多枚肿大淋巴结,边界清楚,活动度可。双上睑肿胀(图1),无眼睑下垂及闭合不全。右外耳道有少量清亮异常分泌物,听力下降,左耳正常。双侧乳房外下象限各可触及一硬结,直径约4 cm,边界不清、轻压痛,右侧硬结周围皮肤轻度红肿,中心可见皮肤破溃,表面结痂,局部无渗出(图1)。左上肺可闻及少量湿啰音,心脏、腹部、关节、神经系统查体未见异常。
血常规:血红蛋白130 g/L、红细胞4.61×1012/L、白细胞12.02×109/L、中性粒细胞百分比72.3%、血小板328×109/L;C反应蛋白18.43 mg/L;降钙素原0.02 ng/ml;C-ANCA(+)、PR3(酶免)>200 Ru/ml、髓过氧化物酶(MPO) (酶免)<20 Ru/ml;ANA阴性;免疫球蛋白G亚型4(IgG4)942 mg/L;病毒、细菌、真菌、结核干扰素试验(T-spot)筛查阴性;红细胞沉降率、肝肾功能、凝血、电解质、肿瘤标记物均正常。
入院时胸部CT平扫:右肺上叶尖后段结节影,肉芽肿性结节可能;左肺上叶舌段少许慢性炎症性病变。乳腺超声:双侧乳腺结构显示清楚,乳导管不扩张,双乳腺体内可见多发片状回声区,左乳大者位于4点方向距乳头约5 cm处,3.1 cm×2.2 cm×3.2 cm大小,右乳大者位于11点方向距乳头约3 cm处,2.6 cm×1.2 cm×2.5 cm大小,边界欠清,形态不规则,彩色多普勒超声(CDFI)示其内可见血流信号。双腋下可见多发低回声结节,左侧大者为0.9 cm×0.4 cm×0.9 cm,右侧大者为0.9 cm×0.6 cm×0.8 cm,边界清楚,形态规则,可见淋巴门结构,CDFI示其内可见血流信号。印象:双乳多发低回声区(图1),考虑乳腺影像报告和数据系统(BI-RADS)4a类;双腋下可见多发低回声结节。
患者为中年女性,病程中有耳、眼睑、腮腺、乳腺、皮肤症状,肺CT可疑肉芽肿性结节,多次化验PR3-ANCA高滴度阳性,乳腺、皮肤病理检查可见炎性细胞浸润,未见肿瘤细胞,眼睑病理检查可见肉芽组织。结合化验检查及病理结果,IgG4相关性疾病、结节病、感染、肿瘤证据不充分,依据2017年欧洲风湿病学会/美国风湿病学会(EULAR/ACR)的GPA分类标准,该患者诊断GPA明确,但在接受激素及环磷酰胺治疗缓解后又出现病情复发,考虑为难治性GPA。入院后治疗方案:以375 mg/m2利妥昔单抗(rituximab,RTX)静脉滴注(共2次,间隔14 d),口服复方磺胺甲恶唑片0.48 g/d预防卡氏肺孢子菌感染,以及50 mg/d醋酸泼尼松龙片(按3个月内减至1片半维持剂量速度减量)。随访至2021年3月,患者双眼睑肿胀缓解(图1),听力正常,乳腺症状消失(图1),PR3滴度降至75 Ru/ml;复查乳腺超声未见明显异常(图1)。
以中文“肉芽肿性多血管炎”“韦格纳肉芽肿”“ANCA”“乳腺”为关键词在中国知网、万方数据知识服务平台未检索出中文文献。以“granulomatous polyangiitis”“Wegener's granulomatosis”“ANCA”及“breast”为关键词在PubMed数据库中共检索出英文文献61篇,获取全文后筛选出25篇[1,3-26],共纳入28例GPA合并乳腺受累患者(表1)。
28例中,女26例、男2例,中位年龄50(25~81)岁,以40~60岁为好发年龄段(60.7%,17/28)。11例(39.3%)GPA患者以乳腺症状为首发表现,其余17例(60.7%)为在病程中出现乳腺受累,大部分同时合并肺、上呼吸道受累。单侧、双侧乳腺受累均有报道,但以单侧多见(75%,21/28)。乳腺表现可有肿块、结节,伴或不伴局部疼痛,以及破溃、乳头内陷、乳头分泌物、皮肤增厚、皮肤发红;肿块或结节以单发居多,但也有2例患者出现单侧乳房多个结节。部分报道乳腺可出现破溃,外观形似乳腺肿瘤。
28例中15例检测ANCA,其中13例(86.7%,13/15)ANCA阳性[以PR3抗体阳性为主(69.2%,9/13),1例MPO抗体阳性,3例未说明抗体类型]。
治疗方面,28例中6例未提及治疗方案,其余22例中14例(63.6%)应用激素联合CTX诱导缓解,4例(18.2%)应用激素联合RTX治疗,2例单用泼尼松,1例泼尼松联合盐酸氮芥,1例未说明免疫抑制剂种类。应用CTX的患者中,乳腺症状在2个月至2.5年明显缓解,且维持无复发状态。4例应用RTX治疗,1例为初始应用泼尼松+CTX,因在疾病的第3个月出现脑血管炎表现改用RTX诱导缓解;1例初始应用泼尼松+RTX诱导缓解,后每半年一次RTX维持缓解,随访2年无复发,且ANCA转阴。
本研究报道了1例合并皮肤、腮腺、眼睑、耳、肺、乳腺受累的GPA患者。GPA是一种罕见的免疫介导的小血管炎[27],病变主要累及小动脉、静脉及毛细血管。在大多数患者中可发现PR3或MPO特异性的ANCA[28]。GPA几乎可影响所有器官,但以上下呼吸道、肾脏最常见,其他较少涉及的器官系统包括中枢和外周神经系统、皮肤、肌肉、关节、眼等,而乳腺受累极少见。本例累及腮腺、眼睑,应注意与IgG4相关性疾病(IgG4-RD)鉴别。IgG4-RD是以显著升高的血清IgG4水平和肿块样病灶为常见临床表现的一类较罕见的免疫介导疾病,病理可见IgG4阳性浆细胞浸润伴席纹状纤维化、闭塞性静脉炎和嗜酸性粒细胞浸润[29]。IgG4-RD常见受累器官有眼睑、涎腺、腹膜后、胰腺,乳腺受累亦有报道[30]。两者可通过血清IgG4浓度、ANCA滴度及病理表现进行鉴别诊断。
除IgG4-RD外,其他风湿免疫性疾病也相继有报道可出现乳腺症状,但均非常罕见,如干燥综合征[31]、系统性红斑狼疮[32]等。对于系统性血管炎,Allende等[33]及Ren等[34]总结发现,出现乳腺受累的可有GPA(34.3%)、嗜酸性肉芽肿性多血管炎(EGPA,4.5%)、显微镜下多血管炎(MPA,3.0%)、结节性多动脉炎(PAN,25.4%)、巨细胞动脉炎(GCA,25.4%)和白塞病(4.5%)。
乳腺表现很少先于其他系统症状的出现,通常在肺、肾脏、上呼吸道出现症状后才受累,但也有个案报道乳腺可作为GPA唯一的受累器官[13]。乳腺受累好发于40~60岁女性,以单侧肿块(结节)伴或不伴疼痛多见;男性也可出现乳腺结节甚至溃疡表现,其他局部症状还包括乳腺处皮肤增厚、发红、溃疡、渗液,乳头内陷等。GPA出现的乳腺症状缺乏特异性,尤其是当乳腺作为独立表现,未合并其他脏器受累时,需与乳腺炎、乳腺肿瘤等疾病相鉴别。乳腺超声或乳房X线摄影可发现病变,但对于性质的判断不敏感。本例乳腺超声考虑BI-RADS 4a类,也有文献提到乳腺肿块或结节为BI-RADS 4c/5类[19-20,24],因此,单从超声结果的分级难以定性。虽然ANCA(+)尤其是PR3抗体(+)可辅助判断乳腺受累与GPA相关,但有少部分患者可以出现ANCA(–)。2011年Müller等[35]报道了1例确诊为GPA的75岁女性患者,PR3抗体(+) (70.2 Eu/ml,正常范围<5 Eu/ml),在病程中出现乳腺症状,但乳腺组织病理证实为乳腺浸润性导管癌。有研究对乳腺疾病病理进行分析,提示感染和乳腺肿瘤为主要原因,而自身免疫相关因素仅居第三位[36]。因此,当患者出现乳腺表现时,虽然临床症状、超声、ANCA可帮助缩小诊断范围,但组织病理学才是确诊乳腺病变为GPA的金标准。
本例乳腺病理检查可见淋巴细胞浸润,未见肿瘤细胞。文献中的28例GPA乳腺受累患者病理提示可有淋巴细胞、浆细胞、巨噬细胞浸润,以及血管炎和肉芽肿性表现。自身免疫相关的乳腺受累有4种主要组织学类型[36]:(1)淋巴细胞浸润;(2)导管扩张;(3)肉芽肿;(4)血管炎。其中血管受累的类型对诊断有帮助,小血管炎常见于GPA、EGPA、MPA;中血管炎见于PAN;大血管炎提示GCA。通过寻找肿瘤细胞容易鉴别血管炎与恶性肿瘤,但血管炎与非产褥期乳腺炎难以鉴别。非产褥期乳腺炎可有乳腺导管扩张症、导管周围乳腺炎和肉芽肿性小叶乳腺炎[34],但并不累及血管,可与GPA相鉴别。
早期识别乳腺受累作为GPA系统受累的一部分,有助于早期治疗、避免手术,可及早恢复乳腺正常外观。应用激素及免疫抑制剂可诱导疾病缓解,使乳腺肿块体积缩小甚至消失。环磷酰胺作为诱导缓解的一线药物被广泛应用于GPA乳腺受累的患者。本例及Bataduwaarachchi等[21]报道的个案均为经激素及环磷酰胺诱导缓解后复发,后改用RTX治疗。RTX是针对CD20的非偶联嵌合单克隆抗体,可通过3种不同的机制有效耗尽B细胞[37]:补体依赖的细胞毒性、抗体依赖的细胞介导的细胞毒性和信号诱导的细胞死亡。有研究证实B细胞可能通过抗原呈递和随后的抗体形成促进GPA的发展[38-39]。对于难治性或复发性的GPA乳腺受累,RTX为可选择的方案。
综上所述,GPA合并乳腺受累罕见,乳腺症状缺乏特异性,需注意与感染及肿瘤相鉴别,尤其是仅出现乳腺表现时,诊断需谨慎,影像学和ANCA抗体检测可辅助诊断,但病理检查是确诊的金标准。今后应更加关注GPA患者的乳腺受累情况,以期为此类患者的临床特点及治疗、预后等提供更多的循证医学证据。
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2021年第46卷第8期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.08.10
  • 接收时间:2021-03-30
  • 首发时间:2025-12-19
  • 出版时间:2021-08-28
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  • 收稿日期:2021-03-30
  • 修回日期:2021-06-16
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    解放军总医院第一医学中心风湿免疫科,北京 100853

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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total species (%)

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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