Article(id=1208862373763486135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1208862365714616539, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.09.08, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1595260800000, receivedDateStr=2020-07-21, revisedDate=1617120000000, revisedDateStr=2021-03-31, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766144849481, onlineDateStr=2025-12-19, pubDate=1632758400000, pubDateStr=2021-09-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766144849481, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766144849481, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766144849481, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1208862365714616539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2021', volume='46', issue='9', pageStart='849', pageEnd='953', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1766144847562, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766144914151, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208862645055254758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1208862365714616539, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208862645055254759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1208862365714616539, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=892, endPage=898, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208862374178722250, articleId=1208862373763486135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Clinical characteristics and drug resistance of lower respiratory tract infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae, columnId=1190310109000602400, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Clinical Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To explore the clinical characteristics and antimicrobial resistance of low respiratory tract infection with Streptococcus pneumonia (S. pneumonia) to provide the basis for clinical treatment. Methods The clinical characteristics of patients diagnosed with S. pneumoniae lower respiratory tract infection admitted to the 980st Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistics Support Force from January 2014 to December 2018 were analyzed. The strains were identified by MA120 system and optochin test,antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out by using or E-test method, and the statistical analysis was performed by means of WHONET 5.6 and SPSS 20.0. Results Among the 934 patients with S. pneumoniae infection, the mean age was (1.2±1.2) years,71.07% occurred in autumn and winter, 74.86% had elevated WBC count and 85.16% had high serum C-reactive protein (CRP) level in the children and the mean age was (61.6±19.6) years, 94 patients (45.63%) were ≥65 years old, 149 (72.33%) had underlying diseases, 58.25% occurred in autumn and winter, 77.67% had elevated WBC count and 83.98% had high serum CRP level in the adult patients. The isolated 934 S. pneumoniae strains were 100% sensitive to vancomycin, linezolid and meropenem. The strains from both children and adult had kept highly susceptible to penicillin, and the resistance rate to penicillin was lower than 1%; the resistance rates to amoxicillin/clavulanate, cefotaxime sodium, ceftriaxone sodium, cefepime and levofloxacin were lower than 6%; the resistance rates to erythromycin, azithromycin, tetracycline, clindamycin were more than 80%, and its resistance rates to clindamycin and cefuroxim showed increasing tread in both adults and children. Mean 5-year resistance rate of S. pneumoniae strains isolated from children to cefuroxim was significantly higher than that of strains from adults (P<0.05). Conclusions S. pneumoniae has high resistance rate to macrolides antibiotics, and is not suitable for clinical treatment; S. pneumoniae keeps better sensitivities to penicillin, which can be used to treat S. pneumoniae infection. The resistance rates of S. pneumoniae strains isolated from adults and children to cefuroxim are all high, and show increasing tread, and therefore it is necessary to reasonably choose antibiotics to control bacterial resistance.

, correspAuthors=Fu-Kun Wang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yan Cheng, Jie-Ying Gao, Jiang Gu, Jing Chen, Peng Gao, Jia-Yu Wang, Meng-Yao She, Fu-Kun Wang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1208862375084691967, articleId=1208862373763486135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=CN, title=下呼吸道肺炎链球菌感染的临床特征及耐药性分析, columnId=1190310109164180259, journalTitle=解放军医学杂志, columnName=临床研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 了解呼吸道肺炎链球菌感染的临床特征及耐药性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法 回顾性分析2014年1月—2018年12月在解放军联勤保障部队第980医院确诊为下呼吸道肺炎链球菌感染且从合格呼吸道标本中分离出肺炎链球菌的934例患者的临床资料,应用奥普托欣试验和MA120细菌鉴定/药敏分析系统对分离菌株进行鉴定,仪器法联合E-test法进行药敏试验,采用WHONET 5.6和SPSS 20.0软件进行统计分析。结果 934例下呼吸道肺炎链球菌感染患者中,儿童728例,年龄(1.2±1.2)岁,秋冬季发病者占71.07%,外周血白细胞升高者占74.86%,C反应蛋白升高者占85.16%;成人206例,年龄(61.6±19.6)岁,其中94例(45.63%)年龄≥65岁,149例(72.33%)有基础疾病,秋冬季发病者占58.25%,外周血白细胞升高者占77.67%,C反应蛋白升高者占83.98%。934株肺炎链球菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺、美罗培南的敏感率为100%;成人与儿童菌株对青霉素保持高度敏感,耐药率<1%;对阿莫西林/克拉维酸、头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、头孢吡肟、左氧氟沙星敏感度高,耐药率<6%;对红霉素、阿奇霉素、四环素、克林霉素的耐药率高,均>80%。成人和儿童菌株对克林霉素、头孢呋辛的耐药率呈上升趋势;分离自儿童的肺炎链球菌对头孢呋辛的5年平均耐药率明显高于成人分离株(P<0.05)。结论 肺炎链球菌株对大环内酯类抗菌药物耐药率高,不适用于临床经验治疗;对青霉素仍保持高度敏感,可作为治疗感染的首选药物;对头孢呋辛的耐药率较高并呈上升趋势。

, correspAuthors=王缚鲲, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
王缚鲲,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=TdOeVV6ubLb23WrMpSyy/w==, magXml=lGi9g9nw0LT7ZU2jlGGZ3w==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=E2GkXluh/CvKebM2QHWZ1w==, pdfFileSize=1247539, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=rj4fJjxHmTWhwmCU5YwlEA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=7QaJqdETm24EMgJR3MszTg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

程琰,医学博士,主要从事病原微生物与宿主作用机制方面的研究

, authorsList=程琰, 高杰英, 顾江, 陈晶, 高鹏, 王佳钰, 佘梦瑶, 王缚鲲)}, authors=[Author(id=1209154186923610501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1209154187045245321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, authorId=1209154186923610501, language=EN, stringName=Yan Cheng, firstName=Yan, middleName=null, lastName=Cheng, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1Department of Basic Medical Laboratory, the 980st Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Shijiazhuang 050081, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1209154187141714315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, authorId=1209154186923610501, language=CN, stringName=程琰, firstName=琰, middleName=null, lastName=程, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1解放军联勤保障部队第980医院基础医学实验室,石家庄 050081, bio={"content":"

程琰,医学博士,主要从事病原微生物与宿主作用机制方面的研究

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

程琰,医学博士,主要从事病原微生物与宿主作用机制方面的研究

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1209154185594016113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1209154185602404722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, companyId=1209154185594016113, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Basic Medical Laboratory, the 980st Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Shijiazhuang 050081, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1209154185606599027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, companyId=1209154185594016113, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1解放军联勤保障部队第980医院基础医学实验室,石家庄 050081)])]), Author(id=1209154187267543439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1209154187347235218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, authorId=1209154187267543439, language=EN, stringName=Jie-Ying Gao, firstName=Jie-Ying, middleName=null, lastName=Gao, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2Department of Clinical Laboratory, the 980st Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Shijiazhuang 050081, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1209154187410149780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, authorId=1209154187267543439, language=CN, stringName=高杰英, firstName=杰英, middleName=null, lastName=高, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2解放军联勤保障部队第980医院检验科,石家庄 050081, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1209154185665319287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1209154185673707895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, companyId=1209154185665319287, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Department of Clinical Laboratory, the 980st Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Shijiazhuang 050081, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1209154185677902200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, companyId=1209154185665319287, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2解放军联勤保障部队第980医院检验科,石家庄 050081)])]), Author(id=1209154187489841558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1209154187565339033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, authorId=1209154187489841558, language=EN, stringName=Jiang Gu, firstName=Jiang, middleName=null, lastName=Gu, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=3, address=3Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1209154187636642204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, authorId=1209154187489841558, language=CN, stringName=顾江, firstName=江, middleName=null, lastName=顾, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=3, address=3解放军陆军军医大学微生物与生化药学教研室,重庆 400038, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1209154185740816765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1209154185749205374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, companyId=1209154185740816765, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1209154185757593983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, companyId=1209154185740816765, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3解放军陆军军医大学微生物与生化药学教研室,重庆 400038)])]), Author(id=1209154187707945377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1209154187808608681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, authorId=1209154187707945377, language=EN, stringName=Jing Chen, firstName=Jing, middleName=null, lastName=Chen, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2Department of Clinical Laboratory, the 980st Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Shijiazhuang 050081, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1209154187884106154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, authorId=1209154187707945377, language=CN, stringName=陈晶, firstName=晶, middleName=null, lastName=陈, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2解放军联勤保障部队第980医院检验科,石家庄 050081, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1209154185665319287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1209154185673707895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, companyId=1209154185665319287, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Department of Clinical Laboratory, the 980st Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Shijiazhuang 050081, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1209154185677902200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, companyId=1209154185665319287, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2解放军联勤保障部队第980医院检验科,石家庄 050081)])]), Author(id=1209154187972186541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, orderNo=4, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1209154188043489712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, authorId=1209154187972186541, language=EN, stringName=Peng Gao, firstName=Peng, middleName=null, lastName=Gao, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2Department of Clinical Laboratory, the 980st Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Shijiazhuang 050081, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1209154188123181493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, authorId=1209154187972186541, language=CN, stringName=高鹏, firstName=鹏, middleName=null, lastName=高, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2解放军联勤保障部队第980医院检验科,石家庄 050081, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1209154185665319287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1209154185673707895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, companyId=1209154185665319287, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Department of Clinical Laboratory, the 980st Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Shijiazhuang 050081, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1209154185677902200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, companyId=1209154185665319287, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2解放军联勤保障部队第980医院检验科,石家庄 050081)])]), Author(id=1209154188190290360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, orderNo=5, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1209154188295147965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, authorId=1209154188190290360, language=EN, stringName=Jia-Yu Wang, firstName=Jia-Yu, middleName=null, lastName=Wang, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2Department of Clinical Laboratory, the 980st Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Shijiazhuang 050081, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1209154188391616961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, authorId=1209154188190290360, language=CN, stringName=王佳钰, firstName=佳钰, middleName=null, lastName=王, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2解放军联勤保障部队第980医院检验科,石家庄 050081, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1209154185665319287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1209154185673707895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, companyId=1209154185665319287, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Department of Clinical Laboratory, the 980st Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Shijiazhuang 050081, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1209154185677902200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, companyId=1209154185665319287, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2解放军联勤保障部队第980医院检验科,石家庄 050081)])]), Author(id=1209154188475503045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, orderNo=6, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1209154188567777740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, authorId=1209154188475503045, language=EN, stringName=Meng-Yao She, firstName=Meng-Yao, middleName=null, lastName=She, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2Department of Clinical Laboratory, the 980st Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Shijiazhuang 050081, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1209154188634886606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, authorId=1209154188475503045, language=CN, stringName=佘梦瑶, firstName=梦瑶, middleName=null, lastName=佘, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2解放军联勤保障部队第980医院检验科,石家庄 050081, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1209154185665319287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1209154185673707895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, companyId=1209154185665319287, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Department of Clinical Laboratory, the 980st Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Shijiazhuang 050081, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1209154185677902200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, companyId=1209154185665319287, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2解放军联勤保障部队第980医院检验科,石家庄 050081)])]), Author(id=1209154188718772688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, orderNo=7, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=wangfk8@sina.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1209154188785881554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, authorId=1209154188718772688, language=EN, stringName=Fu-Kun Wang, firstName=Fu-Kun, middleName=null, lastName=Wang, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, *, address=2Department of Clinical Laboratory, the 980st Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Shijiazhuang 050081, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1209154188890739156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, authorId=1209154188718772688, language=CN, stringName=王缚鲲, firstName=缚鲲, middleName=null, lastName=王, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, *, address=2解放军联勤保障部队第980医院检验科,石家庄 050081, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1209154185665319287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1209154185673707895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, companyId=1209154185665319287, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Department of Clinical Laboratory, the 980st Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Shijiazhuang 050081, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1209154185677902200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, companyId=1209154185665319287, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2解放军联勤保障部队第980医院检验科,石家庄 050081)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1209154189096260056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=Streptococcus pneumoniae), Keyword(id=1209154189230477788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=antibacterial agents), Keyword(id=1209154189318558174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=drug resistance), Keyword(id=1209154189389861344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=clinical characteristics), Keyword(id=1209154189465358819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, language=EN, orderNo=5, keyword=low respiratory tract infection), Keyword(id=1209154189528273382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=肺炎链球菌), Keyword(id=1209154189603770857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=抗菌药物), Keyword(id=1209154189704434154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=耐药性), Keyword(id=1209154189779931628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=临床特征), Keyword(id=1209154189847040495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=下呼吸道感染)], refs=[Reference(id=1209154192552366619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=44, issue=11, pageStart=919, pageEnd=924, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=Wu Y, Kong X, Li QY, journalName=Med J Chin PLA, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wu Y, Kong X, Li QY, et al. Effects of neonatal Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia on airway epithelial injury of mice[J]. Med J Chin PLA, 2019, 44(11): 919-924., articleTitle=Effects of neonatal Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia on airway epithelial injury of mice, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209154192627864094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=44, issue=11, pageStart=919, pageEnd=924, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=吴毅, 孔潇, 李沁原, journalName=解放军医学杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=[吴毅, 孔潇, 李沁原, 等. 新生期小鼠肺炎链球菌肺炎对气道上皮损伤的影响[J]. 解放军医学杂志, 2019, 44(11): 919-924.], articleTitle=新生期小鼠肺炎链球菌肺炎对气道上皮损伤的影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209154192728527393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=194, issue=5, pageStart=2289, pageEnd=2299, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=2, authorNames=McKay JT, Egan RP, Yammani RD, journalName=J Immunol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=McKay JT, Egan RP, Yammani RD, et al. PD-1 suppresses protective immunity to Streptococcus pneumoniae through a B cell intrinsic mechanism[J]. J Immunol, 2015, 194(5): 2289-2299., articleTitle=PD-1 suppresses protective immunity to Streptococcus pneumoniae through a B cell intrinsic mechanism, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209154192850162212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=97, issue=2, pageStart=229, pageEnd=243, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=3, authorNames=Hoover SE, Perez AJ, Tsui HC, journalName=Mol Microbiol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hoover SE, Perez AJ, Tsui HC, et al. A new quorum-sensing system (TprA/PhrA) for Streptococcus pneumoniae D39 that regulates a lantibiotic biosynthesis gene cluster[J]. Mol Microbiol, 2015, 97(2): 229-243., articleTitle=A new quorum-sensing system (TprA/PhrA) for Streptococcus pneumoniae D39 that regulates a lantibiotic biosynthesis gene cluster, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209154192938242599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=4, authorNames=Dion CF, Ashurst JV, journalName=Streptococcus Pneumoniae. 2020 Aug 10. In: StatPearls [Internet], refType=null, unstructuredReference=Dion CF, Ashurst JV. Streptococcus Pneumoniae. 2020 Aug 10. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, 2021., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209154193038905899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=39, issue=5, pageStart=447, pageEnd=451, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=5, authorNames=Tang HY, Liu H, Zhao Y, journalName=Chin J Pract Intern Med, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Tang HY, Liu H, Zhao Y, et al. Distribution of pathogenic bacteria and drug resistance analysis in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J]. Chin J Pract Intern Med, 2019, 39(5): 447-451., articleTitle=Distribution of pathogenic bacteria and drug resistance analysis in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209154193106014765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=39, issue=5, pageStart=447, pageEnd=451, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=6, authorNames=唐火焰, 刘虎, 赵赟, journalName=中国实用内科杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=[唐火焰, 刘虎, 赵赟, 等. 慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期患者痰培养菌种分布及耐药性分析[J]. 中国实用内科杂志, 2019, 39(5): 447-451.], articleTitle=慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期患者痰培养菌种分布及耐药性分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209154193185706543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=210, pageEnd=213, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=7, authorNames=Shang H, Wang YS, Shen ZY, journalName=National guide to clinical laboratory procedures, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Shang H, Wang YS, Shen ZY. National guide to clinical laboratory procedures[M]. 4th ed. Beijing: People's Medical Publishing House, 2014: 210-213., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209154193273786929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=210, pageEnd=213, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=8, authorNames=尚红, 王毓三, 申子瑜, journalName=全国临床检验操作规程, refType=null, unstructuredReference=[尚红, 王毓三, 申子瑜. 全国临床检验操作规程[M]. 4版. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2014: 210-213.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209154193374450229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=9, authorNames=Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing: M100-S28[S]. 2018., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209154193441559095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=10, authorNames=Plotkin SA, Orenstein WA, Offit PA, journalName=Vaccines, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Plotkin SA, Orenstein WA, Offit PA. Vaccines[M]. 6th ed. United States, PA: Elsevier, 2013., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209154193529639482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=8, issue=1, pageStart=132, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=11, authorNames=Masomian M, Ahmad Z, Gew LT, journalName=Vaccines(Basel), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Masomian M, Ahmad Z, Gew LT, et al. Development of next generation Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccines conferring broad protection[J]. Vaccines(Basel), 2020, 8(1): 132., articleTitle=Development of next generation Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccines conferring broad protection, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209154193600942652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2009, volume=374, issue=9693, pageStart=893, pageEnd=902, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=12, authorNames=O'Brien KL, Wolfson LJ, Watt JP, journalName=Lancet, refType=null, unstructuredReference=O'Brien KL, Wolfson LJ, Watt JP, et al. Burden of disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in children younger than 5 years:global estimates[J]. Lancet, 2009, 374(9693): 893-902., articleTitle=Burden of disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in children younger than 5 years:global estimates, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209154193668051519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=28, issue=7, pageStart=1093, pageEnd=1096, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=13, authorNames=Deng SH, Sun BX, Wang LJ, journalName=Chin J Nosocomiol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Deng SH, Sun BX, Wang LJ, et al. Clinical characteristics and drug resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in children[J]. Chin J Nosocomiol, 2018, 28(7): 1093-1096., articleTitle=Clinical characteristics and drug resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in children, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209154193751937602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=28, issue=7, pageStart=1093, pageEnd=1096, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=14, authorNames=邓素翰, 孙碧霞, 汪玲娟, journalName=中国医院感染学杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=[邓素翰, 孙碧霞, 汪玲娟, 等. 儿童肺炎链球菌感染的临床特征及耐药性分析[J]. 中国医院感染学杂志, 2018, 28(7): 1093-1096.], articleTitle=儿童肺炎链球菌感染的临床特征及耐药性分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209154193865183813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=9, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=15, authorNames=Feldman C, Anderson R, journalName=F1000Res, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Feldman C, Anderson R. Recent advances in the epidemiology and prevention of Streptococcus pneumoniae infections[J]. F1000Res, 2020, 9: F1000 Faculty Rev-338., articleTitle=Recent advances in the epidemiology and prevention of Streptococcus pneumoniae infections, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209154193982624328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2007, volume=44, issue=Suppl 2, pageStart=S27, pageEnd=S72, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=16, authorNames=Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A, journalName=Clin Infect Dis, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults[J]. Clin Infect Dis, 2007, 44(Suppl 2): S27-S72., articleTitle=Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209154194053927497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2004, volume=4, issue=7, pageStart=445, pageEnd=455, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=17, authorNames=Feikin DR, Feldman C, Schuchat A, journalName=Lancet Infect Dis, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Feikin DR, Feldman C, Schuchat A, et al. Global strategies to prevent bacterial pneumonia in adults with HIV disease[J]. Lancet Infect Dis, 2004, 4(7): 445-455., articleTitle=Global strategies to prevent bacterial pneumonia in adults with HIV disease, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209154194112647755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=81, issue=4, pageStart=540, pageEnd=548, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=18, authorNames=Smith EL, Wheeler I, Adler H, journalName=J Infect, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Smith EL, Wheeler I, Adler H, et al. Upper airways colonisation of Streptococcus pneumoniae in adults aged 60 years and older:A systematic review of prevalence and individual paicipant data meta-analysis of risk factors[J]. J Infect, 2020, 81(4): 540-548., articleTitle=Upper airways colonisation of Streptococcus pneumoniae in adults aged 60 years and older:A systematic review of prevalence and individual paicipant data meta-analysis of risk factors, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209154194221699661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=40, issue=11, pageStart=859, pageEnd=880, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=19, authorNames=Gong SD, Hua CZ, Li JP, journalName=Chin J Antibiot, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Gong SD, Hua CZ, Li JP, et al. Analysis on 1109 cases caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and the antibiotic resistance of all strains during 2006-2014[J]. Chin J Antibiot, 2015, 40(11): 859-880., articleTitle=Analysis on 1109 cases caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and the antibiotic resistance of all strains during 2006-2014, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209154194297197135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=40, issue=11, pageStart=859, pageEnd=880, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=20, authorNames=龚松迪, 华春珍, 李建平, journalName=中国抗生素杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=[龚松迪, 华春珍, 李建平, 等. 2006-2014年我院1109例肺炎链球菌感染及其耐药模式分析[J]. 中国抗生素杂志, 2015, 40(11): 859-880.], articleTitle=2006-2014年我院1109例肺炎链球菌感染及其耐药模式分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209154194368500305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=37, issue=2, pageStart=415, pageEnd=422, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=21, authorNames=Ries M, Kostic M, Zadravec D, journalName=Coll Antropol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ries M, Kostic M, Zadravec D, et al. Nasopharyngeal bacterial flora in healthy preschool children during winter-spring months[J]. Coll Antropol, 2013, 37(2): 415-422., articleTitle=Nasopharyngeal bacterial flora in healthy preschool children during winter-spring months, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209154194431414867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=15, issue=5, pageStart=401, pageEnd=410, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=22, authorNames=Hu FP, Zhu DM, Wang F, journalName=Chin J Infect Chemother, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hu FP, Zhu DM, Wang F, et al. CHINET 2014 surveillance of bacterial resistance in China[J]. Chin J Infect Chemother, 2015, 15(5): 401-410., articleTitle=CHINET 2014 surveillance of bacterial resistance in China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209154194506912341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=15, issue=5, pageStart=401, pageEnd=410, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=23, authorNames=胡付品, 朱德妹, 汪复, journalName=中国感染与化疗杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=[胡付品, 朱德妹, 汪复, 等. 2014年CHINET中国细菌耐药性监测[J]. 中国感染与化疗杂志, 2015, 15(5): 401-410.], articleTitle=2014年CHINET中国细菌耐药性监测, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209154194578215511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=16, issue=6, pageStart=685, pageEnd=694, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=24, authorNames=Hu FP, Zhu DM, Wang F, journalName=Chin J Infect Chemother, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hu FP, Zhu DM, Wang F, et al. CHINET 2015 surveillance of bacterial resistance in China[J]. Chin J Infect Chemother, 2016, 16(6): 685-694., articleTitle=CHINET 2015 surveillance of bacterial resistance in China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209154194666295897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=16, issue=6, pageStart=685, pageEnd=694, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=25, authorNames=胡付品, 朱德妹, 汪复, journalName=中国感染与化疗杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=[胡付品, 朱德妹, 汪复, 等. 2015年CHINET中国细菌耐药性监测[J]. 中国感染与化疗杂志, 2016, 16(6): 685-694.], articleTitle=2015年CHINET中国细菌耐药性监测, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209154194745987675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=17, issue=5, pageStart=481, pageEnd=491, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=26, authorNames=Hu FP, Guo Y, Zhu DM, journalName=Chin J Infect Chemother, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hu FP, Guo Y, Zhu DM, et al. CHINET 2016 surveillance of bacterial resistance in China[J]. Chin J Infect Chemother, 2017, 17(5): 481-491., articleTitle=CHINET 2016 surveillance of bacterial resistance in China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209154196008473181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=17, issue=5, pageStart=481, pageEnd=491, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=27, authorNames=胡付品, 郭燕, 朱德妹, journalName=中国感染与化疗杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=[胡付品, 郭燕, 朱德妹, 等. 2016年CHINET中国细菌耐药性监测[J]. 中国感染与化疗杂志, 2017, 17(5): 481-491.], articleTitle=2016年CHINET中国细菌耐药性监测, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209154196117525088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=18, issue=3, pageStart=241, pageEnd=251, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=28, authorNames=Hu FP, Guo Y, Zhu DM, journalName=Chin J Infect Chemother, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hu FP, Guo Y, Zhu DM, et al. CHINET 2017 surveillance of bacterial resistance in China[J]. Chin J Infect Chemother, 2018, 18(3): 241-251., articleTitle=CHINET 2017 surveillance of bacterial resistance in China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209154196184633953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=18, issue=3, pageStart=241, pageEnd=251, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=29, authorNames=胡付品, 郭燕, 朱德妹, journalName=中国感染与化疗杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=[胡付品, 郭燕, 朱德妹, 等. 2017年CHINET中国细菌耐药性监测[J]. 中国感染与化疗杂志, 2018, 18(3): 241-251.], articleTitle=2017年CHINET中国细菌耐药性监测, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209154196260131428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=56, issue=8, pageStart=564, pageEnd=570, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=30, authorNames=Infectology Group, Pediatrics Branch of Chinese Medical Association, "Chinese Journal of Pediatrics" Editorial Board, journalName=Chin. J Pediatr, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Infectology Group, Pediatrics Branch of Chinese Medical Association, "Chinese Journal of Pediatrics" Editorial Board. Recommendations for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control of Streptococcal pneumoniae diseases in children[J]. Chin. J Pediatr, 2018, 56(8): 564-570., articleTitle=Recommendations for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control of Streptococcal pneumoniae diseases in children, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209154196344017509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=56, issue=8, pageStart=564, pageEnd=570, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=31, authorNames=中华医学会儿科学分会感染学组, 《中华儿科杂志》编辑委员会, journalName=中华儿科杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=[中华医学会儿科学分会感染学组, 《中华儿科杂志》编辑委员会. 儿童肺炎链球菌性疾病诊治与防控建议[J]. 中华儿科杂志, 2018, 56(8): 564-570.], articleTitle=儿童肺炎链球菌性疾病诊治与防控建议, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209154196419514981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=6, issue=null, pageStart=98, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=32, authorNames=Schroeder MR, Stephens DS, journalName=Front Cell Infect Microbiol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Schroeder MR, Stephens DS. Macrolide resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae[J]. Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 2016, 6: 98., articleTitle=Macrolide resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209154196545344103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=11, issue=6, pageStart=625, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=33, authorNames=Nikolaou E, Hubbard ATM, Botelho J, journalName=Gene(Basel), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Nikolaou E, Hubbard ATM, Botelho J, et al. Antibiotic resistance is associated with integrative and conjugative elements and genomic islands in naturally circulating Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from adults in liverpool, UK[J]. Gene(Basel), 2020, 11(6): 625., articleTitle=Antibiotic resistance is associated with integrative and conjugative elements and genomic islands in naturally circulating Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from adults in liverpool, UK, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209154196612452969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=4, issue=39, pageStart=253, pageEnd=279, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=34, authorNames=Respiratory Medicine Branch of Chinese Medical Association, journalName=Chin J Tuberc Respir Dis, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Respiratory Medicine Branch of Chinese Medical Association. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in Chinese adults (2016 edition)[J]. Chin J Tuberc Respir Dis, 2016, 4(39): 253-279., articleTitle=Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in Chinese adults (2016 edition), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209154196721504875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=4, issue=39, pageStart=253, pageEnd=279, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=35, authorNames=中华医学会呼吸病学分会, journalName=中华结核和呼吸杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=[中华医学会呼吸病学分会. 中国成人社区获得性肺炎诊断和治疗指南(2016年版)[J]. 中华结核和呼吸杂志, 2016, 4(39): 253-279.], articleTitle=中国成人社区获得性肺炎诊断和治疗指南(2016年版), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209154196797002348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=50, issue=2, pageStart=160, pageEnd=198, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=36, authorNames=Lee MS, Oh JY, Kang CI, journalName=Infect Chemother, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lee MS, Oh JY, Kang CI, et al. Guideline for antibiotic use in adults with community-acquired pneumonia[J]. Infect Chemother, 2018, 50(2): 160-198., articleTitle=Guideline for antibiotic use in adults with community-acquired pneumonia, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209154196872499821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=31, issue=10, pageStart=865, pageEnd=871, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=37, authorNames=Emergency Physician Branch of Chinese Medical Doctor Association, journalName=Chin J Crit Care Med, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Emergency Physician Branch of Chinese Medical Doctor Association. Expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of emergency adult community-acquired pneumonia (1)[J]. Chin J Crit Care Med, 2011, 31(10): 865-871., articleTitle=Expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of emergency adult community-acquired pneumonia (1), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209154196939608686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=31, issue=10, pageStart=865, pageEnd=871, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=38, authorNames=中国医师协会急诊医师分会, journalName=中国急救医学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=[中国医师协会急诊医师分会. 急诊成人社区获得性肺炎诊治专家共识(一)[J]. 中国急救医学, 2011, 31(10): 865-871.], articleTitle=急诊成人社区获得性肺炎诊治专家共识(一), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209154197040271983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=31, issue=11, pageStart=961, pageEnd=967, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=39, authorNames=Emergency Physician Branch of Chinese Medical Doctor Association, journalName=Chin J Crit Care Med, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Emergency Physician Branch of Chinese Medical Doctor Association. Expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of emergency adult community-acquired pneumonia (2)[J]. Chin J Crit Care Med, 2011, 31(11): 961-967., articleTitle=Expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of emergency adult community-acquired pneumonia (2), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209154197119963760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=31, issue=11, pageStart=961, pageEnd=967, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=40, authorNames=中国医师协会急诊医师分会, journalName=中国急救医学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=[中国医师协会急诊医师分会. 急诊成人社区获得性肺炎诊治专家共识(二)[J]. 中国急救医学, 2011, 31(11): 961-967.], articleTitle=急诊成人社区获得性肺炎诊治专家共识(二), refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1209154192292319763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, awardId=31200142, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(31200142), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1209154192384594454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, awardId=31200142, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金青年科学基金(31200142), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1209154185594016113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1209154185602404722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, companyId=1209154185594016113, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Basic Medical Laboratory, the 980st Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Shijiazhuang 050081, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1209154185606599027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, companyId=1209154185594016113, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1解放军联勤保障部队第980医院基础医学实验室,石家庄 050081)]), AuthorCompany(id=1209154185665319287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1209154185673707895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, companyId=1209154185665319287, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Department of Clinical Laboratory, the 980st Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Shijiazhuang 050081, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1209154185677902200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, companyId=1209154185665319287, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2解放军联勤保障部队第980医院检验科,石家庄 050081)]), AuthorCompany(id=1209154185740816765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1209154185749205374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, companyId=1209154185740816765, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1209154185757593983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, companyId=1209154185740816765, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3解放军陆军军医大学微生物与生化药学教研室,重庆 400038)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1209154190044172789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Drug resistance rates of 728 S.pneumoniae strains isolated from children during, figureFileSmall=sz+5/A3oBYbRe+Va6imdbw==, figureFileBig=ArIK3krJna8J21g6wQE1qA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209154190144836086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, language=CN, label=图1, caption=2014—2018年728株儿童肺炎链球菌对抗菌药物的耐药率变化

2014–2018与2014年比较,(1)P<0.05;与2015年比较,(2)P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=sz+5/A3oBYbRe+Va6imdbw==, figureFileBig=ArIK3krJna8J21g6wQE1qA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209154190241305081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Drug resistance rates of 206 S.pneumoniae strains isolated from adult during, figureFileSmall=m/iCjTp+GoJr6jxPPb3K+g==, figureFileBig=cW96KkbCU2sPIo/drd/NAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209154191428293116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, language=CN, label=图2, caption=2014—2018年206株成人肺炎链球菌对抗菌药物的耐药率变化

2014–2018与2014年比较,(1)P<0.05;与2016年比较,(2)P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=m/iCjTp+GoJr6jxPPb3K+g==, figureFileBig=cW96KkbCU2sPIo/drd/NAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209154191495401982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Clinical characteristics of children with Streptococcus pneumoniae infection

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标例数构成比(%)
年龄(岁)
 ≤261183.93
 2~69412.91
 ≥6233.16
性别
 46664.01
 26235.99
季节
 13818.96
 7310.03
 19426.64
 32344.37
外周血WBC(×109/L)
 4~1018325.14
 ≥1054574.86
C反应蛋白(mg/L)
 ≤1010814.84
 >1062085.16
疾病
 肺炎56076.92
 支气管炎11816.21
 哮喘293.98
合并其他病原体感染22931.46
), ArticleFig(id=1209154191562510848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

儿童肺炎链球菌感染的临床特征分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标例数构成比(%)
年龄(岁)
 ≤261183.93
 2~69412.91
 ≥6233.16
性别
 46664.01
 26235.99
季节
 13818.96
 7310.03
 19426.64
 32344.37
外周血WBC(×109/L)
 4~1018325.14
 ≥1054574.86
C反应蛋白(mg/L)
 ≤1010814.84
 >1062085.16
疾病
 肺炎56076.92
 支气管炎11816.21
 哮喘293.98
合并其他病原体感染22931.46
), ArticleFig(id=1209154191658979842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Clinical characteristics of adults with Streptococcus pneumoniae infection

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标例数构成比(%)
年龄(岁)
 <6511254.37
 ≥659445.63
性别
 16278.64
 4421.36
季节
 4622.33
 4019.42
 4622.33
 7435.92
外周血WBC(×109/L)
 4~104622.33
 ≥1016077.67
C反应蛋白(mg/L)
 ≤103316.02
 >1017383.98
基础疾病
 慢性心脑血管疾病6129.61
 肿瘤4421.36
 慢性呼吸道疾病3416.50
 慢性肾脏疾病115.34
 糖尿病94.37
 慢性肝脏疾病41.94
), ArticleFig(id=1209154191726088708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

成人肺炎链球菌感染的临床特征分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标例数构成比(%)
年龄(岁)
 <6511254.37
 ≥659445.63
性别
 16278.64
 4421.36
季节
 4622.33
 4019.42
 4622.33
 7435.92
外周血WBC(×109/L)
 4~104622.33
 ≥1016077.67
C反应蛋白(mg/L)
 ≤103316.02
 >1017383.98
基础疾病
 慢性心脑血管疾病6129.61
 肿瘤4421.36
 慢性呼吸道疾病3416.50
 慢性肾脏疾病115.34
 糖尿病94.37
 慢性肝脏疾病41.94
), ArticleFig(id=1209154191801586184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Clinical distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
科室菌株数构成比(%)
儿科72877.94
呼吸科444.71
老年病科303.21
心血管内科202.14
ICU181.93
耳鼻喉科181.93
肿瘤科141.50
肾脏病科121.28
传染科121.28
中医科121.28
其他262.80
合计934100.00
), ArticleFig(id=1209154191923221002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

肺炎链球菌的科室分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
科室菌株数构成比(%)
儿科72877.94
呼吸科444.71
老年病科303.21
心血管内科202.14
ICU181.93
耳鼻喉科181.93
肿瘤科141.50
肾脏病科121.28
传染科121.28
中医科121.28
其他262.80
合计934100.00
), ArticleFig(id=1209154192007107083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Drug resistance of S.pneumoniae strains isolated from children and adults during 2014–2018 [n(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗菌药物儿童(n=728)成人(n=206)χ2P
头孢噻肟  0.1240.725
 耐药21(2.88)5(2.43)
 不耐药707(97.12)201(97.57)
头孢曲松  1.000
 耐药16(2.20)4(1.94)
 不耐药712(97.80)202(98.06)
头孢吡肟  0.482
 耐药22(3.02)4(1.94)
 不耐药706(96.98)202(98.06)
氯霉素  0.8320.362
 耐药50(6.73)18(8.74)
 不耐药678(93.13)188(91.26)
四环素  0.4490.503
 耐药598(82.14)165(80.10)
 不耐药130(17.86)41(19.90)
左氧氟沙星  0.016
 耐药3(0.41)5(2.43)
 不耐药725(99.59)201(97.57)
复方新诺明0.6920.405
 耐药346(47.53)108(52.43)
 不耐药382(52.47)98(47.57)
克林霉素  4.7700.029
 耐药637(87.5)168(81.55)
 不耐药91(12.5)38(18.45)
红霉素  0.0790.778
 耐药678(93.13)193(93.69)
 不耐药50(6.87)13(6.31)
青霉素  1.000
 耐药7(0.96)1(0.49)
 不耐药721(99.04)205(99.51)
阿莫西林/克拉维酸  9.1090.003
 耐药12(1.65)11(5.34)
 不耐药716(98.35)195(94.66)
头孢呋辛  13.0710.000
 耐药418(57.42)89(43.20)
 不耐药310(42.58)117(56.80)
阿奇霉素  0.5100.475
 耐药672(92.31)187(90.78)
 不耐药56(7.69)19(9.22)  
), ArticleFig(id=1209154192090993166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862373763486135, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

2014—2018年成人与儿童肺炎链球菌对抗菌药物的耐药情况[例(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗菌药物儿童(n=728)成人(n=206)χ2P
头孢噻肟  0.1240.725
 耐药21(2.88)5(2.43)
 不耐药707(97.12)201(97.57)
头孢曲松  1.000
 耐药16(2.20)4(1.94)
 不耐药712(97.80)202(98.06)
头孢吡肟  0.482
 耐药22(3.02)4(1.94)
 不耐药706(96.98)202(98.06)
氯霉素  0.8320.362
 耐药50(6.73)18(8.74)
 不耐药678(93.13)188(91.26)
四环素  0.4490.503
 耐药598(82.14)165(80.10)
 不耐药130(17.86)41(19.90)
左氧氟沙星  0.016
 耐药3(0.41)5(2.43)
 不耐药725(99.59)201(97.57)
复方新诺明0.6920.405
 耐药346(47.53)108(52.43)
 不耐药382(52.47)98(47.57)
克林霉素  4.7700.029
 耐药637(87.5)168(81.55)
 不耐药91(12.5)38(18.45)
红霉素  0.0790.778
 耐药678(93.13)193(93.69)
 不耐药50(6.87)13(6.31)
青霉素  1.000
 耐药7(0.96)1(0.49)
 不耐药721(99.04)205(99.51)
阿莫西林/克拉维酸  9.1090.003
 耐药12(1.65)11(5.34)
 不耐药716(98.35)195(94.66)
头孢呋辛  13.0710.000
 耐药418(57.42)89(43.20)
 不耐药310(42.58)117(56.80)
阿奇霉素  0.5100.475
 耐药672(92.31)187(90.78)
 不耐药56(7.69)19(9.22)  
)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1146441329971666965, delFlag=0, nameCn=解放军医学杂志, nameEn=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=0577-7402, eissn=null, cn=11-1056/R, coden=null, periodic=0, language=CN, oaType=是, ccby=CC BY-NC-ND, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=6srot5PcoYX30Oa4xeTmeg==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=null, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=1751262512917, updatedTime=1761735725513, createdBy=18614031015, updatedBy=13701087609, firstLetterCn=M, firstLetterEn=M, subjectCode=Life Sciences, subjectName=Life Sciences, subjectCodeEn=Life Sciences, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=6srot5PcoYX30Oa4xeTmeg==, picEn=ELwBh5xqrSTlIs7HmSNt2Q==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1190369167564968109, language=CN, name=解放军医学杂志, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1761735725537, updatedTime=1761735725537, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=#, submissionEditorUrl=#, submissionReviewUrl=#, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1190369167615299758, language=EN, name=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1761735725549, updatedTime=1761735725549, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=#, submissionEditorUrl=#, submissionReviewUrl=#, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1189873630562394117, websiteList=[Website(id=1189873845923287108, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1189873630562394117, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jfjyxzz/CN, language=CN, createTime=1761617631655, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1761622010471, updateBy=18614031015, name=解放军医学杂志-中文, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=解放军医学杂志, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1189924939378520839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873845923287108, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1761629813284, updateTime=1761629813284, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924939353355012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873845923287108, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1761629813278, updateTime=1761629813278, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924939399492362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873845923287108, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1761629813289, updateTime=1761629813289, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924939344966403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873845923287108, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jfjyxzz/CN/file/pic?fileId=+zXjYVhun8ZOAA6+aKx2hw==, createTime=1761629813276, updateTime=1761629813276, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924939412075276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873845923287108, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1761629813292, updateTime=1761629813292, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924939374326534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873845923287108, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jfjyxzz/CN/file/pic, createTime=1761629813283, updateTime=1761629813283, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924939407880971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873845923287108, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1761629813291, updateTime=1761629813291, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924939361743621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873845923287108, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1761629813280, updateTime=1761629813280, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924939386909448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873845923287108, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1761629813286, updateTime=1761629813286, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924939395298057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873845923287108, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1761629813288, updateTime=1761629813288, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1189873846057504839, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1189873630562394117, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jfjyxzz/EN, language=EN, createTime=1761617631687, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1761622030030, updateBy=18614031015, name=解放军医学杂志-英文, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1189924968168223505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873846057504839, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1761629820148, updateTime=1761629820148, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924968147251982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873846057504839, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1761629820143, updateTime=1761629820143, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924968185000724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873846057504839, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1761629820152, updateTime=1761629820152, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924968138863373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873846057504839, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jfjyxzz/EN/file/pic?fileId=+zXjYVhun8ZOAA6+aKx2hw==, createTime=1761629820141, updateTime=1761629820141, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924968197583638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873846057504839, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1761629820155, updateTime=1761629820155, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924968159834896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873846057504839, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jfjyxzz/EN/file/pic, createTime=1761629820146, updateTime=1761629820146, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924968193389333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873846057504839, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1761629820154, updateTime=1761629820154, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924968155640591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873846057504839, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_en_623/, createTime=1761629820145, updateTime=1761629820145, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924968172417810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873846057504839, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1761629820149, updateTime=1761629820149, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924968180806419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873846057504839, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1761629820151, updateTime=1761629820151, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=解放军医学杂志, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=http://zh.jfjyxzz.org.cn/, iacademicId=null, status=1, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, journalPhotoCn=6srot5PcoYX30Oa4xeTmeg==, journalPhotoEn=ELwBh5xqrSTlIs7HmSNt2Q==, journalFirstLetter=M, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jfjyxzz/CN/10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.09.08, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jfjyxzz/EN/10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.09.08, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jfjyxzz/CN/PDF/10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.09.08, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jfjyxzz/EN/PDF/10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.09.08, aliStartDate=null, aliEndDate=null, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
下呼吸道肺炎链球菌感染的临床特征及耐药性分析
收藏切换
PDF下载
程琰 1 , 高杰英 2 , 顾江 3 , 陈晶 2 , 高鹏 2 , 王佳钰 2 , 佘梦瑶 2 , 王缚鲲 2, *
解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2021,46(9): 892-898
收起
收藏切换
解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2021, 46(9): 892-898
下呼吸道肺炎链球菌感染的临床特征及耐药性分析
全屏
程琰1, 高杰英2, 顾江3, 陈晶2, 高鹏2, 王佳钰2, 佘梦瑶2, 王缚鲲2, *
作者信息
  • 1解放军联勤保障部队第980医院基础医学实验室,石家庄 050081
  • 2解放军联勤保障部队第980医院检验科,石家庄 050081
  • 3解放军陆军军医大学微生物与生化药学教研室,重庆 400038
  • 程琰,医学博士,主要从事病原微生物与宿主作用机制方面的研究

通讯作者:

王缚鲲,E-mail:
Clinical characteristics and drug resistance of lower respiratory tract infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae
Yan Cheng1, Jie-Ying Gao2, Jiang Gu3, Jing Chen2, Peng Gao2, Jia-Yu Wang2, Meng-Yao She2, Fu-Kun Wang2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Basic Medical Laboratory, the 980st Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Shijiazhuang 050081, China
  • 2Department of Clinical Laboratory, the 980st Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Shijiazhuang 050081, China
  • 3Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
出版时间: 2021-09-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.09.08
文章导航
收藏切换

目的 了解呼吸道肺炎链球菌感染的临床特征及耐药性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法 回顾性分析2014年1月—2018年12月在解放军联勤保障部队第980医院确诊为下呼吸道肺炎链球菌感染且从合格呼吸道标本中分离出肺炎链球菌的934例患者的临床资料,应用奥普托欣试验和MA120细菌鉴定/药敏分析系统对分离菌株进行鉴定,仪器法联合E-test法进行药敏试验,采用WHONET 5.6和SPSS 20.0软件进行统计分析。结果 934例下呼吸道肺炎链球菌感染患者中,儿童728例,年龄(1.2±1.2)岁,秋冬季发病者占71.07%,外周血白细胞升高者占74.86%,C反应蛋白升高者占85.16%;成人206例,年龄(61.6±19.6)岁,其中94例(45.63%)年龄≥65岁,149例(72.33%)有基础疾病,秋冬季发病者占58.25%,外周血白细胞升高者占77.67%,C反应蛋白升高者占83.98%。934株肺炎链球菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺、美罗培南的敏感率为100%;成人与儿童菌株对青霉素保持高度敏感,耐药率<1%;对阿莫西林/克拉维酸、头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、头孢吡肟、左氧氟沙星敏感度高,耐药率<6%;对红霉素、阿奇霉素、四环素、克林霉素的耐药率高,均>80%。成人和儿童菌株对克林霉素、头孢呋辛的耐药率呈上升趋势;分离自儿童的肺炎链球菌对头孢呋辛的5年平均耐药率明显高于成人分离株(P<0.05)。结论 肺炎链球菌株对大环内酯类抗菌药物耐药率高,不适用于临床经验治疗;对青霉素仍保持高度敏感,可作为治疗感染的首选药物;对头孢呋辛的耐药率较高并呈上升趋势。

肺炎链球菌  /  抗菌药物  /  耐药性  /  临床特征  /  下呼吸道感染

Objective To explore the clinical characteristics and antimicrobial resistance of low respiratory tract infection with Streptococcus pneumonia (S. pneumonia) to provide the basis for clinical treatment. Methods The clinical characteristics of patients diagnosed with S. pneumoniae lower respiratory tract infection admitted to the 980st Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistics Support Force from January 2014 to December 2018 were analyzed. The strains were identified by MA120 system and optochin test,antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out by using or E-test method, and the statistical analysis was performed by means of WHONET 5.6 and SPSS 20.0. Results Among the 934 patients with S. pneumoniae infection, the mean age was (1.2±1.2) years,71.07% occurred in autumn and winter, 74.86% had elevated WBC count and 85.16% had high serum C-reactive protein (CRP) level in the children and the mean age was (61.6±19.6) years, 94 patients (45.63%) were ≥65 years old, 149 (72.33%) had underlying diseases, 58.25% occurred in autumn and winter, 77.67% had elevated WBC count and 83.98% had high serum CRP level in the adult patients. The isolated 934 S. pneumoniae strains were 100% sensitive to vancomycin, linezolid and meropenem. The strains from both children and adult had kept highly susceptible to penicillin, and the resistance rate to penicillin was lower than 1%; the resistance rates to amoxicillin/clavulanate, cefotaxime sodium, ceftriaxone sodium, cefepime and levofloxacin were lower than 6%; the resistance rates to erythromycin, azithromycin, tetracycline, clindamycin were more than 80%, and its resistance rates to clindamycin and cefuroxim showed increasing tread in both adults and children. Mean 5-year resistance rate of S. pneumoniae strains isolated from children to cefuroxim was significantly higher than that of strains from adults (P<0.05). Conclusions S. pneumoniae has high resistance rate to macrolides antibiotics, and is not suitable for clinical treatment; S. pneumoniae keeps better sensitivities to penicillin, which can be used to treat S. pneumoniae infection. The resistance rates of S. pneumoniae strains isolated from adults and children to cefuroxim are all high, and show increasing tread, and therefore it is necessary to reasonably choose antibiotics to control bacterial resistance.

Streptococcus pneumoniae  /  antibacterial agents  /  drug resistance  /  clinical characteristics  /  low respiratory tract infection
程琰, 高杰英, 顾江, 陈晶, 高鹏, 王佳钰, 佘梦瑶, 王缚鲲. 下呼吸道肺炎链球菌感染的临床特征及耐药性分析. 解放军医学杂志, 2021 , 46 (9) : 892 -898 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.09.08
Yan Cheng, Jie-Ying Gao, Jiang Gu, Jing Chen, Peng Gao, Jia-Yu Wang, Meng-Yao She, Fu-Kun Wang. Clinical characteristics and drug resistance of lower respiratory tract infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2021 , 46 (9) : 892 -898 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.09.08
肺炎链球菌(Streptococcus pneumoniae,SP)属于链球菌属,为革兰阳性球菌,多数不致病或致病力弱,少数致病力强[1]。荚膜作为肺炎链球菌致病的主要侵袭力,可抵抗宿主体内吞噬细胞的吞噬作用而大量繁殖。该病原菌主要黏附于健康人类鼻咽部上皮细胞及口腔上皮细胞,为条件致病菌[2]。当宿主免疫力低下、机械屏障损伤或生理结构损伤时,鼻咽部黏附的病原菌大量繁殖,侵入相应组织器官,引发宿主的炎症反应,从而导致大叶性肺炎、支气管炎、中耳炎、鼻窦炎,甚至导致脑膜炎和败血症[3]。肺炎链球菌引起的感染最常见的是肺炎,5岁以下儿童、65岁以上老年人以及长期患病者是易感人群。据世界卫生组织统计,全球每年约有160万人死于肺炎链球菌感染性疾病,其中一半以上为5岁以下儿童[4]。近年来,肺炎链球菌对大环内酯类和β-内酰胺类抗菌药物的耐药率有逐年升高的趋势,给临床治疗带来了困难[5]。对肺炎链球菌感染的临床特征、肺炎链球菌的耐药性以及耐药趋势进行分析,有助于临床了解关联因素并做出合理的临床诊断,对指导临床治疗具有重要意义。本研究回顾性分析了我院2014—2018年收治的下呼吸道肺炎链球菌感染患者的临床特征、成人及儿童肺炎链球菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药特征以及5年耐药趋势变化,旨在为指导临床合理用药提供参考。
选取2014年1月1日—2018年12月31日解放军联勤保障部队第980医院收治的从合格呼吸道标本中分离出肺炎链球菌的934例下呼吸道肺炎链球菌感染患者,回顾性分析其临床资料以及肺炎链球菌的耐药性。剔除同一患者同一部位分离的重复菌株,相同患者连续分离菌株选取首次分离菌株。合格痰标本标准:白细胞≥25个/低倍镜视野,鳞状上皮细胞<10个/低倍镜视野。肺炎链球菌肺炎诊断标准:患者出现呼吸道感染的临床症状且胸部影像学检查显示肺部病变,呼吸道标本分离到肺炎链球菌。
全自动血液分析仪(希森美康,XN550)检测患者全血中白细胞计数;特定蛋白分析仪(BioSystems,A15)检测患者血清C反应蛋白水平;病原菌检测仪器为珠海美华医疗科技有限公司MA120细菌鉴定/药敏分析系统;哥伦比亚血平板购自郑州安图生物有限公司;质控菌株肺炎链球菌ATCC49619、金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC29213购自卫健委临床检验中心;革兰染液购自珠海贝索生物技术有限公司。奥普托欣纸片购自杭州天和公司,青霉素、美罗培南E-test药敏纸条购自郑州安图生物有限公司。
标本的采集与接种、肺炎链球菌的分离与培养按照《全国临床检验操作规程》[6]的方法进行。临床送检的呼吸道标本接种于哥伦比亚血平板,37 ℃、5% CO2条件下培养18~24 h。挑取草绿色溶血、脐窝状的可疑菌落,根据革兰染色后镜下形态、奥普托欣试验进行初步鉴定,奥普托欣试验阳性(抑菌圈直径>14 mm)的菌株进一步采用MA120微生物分析仪进行菌种鉴定。
采用MA120细菌鉴定/药敏分析系统对青霉素、阿莫西林/克拉维酸、头孢呋辛、头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、头孢吡肟、美罗培南、氯霉素、四环素、左氧氟沙星、复方新诺明、红霉素、阿奇霉素、克林霉素、利奈唑胺、万古霉素等16种抗菌药物进行最低抑菌浓度(MIC)测定。参照美国临床实验室标准化委员会(CLSI)2018年的标准进行药敏结果判定[7]。对于青霉素经仪器测定MIC≥2 μg/ml或者美罗培南经仪器测定MIC ≥0.5 μg/ml的菌株,采用E-test法复核。
采用WHONET 5.6进行耐药统计,应用SPSS 20.0软件进行数据分析。计量资料以$\bar{x}±s$表示;计数资料以例(%)表示,组间比较采用χ2检验;同一抗菌药物不同年份耐药率的比较采用χ2检验或者Fisher精确检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
934例中儿童728例,成人206例。728例儿童SP感染结果如表1所示。感染儿童年龄为1 d~14岁[(1.2±1.2)岁]。患儿疾病分布以肺炎为主,229例(31.46%)患儿合并其他病原体感染,以肺炎支原体(91例)、呼吸道合胞病毒(45例)、乙型流感病毒(45例)、副流感病毒(21例)和腺病毒(13例)多见。成人SP感染结果如表2所示,感染成人年龄为15~92岁[(61.6±19.6)岁]。206例成人中,149例患有基础疾病,占72.33%,其中合并两种及以上基础疾病者14例(6.80%)。
728例患儿中,545例(74.86%)出现白细胞计数增高,620例(85.16%)出现C反应蛋白增高(表1)。SP感染的成人中,160例(77.67%)白细胞计数增高,173例(83.98%)C反应蛋白增高(表2)。
728株儿童分离菌株的季节分布为:冬季323株(44.37%),秋季194株(26.64%),春季138株(18.96%),夏季73株(10.03%)。206株成人分离菌株的季节分布为:冬季74株(35.92%),秋季46株(22.33%),春季46株(22.33%),夏季40株(19.42%)。
5年来,临床分离的肺炎链球菌主要来源于儿科,占77.94%;成人分离菌株占22.06%,其科室分布未见明显临床意义(表3)。
2014—2018年无美罗培南、万古霉素、利奈唑胺耐药菌株出现。2014—2016年无阿莫西林/克拉维酸耐药菌株出现,从2017年开始出现阿莫西林/克拉维酸耐药菌株,5年平均耐药率为1.65%。5年间,儿童肺炎链球菌对青霉素、左氧氟沙星保持高度敏感,平均耐药率<1%;对头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、头孢吡肟的耐药率有所波动,但均<5%;对复方新诺明、头孢呋辛、四环素、红霉素、阿奇霉素、克林霉素呈现高耐药率,平均耐药率分别为47.53%、57.42%、82.14%、93.13%、92.31%、87.50%(表4)。2014—2018年5年间各年份儿童肺炎链球菌对不同药物耐药率的变化如图1所示。
2014—2018年无美罗培南、万古霉素、利奈唑胺耐药菌株出现。5年间,仅在2017年检出1株青霉素耐药菌株,青霉素的平均耐药率为0.49%;对头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、头孢吡肟、阿莫西林/克拉维酸、左氧氟沙星保持高度敏感,平均耐药率分别为2.43%、1.94%、1.94%、5.34%、2.43%;对头孢呋辛、四环素、红霉素、阿奇霉素、克林霉素均保持高耐药率,平均耐药率分别为43.20%、80.10%、93.69%、90.78%、81.55%(表4)。2014—2018年5年间各年份成人肺炎链球菌对不同药物耐药率的变化如图2所示。
儿童与成人分离菌株对美罗培南、利奈唑胺、万古霉素均敏感,5年间无耐药菌株出现。儿童与成人分离菌株对阿莫西林/克拉维酸、左氧氟沙星、克林霉素、头孢呋辛等的耐药率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其中,儿童分离菌株对头孢呋辛的耐药率为57.42%,显著高于成人分离菌株的耐药率43.20%(P<0.05)。儿童和成人分离菌株对其余抗菌药物的耐药情况基本一致,耐药率差异无统计学意义(表4)。
1881年,肺炎球菌首次由Pasteur及Sternberg分别在法国和美国从患者痰液中分离获得,1974年正式命名为肺炎链球菌[8]。该病原菌可通过呼吸道飞沫传播,是引起成人和儿童社区获得性肺炎(community-acquired pneumonia,CAP)的重要致病菌,也是导致急性呼吸道疾病的重要病原菌之一。荚膜多糖是肺炎链球菌致病的重要毒力因子,有研究表明,与其他病原菌相比,肺炎链球菌因其侵袭性高更容易造成儿童和老年人死亡[9]。2岁以下儿童是肺炎链球菌的易感人群[10],与该年龄阶段儿童鼻咽部肺炎链球菌携带率高有关。此外,该年龄阶段的儿童处于生理性免疫功能低下期,自身免疫系统尚未发育成熟,对病原菌的抵抗力差,因此增加了易感性。本研究年限内,934株肺炎链球菌中儿童分离株共728株,占77.94%,其中2岁及以下儿童分离株超过50%(83.93%),与国内其他临床报道结果相似[11]。本研究结果显示,31.36%的患儿合并其他病原体感染,其中138例(18.96%)患儿合并呼吸道病毒感染。上呼吸道病毒感染后,机体产生的细胞因子会上调呼吸道上皮的黏附因子,使肺炎链球菌通过表面黏附分子(PsaA、PspA、PspC、肺炎链球菌溶血素等)增加黏附,肺炎链球菌的肽聚糖、磷壁酸等成分可介导黏附和炎症,最终导致感染。因此,肺炎链球菌是呼吸道病毒感染后继发细菌感染的常见病原菌。
研究表明,成人肺炎链球菌感染的易感人群和危险因素包括年龄大于65岁、合并慢性疾病(慢性呼吸道疾病、慢性心脏病、糖尿病、慢性肝病和肝硬化、慢性肾衰竭等)、免疫功能受损(HIV感染、恶性肿瘤、骨髓移植受者等)、医源性因素(气管插管、气管切开、呼吸机应用等)[12-15]。本研究年限内,成人分离菌株占22.06%,患者多具有肺炎链球菌感染的临床危险因素。65岁以上成人分离菌株超过50%(54.37%),79.12%的成人感染患者合并慢性疾病或免疫功能受损。
本研究结果显示,在季节分布上,儿童肺炎链球菌的分离率以冬季最高,其次为秋季和春季,夏季最低,这与国内外研究结果一致[16-17];成人肺炎链球菌的分离率以冬季最高,但是秋季、春季、夏季的分离率差异无统计学意义。该结果提示,肺炎链球菌肺炎发病率随季节变化而变化,寒冷季节比温暖季节高发。从临床特征看,无论成人还是儿童患者均以男性居多,提示肺炎链球菌感染男性比女性高发。
青霉素廉价且对肺炎链球菌具有强大的杀菌活性,这使得肠外应用青霉素成为治疗肺炎链球菌感染的理想选择。然而,在20世纪60年代,耐青霉素的肺炎链球菌(penicillin resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae,PRSP)被发现,其对青霉素等β-内酰胺类抗菌药物耐药的分子机制主要是细菌青霉素结合蛋白(penicillin binding protein,PBP)基因突变,导致细胞壁上青霉素结合蛋白的结构发生改变,从而降低了抗菌药物对肺炎链球菌的结合能力。近年来,国内有报道显示肺炎链球菌对青霉素的耐药性有不断上升的趋势[11],而本院2014—2018年儿童分离菌株的耐药率在0~2.01%之间波动,成人分离菌株的耐药率在0~1.96%之间波动,均处于较低水平,低于全国CHINET 2014—2018年的耐药数据[18-21],提示PRSP的分离率具有地区差异,尽管本院分离菌株对青霉素敏感率高,但在耐药形势下,仍需警惕肺炎链球菌对青霉素的耐药问题。
2018年,国内专家推荐除青霉素外,头孢呋辛、阿莫西林/克拉维酸钾可用于青霉素敏感的肺炎链球菌肺炎的治疗,头孢曲松、头孢噻肟、万古霉素可用于青霉素耐药的肺炎链球菌肺炎的治疗[22]。本院5年耐药数据显示,成人和儿童分离菌株对头孢呋辛的耐药率均呈上升趋势;儿童分离菌株的平均耐药率高于成人分离菌株;成人和儿童分离菌株对头孢呋辛的平均耐药率均明显高于青霉素,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。临床抗感染治疗中,在没有获得明确病原学诊断前,只能结合患者的病情以及辅助检查结果进行经验治疗,本院的耐药数据提示,在治疗肺炎链球菌感染中头孢呋辛并不优于青霉素,经验性用药需谨慎。头孢呋辛在儿童中的使用频率较高,这可能是儿童分离菌株对头孢呋辛耐药率高于成人分离菌株的原因。成人和儿童分离菌株对阿莫西林/克拉维酸钾的平均耐药率分别为5.34%和1.65%,表明阿莫西林/克拉维酸钾对肺炎链球菌具有良好的敏感性,可用于轻症肺炎链球菌肺炎的经验治疗以及轻症、重症肺炎链球菌肺炎的目标治疗。本院5年监测结果显示,无万古霉素耐药菌株出现;头孢曲松和头孢噻肟对儿童和成人分离菌株均保持较好的敏感性,但均有耐药菌株出现,平均耐药率均<3%。这一结果提示,由于肺炎链球菌可能对头孢曲松或头孢噻肟耐药,在初始经验治疗疑似肺炎链球菌导致的极重症肺炎时,应考虑头孢曲松或头孢噻肟联合万古霉素的联合治疗方案。
20世纪60年代PRSP被发现时,肺炎链球菌对大环内酯类抗菌药物的耐药非常罕见,因此该类抗菌药物曾被用于治疗肺炎链球菌导致的感染,但随着大环内酯类抗菌药物的广泛应用以及耐药菌株的克隆传播,肺炎链球菌对该类抗菌药物的耐药率迅速增高。欧美国家肺炎链球菌对红霉素和阿奇霉素的耐药率分别为12.9%~39%和4.3%~33.3%[23]。而我国的耐药率有别于欧美国家。2003—2005年成人CAP调查结果显示我国肺炎链球菌对大环内酯类抗菌药物的耐药率为63.2%~75.4%。2014—2018年CHINET数据显示,肺炎链球菌对大环内酯类抗菌药物的耐药率进一步提高,对红霉素的耐药率超过90%[18-21]。本监测数据显示,儿童分离菌株对红霉素、阿奇霉素的耐药率高并且呈上升趋势,儿童和成人分离菌株5年平均耐药率均超过90%,与全国数据一致,提示在本地区红霉素、阿奇霉素已不是治疗肺炎链球菌感染的有效药物,不建议用于经验性抗感染治疗。本监测结果显示,肺炎链球菌对克林霉素的药敏结果与红霉素类似,亦不考虑临床应用。肺炎链球菌对红霉素的耐药主要与erm基因介导的核糖体甲基化修饰相关,而对四环素耐药是由tetM基因编码的核糖体保护蛋白介导的,tetM基因常常携带包含于ermB基因内的转座子[23-24],因此,对大环内酯类抗菌药物耐药的菌株可能对四环素也具有高耐药率,本研究数据显示成人和儿童分离菌株对四环素的平均耐药率均超过80%,与此观点一致。鉴于肺炎链球菌对四环素的高耐药率,中国指南和欧洲指南均不推荐将四环素作为肺炎链球菌肺炎经验性抗感染治疗用药[25-26]
由于肺炎链球菌对大环内酯类抗菌药物具有高耐药率,而喹诺酮类抗菌药物因其抗菌谱广、较强的呼吸道组织穿透力和较高的组织浓度,且近年来耐药发生率低,因此IDSA/ATS成人CAP指南[25]以及专家共识[27-28]等均推荐呼吸喹诺酮类(左氧氟沙星、莫西沙星、吉米沙星)可作为治疗CAP的首选药物。本院5年监测结果显示,左氧氟沙星对成人分离菌株保持良好的敏感性,提示喹诺酮类抗菌药物可用于治疗肺炎链球菌导致的成人CAP。儿童肺炎链球菌分离菌株尽管对喹诺酮类抗菌药物保持高敏感性,但此类药物会影响骨骼成长,儿童不宜使用。
综上所述,儿童和成人肺炎链球菌感染均以冬季发病率最高,且急性期炎性反应较明显;儿童肺炎链球菌感染以<5岁儿童为主,而年龄>65岁、患有基础性疾病是成人肺炎链球菌感染的危险因素;本院分离的肺炎链球菌对青霉素保持高敏感性,可作为临床治疗的首选药物;头孢呋辛耐药率高并呈上升趋势,经验性抗感染治疗时选择需慎重;头孢曲松和头孢噻肟耐药率低,可用于治疗青霉素不敏感肺炎链球菌感染或重症感染;大环内酯类抗菌药物耐药率极高,已不适合用于CAP患者的经验治疗。面对肺炎链球菌日益严重的耐药问题,临床微生物实验室应重视细菌耐药监测工作,每年为临床提供病原菌耐药数据。临床医师在初始经验性抗感染治疗时,选择治疗方案需结合临床特征、细菌耐药特征、本地区抗菌药物耐药率及耐药趋势,而后根据药敏结果合理选择有效抗菌药物进行目标治疗,尽可能减少细菌耐药的发生。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年科学基金(31200142)
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
[1]
Wu Y, Kong X, Li QY, et al. Effects of neonatal Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia on airway epithelial injury of mice[J]. Med J Chin PLA, 2019, 44(11): 919-924.
[吴毅, 孔潇, 李沁原, 等. 新生期小鼠肺炎链球菌肺炎对气道上皮损伤的影响[J]. 解放军医学杂志, 2019, 44(11): 919-924.]
[2]
McKay JT, Egan RP, Yammani RD, et al. PD-1 suppresses protective immunity to Streptococcus pneumoniae through a B cell intrinsic mechanism[J]. J Immunol, 2015, 194(5): 2289-2299.
[3]
Hoover SE, Perez AJ, Tsui HC, et al. A new quorum-sensing system (TprA/PhrA) for Streptococcus pneumoniae D39 that regulates a lantibiotic biosynthesis gene cluster[J]. Mol Microbiol, 2015, 97(2): 229-243.
[4]
Dion CF, Ashurst JV. Streptococcus Pneumoniae. 2020 Aug 10. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, 2021.
[5]
Tang HY, Liu H, Zhao Y, et al. Distribution of pathogenic bacteria and drug resistance analysis in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J]. Chin J Pract Intern Med, 2019, 39(5): 447-451.
[唐火焰, 刘虎, 赵赟, 等. 慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期患者痰培养菌种分布及耐药性分析[J]. 中国实用内科杂志, 2019, 39(5): 447-451.]
[6]
Shang H, Wang YS, Shen ZY. National guide to clinical laboratory procedures[M]. 4th ed. Beijing: People's Medical Publishing House, 2014: 210-213.
[尚红, 王毓三, 申子瑜. 全国临床检验操作规程[M]. 4版. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2014: 210-213.]
[7]
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing: M100-S28[S]. 2018.
[8]
Plotkin SA, Orenstein WA, Offit PA. Vaccines[M]. 6th ed. United States, PA: Elsevier, 2013.
[9]
Masomian M, Ahmad Z, Gew LT, et al. Development of next generation Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccines conferring broad protection[J]. Vaccines(Basel), 2020, 8(1): 132.
[10]
O'Brien KL, Wolfson LJ, Watt JP, et al. Burden of disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in children younger than 5 years:global estimates[J]. Lancet, 2009, 374(9693): 893-902.
[11]
Deng SH, Sun BX, Wang LJ, et al. Clinical characteristics and drug resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in children[J]. Chin J Nosocomiol, 2018, 28(7): 1093-1096.
[邓素翰, 孙碧霞, 汪玲娟, 等. 儿童肺炎链球菌感染的临床特征及耐药性分析[J]. 中国医院感染学杂志, 2018, 28(7): 1093-1096.]
[12]
Feldman C, Anderson R. Recent advances in the epidemiology and prevention of Streptococcus pneumoniae infections[J]. F1000Res, 2020, 9: F1000 Faculty Rev-338.
[13]
Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults[J]. Clin Infect Dis, 2007, 44(Suppl 2): S27-S72.
[14]
Feikin DR, Feldman C, Schuchat A, et al. Global strategies to prevent bacterial pneumonia in adults with HIV disease[J]. Lancet Infect Dis, 2004, 4(7): 445-455.
[15]
Smith EL, Wheeler I, Adler H, et al. Upper airways colonisation of Streptococcus pneumoniae in adults aged 60 years and older:A systematic review of prevalence and individual paicipant data meta-analysis of risk factors[J]. J Infect, 2020, 81(4): 540-548.
[16]
Gong SD, Hua CZ, Li JP, et al. Analysis on 1109 cases caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and the antibiotic resistance of all strains during 2006-2014[J]. Chin J Antibiot, 2015, 40(11): 859-880.
[龚松迪, 华春珍, 李建平, 等. 2006-2014年我院1109例肺炎链球菌感染及其耐药模式分析[J]. 中国抗生素杂志, 2015, 40(11): 859-880.]
[17]
Ries M, Kostic M, Zadravec D, et al. Nasopharyngeal bacterial flora in healthy preschool children during winter-spring months[J]. Coll Antropol, 2013, 37(2): 415-422.
[18]
Hu FP, Zhu DM, Wang F, et al. CHINET 2014 surveillance of bacterial resistance in China[J]. Chin J Infect Chemother, 2015, 15(5): 401-410.
[胡付品, 朱德妹, 汪复, 等. 2014年CHINET中国细菌耐药性监测[J]. 中国感染与化疗杂志, 2015, 15(5): 401-410.]
[19]
Hu FP, Zhu DM, Wang F, et al. CHINET 2015 surveillance of bacterial resistance in China[J]. Chin J Infect Chemother, 2016, 16(6): 685-694.
[胡付品, 朱德妹, 汪复, 等. 2015年CHINET中国细菌耐药性监测[J]. 中国感染与化疗杂志, 2016, 16(6): 685-694.]
[20]
Hu FP, Guo Y, Zhu DM, et al. CHINET 2016 surveillance of bacterial resistance in China[J]. Chin J Infect Chemother, 2017, 17(5): 481-491.
[胡付品, 郭燕, 朱德妹, 等. 2016年CHINET中国细菌耐药性监测[J]. 中国感染与化疗杂志, 2017, 17(5): 481-491.]
[21]
Hu FP, Guo Y, Zhu DM, et al. CHINET 2017 surveillance of bacterial resistance in China[J]. Chin J Infect Chemother, 2018, 18(3): 241-251.
[胡付品, 郭燕, 朱德妹, 等. 2017年CHINET中国细菌耐药性监测[J]. 中国感染与化疗杂志, 2018, 18(3): 241-251.]
[22]
Infectology Group, Pediatrics Branch of Chinese Medical Association, "Chinese Journal of Pediatrics" Editorial Board. Recommendations for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control of Streptococcal pneumoniae diseases in children[J]. Chin. J Pediatr, 2018, 56(8): 564-570.
[中华医学会儿科学分会感染学组, 《中华儿科杂志》编辑委员会. 儿童肺炎链球菌性疾病诊治与防控建议[J]. 中华儿科杂志, 2018, 56(8): 564-570.]
[23]
Schroeder MR, Stephens DS. Macrolide resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae[J]. Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 2016, 6: 98.
[24]
Nikolaou E, Hubbard ATM, Botelho J, et al. Antibiotic resistance is associated with integrative and conjugative elements and genomic islands in naturally circulating Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from adults in liverpool, UK[J]. Gene(Basel), 2020, 11(6): 625.
[25]
Respiratory Medicine Branch of Chinese Medical Association. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in Chinese adults (2016 edition)[J]. Chin J Tuberc Respir Dis, 2016, 4(39): 253-279.
[中华医学会呼吸病学分会. 中国成人社区获得性肺炎诊断和治疗指南(2016年版)[J]. 中华结核和呼吸杂志, 2016, 4(39): 253-279.]
[26]
Lee MS, Oh JY, Kang CI, et al. Guideline for antibiotic use in adults with community-acquired pneumonia[J]. Infect Chemother, 2018, 50(2): 160-198.
[27]
Emergency Physician Branch of Chinese Medical Doctor Association. Expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of emergency adult community-acquired pneumonia (1)[J]. Chin J Crit Care Med, 2011, 31(10): 865-871.
[中国医师协会急诊医师分会. 急诊成人社区获得性肺炎诊治专家共识(一)[J]. 中国急救医学, 2011, 31(10): 865-871.]
[28]
Emergency Physician Branch of Chinese Medical Doctor Association. Expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of emergency adult community-acquired pneumonia (2)[J]. Chin J Crit Care Med, 2011, 31(11): 961-967.
[中国医师协会急诊医师分会. 急诊成人社区获得性肺炎诊治专家共识(二)[J]. 中国急救医学, 2011, 31(11): 961-967.]
2021年第46卷第9期
PDF下载
140
57
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.09.08
  • 接收时间:2020-07-21
  • 首发时间:2025-12-19
  • 出版时间:2021-09-28
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2020-07-21
  • 修回日期:2021-03-31
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(31200142)
国家自然科学基金青年科学基金(31200142)
作者信息
    1解放军联勤保障部队第980医院基础医学实验室,石家庄 050081
    2解放军联勤保障部队第980医院检验科,石家庄 050081
    3解放军陆军军医大学微生物与生化药学教研室,重庆 400038

通讯作者:

王缚鲲,E-mail:
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jfjyxzz/CN/10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.09.08
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏