Article(id=1208862372127699303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1208862365714616539, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.09.01, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1619280000000, receivedDateStr=2021-04-25, revisedDate=1627574400000, revisedDateStr=2021-07-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766144849092, onlineDateStr=2025-12-19, pubDate=1632758400000, pubDateStr=2021-09-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766144849092, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766144849092, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766144849092, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1208862365714616539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2021', volume='46', issue='9', pageStart='849', pageEnd='953', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1766144847562, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766144914151, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208862645055254758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1208862365714616539, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208862645055254759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1208862365714616539, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=849, endPage=854, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208862372463243644, articleId=1208862372127699303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Research progress in the effect of gut microbiome on skeletal muscle and mechanism of SCFAs mediated "gut-muscle axis", columnId=1208862370294788358, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Special Issues on Intestinal Flora and Disease Progression, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Gut microbiome is a critical contributor to host health. It mostly through production of effector molecules possessing biological activity of catabolism modulates metabolic responses at different organ sites including liver, lung, and brain.Skeletal muscle is considered as the largest organ in the body, playing a pivotal role in voluntary movements, postural maintenance and energy homeostasis. Within the past few years, accumulating evidences have revealed biologically important association between the gut microbiota and skeletal muscle and demonstrated muscle function greatly depend on the bacterial population and structure,resulting in a novel and intriguing concept of "gut-muscle axis". This article aims at reviewing the modulatory effects and potential mechanisms of gut microbiota on skeletal muscle and mechanism of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) mediated "gut-muscle axis", as well as making recommendations on future research in order to provide a theoretical reference for improving muscle function and physical performance based on gut microbiota intervention.

, correspAuthors=Xin-Ying Wang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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肠道微生物是人类健康的重要组成部分,主要通过分解代谢生成具有生物活性的效应分子,调节宿主各重要脏器的生理功能,如肝、肺、脑等。骨骼肌被认为是人体最大的器官,对机体自主运动、姿势维持和代谢稳态至关重要。近年来,越来越多的研究揭示了骨骼肌与肠道菌群之间的重要生物学联系,认为肌肉功能在很大程度上依赖于肠道菌群的数量及结构,创新性提出“肠-肌轴”理论。该文综述肠道菌群对骨骼肌的影响及短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)介导“肠-肌轴”的机制研究进展,并对后续研究提出建议,以期为基于肠道菌群干预改善肌肉功能和体能表现提供理论参考。

, correspAuthors=王新颖, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
王新颖,E-mail:
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史益凡,博士研究生,主要从事肠-肌轴相关机制研究

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肠道菌群对骨骼肌的影响及SCFAs介导“肠-肌轴”的机制研究进展
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史益凡 1, 2 , 王新颖 1, *
解放军医学杂志 | 肠道菌群与疾病的关系研究进展专题 2021,46(9): 849-854
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解放军医学杂志 | 肠道菌群与疾病的关系研究进展专题 2021, 46(9): 849-854
肠道菌群对骨骼肌的影响及SCFAs介导“肠-肌轴”的机制研究进展
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史益凡1, 2, 王新颖1, *
作者信息
  • 1南京大学医学院附属金陵医院/东部战区总医院普通外科研究所,南京 210002
  • 2江南大学附属医院胃肠外科,江苏无锡 214122
  • 史益凡,博士研究生,主要从事肠-肌轴相关机制研究

通讯作者:

王新颖,E-mail:
Research progress in the effect of gut microbiome on skeletal muscle and mechanism of SCFAs mediated "gut-muscle axis"
Yi-Fan Shi1, 2, Xin-Ying Wang1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Research Insititute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China
  • 2Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
出版时间: 2021-09-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.09.01
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肠道微生物是人类健康的重要组成部分,主要通过分解代谢生成具有生物活性的效应分子,调节宿主各重要脏器的生理功能,如肝、肺、脑等。骨骼肌被认为是人体最大的器官,对机体自主运动、姿势维持和代谢稳态至关重要。近年来,越来越多的研究揭示了骨骼肌与肠道菌群之间的重要生物学联系,认为肌肉功能在很大程度上依赖于肠道菌群的数量及结构,创新性提出“肠-肌轴”理论。该文综述肠道菌群对骨骼肌的影响及短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)介导“肠-肌轴”的机制研究进展,并对后续研究提出建议,以期为基于肠道菌群干预改善肌肉功能和体能表现提供理论参考。

肠道微生物  /  短链脂肪酸  /  骨骼肌功能  /  肠-肌轴

Gut microbiome is a critical contributor to host health. It mostly through production of effector molecules possessing biological activity of catabolism modulates metabolic responses at different organ sites including liver, lung, and brain.Skeletal muscle is considered as the largest organ in the body, playing a pivotal role in voluntary movements, postural maintenance and energy homeostasis. Within the past few years, accumulating evidences have revealed biologically important association between the gut microbiota and skeletal muscle and demonstrated muscle function greatly depend on the bacterial population and structure,resulting in a novel and intriguing concept of "gut-muscle axis". This article aims at reviewing the modulatory effects and potential mechanisms of gut microbiota on skeletal muscle and mechanism of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) mediated "gut-muscle axis", as well as making recommendations on future research in order to provide a theoretical reference for improving muscle function and physical performance based on gut microbiota intervention.

gut microbiome  /  short-chain fatty acids  /  skeletal muscle function  /  gut-muscle axis
史益凡, 王新颖. 肠道菌群对骨骼肌的影响及SCFAs介导“肠-肌轴”的机制研究进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2021 , 46 (9) : 849 -854 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.09.01
Yi-Fan Shi, Xin-Ying Wang. Research progress in the effect of gut microbiome on skeletal muscle and mechanism of SCFAs mediated "gut-muscle axis"[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2021 , 46 (9) : 849 -854 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.09.01
人类肠道是一个复杂多样的生态系统,由数千种不同的细菌及各种病毒、古生菌、真菌和真核生物组成,其数量超过1014,含有的基因数量是人类基因的150倍[1]。这些微生物与宿主互利共生,在促进膳食营养代谢、合成微量营养素、调控黏膜免疫和调节能量平衡中发挥重要作用,被誉为“第二大脑”[2]。肠道菌群可从未消化的物质中合成具有生物活性的化合物,这些活性物质可进入血液循环,调节宿主的生理功能[3]。研究证实,肠道微生态紊乱与多种慢性疾病的发生发展密切相关[4-6],如肥胖、糖尿病、过敏和自闭症等,其潜在的机制可通过菌群与宿主各器官之间的相互作用来阐释,如脑-肠轴、肠-肝轴、肠-肺轴等[3,7]
骨骼肌是人体最大的代谢器官,约占体重的40%,占静息能量消耗的30%,占胰岛素刺激葡萄糖摄取的80%[8]。骨骼肌的质量和功能对维持机体健康起着重要作用[9-10]。近年来,肠道菌群与肌肉之间的相互作用已经成为人类健康研究领域的焦点,“肠-肌轴”被创新性地提出[11],即肌肉的功能和代谢在很大程度上依赖于肠道菌群的数量及结构,认为肠道微生物有望成为预防和治疗肌肉相关疾病如少肌症、肌肉萎缩等的潜在生物靶点。同时,明确肠道菌群如何应对运动负荷、调节骨骼肌功能,对改善体能具有重要意义,特别是对增进战斗人员的军事体能至关重要。本文就肠道菌群对骨骼肌生物学功能的影响及其机制研究进展作一综述。
肠道菌群对维持骨骼肌质量具有重要作用。研究发现,抗生素干预幼鼠的肌肉质量明显降低,而体重保持不变,导致肌肉质量/体重比值下降,而移植正常小鼠的粪便菌群后,骨骼肌质量丢失被逆转[12]。相似的是,无菌小鼠的肌肉质量/体重比值也明显降低,粪菌移植能够使其恢复到正常水平[13]。进一步研究发现,干酪乳杆菌或长双歧杆菌灌胃可增高小鼠的肌肉质量,但不影响其体重[14]
短链脂肪酸(short chain fatty acids,SCFAs)是结肠菌群的主要终末代谢产物,被广泛认为介导了肠道菌群与骨骼肌之间的相互作用[15]。体外研究发现,SCFAs鸡尾酒可减轻地塞米松诱导的C2C12肌管萎缩[13]。非肥胖饮食小鼠补充丁酸,能够防止衰老过程中的骨骼肌萎缩[16]。当猪能量供应不足时,补充SCFAs混合物(含有乙酸、丙酸和丁酸)可增加氮潴留[17]。然而,Henagan等[18]研究发现,补充乙酸和丁酸并不能增加高脂饮食小鼠的绝对骨骼肌质量。由此可见,在代谢应激或代谢需求增加的情况下,如衰老、生长发育等,SCFAs对骨骼肌质量可产生正性调节作用,而当能量过剩时,SCFAs不会影响骨骼肌质量。
肠道菌群紊乱可引起骨骼肌表型改变。研究发现,无菌小鼠的线粒体功能明显下降[13],将肥胖哺乳动物的粪便菌群移植到无菌小鼠,小鼠复制了供体的骨骼肌纤维特征[19]。这一关系在益生菌和益生元干预研究中也得到证实,补充植物乳杆菌TWK10可增高啮齿动物骨骼肌Ⅰ型纤维的比例,增强肌肉力量[20]。同时大量研究表明,丁酸和乙酸可增加高脂饮食啮齿动物Ⅰ型肌球蛋白重链和β氧化关键酶的表达,促进氧化骨骼肌表型[18,21]。然而,在标准饮食小鼠中,补充丁酸并不影响肌纤维表型[22],具体原因尚不清楚,可能与食物和干预时间有关。
肠道菌群是重要的“内分泌器官”,可产生许多生物活性物质,影响人体骨骼肌代谢。已知蛋白质代谢对骨骼肌表型、质量及功能等至关重要。动物实验发现,肠道细菌可改变一些食物和内源性蛋白质来源氨基酸的生物利用率,影响肌肉蛋白质的合成与分解[23]。肠道菌群紊乱可引起肠屏障通透性增加、内毒素移位和胰岛素抵抗等,导致肌细胞蛋白质合成障碍。而补充乳酸杆菌则可减少小鼠肌肉萎缩标志物的表达,如Atrogin-1、LC3蛋白等,并增加肌肉蛋白的合成[20]。同时体外研究发现,在生理浓度的多肽环境中,牛链球菌、反刍月形单胞菌及布氏普雷沃氏菌可从头合成人体必需的氨基酸,包括赖氨酸和色氨酸等,其中,色氨酸为肌肉蛋白质合成代谢的基础底物[24]。人体实验也证实,肠道菌群能够合成赖氨酸,并参与维持机体的蛋白质平衡[25]
骨骼肌是葡萄糖代谢的重要器官。有研究报道,肠道菌群的结构与肌糖原含量密切相关,微生态紊乱可降低骨骼肌的葡萄糖利用率和肌糖原含量,从而影响小鼠的生物能量代谢[26]。口服抗生素小鼠的肌糖原含量明显降低,而待肠道菌群自然恢复后,肌糖原含量也随之恢复[12]。Zarrinpar等[27]强调,抗生素诱导的小鼠结肠细菌耗竭可引起血糖水平降低,从而影响骨骼肌对血清葡萄糖的摄取和利用,导致肌糖原贮存减少。SCFAs作为肠道菌群的主要效应分子,已在多种动物模型中被证实可促进肌糖原的合成[28]。此外,体外研究发现,乙酸和丙酸可分别增加L6和C2C12肌细胞非胰岛素依赖性葡萄糖的摄取和代谢[15]。由此可见,肠道菌群及其代谢物对骨骼肌的葡萄糖摄取、贮存和氧化均有重要的调节作用。
骨骼肌脂质代谢也受到肠道菌群的调控。动物实验发现,高脂高蔗糖饮食小鼠骨骼肌脂肪含量增加,可能与普氏菌属相对丰度降低有关[29]。将肥胖荣昌猪的肠道菌群移植到无菌小鼠,后者复制了供体的骨骼肌脂质代谢特征,即三酰甘油浓度增高和脂肪沉积明显增多[19]。同时,抗生素诱导的肠道菌群失调可减少三酰甘油的分解,增加脂肪酸的摄取及从头合成,最终导致骨骼肌脂肪堆积[30]。虽然直接影响骨骼肌脂质代谢的细菌仍不明确,但大量研究已经证实,SCFAs可增加骨骼肌对脂肪酸的摄取和氧化,并防止脂质累积。口服丁酸10 d后,C57BL/6J小鼠骨骼肌中三酰甘油和胆固醇浓度明显降低[22],而补充丁酸10个月则可预防标准饮食小鼠的骨骼肌脂肪堆积[16]。体外研究也有相似的报道,在L6肌管细胞中给予0.5 mmol/L丁酸后,脂肪酸氧化增加约30%,给予0.5 mmol/L乙酸则可增高脂肪酸的摄取率[31],这些效应的潜在机制可能与脂质代谢相关酶的表达改变有关。
目前,已有多项研究报道了肠道微生物对骨骼肌功能(包括肌肉力量和耐力运动)的影响。有研究发现,与对照组相比,幼龄无菌小鼠抓力和游泳耐力明显下降[13,32];抗生素干预小鼠跑步耐力减弱,体外肌肉疲劳增加[12]。在幼龄无菌小鼠体内定植直肠真杆菌或梭状芽孢杆菌后,其力竭游泳时间明显延长[32]。另外,人群队列研究发现,补充凝结芽孢杆菌GBI-30可提高运动员的无氧运动能力[33],补充乳酸杆菌PS128能够改善铁人三项运动员的体能表现,减轻高强度训练诱导的氧化应激和炎症反应[34]。由此可见,某些特定的细菌分类可能是维持肌肉功能的基础。
最近Scheiman等[35]发现,马拉松运动员比赛后,粪便中韦荣氏球菌属相对丰度显著增加,并证实非典型韦荣球菌可通过代谢乳酸生成丙酸,从而延长小鼠的力竭跑步时间。目前SCFAs改善骨骼肌功能已被广泛报道,如补充SCFAs混合物能够提高无菌小鼠的抓力[13],而持续皮下注射乙酸可恢复抗生素干预小鼠的耐力表现[12]。另外,如上所述,SCFAs可以调节骨骼肌代谢,包括抑制糖酵解、增加肌糖原含量和促进脂肪酸氧化等,而在长时间的次极限运动中,肌糖原和脂类是骨骼肌供能的主要底物,运动能力减弱与内源性糖类储备不足密切相关[15]。因此,SCFAs这种能量底物利用的转变可能有助于增强骨骼肌的力量和耐力。
当前,有关老年人“肠-肌轴”的研究较少。近期Fielding等[36]报道,高肌肉力量老年人粪便中普氏菌科、普氏菌属和巴恩斯菌属相对丰度显著高于对照组,将两组粪便菌群移植到无菌小鼠后,小鼠分别复制出了供体的表型特征。值得注意的是,巴恩斯菌属和普氏菌科都属于SCFAs产生菌[37]。然而,SCFAs能否改善老年人的肌肉力量,目前尚不清楚。
炎性因子水平升高被认为是骨骼肌萎缩、胰岛素抵抗及脂质代谢紊乱的关键驱动因素。SCFAs包括乙酸、丙酸和丁酸都具有抗炎作用,主要是由GPR41/GPR43激活或组蛋白去乙酰化酶(histone deacetylase,HDAC)抑制所介导的[38]。GPR41和GPR43表达于多种免疫细胞,如中性粒细胞、单核细胞和巨噬细胞等。SCFAs激活GPR41/GPR43可抑制肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)和IL-17A等炎性因子的释放[38-39]。丁酸和丙酸通过抑制巨噬细胞和树突细胞中的HDAC,阻断核因子-κB(nuclear factor kappa-B,NF-κB)信号通路的激活,从而发挥抗炎效应[38]。此外,研究发现,一些微生物具有直接抗炎作用,如脆弱拟杆菌可通过作用于Toll样受体2而促进IL-10分泌,抑制Th17淋巴细胞增殖,进而减轻炎症反应[40];乳酸杆菌科和双歧杆菌科能通过影响IL-10、转化生长因子-β(transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β)、色氨酸-2,3-双加氧酶等抗炎因子的分泌,进而抑制炎症反应[41]
氧化应激能够产生过多的活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS),引起脂质和蛋白质过氧化,使肌肉细胞膜成分及结构完整性受损,最终导致骨骼肌功能下降[42]。肠道菌群和SCFAs均具有抗氧化应激的作用。乳酸杆菌属和双歧杆菌属能提高肠道谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)水平,有效清除肠腔内的羟自由基[43]。植物乳酸杆菌、加氏乳酸杆菌和嗜热链球菌等可增强超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)的活性,减轻氧化反应[44]。一项健康人群的随机对照研究发现,给予生理浓度的丁酸能够增加GSH含量、抑制ROS生成,同时GSH合成的限速酶谷氨酸半胱氨酸连接酶催化亚基(GCLC)表达明显增加[45]。因此,靶向干预肠道微生物和(或)增加SCFAs的生成,能够预防或减轻炎症及氧化应激对骨骼肌功能的负性作用。
AMPK是调节细胞代谢的基础因子,当细胞内ATP供应不足时被激活,启动分解代谢[46]。研究发现,SCFAs可增高骨骼肌组织中AMP浓度和AMP/ATP比值,从而磷酸化AMPK[47]。AMPK激活能够促进脂肪酸摄取和氧化、葡萄糖摄取和糖原合成并抑制脂肪生成和糖酵解[46]。同时,活化的AMPK还能磷酸化下游靶点,包括p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38 MAPKs)和过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ共激活因子1α(PGC1α)等[31]。其中,PGC1α是调节线粒体功能和生物合成的主要因子,其活性上调可能在促进氧化骨骼肌表型中起重要作用[48]。因此,AMPK磷酸化可能是SCFAs调节骨骼肌代谢和肌纤维表型的关键机制。
PPARs是配体激活的转录因子,属于核受体超家族成员。PPARs有3种亚型,即PPAR-α、PPAR-δ和PPAR-γ。动物实验发现,丁酸能够促进C57BL/6J小鼠骨骼肌中PPAR-δ的表达[31]。PPAR-δ是骨骼肌葡萄糖和脂质代谢以及肌纤维表型的主要调节因子,能通过抑制糖酵解延长小鼠的力竭跑步时间[49]。因此,SCFAs对骨骼肌代谢和功能的影响,至少部分是由PPAR-δ表达上调所介导的。
HDAC又称赖氨酸去乙酰化酶,主要参与修饰染色体结构和调节基因的表达。HDAC与骨骼肌的功能和代谢密切相关,包括促进骨骼肌萎缩、抑制线粒体生物合成以及调控葡萄糖和脂质氧化等[50]。Gao等[31]报道,小鼠补充丁酸后,骨骼肌细胞核中HDAC的活性降低了50%,有利于促进氧化骨骼肌表型和脂肪酸代谢。在动物模型中,丁酸能通过抑制HDAC的活性而促进组蛋白H3赖氨酸9乙酰化,进而增加胰岛素受体底物1基因的表达[51]。由此可见,SCFAs可改善胰岛素敏感性,至少部分与HDAC抑制相关。
SCFAs可促进一些器官组织释放激素入血,调节骨骼肌代谢。如SCFAs可作用于肠道内分泌L细胞表面的GPR41/GPR43,促进胰高血糖素样肽-1(glucagon-like peptide-1,GLP-1)释放,GLP-1作为抗糖尿病激素,能够增加骨骼肌的葡萄糖摄取、代谢和糖原合成[52]。血液中的SCFAs还能刺激脂肪组织分泌瘦素,从而增加骨骼肌的脂质和葡萄糖氧化,这一效应可能与AMPK磷酸化有关[53]。此外,在抗生素干预的小鼠模型中,补充SCFAs能够恢复血清胰岛素样生长因子1(insulin like growth factor 1,IGF-1)的水平,有助于调控骨骼肌脂代谢和增加胰岛素敏感性[54]
肠道微生态改变能够影响骨骼肌的代谢和生理功能,这一关系至少部分是由SCFAs介导的。但是由于外部环境的复杂性和微生物特征的差异,很难定义一个单一有效的菌群谱或代谢谱。在体育科学领域,益生菌补充剂已被证实可对骨骼肌功能产生积极影响,从而改善某些类型运动员的训练参数,提高其运动能力[33-34]。不过,对于部队官兵而言,由于他们需要进行长期、反复的高强度体能训练,加之在执行军事任务时经常面临休息和睡眠时间、膳食摄入不足以及极端的自然环境等问题,因此,在复杂的军事背景下,益生菌能否调节其骨骼肌功能或何种代谢物介导“肠-肌轴”尚未可知。重要的是,战斗人员的肌肉功能直接影响军队的作战能力,如何有效提高士兵的体能是当前军事医学亟待解决的问题。因此,仍需通过进一步研究来充分阐明“肠-肌轴”的确切机制,明确在不同类型人群中哪些特定的细菌分类或代谢物直接参与调节骨骼肌功能,这不仅有利于肌肉相关性疾病的治疗,促进人类健康,而且还能基于肠道菌群和(或)代谢物靶向干预开发新型体能增进策略,对于提高运动员的竞技水平和士兵的军事体能具有重大的现实意义和广阔的应用前景。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(81470797)
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(81470797)
  • 军事医学创新工程(18CXZ031)
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2021年第46卷第9期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.09.01
  • 接收时间:2021-04-25
  • 首发时间:2025-12-19
  • 出版时间:2021-09-28
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  • 收稿日期:2021-04-25
  • 修回日期:2021-07-30
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(81470797)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(81470797)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(81470797)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(81470797)
Military Medical Innovation Project(18CXZ031)
军事医学创新工程(18CXZ031)
作者信息
    1南京大学医学院附属金陵医院/东部战区总医院普通外科研究所,南京 210002
    2江南大学附属医院胃肠外科,江苏无锡 214122

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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