Article(id=1208862369489481962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1208862365714616539, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.09.13, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1620921600000, receivedDateStr=2021-05-14, revisedDate=1626019200000, revisedDateStr=2021-07-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766144848462, onlineDateStr=2025-12-19, pubDate=1632758400000, pubDateStr=2021-09-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766144848462, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766144848462, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766144848462, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1208862365714616539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2021', volume='46', issue='9', pageStart='849', pageEnd='953', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1766144847562, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766144914151, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208862645055254758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1208862365714616539, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208862645055254759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1208862365714616539, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=923, endPage=927, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208862370248651011, articleId=1208862369489481962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Value of DR combined with urinary ACR in diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy, columnId=1190310109000602400, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Clinical Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To analyze the clinical value of diabetic retinopathy (DR) indicators combined with urinary microalbumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) in diagnosis of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) for patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods The clinical data were retrospectively analyzed of 212 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated with kidney damage and firstly hospitalized and undergone renal biopsy in the Department of Nephropathy and Urology, the University Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University during December 2017 to December 2020. According to the results of renal biopsy and ophthalmoscopy, all the subjects were assigned into DKD+DR group (n=96), DKD+non-DR group (n=75) and non-DKD+DR group (n=41). The general data and laboratory indexes of each group were collected and compared. The morbidity of DKD in different degrees of DR groups, risk factors for DKD and the diagnostic value of DR+ACR to DKD were analyzed. Results The levels of serum creatinine (Scr) and ACR were obviously lower, but the glomerulus filtering rate (eGFR) was markedly higher in DKD+non-DR group and non-DKD+DR group than in DKD+DR group with statistically significant difference (P<0.05); Compared with that in DKD+DR group, shorter disease course, decreased levels of mean arterial pressure (MAP), blood urea nitrogen(BUN), cystatin C (Cys-C) and 24 h urinary protein, and higher level of serum albumin (ALB) were in non-DKD+DR group with statistically significant difference (P<0.05); The morbidity ratio of DKD was obviously higher in proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR) group than in non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) group with significant difference (χ2=9.578, P=0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that ACR, DR and PDR were the independent risk factors for DKD, while high eGFR was a protective factor (OR=0.92, P=0.004). ROC curve analysis revealed that PDR+ACR may effectively diagnose DKD with AUC of 0.88, while NPDR+ACR only have a limited diagnostic value for DKD with AUC of only 0.63. Conclusion DR combined with urinary ACR may contribute a limited value in diagnosis of DKD for patients with type 2 diabetes.

, correspAuthors=Wei Zeng, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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目的 分析2型糖尿病患者视网膜病变联合尿微量白蛋白/肌酐比值(ACR)对糖尿病肾病(DKD)的诊断价值。方法 回顾性分析2017年12月—2020年12月在重庆医科大学附属大学城医院肾病泌尿中心、内分泌科首次住院的212例2型糖尿病合并肾脏受损且行肾活检患者的临床资料。根据肾活检及眼底镜检查结果将患者分为3组:DKD+糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)组(n=96)、DKD+非糖尿病视网膜病变(non-DR)组(n=75)、非糖尿病肾病(non-DKD)+DR组(n=41)。比较各组一般资料和实验室检查指标,并分析DKD在不同程度DR分组中的发病率、DKD的危险因素及DR+ACR对DKD的诊断价值。结果 与DKD+DR组比较,DKD+non-DR组、non-DKD+DR组血清肌酐(Scr)、ACR明显降低,估算肾小球滤过率(eGFR)明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);且与DKD+DR组比较,non-DKD+DR组病程短,平均动脉压(MAP)、尿素氮(BUN)、胱抑素C(Cys-C)、24 h尿蛋白降低,血清白蛋白(ALB)升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);DKD在增殖期视网膜病变(PDR)组的发病率明显高于非增殖期视网膜病变(NPDR)组,差异有统计学意义(χ2=9.578,P=0.001)。Logistic回归分析结果显示,ACR、DR、PDR是DKD的独立危险因素,而高eGFR为保护因素(OR=0.92,P=0.004)。ROC曲线分析结果显示,PDR+ACR可有效诊断DKD,曲线下面积为0.88,而NPDR+ACR对DKD的诊断价值有限,曲线下面积仅为0.63。结论 在2型糖尿病患者中,DR联合ACR对确诊DKD价值有限。

, correspAuthors=曾薇, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
曾薇,E-mail:
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胡威,硕士研究生,主治医师,主要从事糖尿病肾病的临床研究

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Diabetes Care, 2018, 41(Suppl 1): S152-S153., articleTitle=15. diabetes advocacy:Standards of medical care in diabetes-2018, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1208862383691395803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862369489481962, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=11, issue=1, pageStart=15, pageEnd=28, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=44, authorNames=Microvascular Complications Group of Chinese Diabetes Association, journalName=Chin J Diabetes Mellit, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Microvascular Complications Group of Chinese Diabetes Association. Chinese clinical practice guideline of diabetic kidney disease[J]. Chin J Diabetes Mellit, 2019, 11(1): 15-28., articleTitle=Chinese clinical practice guideline of diabetic kidney disease, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1208862383796253404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862369489481962, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=11, issue=1, pageStart=15, pageEnd=28, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=45, authorNames=中华医学会糖尿病学分会微血管并发症学组, journalName=中华糖尿病杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=[中华医学会糖尿病学分会微血管并发症学组. 中国糖尿病肾脏疾病防治临床指南[J]. 中华糖尿病杂志, 2019, 11(1): 15-28.], articleTitle=中国糖尿病肾脏疾病防治临床指南, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1208862376875651634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862369489481962, awardId=2019LC06, language=EN, fundingSource=Hospital Management Project of Young Crop of Affiliated University Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University(2019LC06), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1208862377009869368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862369489481962, awardId=2019LC06, language=CN, fundingSource=重庆医科大学附属大学城医院青苗计划(2019LC06), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1208862372022841699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862369489481962, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1208862372031230306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862369489481962, companyId=1208862372022841699, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Nephrotic and Urology, the University Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401331, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1208862372039618915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862369489481962, companyId=1208862372022841699, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1重庆医科大学附属大学城医院肾病泌尿中心,重庆 401331)]), AuthorCompany(id=1208862372127699302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862369489481962, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1208862372136087911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862369489481962, companyId=1208862372127699302, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Department of Ophthalmology, the University Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401331, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1208862372140282216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862369489481962, companyId=1208862372127699302, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2重庆医科大学附属大学城医院眼科,重庆 401331)]), AuthorCompany(id=1208862372228362606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862369489481962, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1208862372236751215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862369489481962, companyId=1208862372228362606, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Clinicopathological Diagnosis Center of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1208862372240945521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862369489481962, companyId=1208862372228362606, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3重庆医科大学临床病理诊断中心,重庆 400016)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1208862375910961666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862369489481962, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effect of DR+ACR, NPDR+ACR and PDR+ACR in diagnosis of DKD (ROC curve), figureFileSmall=GDPdcYpZr0QoA/GfmNhr2g==, figureFileBig=lVRYeI826a/qKQNrhTXUmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208862376003236358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862369489481962, language=CN, label=图1, caption=ROC曲线分析DR+ACR、NPDR+ACR、PDR+ACR对DKD的诊断价值

DR. 糖尿病视网膜病变;ACR. 尿微量白蛋白/肌酐比值;NPDR. 非增殖期视网膜病变;PDR. 增殖期视网膜病变

, figureFileSmall=GDPdcYpZr0QoA/GfmNhr2g==, figureFileBig=lVRYeI826a/qKQNrhTXUmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208862376242311701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862369489481962, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Comparison of the clinical characteristics among the patients in each group with type 2 diabetes complicated with renal injury

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目DKD+DR组(n=96)DKD+NDR组(n=75)non-DKD+DR组(n=41)
性别(男/女,例)46/5031/4417/24
年龄(岁,$\bar{x}±s$)58.7±12.957.6±11.855.7±9.7
病程(月,$\bar{x}±s$)101±4.396±5.559±3.7(1)
BMI(kg/m2, $\bar{x}±s$)24.7±2.623.5±2.524.8±2.2
MAP(mmHg, $\bar{x}±s$)118±21110±1889±17(1)
Hb(g/L, $\bar{x}±s$)112±18119±20116±21
ALB(g/L, $\bar{x}±s$)34.4±6.636.8±8.639.5±5.6(1)
HbA1c(%, $\bar{x}±s$)8.9±1.98.3±2.18.4±2.5
UA(μmol/L, $\bar{x}±s$)449.4±81.3438.8±102.2413.6±90.4
BUN(mmol/L, $\bar{x}±s$)7.9±2.56.3±3.74.8±3.0(1)
Scr(μmol/L, $\bar{x}±s$)136.5±21.188.4±25.5(1)79.5±36.8(1)
eGFR[ml/(min·1.73 m2), $\bar{x}±s$]66.7±15.396.8±29.8(1)103.5±24.8(1)
Cys-C(mg/L, $\bar{x}±s$)2.36±1.221.82±0.921.66±0.82(1)
ACR(mg/g, $\bar{x}±s$)781.5±164.9499.6±189.6(1)381.5±264.9(1)
24 h尿蛋白(g/L, $\bar{x}±s$)2.36±1.881.81±2.211.51±1.33(1)
), ArticleFig(id=1208862376342975001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862369489481962, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2型糖尿病合并肾脏受损患者各组临床特征比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目DKD+DR组(n=96)DKD+NDR组(n=75)non-DKD+DR组(n=41)
性别(男/女,例)46/5031/4417/24
年龄(岁,$\bar{x}±s$)58.7±12.957.6±11.855.7±9.7
病程(月,$\bar{x}±s$)101±4.396±5.559±3.7(1)
BMI(kg/m2, $\bar{x}±s$)24.7±2.623.5±2.524.8±2.2
MAP(mmHg, $\bar{x}±s$)118±21110±1889±17(1)
Hb(g/L, $\bar{x}±s$)112±18119±20116±21
ALB(g/L, $\bar{x}±s$)34.4±6.636.8±8.639.5±5.6(1)
HbA1c(%, $\bar{x}±s$)8.9±1.98.3±2.18.4±2.5
UA(μmol/L, $\bar{x}±s$)449.4±81.3438.8±102.2413.6±90.4
BUN(mmol/L, $\bar{x}±s$)7.9±2.56.3±3.74.8±3.0(1)
Scr(μmol/L, $\bar{x}±s$)136.5±21.188.4±25.5(1)79.5±36.8(1)
eGFR[ml/(min·1.73 m2), $\bar{x}±s$]66.7±15.396.8±29.8(1)103.5±24.8(1)
Cys-C(mg/L, $\bar{x}±s$)2.36±1.221.82±0.921.66±0.82(1)
ACR(mg/g, $\bar{x}±s$)781.5±164.9499.6±189.6(1)381.5±264.9(1)
24 h尿蛋白(g/L, $\bar{x}±s$)2.36±1.881.81±2.211.51±1.33(1)
), ArticleFig(id=1208862376447832607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862369489481962, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Logistic regression analysis of the risk factors of DKD

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素单因素分析多因素分析
OR(95%CI)POR(95%CI)P
性别1.23(0.98~3.68)0.113
病程1.79(1.23~2.94)0.0431.17(0.70~1.88)0.217
MAP1.64(0.92~2.68)0.0471.07(0.63~1.70)0.357
HbA1c0.88(0.77~0.98)0.076
ALB0.83(0.54~0.97)0.081
UA1.15(1.08~2.17)0.183
eGFR0.93(0.85~0.97)0.0010.92(0.90~0.99)0.004
ACR3.18(1.51~4.77)0.0002.11(1.36~3.58)0.007
DR2.30(2.02~4.57)0.0011.83(1.18~4.62)0.037
NPDR1.55(1.17~3.51)0.077
PDR4.58(1.71~8.77)0.0002.91(1.26~4.58)0.000
), ArticleFig(id=1208862376573661732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862369489481962, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

Logistic回归分析糖尿病肾病的危险因素

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素单因素分析多因素分析
OR(95%CI)POR(95%CI)P
性别1.23(0.98~3.68)0.113
病程1.79(1.23~2.94)0.0431.17(0.70~1.88)0.217
MAP1.64(0.92~2.68)0.0471.07(0.63~1.70)0.357
HbA1c0.88(0.77~0.98)0.076
ALB0.83(0.54~0.97)0.081
UA1.15(1.08~2.17)0.183
eGFR0.93(0.85~0.97)0.0010.92(0.90~0.99)0.004
ACR3.18(1.51~4.77)0.0002.11(1.36~3.58)0.007
DR2.30(2.02~4.57)0.0011.83(1.18~4.62)0.037
NPDR1.55(1.17~3.51)0.077
PDR4.58(1.71~8.77)0.0002.91(1.26~4.58)0.000
), ArticleFig(id=1208862376703685161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862369489481962, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

The diagnostic value of DR+ACR, NPDR+ACR and PDR+ACR for DKD

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别截断值敏感性特异性最大曲线下面积P
DR+ACR–1.2676.9%75.0%0.790.000
PDR+ACR–1.6084.6%81.6%0.880.000
NPDR+ACR–1.0883.0%40.0%0.630.086
), ArticleFig(id=1208862376791765549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862369489481962, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

DR+ACR、NPDR+ACR、PDR+ACR对DKD的诊断价值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别截断值敏感性特异性最大曲线下面积P
DR+ACR–1.2676.9%75.0%0.790.000
PDR+ACR–1.6084.6%81.6%0.880.000
NPDR+ACR–1.0883.0%40.0%0.630.086
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2型糖尿病视网膜病变联合尿微量白蛋白/肌酐比值对糖尿病肾病的诊断价值
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胡威 1 , 陈光敏 1 , 胡雁 2 , 朱进 3 , 曾薇 1, *
解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2021,46(9): 923-927
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解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2021, 46(9): 923-927
2型糖尿病视网膜病变联合尿微量白蛋白/肌酐比值对糖尿病肾病的诊断价值
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胡威1, 陈光敏1, 胡雁2, 朱进3, 曾薇1, *
作者信息
  • 1重庆医科大学附属大学城医院肾病泌尿中心,重庆 401331
  • 2重庆医科大学附属大学城医院眼科,重庆 401331
  • 3重庆医科大学临床病理诊断中心,重庆 400016
  • 胡威,硕士研究生,主治医师,主要从事糖尿病肾病的临床研究

通讯作者:

曾薇,E-mail:
Value of DR combined with urinary ACR in diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy
Wei Hu1, Guang-Min Chen1, Yan Hu2, Jin Zhu3, Wei Zeng1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Nephrotic and Urology, the University Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401331, China
  • 2Department of Ophthalmology, the University Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401331, China
  • 3Clinicopathological Diagnosis Center of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
出版时间: 2021-09-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.09.13
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目的 分析2型糖尿病患者视网膜病变联合尿微量白蛋白/肌酐比值(ACR)对糖尿病肾病(DKD)的诊断价值。方法 回顾性分析2017年12月—2020年12月在重庆医科大学附属大学城医院肾病泌尿中心、内分泌科首次住院的212例2型糖尿病合并肾脏受损且行肾活检患者的临床资料。根据肾活检及眼底镜检查结果将患者分为3组:DKD+糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)组(n=96)、DKD+非糖尿病视网膜病变(non-DR)组(n=75)、非糖尿病肾病(non-DKD)+DR组(n=41)。比较各组一般资料和实验室检查指标,并分析DKD在不同程度DR分组中的发病率、DKD的危险因素及DR+ACR对DKD的诊断价值。结果 与DKD+DR组比较,DKD+non-DR组、non-DKD+DR组血清肌酐(Scr)、ACR明显降低,估算肾小球滤过率(eGFR)明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);且与DKD+DR组比较,non-DKD+DR组病程短,平均动脉压(MAP)、尿素氮(BUN)、胱抑素C(Cys-C)、24 h尿蛋白降低,血清白蛋白(ALB)升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);DKD在增殖期视网膜病变(PDR)组的发病率明显高于非增殖期视网膜病变(NPDR)组,差异有统计学意义(χ2=9.578,P=0.001)。Logistic回归分析结果显示,ACR、DR、PDR是DKD的独立危险因素,而高eGFR为保护因素(OR=0.92,P=0.004)。ROC曲线分析结果显示,PDR+ACR可有效诊断DKD,曲线下面积为0.88,而NPDR+ACR对DKD的诊断价值有限,曲线下面积仅为0.63。结论 在2型糖尿病患者中,DR联合ACR对确诊DKD价值有限。

2型糖尿病  /  糖尿病视网膜病变  /  尿微量白蛋白/肌酐比值

Objective To analyze the clinical value of diabetic retinopathy (DR) indicators combined with urinary microalbumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) in diagnosis of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) for patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods The clinical data were retrospectively analyzed of 212 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated with kidney damage and firstly hospitalized and undergone renal biopsy in the Department of Nephropathy and Urology, the University Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University during December 2017 to December 2020. According to the results of renal biopsy and ophthalmoscopy, all the subjects were assigned into DKD+DR group (n=96), DKD+non-DR group (n=75) and non-DKD+DR group (n=41). The general data and laboratory indexes of each group were collected and compared. The morbidity of DKD in different degrees of DR groups, risk factors for DKD and the diagnostic value of DR+ACR to DKD were analyzed. Results The levels of serum creatinine (Scr) and ACR were obviously lower, but the glomerulus filtering rate (eGFR) was markedly higher in DKD+non-DR group and non-DKD+DR group than in DKD+DR group with statistically significant difference (P<0.05); Compared with that in DKD+DR group, shorter disease course, decreased levels of mean arterial pressure (MAP), blood urea nitrogen(BUN), cystatin C (Cys-C) and 24 h urinary protein, and higher level of serum albumin (ALB) were in non-DKD+DR group with statistically significant difference (P<0.05); The morbidity ratio of DKD was obviously higher in proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR) group than in non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) group with significant difference (χ2=9.578, P=0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that ACR, DR and PDR were the independent risk factors for DKD, while high eGFR was a protective factor (OR=0.92, P=0.004). ROC curve analysis revealed that PDR+ACR may effectively diagnose DKD with AUC of 0.88, while NPDR+ACR only have a limited diagnostic value for DKD with AUC of only 0.63. Conclusion DR combined with urinary ACR may contribute a limited value in diagnosis of DKD for patients with type 2 diabetes.

diabetes mellitus, type 2  /  diabetic retinopathy  /  urinary microalbumin/creatinine ratio
胡威, 陈光敏, 胡雁, 朱进, 曾薇. 2型糖尿病视网膜病变联合尿微量白蛋白/肌酐比值对糖尿病肾病的诊断价值. 解放军医学杂志, 2021 , 46 (9) : 923 -927 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.09.13
Wei Hu, Guang-Min Chen, Yan Hu, Jin Zhu, Wei Zeng. Value of DR combined with urinary ACR in diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2021 , 46 (9) : 923 -927 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.09.13
2017年国际糖尿病联盟(International Diabetes Federation,IDF)发布的数据显示全球约有4.25亿成人患糖尿病,预计到2045年可能达到6.29亿[1],糖尿病导致的并发症也迅速增多[2-3]。肾脏和视网膜是最重要的糖尿病受损靶器官,我国2017年的数据显示,成人糖尿病肾病(diabetic kidney disease,DKD)患病率为10.4%[4],在终末期肾病(ESRD)中占40%[5],因此对其早期诊断尤为重要。糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy,DR)是临床诊断DKD的常用指标之一[6-8]。既往对于DKD的诊断,DR及尿微量白蛋白/肌酐比值(ACR)是重要的依据,但随着肾活检的普及,临床医师尤其是肾内科医师逐渐意识到,糖尿病的靶器官损害存在不匹配的情况,且国外的研究已经证实DKD与DR表现存在不一致性,经典的ACR与DR并非DKD的确切诊断指标[9-10]。因此,本研究分析了DKD在不同DR分组中的发病率、DKD的危险因素、DR+ACR对DKD的诊断价值。
纳入2017年12月—2020年12月在重庆医科大学附属大学城医院肾病泌尿中心、内分泌科首次住院的2型糖尿病且合并肾脏受损的患者212例,根据肾活检及眼底镜检查结果分为3组:DKD+DR组(n=96)、DKD+非糖尿病视网膜病变(non-DR)组(n=75)、非糖尿病肾病(non-DKD)+DR组(n=41)。DR由眼科高年资医师根据眼底镜检查结果确诊[11]。纳入标准:(1)符合WHO 2型糖尿病的诊断[12];(2)实验室检查提示肾脏功能受损(ACR>30 mg/g),有肾活检指征,并完善肾活检[13]。排除标准:(1)其他类型的糖尿病;(2)疾病急性期的血糖应激性增高;(3)已经接受透析治疗和(或)移植肾;(3)存在泌尿系感染及梗阻;(4)眼底镜窥视不清和失明,如出血、严重白内障;(5)全身感染性疾病、重度的心肺功能不全或明确的肿瘤病史[14]。本研究通过重庆医科大学伦理委员会批准(批号:LL-202120),患者均签署知情同意书。
收集患者性别、年龄、糖尿病病程、体重指数(BMI)、平均动脉压(MAP)、血红蛋白(Hb)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、尿素氮(BUN)、血肌酐(Scr)、估算肾小球滤过率(eGFR)、尿酸(UA)、胱抑素C(Cys-C)、ACR、24 h尿蛋白定量。eGFR采用慢性肾脏病流行病学合作研究公式(CKD-EPI)进行计算[15-16]。所有患者入院次日清晨抽静脉血(均空腹8 h以上),全自动生化分析仪测定ACR、Scr、UA、BUN、Cys-C等生化指标,尿蛋白检测采用放射免疫法。
DKD病理诊断及分级根据国际肾脏病理学会(RPS)在2010年发表的DKD分级方案[17]。Ⅰ级:电镜下基底膜增厚,光镜轻微非特异性改变;Ⅱ级:光镜下系膜轻度增宽(ⅡA),或系膜严重增宽但无结节硬化(K-W结节)(ⅡB);Ⅲ级:至少有1个K-W结节且无Ⅳ级改变;Ⅳ级:超过50%的球性肾小球硬化症,且临床或病理学证据表明硬化症可归因于DKD。DR病变分期:采用糖尿病视网膜病变早期治疗研究(ETDRS)分类系统[18],分为非增殖期视网膜病变(NPDR)、增殖期视网膜病变(PDR)。其中NPDR分为Ⅰ期轻度非增生期、Ⅱ期中度非增生期、Ⅲ期重度非增生期,PDR分为Ⅳ期增生早期、Ⅴ期纤维增生期、Ⅵ期增生晚期。
比较各组一般资料和实验室检查指标,比较DKD在不同程度DR分组中的发病率,筛查DKD的危险因素,并分析DR+ACR、NPDR+ACR、PDR+ACR对DKD的诊断价值。
采用SPSS 20.0统计软件进行分析。正态分布的计量资料以$\bar{x}±s$表示,两组间比较采用独立样本t检验,多组间比较若符合正态分布则采用方差分析,非正态分布各组间比较采用Kruskal-Wallis检验;计数资料以例(%)表示,组间比较采用χ2检验;采用Pearson或Spearman进行相关分析;采用ROC曲线分析DR联合ACR评估DKD的曲线下面积、敏感性及特异性。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
与DKD+DR组比较,DKD+non-DR组、non-DKD+DR组Scr、ACR明显降低,eGFR明显升高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);且与DKD+DR组比较,non-DKD+DR组病程短,MAP、BUN、Cys-C、24 h尿蛋白明显降低,ALB明显升高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);各组患者年龄、性别、BMI、HB、UA差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)(表1)。
PDR组DKD的发病率为81.58%(62/76),明显高于NPDR组[R55.73%(34/61)],差异有统计学意义(χ2=9.578,P=0.001)。
Logistic回归单因素分析结果显示,病程、MAP、ACR、DR、PDR均为DKD的危险因素,而eGFR是DKD的保护因素(OR=0.93,P=0.001)。Logistic回归多因素分析结果显示,ACR、DR、PDR为DKD的独立危险因素,而eGFR仍为保护因素(OR=0.92,P=0.004)(表2)。
ROC曲线分析结果显示,PDR+ACR能有效诊断DKD,曲线下面积为0.88(P=0.000),其敏感性和特异性分别为84.6%、81.6%;而DR+ACR、NPDR+ACR对DKD的诊断价值有限(图1表3)。
DKD及DR是2型糖尿病的常见并发症,两者在发病机制和病理改变方面存在诸多相似之处,如毛细血管基底膜增厚、内皮细胞增生、微动脉瘤形成等[19-20]。但近年来国内外有研究发现,虽然两者的确切发病机制尚未明确,但两者之间存在不同的致病机制[21],具有发病异质性[22-23]。例如,李明等[24]针对120例DKD患者的回顾性研究发现,DR有助于DKD的临床诊断,但也存在误诊的风险,对糖尿病合并肾脏疾病的精确诊断需依赖肾活检。Sacks等[25]发现,2型糖尿病患者中仅有48%的DR同时合并DKD。临床上,两者的发病异质性可能与检测病变的方法、发病基因的易感性及参与发病的细胞因子不同等有关[26]
本研究发现,non-DKD+DR组与DKD+DR组在病程、MAP、ALB、BUN、Cys-C、24 h尿蛋白方面差异有统计学意义,提示DKD合并DR的患者病程长,实验室指标差,病变严重;且增殖期PDR组中的DKD发病率明显高于NPDR组。本研究进一步通过logistics单因素及多因素分析筛选了DKD的危险因素,发现虽然DR、PDR仍为DKD的独立危险因素,但NPDR不是DKD的独立危险因素。目前临床上无创诊断DKD的方法为DR+ACR,因此,本研究采用ROC曲线分别评估了DR+ACR、NPDR+ACR、PDR+ACR对DKD的诊断价值,结果显示PDR+ACR对DKD的诊断价值最大,DR+ACR次之,而NPDR+ACR对DKD诊断价值不大。
临床上,2型糖尿病患者常合并蛋白尿,伴或不伴DR,此时如果不积极行肾穿刺活检,单纯按照DKD来治疗,则往往会延误治疗时机,造成不可挽救的结果[27]。本研究结果显示,non-DKD的患病率为19.3%(41/212),与既往报道[28]一致;在41例non-DKD患者中,16例(39.0%)以IgAN为主,这与既往其他中心研究发现non-DKD最常见的是膜性肾病(40.8%)、其次才是IgAN(19.8%)[29]不同,可能与本中心样本量较少有关。虽然本研究发现PDR+ACR对DKD的诊断价值较大,但仍有一定的漏诊率;而早期NPDR+ACR对DKD的诊断价值有限,误诊率极高[30]。由于DKD与non-DKD的治疗及预后存在巨大差异,因此,当DM患者突然出现大量蛋白尿时,不能仅靠有无DR以及糖尿病病程来判断是否为DKD,采用肾活检确诊DKD仍具有重要价值[31]。此外,本研究还存在一定局限性:为单中心回顾性研究,且未对DN及DR的发病机制进行深入分析。
综上所述,本研究通过回顾性分析DKD与DR的相互关系、DKD的危险因素及DR+ACR对DKD的诊断价值发现,在临床工作中,当2型糖尿病患者出现蛋白尿时,不能仅因其合并DR即诊断该患者为DKD,其确诊仍需依靠肾活检这一有创检查。未来亟需对DKD和DR的发病机制进行深入研究,探明其异质性,通过大量的多中心队列研究使越来越多的生物标志物得到验证,最终实现通过无创性方法诊断DKD的目标。
  • 重庆医科大学附属大学城医院青苗计划(2019LC06)
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.09.13
  • 接收时间:2021-05-14
  • 首发时间:2025-12-19
  • 出版时间:2021-09-28
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  • 收稿日期:2021-05-14
  • 修回日期:2021-07-12
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Hospital Management Project of Young Crop of Affiliated University Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University(2019LC06)
重庆医科大学附属大学城医院青苗计划(2019LC06)
作者信息
    1重庆医科大学附属大学城医院肾病泌尿中心,重庆 401331
    2重庆医科大学附属大学城医院眼科,重庆 401331
    3重庆医科大学临床病理诊断中心,重庆 400016

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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