Article(id=1208862366553477343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1208862365714616539, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.09.15, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1617206400000, receivedDateStr=2021-04-01, revisedDate=1627747200000, revisedDateStr=2021-08-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766144847763, onlineDateStr=2025-12-19, pubDate=1632758400000, pubDateStr=2021-09-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766144847763, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766144847763, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766144847763, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1208862365714616539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2021', volume='46', issue='9', pageStart='849', pageEnd='953', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1766144847562, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766144914151, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208862645055254758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1208862365714616539, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208862645055254759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1208862365714616539, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=935, endPage=939, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208862366826107106, articleId=1208862366553477343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Effect of anesthesia maintenance methods on the incidence of postoperative residual curarisation in minor surgery, columnId=1190310109000602400, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Clinical Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the effects of sevoflurane inhalation anesthesia and propofol-remifentanil combined maintenance anesthesia on the incidence of postoperative residual curarisation (PORC) in minor surgery. Methods A total of 104 patients who underwent elective surgery under general anesthesia in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from May 2020 to January 2021 were selected for this study. Patients were divided into Sevo group (maintenance by inspirating sevoflurance) and PR group (maintenance by intravenous injecting propofol and remifentanil). The train-of-four ratio (TOFr) during extubation and the existence of adverse respiratory events after extubation were recorded. The incidence of residual muscle relaxation during extubation and the incidence of adverse respiratory events after extubation were compared under different anesthesia maintenance conditions. Results There were no significant differences in age, gender, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification, body mass index (BMI), operation time, time from muscle relaxant administration to extubation, and bispect ralindex (BIS) at extubation between two groups (P>0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence rate of PORC and adverse respiratory events between Sevo group and PR group [69.4%(34/49) vs. 53.8%(28/52),P>0.05; 2.0%(1/49) vs. 9.6%(5/52), P>0.05]. TOFr in Sevo group was slightly lower than that in PR group, and the difference was statistically significant [85%(78%, 90%) vs. 89%(84%, 93%), P<0.05]. The overall incidence of PORC was high, which was correlated with age, BMI, operative time, time from muscle relaxant administration to extubation, and BIS at extubation (P<0.05). Conclusion Sevoflurane anesthesia maintenance does not increase the incidence of muscle relaxation residual during extubation.The incidence of PORC can be high during extubation under general anesthesia in minor surgery. Muscle relaxation monitoring should be performed routinely during general anesthesia to improve safety.

, correspAuthors=Xiao-Xia Li, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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目的 探讨七氟烷吸入麻醉和丙泊酚-瑞芬太尼复合维持麻醉对短小手术后肌松残余的影响。方法 纳入2020年5月—2021年1月重庆医科大学附属第二医院耳鼻喉科在全麻下行择期手术的患者104例,依据麻醉维持方式不同分为七氟烷组(全麻后使用七氟烷吸入维持麻醉深度)与丙泊酚-瑞芬太尼组(全麻后使用丙泊酚-瑞芬太尼维持麻醉深度)。记录患者拔管时4个成串刺激比值(TOFr)、拔管后发生的呼吸道不良事件。比较不同麻醉药物对患者拔管时肌松残余及拔管后呼吸道不良事件发生率的影响。结果 两组年龄、性别、美国麻醉师协会(ASA)分级、体重指数(BMI)、手术时间、给予肌松药至拔管时间、拔管时脑电双频指数(BIS)差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。七氟烷组与丙泊酚-瑞芬太尼组拔管时肌松残余发生率及拔管后呼吸道不良事件发生率比较,差异无统计学意义[69.4%(34/49) vs. 53.8%(28/52),P>0.05;2.0%(1/49) vs. 9.6%(5/52),P>0.05]。七氟烷组患者拔管时TOFr低于丙泊酚-瑞芬太尼组,差异有统计学意义[85%(78%,90%) vs. 89%(84%,93%),P<0.05]。肌松残余发生率与年龄、BMI、手术时间、给予肌松药至拔管时间、拔管时BIS有关(P<0.05)。结论 使用七氟烷维持麻醉并未增高拔管时肌松残余发生率,短小手术全麻拔管时肌松残余发生率较高,推荐有条件时应进行肌松监测以提高安全性。

, correspAuthors=李晓霞, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
李晓霞,E-mail:
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周玲,硕士研究生,住院医师,主要从事麻醉复苏期间并发症防治方面的研究

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周玲,硕士研究生,住院医师,主要从事麻醉复苏期间并发症防治方面的研究

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周玲,硕士研究生,住院医师,主要从事麻醉复苏期间并发症防治方面的研究

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Anesthesiology, 2003, 98(6): 1333-1337., articleTitle=Accelerometry of adductor pollicis muscle predicts recovery of respiratory function from neuromuscular blockade, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1208862367656579329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862366553477343, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1208862367664967938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862366553477343, companyId=1208862367656579329, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 404000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1208862367673356547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862366553477343, companyId=1208862367656579329, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=重庆医科大学附属第二医院麻醉科,重庆 400010)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1208862370848444761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862366553477343, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Schematic diagram of neuromuscular monitoring, figureFileSmall=6Wnpv44ZD/XVY0dcMBW2SQ==, figureFileBig=GoK6tyvkr6zW6sBwoGYXgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208862370928136541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862366553477343, language=CN, label=图1, caption=术中肌松监测仪使用图, figureFileSmall=6Wnpv44ZD/XVY0dcMBW2SQ==, figureFileBig=GoK6tyvkr6zW6sBwoGYXgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208862371158823271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862366553477343, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Distribution of TOFr in Sevo group and PR group, figureFileSmall=JGICkJrCM2LI/YPynwRnyg==, figureFileBig=XhWnH0C/0dxJTj0bhmJUQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208862371230126446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862366553477343, language=CN, label=图2, caption=两组患者拔管时TOFr测量值分布情况

TOFr. 4个成串刺激比值;与丙泊酚-瑞芬太尼组比较,(1)P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=JGICkJrCM2LI/YPynwRnyg==, figureFileBig=XhWnH0C/0dxJTj0bhmJUQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208862371318206833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862366553477343, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Comparison of the general data between Sevo group and PR group

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目七氟烷组(n=49)丙泊酚-瑞芬太尼组(n=52)P
年龄(岁,$\bar{x}±s$)47.9±12.849.4±11.80.549
性别[例(%)]  0.275
 22(44.8)29(55.7)
 27(55.2)23(44.3)
ASA分级[例(%)]  0.610
 5(10.2)0
 28(57.1)33(63.4)
 16(32.7)19(36.6)
BMI[kg/m2, M(P25, P75)]23.9(21.1, 25.8)24.0(22.3, 25.9)0.627
手术时间[min, M(P25, P75)]41(26, 60)52(25, 75)0.144
给予肌松药至拔管时间[min, M(P25, P75)]51(40.0, 73.5)65(47.0, 84.3)0.730
拔管时BIS($\bar{x}±s$)91±390±30.636
), ArticleFig(id=1208862371397898610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862366553477343, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

两组短小手术患者一般资料比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目七氟烷组(n=49)丙泊酚-瑞芬太尼组(n=52)P
年龄(岁,$\bar{x}±s$)47.9±12.849.4±11.80.549
性别[例(%)]  0.275
 22(44.8)29(55.7)
 27(55.2)23(44.3)
ASA分级[例(%)]  0.610
 5(10.2)0
 28(57.1)33(63.4)
 16(32.7)19(36.6)
BMI[kg/m2, M(P25, P75)]23.9(21.1, 25.8)24.0(22.3, 25.9)0.627
手术时间[min, M(P25, P75)]41(26, 60)52(25, 75)0.144
给予肌松药至拔管时间[min, M(P25, P75)]51(40.0, 73.5)65(47.0, 84.3)0.730
拔管时BIS($\bar{x}±s$)91±390±30.636
), ArticleFig(id=1208862371473396085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862366553477343, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Univariate analysis on the influence factors of PORC

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素肌松残余组(n=62)无肌松残余组(n=39)P
性别[例(%)]  0.060
 36(58.1)15(38.5)
 26(41.9)24(61.5)
年龄(岁,$\bar{x}±s$)51.5±11.844.0±11.60.020
BMI(kg/m2, $\bar{x}±s$)25.3±2.921.9±2.1<0.001
ASA分级[例(%)]  0.147
 3(4.8)2(5.1)
 33(53.2)28(71.8)
 26(41.9)9(23.1)
手术时间[min, M(P25, P75)]37.5(20.0, 55.0)60.0(42.0, 80.0)<0.001
给予肌松药至拔管时间[min, M(P25, P75)]52(37, 66)72(51, 100)<0.001
拔管时BIS($\bar{x}±s$)90.27±4.0492.15±2.940.008
维持用药[例(%)]  0.109
 吸入麻醉34(54.8)15(38.5)
 静脉麻醉28(45.2)24(61.5)
呼吸道不良事件[例(%)]5(8.1)1(2.6)0.255
), ArticleFig(id=1208862371553087869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208862366553477343, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

PORC影响因素单因素分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素肌松残余组(n=62)无肌松残余组(n=39)P
性别[例(%)]  0.060
 36(58.1)15(38.5)
 26(41.9)24(61.5)
年龄(岁,$\bar{x}±s$)51.5±11.844.0±11.60.020
BMI(kg/m2, $\bar{x}±s$)25.3±2.921.9±2.1<0.001
ASA分级[例(%)]  0.147
 3(4.8)2(5.1)
 33(53.2)28(71.8)
 26(41.9)9(23.1)
手术时间[min, M(P25, P75)]37.5(20.0, 55.0)60.0(42.0, 80.0)<0.001
给予肌松药至拔管时间[min, M(P25, P75)]52(37, 66)72(51, 100)<0.001
拔管时BIS($\bar{x}±s$)90.27±4.0492.15±2.940.008
维持用药[例(%)]  0.109
 吸入麻醉34(54.8)15(38.5)
 静脉麻醉28(45.2)24(61.5)
呼吸道不良事件[例(%)]5(8.1)1(2.6)0.255
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麻醉维持方式对短小手术后肌松残余的影响
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周玲 , 向思霖 , 杨杰 , 李晓霞 *
解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2021,46(9): 935-939
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解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2021, 46(9): 935-939
麻醉维持方式对短小手术后肌松残余的影响
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周玲, 向思霖, 杨杰, 李晓霞*
作者信息
  • 重庆医科大学附属第二医院麻醉科,重庆 400010
  • 周玲,硕士研究生,住院医师,主要从事麻醉复苏期间并发症防治方面的研究

通讯作者:

李晓霞,E-mail:
Effect of anesthesia maintenance methods on the incidence of postoperative residual curarisation in minor surgery
Ling Zhou, Si-Lin Xiang, Jie Yang, Xiao-Xia Li*
Affiliations
  • Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 404000, China
出版时间: 2021-09-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.09.15
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目的 探讨七氟烷吸入麻醉和丙泊酚-瑞芬太尼复合维持麻醉对短小手术后肌松残余的影响。方法 纳入2020年5月—2021年1月重庆医科大学附属第二医院耳鼻喉科在全麻下行择期手术的患者104例,依据麻醉维持方式不同分为七氟烷组(全麻后使用七氟烷吸入维持麻醉深度)与丙泊酚-瑞芬太尼组(全麻后使用丙泊酚-瑞芬太尼维持麻醉深度)。记录患者拔管时4个成串刺激比值(TOFr)、拔管后发生的呼吸道不良事件。比较不同麻醉药物对患者拔管时肌松残余及拔管后呼吸道不良事件发生率的影响。结果 两组年龄、性别、美国麻醉师协会(ASA)分级、体重指数(BMI)、手术时间、给予肌松药至拔管时间、拔管时脑电双频指数(BIS)差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。七氟烷组与丙泊酚-瑞芬太尼组拔管时肌松残余发生率及拔管后呼吸道不良事件发生率比较,差异无统计学意义[69.4%(34/49) vs. 53.8%(28/52),P>0.05;2.0%(1/49) vs. 9.6%(5/52),P>0.05]。七氟烷组患者拔管时TOFr低于丙泊酚-瑞芬太尼组,差异有统计学意义[85%(78%,90%) vs. 89%(84%,93%),P<0.05]。肌松残余发生率与年龄、BMI、手术时间、给予肌松药至拔管时间、拔管时BIS有关(P<0.05)。结论 使用七氟烷维持麻醉并未增高拔管时肌松残余发生率,短小手术全麻拔管时肌松残余发生率较高,推荐有条件时应进行肌松监测以提高安全性。

肌松残余  /  肌松监测  /  短小手术麻醉管理  /  七氟烷

Objective To investigate the effects of sevoflurane inhalation anesthesia and propofol-remifentanil combined maintenance anesthesia on the incidence of postoperative residual curarisation (PORC) in minor surgery. Methods A total of 104 patients who underwent elective surgery under general anesthesia in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from May 2020 to January 2021 were selected for this study. Patients were divided into Sevo group (maintenance by inspirating sevoflurance) and PR group (maintenance by intravenous injecting propofol and remifentanil). The train-of-four ratio (TOFr) during extubation and the existence of adverse respiratory events after extubation were recorded. The incidence of residual muscle relaxation during extubation and the incidence of adverse respiratory events after extubation were compared under different anesthesia maintenance conditions. Results There were no significant differences in age, gender, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification, body mass index (BMI), operation time, time from muscle relaxant administration to extubation, and bispect ralindex (BIS) at extubation between two groups (P>0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence rate of PORC and adverse respiratory events between Sevo group and PR group [69.4%(34/49) vs. 53.8%(28/52),P>0.05; 2.0%(1/49) vs. 9.6%(5/52), P>0.05]. TOFr in Sevo group was slightly lower than that in PR group, and the difference was statistically significant [85%(78%, 90%) vs. 89%(84%, 93%), P<0.05]. The overall incidence of PORC was high, which was correlated with age, BMI, operative time, time from muscle relaxant administration to extubation, and BIS at extubation (P<0.05). Conclusion Sevoflurane anesthesia maintenance does not increase the incidence of muscle relaxation residual during extubation.The incidence of PORC can be high during extubation under general anesthesia in minor surgery. Muscle relaxation monitoring should be performed routinely during general anesthesia to improve safety.

residual curarisation  /  muscle relaxant monitoring  /  anesthesia management for minor surgery  /  sevoflurane
周玲, 向思霖, 杨杰, 李晓霞. 麻醉维持方式对短小手术后肌松残余的影响. 解放军医学杂志, 2021 , 46 (9) : 935 -939 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.09.15
Ling Zhou, Si-Lin Xiang, Jie Yang, Xiao-Xia Li. Effect of anesthesia maintenance methods on the incidence of postoperative residual curarisation in minor surgery[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2021 , 46 (9) : 935 -939 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.09.15
肌松残余是术后早期常见的麻醉相关并发症,可能引起呼吸抑制、苏醒延迟、肌无力、反流误吸、非计划转入ICU等不良事件[1-2]。短小手术常用的麻醉维持方式为丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼静脉麻醉或单纯七氟烷吸入麻醉[3]。长时间使用吸入麻醉剂可增强肌松药的药理作用,但使用七氟烷维持全身麻醉对肌松残余的影响仍存在争议[4-6]。因此,探讨麻醉维持方式对使用单次插管剂量肌肉松弛剂患者拔管时肌松残余的影响具有重要意义。本研究探讨了七氟烷吸入麻醉和丙泊酚-瑞芬太尼复合维持麻醉对短小手术后患者拔管时肌松残余的影响。
本研究为前瞻性、随机、交叉分配试验研究。纳入2020年5月—2021年1月重庆医科大学附属第二医院耳鼻喉科在全麻下行择期手术的患者104例。纳入标准:美国麻醉师协会(American Society of Anesthesiologists,ASA)分级Ⅰ~Ⅲ级;年龄>18岁;无神经肌肉疾病。排除标准:近期使用过氨基糖苷类抗生素、抗惊厥药、洋地黄、抗抑郁药、利尿剂、糖皮质激素等可能影响神经肌肉功能的药物;计划术毕送入ICU继续行机械通气;手部外伤或功能障碍无法进行神经肌肉监测。退出标准:非单次使用肌肉松弛剂;术中发生严重不良事件。依据麻醉维持方式不同将患者分为七氟烷组与丙泊酚-瑞芬太尼组,七氟烷组全麻后使用七氟烷吸入维持麻醉深度,丙泊酚-瑞芬太尼组全麻后使用丙泊酚-瑞芬太尼维持麻醉深度,术中脑电双频指数(BIS)维持在40~60。本研究经重庆医科大学附属第二医院伦理委员会审批[2019年科伦审第(57)号],并在中国临床试验中心注册(注册号:ChiCTR1900028603),患者均签署知情同意书。
患者术前常规禁食8 h、禁饮清水2 h,均无术前用药。入室后开放外周静脉通道,常规监测心率(HR)、血压、心电图(EEG)、呼吸频率(RR)、脉搏血氧饱和度(SPO2)及BIS,应用肌松监测仪进行肌松监测(将电极片置于腕部尺神经两侧,红色电极与近心端电极片连接,两个电极片的中心间距为2~3 cm,将肌张力传感器放置于手部虎口处,并用胶布固定,将温度传感器贴敷于监测手掌皮肤上,监测手臂适当固定(图1)。由主管麻醉医师选择麻醉诱导药物(包括咪唑安定0.02~0.15 mg/kg、丙泊酚1~2.5 mg/kg、舒芬太尼0.1~5.0 μg/kg、罗库溴铵0.6 mg/kg)进行麻醉诱导,麻醉诱导完毕后使用丙泊酚-瑞芬太尼或七氟烷吸入维持麻醉深度,保持BIS在40~60。手术结束时停止维持用药。由主管麻醉医师根据临床指征[7](清醒睁眼、遵嘱活动、抬头5 s、潮气量>6 ml/kg、呼吸频率10~20次/min、PETCO2≤45 mmHg)及BIS决定是否拔管。拔管后立即由专人进行肌松监测并记录。肌松测定:通过两个表面电极在所有患者尺神经上每30 s进行1次50 mA 4个成串刺激(train of four,TOF)。第1次测定的4个成串刺激比值(train-of-four ratio,TOFr)为给予镇静药待患者意识消失后测得,以后每次记录的TOFr为连续3次TOF(相隔15 s)测量结果的平均值。如果测量结果相差20%以上且不能获得额外的TOF测量结果,将该患者排除;如果不能得到3个TOF测量结果,也将该患者排除。
记录并比较两组患者的年龄、性别、体重指数(body mass index,BMI)、ASA分级、麻醉维持方式、给予肌松药至拔管时间、拔管时TOFr、拔管后发生的呼吸道不良事件(包括低氧血症、不吸氧氧饱和度<90%、非计划二次插管、呼吸抑制、乏力等)。以TOFr<0.9为术后肌松残余(postoperative residual curarisation,PORC)的判断标准,其中0.8≤TOFr<0.9为轻度PORC,0.7≤TOFr<0.8为中度PORC,TOFr<0.7为重度PORC。比较两组轻度、中度、重度PORC发生率,并分析PORC的影响因素。
采用SPSS 22.0软件进行统计分析。符合正态分布的连续变量以$\bar{x}±s$表示,两组间比较采用独立样本t检验;不符合正态分布的连续变量以M(P25P75)表示,两组间比较采用非参数检验;计数资料以例(%)表示,两组间比较采用皮尔逊χ2检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
共纳入104例患者,剔除3例(1例因二次给予肌松药剔除;2例因手术部位出血,手术结束后再次止血重复给予肌松药剔除),最终纳入101例,其中七氟烷组49例,丙泊酚-瑞芬太尼组52例。两组年龄、性别、ASA分级、BMI、手术时间、给予肌松药至拔管时间、拔管时BIS差异无统计学意义(P>0.05,表1)。
七氟烷组患者拔管时TOFr低于丙泊酚-瑞芬太尼组,差异有统计学意义[85%(78%,90%) vs. 89%(84%,93%),P=0.013]。七氟烷组术后拔出气管导管即刻PORC发生率为69.4%(34/49),其中轻度、中度、重度PORC的发生率依次为42.9%(21/49)、16.3%(8/49)、10.2%(5/49);丙泊酚-瑞芬太尼组术后拔出气管导管即刻PORC发生率为53.8%(28/52),其中轻度、中度、重度PORC的发生率依次为34.6%(18/52)、13.5(7/52)、5.8%(3/52)。两组PORC发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05,图2)。七氟烷组与丙泊酚-瑞芬太尼组拔管后呼吸道不良事件发生率差异无统计学意义[2.0%(1/49) vs. 9.6%(5/52),P>0.05]。
以TOFr<0.9为PORC的判断标准,术后拔出气管导管即刻PORC发生率为61.4%(62/101),根据患者是否存在肌松残余分为肌松残余组(n=62)与无肌松残余组(n=39)。两组年龄、BMI、手术时间、给予肌松药至拔管时间、拔管时BIS差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,表2)。
罗库溴铵是临床上常用的非去极化肌肉松弛剂,可选择性地与神经肌肉接头突触后膜上的N2型胆碱能受体结合,阻断乙酰胆碱介导的神经肌肉接头兴奋传递,从而产生肌肉松弛效应。多项研究发现,七氟烷与肌肉松弛剂协同使用可增强肌肉松弛的效应[8-9],其机制可能为:(1)抑制突触前膜电压门控钠通道,从而减少乙酰胆碱的释放;(2)增加骨骼肌对非去极化肌松药物的敏感性;(3)降低突触后膜乙酰胆碱受体对乙酰胆碱的敏感性[10]。本研究结果显示,七氟烷组与丙泊酚-瑞芬太尼组患者拔管时肌松残余发生率差异无统计学意义,分析原因可能为:(1)七氟烷增强非去极化肌松药物的神经阻滞作用呈时间和浓度依赖性,而本研究纳入人群为耳鼻喉科行短小手术且单次使用肌松剂的患者,在这种情况下,七氟烷产生的影响较小;(2)本研究发现,使用七氟烷或丙泊酚-瑞芬太尼进行麻醉维持,拔管时肌松残余发生率均很高,在这种前提下,七氟烷对PORC的影响相对较小。Naguib等[11]和Carvalho等[4]发现,使用七氟烷进行麻醉维持不会增高PORC的发生率。本研究结果显示,七氟烷组患者拔管时TOFr明显低于丙泊酚-瑞芬太尼组,但两组PORC发生率差异无统计学意义。将两组患者的TOFr进行分类分析后发现,大多数患者在拔管时TOFr集中在0.8~0.9,而现有标准认为TOFr<0.9即为存在PORC,故虽然七氟烷组患者拔管时TOFr明显低于丙泊酚-瑞芬太尼组,但两组患者的PORC发生率差异无统计学意义。
多项研究报道的PORC发生率均较高[12-14]。本研究结果显示,短小手术后患者拔管时PORC发生率为61.4%,且年龄、BMI、手术时间、给予肌松药至拔管时间是PORC发生的危险因素。Yu等[13]对1571例接受腹部手术的中国成年患者进行调查发现,其拔管时PORC的发生率为57.8%,而本研究纳入人群为接受短小手术且手术结束时未使用拮抗剂的患者,因此,PORC发生率稍高。
乙酰胆碱受体对非去极化肌松药物的敏感性随年龄变化不大[15],但随着年龄增长,重要脏器的储备能力下降,药物血浆清除率降低、消除半衰期延长,表观分布容积及药代动力学发生改变,致使肌松药的作用时间延长,从而导致老年患者发生PORC的风险较高。Pietraszewski等[16]观察415例患者发现,在不使用肌松拮抗药逆转的情况下,老年(≥65岁)患者PORC的发生率约为44%,而年轻(19~57岁)患者约为20%。Murphy等[17]的研究也得到了类似的结论。老年患者常伴有衰弱状态,在此基础上发生PORC可能使损伤加剧,造成严重后果。因此,对于老年患者,临床上在使用肌松药及进行肌松管理时应该更加谨慎。
BMI是评价成人营养状况的常用指标,正常范围通常定义为18.5~23.9 kg/m2。本研究结果显示,拔管时存在肌松残余者的BMI明显高于不存在肌松残余者。分析原因为,随着BMI增加,患者瘦体重相应增加,但其瘦体重与总体重的比值却相对下降,以总体重计算给药剂量通常导致药物过量,从而延长肌松药的作用时间,致使拔管时肌松残余发生率增高。罗库溴铵的作用时间为36~53 min,给药后逐渐被代谢为无活性的产物并被排出,故给予肌松药至拔管的时间越长,PORC发生率越低。本研究结果也显示,给予肌松药至拔管时间及手术时间为发生PORC的影响因素。
引起术后呼吸道不良事件的因素众多。其中,PORC与呼吸道不良事件发生密切相关[18]。PORC可能通过以下机制引起术后低氧血症:(1)致使低氧通气反应减弱。正常情况下,氧分压降低会刺激颈动脉和主动脉体化学感受器,反射性兴奋呼吸中枢,使呼吸加深、加快,肺泡通气量增加。若存在肌松残余,患者正常低氧通气反应受到抑制,机体自我调节能力减弱。研究发现,当TOFr<0.7时,低氧通气反应衰减尤为明显。(2)致使呼吸肌的肌力下降。当呼吸肌的肌力较弱时,易出现上呼吸道梗阻及反流误吸。Eikermann等[19]测试发现,TOFr<0.5的12例受试者中,8例出现了上呼吸道梗阻,表明PORC与呼吸道不良事件明显相关。但本研究中重度肌松残余发生比例低且发生呼吸道不良事件的患者较少,故参考意义较小。
综上所述,本研究结果表明,麻醉维持方式对短小手术全麻后拔管时肌松残余的发生率影响较小,但肌松残余程度较高,且与年龄、BMI、手术时间、给予肌松药至拔管时间有关,提示使用肌松药时进行肌松监测非常有必要,仅根据临床指征作为判断拔管时机的标准可能导致拔管后患者仍存在肌松残余,甚至引起呼吸道不良事件如呼吸抑制、非计划二次插管、缺氧等。因此,使用肌松药时应进行肌松监测以减少肌松残余的发生。
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2021年第46卷第9期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.09.15
  • 接收时间:2021-04-01
  • 首发时间:2025-12-19
  • 出版时间:2021-09-28
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  • 收稿日期:2021-04-01
  • 修回日期:2021-08-01
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    重庆医科大学附属第二医院麻醉科,重庆 400010

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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