Article(id=1208795425784591046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1208795418612339683, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.10.16, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1614528000000, receivedDateStr=2021-03-01, revisedDate=1625846400000, revisedDateStr=2021-07-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766128887839, onlineDateStr=2025-12-19, pubDate=1635350400000, pubDateStr=2021-10-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766128887839, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766128887839, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766128887839, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1208795418612339683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2021', volume='46', issue='10', pageStart='955', pageEnd='1060', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1766128886129, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766128956061, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208795711982924071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1208795418612339683, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208795711982924072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1208795418612339683, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1051, endPage=1055, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208795426883498704, articleId=1208795425784591046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Research progress in mechanism of IKKε and TBK1 in obesity, diabetes and NAFLD, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

TANK binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and IKKε, are new members of the IKK family. They are important regulators of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway and play an important role in metabolic disease. IKKε and TBK1 not only reduce the sensitivity of β adrenergic receptors to catecholamines in adipocytes of obese mice, reduce the level of second messenger cAMP,but also regulate the regeneration of pancreatic β cells. Blocking the IKKε and TBK1 signaling pathways can promote adipose tissue energy consumption, reduce the expression of chronic inflammatory factors in adipocytes, enhance insulin sensitivity, reduce insulin resistance, reduce body weight, and prevent obesity caused by high fat diet. In this review, we reviewed the structure and function of TBK1 and IKKε, as well as the molecular mechanisms of TBK1 and IKKε in the regulation of metabolism in obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Finally, we discussed the potential of TBK1and IKKε in the treatment of metabolic diseases.

, correspAuthors=Xiu-Lan Zou, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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核因子κB激酶抑制剂ε(IKKε)及TANK结合激酶1(TBK1)是IKK家族中的新成员,是核因子κB(NF-κB)信号转导通路中的重要调节因子,在代谢性疾病中具有重要作用,不仅可降低肥胖小鼠脂肪细胞中的β肾上腺素受体对儿茶酚胺的敏感性及细胞内第二信使cAMP的水平,而且可调节胰腺β细胞的再生。阻断IKKε及TBK1信号通路可促进脂肪组织的能量消耗,减少脂肪细胞中慢性炎性因子的表达,增强胰岛素敏感性,减少胰岛素抵抗,减轻体重,防止高脂饮食引起的肥胖。该文综述了IKKε及TBK1的结构和功能,以及IKKε和TBK1在肥胖、2型糖尿病(T2DM)、非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)中调节代谢的分子机制,并讨论了氨来占诺作为TBK1及IKKε抑制剂治疗代谢性疾病的潜力。

, correspAuthors=邹秀兰, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
邹秀兰,E-mail:
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王向红,硕士研究生。主要从事内分泌及代谢性疾病方面的研究

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王向红,硕士研究生。主要从事内分泌及代谢性疾病方面的研究

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王向红,硕士研究生。主要从事内分泌及代谢性疾病方面的研究

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IKKε及TBK1在肥胖、糖尿病及NAFLD中的作用机制研究进展
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王向红 1 , 邹秀兰 2, * , 贺茜 2
解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2021,46(10): 1051-1055
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解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2021, 46(10): 1051-1055
IKKε及TBK1在肥胖、糖尿病及NAFLD中的作用机制研究进展
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王向红1, 邹秀兰2, * , 贺茜2
作者信息
  • 1三峡大学第三临床医学院/国药葛洲坝中心医院内分泌科,湖北宜昌 443000
  • 2宜昌市第一人民医院/三峡大学人民医院老年病科,湖北宜昌 443000
  • 王向红,硕士研究生。主要从事内分泌及代谢性疾病方面的研究

通讯作者:

邹秀兰,E-mail:
Research progress in mechanism of IKKε and TBK1 in obesity, diabetes and NAFLD
Xiang-Hong Wang1, Xiu-Lan Zou2, * , Qian He2
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Endocrinology, the Third Clinical Medical College of Three Gorges University/Gezhouba Central Hospital of Sinopharm, Yichang, Hubei 443000, China
  • 2Department of Geriatrics, the People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University/the First Hospital of Yichang, Yichang, Hubei 443000, China
出版时间: 2021-10-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.10.16
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核因子κB激酶抑制剂ε(IKKε)及TANK结合激酶1(TBK1)是IKK家族中的新成员,是核因子κB(NF-κB)信号转导通路中的重要调节因子,在代谢性疾病中具有重要作用,不仅可降低肥胖小鼠脂肪细胞中的β肾上腺素受体对儿茶酚胺的敏感性及细胞内第二信使cAMP的水平,而且可调节胰腺β细胞的再生。阻断IKKε及TBK1信号通路可促进脂肪组织的能量消耗,减少脂肪细胞中慢性炎性因子的表达,增强胰岛素敏感性,减少胰岛素抵抗,减轻体重,防止高脂饮食引起的肥胖。该文综述了IKKε及TBK1的结构和功能,以及IKKε和TBK1在肥胖、2型糖尿病(T2DM)、非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)中调节代谢的分子机制,并讨论了氨来占诺作为TBK1及IKKε抑制剂治疗代谢性疾病的潜力。

核因子κB激酶抑制剂ε  /  TANK结合激酶1  /  糖尿病,2型  /  肥胖  /  非酒精性脂肪性肝病

TANK binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and IKKε, are new members of the IKK family. They are important regulators of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway and play an important role in metabolic disease. IKKε and TBK1 not only reduce the sensitivity of β adrenergic receptors to catecholamines in adipocytes of obese mice, reduce the level of second messenger cAMP,but also regulate the regeneration of pancreatic β cells. Blocking the IKKε and TBK1 signaling pathways can promote adipose tissue energy consumption, reduce the expression of chronic inflammatory factors in adipocytes, enhance insulin sensitivity, reduce insulin resistance, reduce body weight, and prevent obesity caused by high fat diet. In this review, we reviewed the structure and function of TBK1 and IKKε, as well as the molecular mechanisms of TBK1 and IKKε in the regulation of metabolism in obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Finally, we discussed the potential of TBK1and IKKε in the treatment of metabolic diseases.

IκB kinase epsilon  /  TANK binding kinase 1  /  diabetes mellitus, type 2  /  obesity  /  non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
王向红, 邹秀兰, 贺茜. IKKε及TBK1在肥胖、糖尿病及NAFLD中的作用机制研究进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2021 , 46 (10) : 1051 -1055 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.10.16
Xiang-Hong Wang, Xiu-Lan Zou, Qian He. Research progress in mechanism of IKKε and TBK1 in obesity, diabetes and NAFLD[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2021 , 46 (10) : 1051 -1055 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.10.16
大量研究表明,肥胖与慢性低度炎症有关,而炎症又可导致胰岛素抵抗和2型糖尿病(T2DM)[1-2]。虽然炎症与葡萄糖稳态破坏之间的分子联系尚不完全清楚,但核因子κB(nuclear factor κB,NF-κB)信号参与了脂肪细胞的炎症过程[3-5]。在高脂饮食导致的肥胖中,通过激活NF-κB诱导慢性炎症从而使代谢组织(包括脂肪和肝脏)中的促炎细胞因子生成增多,这些细胞因子如肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、单核细胞趋化蛋白1(monocyte chemotactic protein-1,MCP-1)可诱导核因子κB激酶抑制剂ε(IκB kinase epsilon,IKKε)及TANK结合激酶1(TANK binding kinase 1,TBK1)的表达[6]。IKKε和TBK1是NF-κB信号通路中的非经典IKK,最近的研究表明,二者在肥胖、糖尿病、非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)中具有重要作用[7-9]。而阻断IKKε及TBK1途径可明显减轻炎症反应,使促炎细胞产生的炎性因子如TNF-α和MCP-1等明显减少,并可改善胰岛素敏感性,防止高脂饮食引起的肥胖[10],降低T2DM患者的血糖[11],并减轻肝脏脂肪变性[10]。本文就IKKε及TBK1在肥胖、糖尿病及NAFLD中的作用机制研究进展进行综述,并探讨了IKKε及TBK1抑制剂氨来占诺在治疗中的应用潜力。
IKKε及TBK1为非经典IKK[12],它们与经典IKK中的IKKα和IKKβ具有同源的序列。TBK1在所有组织中普遍表达,而IKKε仅表达于淋巴组织、外周血白细胞和胰腺等特定组织[13]。IKKα及IKKβ均具有激酶结构域(KD)、支架二聚结构域(SDD)和NEMO结构域(NBD)。虽然IKKε及TBK1与经典IKK具有相似的结构域,但缺乏NEMO结构域[14]。既往研究发现,IKKε及TBK1的主要功能是激活先天免疫细胞中的Ⅰ型干扰素(IFN)基因(IFN-α和IFN-β)[15],而小分子抑制剂可使这两种激酶的活性降低。
NF-κB是一种广泛表达的转录因子,参与调节不同的炎症反应过程,在脂肪组织炎症反应和胰岛素抵抗的发展中起关键作用[7]。在静息状态下,NF-κB抑制蛋白(inhibitor of kappa-B,IκB)与NF-κB结合后可将转录因子隔离在细胞质中[16]。由IKKα、IKKβ和NEMO组成的IKK复合物可直接磷酸化IκB的Ser32和Ser36位点,诱导IκB泛素化,使IκB被蛋白酶体水解,从而导致NF-κB被释放而呈活化状态,该通路为经典的NF-κB信号通路[17]。尽管IKKε及TBK1的序列与经典的IKK亚型相似,但有研究发现,在不同的刺激下,IKKε及TBK1不是NF-κB活化所必需的[18],IKKε及TBK1可能在IκBα的下游调节NF-κB[10]。目前仍未发现IKKε及TBK1激活NF-κB所需蛋白质结构域的准确位置,提示IKKε及TBK1可能通过多种机制活化NF-κB。
在肥胖和肥胖相关的代谢性疾病中,IKKε及TBK1在脂肪组织代谢过程中具有重要作用,可影响葡萄糖和能量代谢。高脂饮食通过激活NF-κB诱导包括脂肪和肝脏在内的代谢组织中IKKε及TBK1的表达,其中在脂肪细胞和脂肪组织中巨噬细胞的表达增加最为明显[10]。高脂饲料喂养IKKε基因敲除小鼠的肝脏和脂肪中的慢性炎症减轻,并避免了高脂饮食诱导的肥胖,原因可能为小鼠耗氧量增加,导致产热增加,核心体温升高,导致其体重增长远低于野生型小鼠[7]。在IKKε缺陷小鼠的白色脂肪组织(white adipose tissue,WAT)中,线粒体氧化磷酸化减少,具有生热作用的解偶联蛋白-1(uncoupling protein 1,UCP1)的表达明显增加[7]。这些研究表明,IKKε可通过抑制线粒体氧化磷酸化来调控生热作用。此外,IKKε缺失小鼠也表现出葡萄糖和脂质稳态的改善、胰岛素抵抗的改善,并减少了慢性炎症通路的激活[7]。野生型小鼠脂肪细胞中IKKε的表达增加,肝细胞中促炎因子的表达增加[7],与IKKε促进慢性炎症的结论一致。
在肥胖状态下,脂肪组织对肾上腺素等儿茶酚胺的敏感性降低,而儿茶酚胺可诱导UCP1的表达,增加褐色脂肪和皮下白色脂肪的生热作用[19],提示肥胖使UCP1表达减少从而使脂肪组织产热减少。Mowers等[20]发现,IKKε及TBK1表达升高可降低肥胖小鼠脂肪细胞中β肾上腺素能受体对儿茶酚胺的敏感性,导致环腺苷酸(cAMP)水平降低[20],而IKKε及TBK1还可通过直接磷酸化并激活磷酸二酯酶3B(PDE3B)的活性使细胞内cAMP水平降低,从而抑制cAMP介导的β肾上腺素能信号。IKKε基因敲除可恢复儿茶酚胺的敏感性,使UCP1表达上调和生热作用增加,也使脂肪组织炎症减轻[20]。同时,由于AMPK是细胞能量状态的主要传感器[21],有研究发现,NF-κB诱导的TBK1可通过直接抑制AMPK的活性减少脂肪细胞的脂质氧化,从而降低线粒体的生热作用[6]。采用干扰这两种酶的药物氨来占诺治疗时可恢复脂肪细胞对儿茶酚胺的敏感性,并可减轻脂肪组织的炎症反应[20]。因此,在肥胖过程中,炎症诱导的IKKε和TBK1表达上调可抑制交感神经信号并进一步促进能量储存,而TBK1可通过抑制AMPK的活性来降低线粒体的生热作用,IKKε和TBK1作用的结合减少了能量消耗,最终导致肥胖。
有研究通过筛选15万个化合物确定了氨来占诺为IKKε及TBK1的抑制剂[10]。迄今为止,对实验性小鼠模型和人类受试者的多项研究表明,氨来占诺有可能成为一种新的治疗代谢性疾病的药物[11,22]。有研究每天以氨来占诺给肥胖小鼠灌胃,发现其可抑制肝脏葡萄糖生成,增加胰岛素敏感性,减轻脂肪组织炎症,增加能量消耗,减少了肝脏脂肪变性,最终可减轻高脂饮食引起的体重增加,但其对体重增加的抑制作用是暂时的,停药后即可反弹[10]
值得注意的是,尽管IKKε及TBK1与底物水平磷酸化谱具有高度序列同源性[23],但仍然存在一些差异。有研究在脂肪细胞特异性TBK1敲除小鼠模型中证实,可通过增加能量消耗减轻高脂饮食诱导的肥胖[6],TBK1激酶功能的全部缺失对高脂饮食诱导的肥胖小鼠的代谢具有积极作用[24],而IKKε基因敲除可增加生热作用和能量消耗,同时减轻脂肪炎症[7]。由于IKKε对AMPK磷酸化无影响,IKKε可通过磷酸化并激活PDE3B而导致儿茶酚胺抵抗[20],而TBK1则可通过直接抑制AMPK活性减少分解代谢[6]。氨来占诺可同时抑制IKKε及TBK1这两种激酶的作用增加能量消耗,改善高脂饮食导致的肥胖。
糖尿病的特征是由产生胰岛素的β细胞功能下降或衰竭导致的葡萄糖稳态受损,与胰岛素抵抗相关[25-26]。胰岛炎症在1型糖尿病(T1DM)和T2DM的β细胞功能降低中发挥关键作用[27]。T1DM胰岛β细胞的缺失是由β细胞被自身免疫攻击造成的,而在肥胖诱导的胰岛素抵抗和T2DM中,慢性低度炎症和免疫系统激活是主要病因[28]。由于T1DM和T2DM最终均可导致β细胞丢失,提高胰岛素敏感性和恢复β细胞功能或质量对糖尿病的治疗至关重要,而调节IKKε及TBK1的活性可能是实现这一目标的关键策略之一。
先前的研究发现,通过G蛋白偶联受体(G protein-coupled receptor,GPCR)调节β细胞中的cAMP水平对β细胞复制、生存及胰岛素分泌至关重要[29]。在肥胖小鼠中,氨来占诺可通过抑制TBK1和IKKε的表达而抑制肝脏葡萄糖生成、降低磷酸二酯酶3(PDE3)活性、增加cAMP水平,从而提高胰岛素敏感性[7]。因此,抑制TBK1和IKKε的表达可调节PDE3活性和cAMP水平,使有功能的β细胞数量增加,从而直接或间接改善胰岛素敏感性。
近期有研究显示,TBK1在哺乳动物β细胞中特异表达,沉默TBK1基因可使β细胞增殖[30]。发生糖尿病时,β细胞中TBK1表达水平升高,而TBK1过表达则增加了PDE3的活性,从而降低了β细胞对cAMP的敏感性,导致β细胞增殖功能下降。最近的一项研究揭示了IKKε及TBK1在调节β细胞再生中的新功能[9]。鉴于成人β细胞再生速度缓慢[31],Xu等[9]使用转基因斑马鱼的T1DM模型,并进行化学遗传筛选以确定促进β细胞再生的小分子增强剂,发现IKKε及TBK1抑制剂可通过降低PDE3活性增加cAMP水平,从而使β细胞增殖。最有效的β细胞再生剂是一种肉桂酸衍生物丙烯酸(PIAA),PIAA可抑制TBK1表达而促进β细胞的有丝分裂,使葡萄糖刺激胰岛素分泌(glucose-stimulated insulin secretion,GSIS)功能增强、β细胞增殖标志物的表达增加,从而降低链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱导的糖尿病小鼠的血糖水平,并提高cAMP水平,促进胰腺β细胞增殖,增加β细胞面积和胰岛素含量,最终也增强了非糖尿病小鼠的GSIS功能和β细胞的增殖[9]。因此,抑制TBK1和IKKε对于增强β细胞的功能具有重要作用,但TBK1和(或)IKKε参与β细胞增殖、功能和再生的分子通路仍有待进一步研究。
在一项随机、双盲临床研究中,42例肥胖合并糖尿病患者接受了为期12周的安慰剂或氨来占诺治疗,结果显示氨来占诺可明显降低患者的糖化血红蛋白和果糖胺水平,提示糖代谢得到了明显改善[11]。进一步研究发现,血清CRP水平较高和脂肪组织炎症程度较高的患者对该药更敏感[11],而氨来占诺治疗后,这些患者的生热基因(包括UCP1、DIO2和FGF21)的表达上调,且在治疗2~4周血清IL-6水平出现短暂升高,这一观察结果与之前一项动物实验结果[32]一致,该实验发现氨来占诺可通过cAMP/MAPK p38通路上调小鼠腹股沟白色脂肪组织中IL-6的表达和分泌,IL-6水平升高可通过激活肝脏信号转导和转录激活因子3(STAT3)的表达来抑制糖异生基因葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶(G6PC)的表达[33],提示氨来占诺可抑制肝脏葡萄糖输出,从而提高糖耐量[34]
NAFLD的常见原因有肥胖、血脂异常和胰岛素抵抗,与慢性低度炎症有关,其组织病理学表现为从单纯性脂肪变性到非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(non-alcoholic steatohepatitis,NASH),最后发展为肝纤维化和肝硬化[35]。有研究发现,高脂饮食(HFD)喂养的小鼠肝脏中IKKε及TBK1活性均升高[7]。Cho等[36]发现,棕榈酸(palmitic acid,PA)处理的肝细胞中pTBK1水平升高;另一项研究也发现,在PA的刺激下,肝细胞或库普弗细胞中pTBK1和pIKKε蛋白水平明显升高[37]。激活的库普弗细胞在NASH的发展中发挥着关键作用[38],库普弗细胞是最初对肝细胞损伤有反应的细胞,可诱导促炎细胞因子(TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6)及趋化因子的产生,使炎性细胞聚集[39],从而促进炎症反应。以上研究结果表明,IKKε及TBK1的激活在PA诱导的NASH进展中可能发挥作用。
氨来占诺(50 μmol/L)可能通过抑制IKKε及TBK1的磷酸化来减轻PA介导的肝细胞内脂质累积、炎症反应及脂肪细胞凋亡[37]。有证据表明,库普弗细胞在肝细胞死亡的反应中被激活,激活的库普弗细胞对NASH的进展有重要作用[38,40],同时有研究发现,氨来占诺明显抑制了PA对库普弗细胞的激活作用,降低了pNF-κB蛋白水平,且通过抑制NF-κB信号通路减轻了PA诱导的体外肝毒性和脂肪细胞凋亡的严重程度[37],提示氨来占诺可通过抑制肝细胞和库普弗细胞中的TBK1/IKKε-NF-κB通路,减轻PA诱导的肝毒性和脂肪细胞凋亡的严重程度。
近期有研究发现,氨来占诺抑制IKKε/NF-κB信号通路可预防HFD和脂多糖诱导的代谢紊乱及肝脏脂肪变性,下调脂质代谢相关基因的表达[8]。长期联合低剂量脂多糖皮下注射和HFD诱导的小鼠NAFLD模型较单纯HFD或高剂量脂多糖诱导的小鼠具有更显著的表型,而以IKKε/NF-κB信号为靶点的抑制剂氨来占诺则可缓解脂肪性肝炎[8],提示IKKε/NF-κB信号通路参与了脂多糖和HFD诱导的NAFLD。最近的另一项研究表明,氨来占诺可通过抑制肝脏星状细胞(hepatic stellate cells,HSCs)中IKKε的表达而减轻NASH的严重程度,同时可改善NAFLD模型小鼠的糖脂代谢紊乱,减轻肝脏脂肪变性,且可通过抑制HSCs中的炎症(IKKε- NF-κB-TNF-α/IL-1α)来改善肝细胞中的胰岛素信号通路(Insulin-IRS-1-Akt)[22]
虽然IKKε与TBK1具有相似的功能[41],但它们在生理或病理环境中也具有自己特定的作用。TBK1介导的p62磷酸化可诱导p62泛素聚集,导致PA处理的肝细胞中肝蛋白包体形成,这些蛋白包体可引起肝细胞的氧化应激[36]。此外,IKKε参与了肥胖小鼠肝细胞中胰岛素敏感性和慢性炎症的调节[7]。因此,在未来的研究中,可进一步探讨各激酶在NAFLD发病机制中的不同作用。
综上所述,IKKε及TBK1在肥胖、糖尿病及NAFLD的发病机制中发挥着重要作用。在代谢性疾病中,IKKε及TBK1可增强NF-κB的活性,其高表达可降低胰岛素敏感性、促进慢性炎症反应,最终引起肥胖、糖尿病和NAFLD。既往研究发现,氨来占诺是IKKε及TBK1的特异性阻断剂,已被用于治疗哮喘、变应性鼻炎及口腔溃疡患者,且被证实是安全的[42-43],最近的发现,氨来占诺在增加胰岛素敏感性、降低体重、治疗T2DM、减轻NASH的严重程度中起重要作用[11,22]。随着对IKKε及TBK1的深入研究,必然会发现更多与代谢性疾病相关的机制,进一步全面阐明IKKε及TBK1与代谢性疾病的关系,可能为代谢性疾病的治疗提供新的靶点。
  • 国家自然科学基金(82100473)
  • 湖北省卫生健康委员会2019—2020年度面上项目(WJ2019M064)
  • 湖北省教育厅人文社会科学研究重点项目(18D023)
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2021年第46卷第10期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.10.16
  • 接收时间:2021-03-01
  • 首发时间:2025-12-19
  • 出版时间:2021-10-28
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  • 收稿日期:2021-03-01
  • 修回日期:2021-07-10
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(82100473)
国家自然科学基金(82100473)
Scientific Research Project of Health Commission of Hubei Province(WJ2019M064)
湖北省卫生健康委员会2019—2020年度面上项目(WJ2019M064)
Humanities and Social Science Research Key Project of Hubei Province(18D023)
湖北省教育厅人文社会科学研究重点项目(18D023)
作者信息
    1三峡大学第三临床医学院/国药葛洲坝中心医院内分泌科,湖北宜昌 443000
    2宜昌市第一人民医院/三峡大学人民医院老年病科,湖北宜昌 443000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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