Article(id=1208795425344189125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1208795418612339683, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.10.13, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1611849600000, receivedDateStr=2021-01-29, revisedDate=1619625600000, revisedDateStr=2021-04-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766128887734, onlineDateStr=2025-12-19, pubDate=1635350400000, pubDateStr=2021-10-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766128887734, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766128887734, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766128887734, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1208795418612339683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2021', volume='46', issue='10', pageStart='955', pageEnd='1060', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1766128886129, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766128956061, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208795711982924071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1208795418612339683, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208795711982924072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1208795418612339683, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1034, endPage=1039, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208795426963190487, articleId=1208795425344189125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Recent advances in the use of deep learning and artificial intelligence in the diagnosis and treatment of cervical and lumbar spine degenerative diseases, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Deep learning (DL), as a branch of artificial intelligence, is the mainstream artificial intelligence recognition method for image, voice and language. In recent years, it has attracted more and more attention in the medical field. The DL technique characterizes and analyzes the original features of a particular large amount of data. By using a multi-layered machine learning model, it simulates the activity of neurons in the brain and finally the computer outputs a single diagnosis. With reference to related research findings in China and foreign countries, this paper introduces the advances of its development and application in the diagnosis and treatment of spinal degenerative diseases such as lumbar disc herniation and cervical spondylosis, as well as its future prospetive.

, correspAuthors=Chen Xu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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深度学习作为人工智能的一个重要研究分支,是目前主流的人工智能图像、语音及语言识别方法,近年来在医疗领域受到越来越多的关注。深度学习技术通过对特定的大量数据中的原始特征进行表征分析,采用多层结构的机器学习模型,建立模拟人脑进行分析学习的神经网络,模拟脑神经元活动,最后计算机输出单一的诊断或结果帮助临床决策者进行诊疗。近年来,在以颈椎病及腰椎间盘突出症为代表的颈腰椎退变性疾病中,人工智能深度学习辅助诊疗逐渐成为研究的热点。该文结合国内外深度学习研究的成果,总结近年来在颈腰椎退变性疾病诊断及治疗中人工智能深度学习的研究进展与应用情况。

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徐辰,E-mail:
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施强慧,住院医师,主要从事骨关节疾病方面的临床研究

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施强慧,住院医师,主要从事骨关节疾病方面的临床研究

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施强慧,住院医师,主要从事骨关节疾病方面的临床研究

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The difference between deep learning and traditional machine learning

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区别深度学习传统机器学习
算法深层神经网络随机森林、决策树算法
用途用于预测结果用于量化不确定性
构建数据量数据量越多,效果越好少量数据即可
特征提取原始数据特征自主总结原始数据特征人工总结
模型可多个模型并行一次一个模型
), ArticleFig(id=1208795435490209795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208795425344189125, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

深度学习与传统机器学习的区别

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区别深度学习传统机器学习
算法深层神经网络随机森林、决策树算法
用途用于预测结果用于量化不确定性
构建数据量数据量越多,效果越好少量数据即可
特征提取原始数据特征自主总结原始数据特征人工总结
模型可多个模型并行一次一个模型
), ArticleFig(id=1208795435553124359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208795425344189125, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Related researches on predicting the postoperative outcomes of cervical and lumbar spine diseases using machine learning or deep learning models

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究项目国家样本量(例)模型类型疾病指标结果/结论
Jin et al[22]中国75RBF-SVM颈椎病诊断基于该模型的疾病诊断及预后分析的准确率与敏感性分别达到85.0%与92.4%
Arvind et al[39]美国20 879ANN颈椎间盘切除术后并发症ANN和回归算法在预测个体术后并发症方面优于ASA物理状态分类。此外,神经网络在预测病死率和伤口并发症方面较逻辑回归具有更高的敏感性
Hopkins et al[40]美国104ANN脊髓型颈椎病疗效预测模型中位准确率为90.00%。机器学习为CSM患者的预测、诊断甚至预后评估提供了一种很有前途的方法
Azimi et al[41]伊朗402ANN腰椎间盘疾病术后复发率与回归模型相比,ANN模型的准确率为94.1%,AUC为0.83
Karhade et al[42]美国1053ML算法脊髓硬膜外脓肿发生率随机梯度增压模型显示,其C统计量为0.89,校正和决策曲线分析方面表现佳
Stopa et al[43]中国288ML算法腰椎间盘疾病术后疗效其非常规出院率为6.9%(n=10)。神经网络算法对机构数据的推广效果较好,C统计量为0.89
Zhang et al[44]美国80ML算法椎体骨密度基于临床定量CT图像,利用机器学习预测椎体强度,结果显示其预测椎体强度具有较高的准确性
Hopkins et al[45]美国23 264DNN腰椎融合术后疗效平均阳性预测值为78.5%,平均阴性预测值为97%
Han et al[46]美国508 010ML算法脊柱术后并发症基于该数据建立的脊柱手术后不良事件预测模型较既往模型具有更高的准确性,AUC为0.70~0.76
Karhade et al[47]美国1790ML算法脊柱肿瘤转移性疾病术后疗效机器学习算法在C统计量、校准、Brier评分和决策分析方面表现良好
), ArticleFig(id=1208795435628621836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208795425344189125, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

利用机器学习或深度学习模型预测颈腰椎疾病术后疗效的相关研究

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究项目国家样本量(例)模型类型疾病指标结果/结论
Jin et al[22]中国75RBF-SVM颈椎病诊断基于该模型的疾病诊断及预后分析的准确率与敏感性分别达到85.0%与92.4%
Arvind et al[39]美国20 879ANN颈椎间盘切除术后并发症ANN和回归算法在预测个体术后并发症方面优于ASA物理状态分类。此外,神经网络在预测病死率和伤口并发症方面较逻辑回归具有更高的敏感性
Hopkins et al[40]美国104ANN脊髓型颈椎病疗效预测模型中位准确率为90.00%。机器学习为CSM患者的预测、诊断甚至预后评估提供了一种很有前途的方法
Azimi et al[41]伊朗402ANN腰椎间盘疾病术后复发率与回归模型相比,ANN模型的准确率为94.1%,AUC为0.83
Karhade et al[42]美国1053ML算法脊髓硬膜外脓肿发生率随机梯度增压模型显示,其C统计量为0.89,校正和决策曲线分析方面表现佳
Stopa et al[43]中国288ML算法腰椎间盘疾病术后疗效其非常规出院率为6.9%(n=10)。神经网络算法对机构数据的推广效果较好,C统计量为0.89
Zhang et al[44]美国80ML算法椎体骨密度基于临床定量CT图像,利用机器学习预测椎体强度,结果显示其预测椎体强度具有较高的准确性
Hopkins et al[45]美国23 264DNN腰椎融合术后疗效平均阳性预测值为78.5%,平均阴性预测值为97%
Han et al[46]美国508 010ML算法脊柱术后并发症基于该数据建立的脊柱手术后不良事件预测模型较既往模型具有更高的准确性,AUC为0.70~0.76
Karhade et al[47]美国1790ML算法脊柱肿瘤转移性疾病术后疗效机器学习算法在C统计量、校准、Brier评分和决策分析方面表现良好
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深度学习与人工智能在颈腰椎退变性疾病诊断及治疗中的应用研究进展
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施强慧 , 张子凡 , 胡博 , 曹鹏 , 徐辰 * , 袁文 , 陈华江
解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2021,46(10): 1034-1039
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解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2021, 46(10): 1034-1039
深度学习与人工智能在颈腰椎退变性疾病诊断及治疗中的应用研究进展
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施强慧, 张子凡, 胡博, 曹鹏, 徐辰* , 袁文, 陈华江
作者信息
  • 海军军医大学第二附属医院骨科,上海 200433
  • 施强慧,住院医师,主要从事骨关节疾病方面的临床研究

通讯作者:

徐辰,E-mail:
Recent advances in the use of deep learning and artificial intelligence in the diagnosis and treatment of cervical and lumbar spine degenerative diseases
Qiang-Hui Shi, Zi-Fan Zhang, Bo Hu, Peng Cao, Chen Xu* , Wen Yuan, Hua-Jiang Chen
Affiliations
  • Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
出版时间: 2021-10-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.10.13
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深度学习作为人工智能的一个重要研究分支,是目前主流的人工智能图像、语音及语言识别方法,近年来在医疗领域受到越来越多的关注。深度学习技术通过对特定的大量数据中的原始特征进行表征分析,采用多层结构的机器学习模型,建立模拟人脑进行分析学习的神经网络,模拟脑神经元活动,最后计算机输出单一的诊断或结果帮助临床决策者进行诊疗。近年来,在以颈椎病及腰椎间盘突出症为代表的颈腰椎退变性疾病中,人工智能深度学习辅助诊疗逐渐成为研究的热点。该文结合国内外深度学习研究的成果,总结近年来在颈腰椎退变性疾病诊断及治疗中人工智能深度学习的研究进展与应用情况。

人工智能  /  深度学习  /  颈椎病  /  腰椎间盘突出症

Deep learning (DL), as a branch of artificial intelligence, is the mainstream artificial intelligence recognition method for image, voice and language. In recent years, it has attracted more and more attention in the medical field. The DL technique characterizes and analyzes the original features of a particular large amount of data. By using a multi-layered machine learning model, it simulates the activity of neurons in the brain and finally the computer outputs a single diagnosis. With reference to related research findings in China and foreign countries, this paper introduces the advances of its development and application in the diagnosis and treatment of spinal degenerative diseases such as lumbar disc herniation and cervical spondylosis, as well as its future prospetive.

artificial intelligence  /  deep learning  /  cervical spondylosis  /  lumbar disc herniation
施强慧, 张子凡, 胡博, 曹鹏, 徐辰, 袁文, 陈华江. 深度学习与人工智能在颈腰椎退变性疾病诊断及治疗中的应用研究进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2021 , 46 (10) : 1034 -1039 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.10.13
Qiang-Hui Shi, Zi-Fan Zhang, Bo Hu, Peng Cao, Chen Xu, Wen Yuan, Hua-Jiang Chen. Recent advances in the use of deep learning and artificial intelligence in the diagnosis and treatment of cervical and lumbar spine degenerative diseases[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2021 , 46 (10) : 1034 -1039 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.10.13
下腰痛及颈肩痛作为导致中老年人生活质量下降的重要原因,给社会及国家带来了沉重负担[1]。而腰椎及颈椎的椎间盘退变与突出是导致下腰痛及颈肩痛的重要原因[2],主要包括椎间盘退变、椎间高度降低、椎间盘终板退变或椎体变性等一系列病理生理变化[3-4]。目前对于颈腰椎退变主要依据影像学资料而做出经验性判断,该经验性诊断主要依据突出部位、椎间盘信号改变、椎体信号及形态改变、脊柱序列稳定性等因素综合考虑,并进一步根据这些因素辅助确定患者手术的必要性及手术方案[5]。但该诊断过程由于极度依赖医者的经验积累,不同医者做出的诊断及制定的手术方案存在显著差异[6]。此外,由于颈腰椎退变性疾病的诊断及手术方案制定过程较为复杂,且在较大程度上依赖影像学资料,容易造成临床医师与患者之间沟通减少的局面,降低了患者临床信息收集的全面性,同时不利于对患者的人文关怀。因此,具备自动分析及诊断能力的人工智能决策辅助系统将有助于辅助临床医师对颈腰椎退变性疾病进行诊断及制定手术方案,以提高临床医师的工作效率及医疗质量[7]
深度学习概念于2006年被提出,最初源于人工神经网络相关的研究,其后经研究者不断努力和持续完善,已发展成机器学习领域具有良好发展前景的分支[8-10]。传统的机器学习模型依赖于数据工程师对原始数据(如肺结节影像学图片)进行特征总结及提取,并制定出相应的特征提取器(如提取肺结节的大小、直径、边缘等特征)。机器学习模型通过将特征作为输入端,将特征对应的结果(如肺结节的良心或恶性)作为输出端进行学习,通过一定量的训练后,可实现对新数据特征对应结果的预测[11]。机器学习算法已被很多学者应用于临床疾病的诊疗过程,如有研究报道,根据老年人的步态数据及惯性分析数据,可以通过机器学习算法来预测其跌倒的风险[12]。前期有研究报道,通过机器学习方法将下腰痛患者与健康者进行鉴别,可达到对下腰痛进行诊断的目的[13]。此外,有学者采用机器学习算法预测脊柱的生物学应力,从而判断不同人群脊柱生物学应力的分布等[14]
区别于传统机器学习,深度学习可实现直接以原始数据作为输入端、数据对应结果作为输出端的完全端对端预测,原始数据特征由深度学习模型自主总结提取,较传统机器学习模型排除了更多的人为操作因素[15]。此外,深度学习对数据的利用程度、对数据间细微差别及联系的处理能力均超过了传统机器学习模型[15-16](表1)。目前深度学习模型主要包括计算机视觉(computer vision,CV)、自然语言处理(natural language processing,NLP)、强化学习(reinforcement learning,RL)、深度学习网络(deep neural network,DNN)以及泛用深度学习等种类[17]。基于卷积神经网络(convolutional neural network,CNN)算法的CV深度学习模型已开始在医学领域应用,如影像科对肺结节的诊断,其敏感性及特异性与影像科专家得出的诊断意见已无明显差异[18]
由于颈腰椎退变性疾病的诊断与影像学资料密切相关,目前已有许多学者开始使用机器学习模型及深度学习技术对颈腰椎各结构特征进行提取并借此辅助疾病诊断。目前,对于颈椎病的诊断主要采用针对MRI影像的评判,特别是分析T2加权像上椎间盘及周围神经组织的受压情况,以明确疾病的诊断[19],这也为深度学习模型创造了良好条件。近年来有研究发现,利用深度学习模型可为颈椎病患者的脊髓病变区域提供精准定位,在颈椎MRI检查图像上利用CNN模型自动检测并标记椎体序列,准确率达到99%以上,敏感度达到99.1%~99.8%[20]。Wang等[21]使用磁共振弥散当量成像(DTI)并结合DTI特征提取器对人群颈椎磁共振图像进行特征提取并使用机器学习算法进行分析,以期该算法可准确预测颈椎病的诊断。但是该方法对磁共振成像提出了特殊要求,能够获取的数据量相对较少,且人工制定的特征提取器难以满足不同类型颈椎病的诊断。随后,Jin等[22]通过进一步优化人工智能的特征提取过程,并比较了不同模型对于脊髓型颈椎病MRI表现与预后的学习和分析情况,发现利用高斯核函数的支持向量机(RBF-SVM)法能够显著提高DTI成像的MRI脊髓特征分析能力,而基于该模型的疾病诊断与预后分析的准确率和敏感性分别达到了85.0%与92.4%。
下腰痛为中老年人的常见疾病,主要由腰椎间盘突出压迫神经引起,因此其发病具有一定的规律特点。Hu等[23]通过记录人群脊柱不同节段的运动数据,并结合下腰痛状态,建立了一种可通过脊柱不同节段运动数据来预测下腰痛发生的长短记忆深度学习模型。基于该理念,可进一步将深度学习的输入端多元化,如将人群性别、年龄、身高、体重、吸烟史、饮酒史、负重习惯等相关数据作为输入端,以是否有下腰痛作为输出端,从而辅助诊断下腰痛的发生。有研究发现,通过上述方法,利用CNN模型学习后预测的下腰痛发生情况与实际的下腰痛症状之间有很强的相关性(r=0.997),即CNN模型能够有效地通过影像学及临床参数预测下腰痛的发生,提供早期诊断的可能[24];同时,对于特定的脊柱活动度及影像学参数改变与不同类别脊柱疾病的相关性,相较医师的主观预测,利用CNN模型“验证”数据产生了更好的结果,准确率高达85%[25]。因此,合理利用深度学习模型,可以辅助腰椎退变性疾病的诊断,在一定程度上提高医师的工作效率。
对于腰椎间盘突出症等腰椎退变性疾病,临床上主要依靠影像检查结果来确定具体的病灶及病情严重程度,因此同样适合深度学习展开相应工作。例如,Jamaludin等[26]通过CNN模型,将腰椎磁共振影像作为输入端,腰椎间盘Pfirrmann评分(5个分级)、椎间高度(4个分级)、是否存在椎间盘突出、是否存在椎管狭窄、是否存在终板损害、是否存在椎体Modic改变作为输出端,对该模型进行训练后,其对新数据分析输出的准确率(与影像学专家人工诊断相比)达到95.6%。Han等[27]通过基于多尺度多任务学习网络的CNN模型,将腰椎T1/T2加权像磁共振影像作为输入端,将椎间盘、椎间孔、椎体的位置及是否存在病变作为输出端,实现了通过影像学图片诊断是否存在椎间孔狭窄、椎间盘退变以及椎体病变,其准确率达到90%以上。此外,围绕如何通过CCN系统实现椎间盘节段的自动识别,对腰椎退变的特殊影像学表现如融合椎体、脊柱侧弯、腰椎骶化等的识别,对椎间孔大小以及神经根受压的识别等进行研究发现,尽管上述表现的典型影像学资料较常规退变少,但对少量病例的学习仍体现出了较高的分辨准确率,可避免不同医师诊断的主观性和多样性,对于患者的诊治及预后具有十分重要的意义[28]
相较于CV,NLP对文字、语言及时间相关数据的处理能力较好,目前在智能翻译、智能写作等领域已有应用[17]。然而在医学领域,由于不同医疗机构采用的临床数据收集方法及数据归纳整理方法不完全相同,导致传统的机器学习难以分析来自不同医疗机构的临床数据[29]。NLP深度学习模型的优势在于可通过对不同医疗机构来源结构不同的临床数据进行学习,并自动总结出一套可供深度学习模型进行进一步分析的数据特征;同时,采用该模型有望实现对随时间变化的患者的临床数据进行学习,并据此预测手术治疗方案的疗效、患者的预后等指标,具有较好的应用前景[30]。Staartjes等[31]基于NLP深度学习模型,将单节段腰椎术后腿痛、背痛及功能残疾等指标改善作为输出端,将患者术前基线指标以及术后12个月患者的报告结局指标作为输入端,对模型进行训练后,对以上三个指标改善程度的预测准确度达85%、87%及75%,相较回归模型,该深度学习模型表现出更好的预测精准性,以此为依据,可以为患者是否选择手术治疗提供一定的参考。Pedersen等[32]针对不同模型对腰椎间盘突出症术后疗效预测的准确度进行了系统分析:将患者术前的临床症状和基本情况作为输入端,1年随访后的实际疗效作为输出端,通过7种模型学习训练后发现,相较于传统的机器学习模型,基于深度学习的模型能够更好地预测患者术后的疗效,进一步证实了深度学习在复杂疾病预后评估中的优势和潜力。
在手术方面,人工智能发挥着不可替代的作用,如脊柱手术中螺钉的置入需要非常精确[33],采用智能手术规划与虚拟手术仿真系统辅助骨科医师熟悉局部解剖和制定术前规划,在保证手术质量的前提下,能够最大程度地减少骨质损失,并提高手术效率和准确性[34]。目前采用深度学习模型预测相应腰椎手术节段的相关问题尚未有学者关注,但在临床工作中,对腰椎手术节段的判定常是多维度的,需综合考虑临床症状、一般体征、定位体征以及影像学证据等因素,其中影像学证据在手术节段的判定中权重较高。通常对一个腰椎节段是否需要手术主要从椎间盘是否存在突出压迫、神经根管是否存在狭窄、相应节段是否存在椎管狭窄、是否符合整体生物力学稳定性等方面进行综合判断[35]。该综合判断过程对外科医师的临床经验依赖性较高,若将有丰富经验的外科医师对相应腰椎节段是否需要手术做出的判断结果作为输出端,将影像学证据、临床症状数据、体征数据以及其他辅助检查数据作为输入端对深度学习模型进行训练,可通过深度学习模型实现对需要手术节段的预测。有研究发现,CNN模型预测伤口并发症和病死率的敏感性高于逻辑回归(logistics regression,LR)模型[36-37]。基于LR和CNN的机器学习模型在识别后路腰椎固定术并发症的危险因素方面较基准美国麻醉医师学会(ASA)评分更准确,表明机器学习可能是脊柱手术中危险因素分析的重要工具[36]。CNN模型将有助于辅助外科医师做出手术方案的决策,如预测精确性符合预期,对该模型的推广使用将有助于辅助基层脊柱外科医师对腰椎手术方案做出更精准的判断,从而对患者进行更优化的治疗。
临床上通常通过综合分析患者术前及术后各项临床数据,并探讨这些数据与术后并发症或其他不良反应的相关性,从而预测术后并发症的发生,如有研究发现,手术时间与术后腿痛症状的严重程度存在相关性[38]。但这种对数据相关性进行分析而得出结论的研究方法常疏于考虑不同数据之间微小联系对总体结果的影响,且不同数据之间的微小联系通过相关分析常无法得出显著性结论;此时,引入深度学习模型将有助于综合分析临床诊疗数据与结果(出院后死亡、非常规出院、并发症、术后再入院)的关系。近年来有学者分别建立相关模型[22,39-47],对预测腰椎间盘疾病手术患者的非常规出院,评估老年患者的椎体强度并预测椎体骨折风险,预测后路腰椎融合术后30 d再入院的可能等进行相应研究,结果表明,这些深度学习模型都具有良好的相关性和准确性(表2)。因此,在实践中可以考虑将各项诊疗过程中的临床数据作为输入端,各并发症的发生作为输出端,建立通过患者临床数据预测手术后情况的新方法,进而辅助外科医师在术前、术中及术后制定更优化的治疗方案。
目前,我国医疗的核心矛盾是以医师为核心的医疗资源供给远不能满足患者快速增长的需求,导致我国对医疗人工智能的需求巨大[48]。在疾病诊治过程中,患者随访跟踪率低、病例数据非结构化、临床工作繁忙、压力大是骨科医师工作中的难点。据估计,美国的门诊诊断错误率为5.08%,每年有600万患者因为错误的诊断而受到二次伤害[49]。当前,深度学习人工智能的应用仍处于起步阶段,面临诸多挑战,如数据链不完整、数据量过小及各平台数据不稳定等问题。临床大数据是AI发展的基石,将大数据集非结构化,使数据变的直观可视,最终转化为通用性工具供医护人员和患者使用至关重要。例如,Karhade等[50]的研究纳入26 364例因腰椎退变性椎间盘疾病接受择期住院手术的患者,发现非常规出院率为9.28%,而深度学习算法在非常规出院术前预测的内部验证方面显示出了良好的效能,分析这些数据并用于决策支持,可为临床医师提供更多客观和定量信息,辅助诊断,减少漏诊、误诊,制定合适的治疗方案等。
综上所述,深度学习人工智能技术应用于医疗领域,有利于提高医疗水平和诊断的准确率,并可增加优质医疗资源的覆盖广度。随着深度学习人工智能技术的不断发展,数据的不断积累,深度学习人工智能技术在医疗领域的应用前景将更加广阔。
  • 国家自然科学基金(82072471)
  • 国家自然科学基金(82072469)
  • 上海市科委启明星人才计划(20QA1409200)
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2021年第46卷第10期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.10.13
  • 接收时间:2021-01-29
  • 首发时间:2025-12-19
  • 出版时间:2021-10-28
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  • 收稿日期:2021-01-29
  • 修回日期:2021-04-29
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(82072471)
国家自然科学基金(82072471)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(82072469)
国家自然科学基金(82072469)
Shanghai Rising-Star Program(20QA1409200)
上海市科委启明星人才计划(20QA1409200)
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    海军军医大学第二附属医院骨科,上海 200433

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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