Article(id=1208791313701532503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1208791311621157694, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.11.12, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1614873600000, receivedDateStr=2021-03-05, revisedDate=1625673600000, revisedDateStr=2021-07-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766127907442, onlineDateStr=2025-12-19, pubDate=1638028800000, pubDateStr=2021-11-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766127907442, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766127907442, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766127907442, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1208791311621157694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2021', volume='46', issue='11', pageStart='1061', pageEnd='1164', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1766127906946, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766128932678, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208795613920104935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1208791311621157694, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208795613920104936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1208791311621157694, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1136, endPage=1140, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208791314028688235, articleId=1208791313701532503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Research progress on asymptomatic and unruptured intracranial aneurysms in pilots, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Due to the wide application of noninvasive angiography in the health examination or central nervous system disease treatment, more and more pilots with asymptomatic and unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIAs) have been found. Most asymptomatic UIAs are still in "static phase" for a long time, but a few of them can grow gradually, even rupture and bleed suddenly,which may have the risk of disability in the sky. The risk factors of rupture for UIAs include patient's factors, aneurysm's factors,hemodynamics and flight related factors. Interventions include medical treatment, intracranial aneurysm clipping and endovascular treatment. The selection of the treatments need to weigh the risk of aneurysm rupture and surgical complications of UIAs. At present, there are no opinions and aeromedical evaluation criteria for asymptomatic UIAs in pilots nationally and internationally.Therefore, it is necessary to conduct multidisciplinary and individual assessment.

, correspAuthors=Jin Shi, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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由于无创血管成像技术在改装体检和中枢神经系统疾病检查中的广泛应用,越来越多的飞行人员无症状未破裂颅内动脉瘤(UIAs)被发现。大多数无症状UIAs长期处于“静止期”,但少数可逐渐生长甚至突然破裂出血,具有空中失能的风险。飞行人员UIAs破裂的危险因素包括患者因素、动脉瘤因素、血流动力学和飞行因素等,干预措施包括内科治疗、开颅动脉瘤夹闭手术和血管内介入术等,需权衡UIAs的破裂风险及手术并发症加以选择。目前国内外尚无针对飞行人员无症状UIAs的处理意见和航空医学鉴定标准,需进行多学科的个体评定。该文就飞行人员无症状UIAs的诊断、流行病学、危险因素、干预措施及航空医学鉴定等的研究进展进行综述。

, correspAuthors=石进, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
石进,E-mail:
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陈大伟,医学博士,副主任医师,主要从事脑血管病和神经变性疾病的研究

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陈大伟,医学博士,副主任医师,主要从事脑血管病和神经变性疾病的研究

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飞行人员无症状未破裂颅内动脉瘤研究进展
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陈大伟 , 石进 *
解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2021,46(11): 1136-1140
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解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2021, 46(11): 1136-1140
飞行人员无症状未破裂颅内动脉瘤研究进展
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陈大伟, 石进*
作者信息
  • 空军特色医学中心神经内科,北京 100142
  • 陈大伟,医学博士,副主任医师,主要从事脑血管病和神经变性疾病的研究

通讯作者:

石进,E-mail:
Research progress on asymptomatic and unruptured intracranial aneurysms in pilots
Da-Wei Chen, Jin Shi*
Affiliations
  • Department of Neurology, Air Force Medical Center, Beijing 100142, China
出版时间: 2021-11-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.11.12
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由于无创血管成像技术在改装体检和中枢神经系统疾病检查中的广泛应用,越来越多的飞行人员无症状未破裂颅内动脉瘤(UIAs)被发现。大多数无症状UIAs长期处于“静止期”,但少数可逐渐生长甚至突然破裂出血,具有空中失能的风险。飞行人员UIAs破裂的危险因素包括患者因素、动脉瘤因素、血流动力学和飞行因素等,干预措施包括内科治疗、开颅动脉瘤夹闭手术和血管内介入术等,需权衡UIAs的破裂风险及手术并发症加以选择。目前国内外尚无针对飞行人员无症状UIAs的处理意见和航空医学鉴定标准,需进行多学科的个体评定。该文就飞行人员无症状UIAs的诊断、流行病学、危险因素、干预措施及航空医学鉴定等的研究进展进行综述。

未破裂颅内动脉瘤  /  飞行人员  /  流行病学  /  危险因素  /  航空医学鉴定

Due to the wide application of noninvasive angiography in the health examination or central nervous system disease treatment, more and more pilots with asymptomatic and unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIAs) have been found. Most asymptomatic UIAs are still in "static phase" for a long time, but a few of them can grow gradually, even rupture and bleed suddenly,which may have the risk of disability in the sky. The risk factors of rupture for UIAs include patient's factors, aneurysm's factors,hemodynamics and flight related factors. Interventions include medical treatment, intracranial aneurysm clipping and endovascular treatment. The selection of the treatments need to weigh the risk of aneurysm rupture and surgical complications of UIAs. At present, there are no opinions and aeromedical evaluation criteria for asymptomatic UIAs in pilots nationally and internationally.Therefore, it is necessary to conduct multidisciplinary and individual assessment.

unruptured intracranial aneurysms  /  pilots  /  epidemiology  /  risk factor  /  aviation medical evaluation
陈大伟, 石进. 飞行人员无症状未破裂颅内动脉瘤研究进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2021 , 46 (11) : 1136 -1140 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.11.12
Da-Wei Chen, Jin Shi. Research progress on asymptomatic and unruptured intracranial aneurysms in pilots[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2021 , 46 (11) : 1136 -1140 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.11.12
随着血管成像技术的发展,无症状未破裂颅内动脉瘤(unruptured intracranial aneurysms,UIAs)的检出率逐渐提高[1]。近年来,国内外不断有飞行人员颅内动脉瘤的报道[2],笔者也在飞行人员航空医学鉴定中遇到部分飞行人员因为其他神经系统疾病检查或体检而被偶然发现无症状UIAs[3]。大多数无症状UIAs长期处于“静止期”,终生不破裂且无临床症状;而少部分颅内动脉瘤可逐渐生长或突然破裂出血[4]。对飞行人员无症状UIAs不合理停飞将造成巨大损失,而盲目放飞又会增加飞行风险。目前,针对这些飞行人员的航空医学鉴定已成为争论的焦点,也是未来飞行人员选拔的重点问题。本文就无症状UIAs的诊断、流行病学、危险因素、干预措施及航空医学鉴定等的研究进展进行综述。
UIAs是指无破裂出血史或与出血无直接关系的颅内动脉瘤。无症状UIAs患者一般没有头痛、占位效应等临床表现,通常因其他神经系统疾病检查或体检而被偶然发现[1]
无症状UIAs缺乏特异性临床症状,多为偶然发现,其诊断主要依赖数字减影血管造影(digital subtraction angiography,DSA)、计算机体层血管成像(computed tomographic angiography,CTA)、磁共振血管成像(magnetic resonance angiography,MRA)等技术。DSA是诊断颅内动脉瘤的金标准,高质量的旋转造影和三维重建(3D-DSA)技术在描述动脉瘤形态、显示瘤颈与邻近血管的关系以及制定治疗方案方面优于普通DSA[4]。但DSA是一项有创检查,神经系统并发症发生率通常为0.3%~0.5%[5]。CTA和MRA具有无创的优点,常用于UIAs的筛查和随访,但对诊断3 mm以下的动脉瘤不可靠,不能代替DSA检查。近年来,随着神经影像学技术的不断发展,如高分辨率MRI的广泛应用,UIAs的检出率逐渐提高[6]
由于筛查人群、评估方法、研究目的和方法的不同,UIAs患病率在不同研究之间差异较大。既往的前瞻性及回顾性尸检和血管成像研究显示,普通人群UIAs患病率为0.2%~7.9%(平均5.0%)[7]。一项纳入68项研究和83个人群的Meta分析显示,在全球健康成年人群中UIAs患病率约为3.2%[8]。我国一项对4813人采用MRA评估方法的横断面调查发现,UIAs的患病率为7%[4]
年龄、女性、吸烟、过度饮酒及高血压均是UIAs发生的高危因素。UIAs还与动脉瘤家族史及多种遗传性疾病(如常染色体显性遗传多囊肾病等)相关。虽然在普通人群中进行无症状UIAs的筛查仍存在争议,但对高危患者进行无创影像学筛查是合理的[4,6]
目前,虽然国内外尚无飞行人员UIAs患病率的报道,但近年来个案报道逐渐增多。本课题组首次报道在改装体检中发现2例歼击机飞行员无症状UIAs患者[3],国外也有飞行人员因头痛、头晕等就诊而被发现UIAs的报道[7,9]。一项回顾性研究发现,颅内动脉瘤可发生于各个机种和职业的飞行人员[2]。有研究发现,我国飞行人员中具有动脉粥样硬化危险因素的比例较高,高血压患病率为5.6%,高胆固醇血症为7.28%,代谢综合征为6.45%,吸烟为53.0%,过度饮酒为69.6%[10]。我国飞行人员的选拨并未进行动脉瘤筛查,而飞行人员的成长需要一个过程,一名成熟的飞行人员通常超过30岁。由此推测,我国军事飞行人员中无症状UIAs患者数量不会少,但随着无创血管成像技术在改装体检和中枢神经系统疾病检查中的广泛应用,将会有更多的飞行人员无症状UIAs被发现。
颅内动脉瘤的总体年破裂风险为0.25%~0.30%,而大多数UIAs终生不破裂[6]。一项汇集全球6项UIAs前瞻性研究的Meta分析显示,UIAs的1年破裂率为1.4%,5年破裂率为3.4%[11]。影响颅内动脉瘤破裂的危险因素如下。
当年龄≥70岁时,年龄增长将增加UIAs破裂的风险;当年龄<50岁时(尤其颅内小动脉瘤),年龄越小UIAs破裂风险越高。女性、多发颅内动脉瘤(≥2个)、种族(日本和芬兰)、既往蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)病史和家族史(≥2个一级亲属具有UIAs和SAH)、吸烟、过度饮酒和高血压均是UIAs增大、破裂的高危因素[6,11-15]
(1)大小:日本UCAS研究发现,动脉瘤直径越大,破裂风险越高;一项包含19项研究和6556个UIAs的Meta分析发现,直径>5 mm是动脉瘤破裂的独立危险因素[6]。(2)部位:后循环、后交通动脉及前交通动脉UIAs更易破裂[4,11],一项前瞻性颅内小动脉瘤随访研究发现,分叉部位也是动脉瘤破裂的高危因素[13]。(3)形态:瘤体长度与瘤颈宽度比值(aspect ratio,AR值)>1.6、瘤体长度与载瘤动脉直径比值(size ratio,SR值)>2.0,以及不规则UIAs(含有子囊)是UIAs破裂的危险因素[11,14,16]。(4)稳定性:进展和炎症反应是动脉瘤不稳定的征象,一项回顾性研究显示,进展UIAs的破裂风险是非进展动脉瘤的12倍,另一项回顾性研究表明,不依赖于动脉瘤部位和大小,磁共振扫描显示瘤壁强化的UIAs破裂风险更高[6,11]。(5)形成时间:动脉瘤形成的最初几周至1年内,破裂的概率较高,但随着时间的延长逐步下降[17]
近年来,以影像为基础的计算机血流动力学(computational fluid dynamics,CDF)技术的出现为客观、定量评估UIAs的血流动力学特点和破裂风险提供了可靠的工具。有研究者总结了258篇利用CDF评价动脉瘤生长和破裂风险的文献,发现血管壁面切应力(wall shear stress,WSS)是最常用、最有临床意义的指标[16,18]。近期的一项Meta分析显示,WSS、切应力震荡指数(oscillatory shear index,OSI)、低壁面切应力的面积百分比(low wall shear stress area,LSA)与颅内动脉瘤的破裂相关[19]。不同的WSS可以导致动脉瘤以不同的方式生长并破裂。高WSS和正向WSS梯度能够激活壁细胞介导的破坏性血管壁重塑程序,促进壁细胞凋亡,使中膜变薄,形成Ⅰ型动脉瘤,Ⅰ型动脉瘤具有体积小、血管壁薄、无细胞和透明等特点。低WSS和高OSI能够激活炎性细胞介导的破坏性血管壁重塑程序,引起瘤壁的类动脉粥样硬化样改变,形成Ⅱ型动脉瘤,Ⅱ型动脉瘤具有体积大、不规则、血管壁厚、不透明、伴有动脉粥样斑块等特点[20]。未来仍需考虑使CDF标准化,并进行多中心、大样本的UIAs随访研究,以真正实现CDF对UIAs破裂风险的有效预测[18]
颅内动脉瘤的发生可能与作用于血管壁的剪切力有关,不同部位的血流剪切力不同,动脉瘤发生率也不同。普通人群中,后交通动脉起始处动脉瘤占比约为40%,前交通动脉和大脑前动脉约为30%,大脑中动脉分叉处约为20%,后循环以基底动脉尖及小脑后下动脉起始处多见。目前尚无飞行人员UIAs分布特点的报道。一项回顾性分析显示,飞行人员颅内动脉瘤多位于前循环系统[2]。有研究采用计算机模拟方法分析显示,飞行时所产生的加速度会对颈动脉内压力产生直接且显著的影响,正方向加速度使血管壁面压力明显降低,负方向加速度使血管壁面压力明显升高,血管壁面压力梯度分布特征发生明显改变[21]。另一项研究以45例颅内动脉瘤患者和45名正常对照为研究对象,采用超声方法测量颈动脉和椎动脉的最大收缩期血流加速度(maximum systolic acceleration,ACCmax)和最大加速度指数(maximum acceleration index,AImax),结果显示,ACCmax和AImax增加对颅内动脉瘤的发生有很好的预测作用[22]。因此,飞行过程中的加速度可能通过影响颅内外动脉血流动力学状态而促进颅内动脉瘤的形成。
虽然目前尚无飞行人员因颅内动脉瘤破裂导致空中失能的报道,但飞行人员的临床特点和飞行环境仍有加速动脉瘤破裂的可能。首先飞行人员特别是战斗机飞行员通常在50岁以下,此年龄段患者的年龄越小,动脉瘤破裂风险越高[11,13]。其次飞行活动是现代社会中最复杂的劳动之一,飞行职业带来的紧张状况被公认为是一种心理应激源,同时飞行人员大多数为男性,导致飞行人员中高血压、吸烟、过度饮酒的比例较高,增加了颅内动脉瘤进展和破裂的风险[10]。第三,飞行所产生的负向加速度可加速脑血流,也是导致颅内动脉瘤破裂的危险因素。近期研究发现,动脉瘤入口的高血流速度可以增加动脉瘤破裂的风险[23];有学者利用计算机模拟方法研究发现,加速度会对颈动脉内压力、压力梯度、WSS等产生显著影响[24],而动脉瘤的破裂与高WSS和正向WSS梯度有关[18]。第四,飞行时的气压波动和高空低温也是导致飞行人员颅内动脉瘤破裂的因素。有研究表明,高气压值及气压的波动与动脉瘤的破裂和SAH相关,而低于16 ℃或冬春季环境中动脉瘤破裂和SAH的发生率较高[25-26]
有研究表明,预防性消除颅内动脉瘤手术引起严重神经系统并发症的发生率为6%~10%,明显高于无症状UIAs的破裂率,因此对于无症状UIAs采取内科治疗还是积极外科干预,需要权衡UIAs的破裂风险和手术并发症,对于破裂风险高的飞行人员应考虑手术[4,6,11]。手术方式包括开颅动脉瘤夹闭手术和血管内介入栓塞术。有Meta分析显示,对于UIAs患者,开颅动脉瘤夹闭手术的有效性和安全性优于血管内介入治疗[27]。但是随着介入技术和材料的不断发展,其安全性和有效性不断提高,且创伤小和术后恢复快的特点必将使其在飞行人员无症状UIAs的治疗中获得更多优势[11,28]
UIAs是导致SAH的主要原因,《美国海军航空医学参考和特许飞行指南》规定,对于SAH的飞行人员,需要手术治疗者将予以停飞,而经过非手术治疗无神经系统后遗症者予以地面观察2年,无复发者可特许飞行[29]。2017年中国民航制定的《空勤人员和空中交通管制员体检鉴定医学标准》规定,各级飞行人员颅内动脉瘤如有下列情况之一为飞行不合格:(1)有SAH病史;(2)颅内动脉瘤术后;(3)有神经系统症状;(4)动态脑电图异常;(5)多发、瘤体形态不规则或有子囊;(6)瘤体进行性增大、形态改变或新发动脉瘤;(7)瘤体大小或位置可能影响安全履行职责[30]。然而,国外的航空医学鉴定指南和我国军事飞行人员体格检查标准均缺乏对飞行人员无症状UIAs的处理意见和航空医学鉴定标准。
Jackson[7]曾报道1例放飞的诊断为大脑前动脉无症状UIAs的运输机空中机械师,并提出了关于飞行人员UIAs处理和航空医学鉴定的个人意见。Jackson认为虽然无症状UIAs发生SAH的风险很低,但在飞行过程中出现破裂出血的后果十分严重,可导致飞行人员失能,对飞行的掌控、地面和飞机上人员的安全及飞行人员本人的救治都会产生灾难性的后果,因此对于无症状UIAs飞行人员的处理建议如下:(1)定期进行随访、神经系统查体、影像学评估动脉瘤的大小及生长情况,动脉瘤直径不应超过7 mm;(2)应在多座机上执行飞行任务;(3)在动脉瘤治疗前,不应安排其担任机长[7]。有研究报道1例高性能歼击机飞行员诊断为无症状左侧颈内动脉眼动脉段UIAs,直径3.5 mm,进行非手术治疗后予飞行合格(限双座),安全飞行1年(共180 h)后再次评估,动脉瘤无明显改变[3]。另有1例运输机通讯员诊断为SAH和前交通动脉瘤,行动脉瘤夹闭手术,术后动脉瘤消失,地面观察1年后予特许飞行[2]。近期,我国开展的飞行员脑健康评估研究发现了数例海绵窦段动脉瘤患者,考虑该类动脉瘤位于颅内脑外,破裂后未发生SAH,因此均予有条件的放飞。笔者认为,应对飞行人员无症状UIAs进行全面(包括飞行因素、患者因素、动脉瘤形态学和血流动力学等)评估和定期随访。对于破裂风险较小的无症状UIAs,采取非手术治疗后可给予多座机特许飞行;对于破裂风险较高的无症状UIAs,应采取手术治疗并根据术后情况进行个体评定;对于进展的无症状UIAs,应降机型,如仍进展者,采取手术治疗并根据术后情况进行个体评定。
血管成像技术的快速发展和广泛应用使更多的飞行人员无症状UIAs被发现。虽然大多数UIAs长期处于“静止期”,但少数可突然破裂出血,造成飞行人员空中失能。因此,对飞行人员无症状UIAs的合理航空医学鉴定不仅能够避免不必要的停飞,同时保障了飞行的安全性。虽然已有飞行人员UIAs经非手术治疗或外科干预后给予成功放飞的病例报道,但未来仍需开展科学、规范、前瞻性的无症状UIAs综合防治、预后观察及飞行适应性评价研究,以制定飞行人员无症状UIAs的评估和特许飞行标准。
  • 国家军用标准研究项目(BKJ19B050)
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2021年第46卷第11期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.11.12
  • 接收时间:2021-03-05
  • 首发时间:2025-12-19
  • 出版时间:2021-11-28
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  • 收稿日期:2021-03-05
  • 修回日期:2021-07-08
基金
Research Project of National Military Standard(BKJ19B050)
国家军用标准研究项目(BKJ19B050)
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    空军特色医学中心神经内科,北京 100142

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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