Article(id=1208518762563768609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1208518757253779608, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.12.05, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1627747200000, receivedDateStr=2021-08-01, revisedDate=1633708800000, revisedDateStr=2021-10-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766062926187, onlineDateStr=2025-12-18, pubDate=1640620800000, pubDateStr=2021-12-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766062926187, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766062926187, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766062926187, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1208518757253779608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2021', volume='46', issue='12', pageStart='1167', pageEnd='1267', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1766062924920, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766062998332, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208519065233125464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1208518757253779608, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208519065233125465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1208518757253779608, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1196, endPage=1204, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208518762882535733, articleId=1208518762563768609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Cohort study on reproductive factors and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women, columnId=1190310109000602400, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Clinical Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To explore the relationship between the reproductive factors (such as the number of pregnancy,number of birth, abortion, lactation, menarche age, menopausal age and childbearing years) and female type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM). Methods Based on the data of cohort study REACTION in Lanzhou, an epidemiological investigation was performed among residents aged 40-75 years in Tianqingjiayuan, Zhangguang and Wuquanshan communities of Lanzhou City in May 2011.Reproductive history and menstrual history were determined by questionnaire. A total of 7094 women were with complete investigation data, including 2963 with normal baseline glucose tolerance who were followed up for 5 years for the occurrence of outcome event T2DM; Logistic regression and Cox risk regression analysis were employed to explore the relation between reproductive related factors and female T2DM. Results The risk of T2DM obviously increased in women with more gestational number and parturient times, especially when the gestational number and parturient times were more than 3, the risk of T2DM increased about 1.6 times, and the impact of parturient times was more significant on female T2DM (Pregnancy number 2, 3, ≥4, HR: 1.08, 1.26, 1.60; 95%CI 0.68-1.72, 1.07-1.99, 1.01-2.45; P=0.000. Parturient times 2, 3, ≥4, HR: 1.21, 1.60, 1.65; 95%CI 1.08-1.69, 1.09-2.78, 1.11-2.43; P=0.000). Abortions did not affect the incidence of female T2DM, and there was no correlation between the cumulative level of estrogen (menarche age, menopause age, childbearing years) and female T2DM. In addition, lactation was a better protective factor for women from T2DM, and may reduced the risk of female T2DM by about 30% (HR=0.70, 95%CI 0.46-0.96, P=0.001). Conclusions Pregnancy and parturient times were the risk factors of T2DM in women. With the increase of pregnancy and parturient times, the risk of T2DM increased significantly; Lactation is the protective factor of female T2DM.

, correspAuthors=Dong-Hu Zhen, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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目的 探讨孕次、产次、流产、哺乳、初潮年龄、绝经年龄、生育年限等生殖因素与女性2型糖尿病(T2DM)发病风险之间的关系。方法 采用队列研究REACTION研究中兰州地区的资料,于2011年5月开始对兰州市天庆嘉园社区、张广社区和五泉山社区三个社区年龄为40~75岁的女性居民进行流行病学调查,通过调查问卷确定生殖史、月经史。纳入调查资料完整的7094名女性,其中基线糖耐量正常2963名,随访5年内结局事件T2DM的发生情况;采用logistic回归分析和Cox风险回归模型探讨生殖因素与女性T2DM发病风险的关系。结果 较高孕次、产次女性T2DM的发病风险明显增加,尤其是孕次、产次超过3次时,T2DM发病风险增加约1.6倍,且产次对女性T2DM的影响更明显(孕次2、3、≥4次的HR分别为1.08、1.26、1.60,95%CI分别为0.68~1.72、1.07~1.99、1.01~2.45,P=0.000;产次2、3、≥4次的HR分别为1.21、1.60、1.65,95%CI分别为1.08~1.69、1.09~2.78、1.11~2.43,P=0.000)。是否流产并不影响女性T2DM的发病情况,雌激素累积水平(初潮年龄、绝经年龄、生育年限)与女性T2DM也无相关性。哺乳是女性T2DM较好的保护因素,母乳喂养女性T2DM的发病风险降低约30%(HR=0.70,95%CI 0.46~0.96,P=0.001)。结论 孕次、产次是女性T2DM的危险因素,随着孕次、产次增加,T2DM发病风险明显增高;而哺乳是女性T2DM的保护因素,可降低女性T2DM的发病风险。

, correspAuthors=甄东户, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
甄东户,E-mail:
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郭梦然,硕士研究生,主要从事糖尿病及其并发症方面的研究

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郭梦然,硕士研究生,主要从事糖尿病及其并发症方面的研究

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郭梦然,硕士研究生,主要从事糖尿病及其并发症方面的研究

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Baseline characteristics of female with different glucose metabolism

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目NGT组(n=3476)IGR组(n=2232)T2DM组(n=1386)P
年龄(岁,$\bar{x}±s$)55.11±8.0158.83±8.18(1)61.38±8.00(1)(2)0.000
FPG(mmol/L,$\bar{x}±s$)5.12±0.505.78±0.60(1)7.92±2.49(1)(2)0.000
2 hPG(mmol/L,$\bar{x}±s$)6.04±1.068.73±1.24(1)20.10±10.02(1)(2)0.000
HbA1c(%,$\bar{x}±s$)5.76±0.396.00±0.44(1)7.18±1.59(1)(2)0.000
心率(次/min,$\bar{x}±s$)77.00±10.3078.69±11.00(1)80.81±11.53(1)0.001
DBP(mmHg,$\bar{x}±s$)74.01±9.9876.02±10.23(1)76.64±10.22(1)(2)0.000
SBP(mmHg,$\bar{x}±s$)123.02±18.12129.40±18.97(1)135.50±20.15(1)(2)0.002
BMI(kg/m2,$\bar{x}±s$)23.44±3.2224.60±3.31(1)24.88±3.56(1)(2)0.000
WHR($\bar{x}±s$)0.85±0.070.86±0.06(1)0.87±0.06(1)(2)0.000
TC(mmol/L,$\bar{x}±s$)4.56±1.034.72±1.06(1)4.78±1.16(1)(2)0.001
TG(mmol/L,$\bar{x}±s$)1.52±0.911.91±1.21(1)2.14±1.42(1)(2)0.003
LDL-C(mmol/L,$\bar{x}±s$)2.56±0.782.64±0.78(1)2.66±0.82(1)(2)0.000
HDL-C(mmol/L,$\bar{x}±s$)1.31±0.311.25±0.31(1)1.21±0.19(1)0.000
AST(U/L,$\bar{x}±s$)22.05±9.8023.52±12.3323.63±12.850.051
ALT(U/L,$\bar{x}±s$)17.07±11.0018.82±16.7119.16±14.000.060
25(OH)D3(ng/ml,$\bar{x}±s$)39.94±16.0238.56±18.93(1)38.50±20.38(1)0.001
巨大胎儿史[例(%)]178(5.1)133(5.9)111(8.0)0.100
已婚[例(%)]3075(88.5)1742(77.9)1078(79.7)0.310
大专及以上教育水平[例(%)]469(13.5)239(10.7)(1)124(9.0)(1)(2)0.002
糖尿病家族史[例(%)]407(11.7)421(18.8)(1)303(21.9)(1)(2)0.000
高血压病史[例(%)]494(14.2)540(24.2)(1)512(37.0)(1)(2)0.000
高脂血症[例(%)]247(7.1)222(9.9)(1)231(16.7)(1)(2)0.000
肿瘤病史[例(%)]45(1.3)31(1.4)19(1.4)0.150
经常打鼾[例(%)]567(16.3)476(21.3)332(24.0)0.050
吸烟史[例(%)]37(1.1)20(0.9)8(0.6)0.975
饮酒史[例(%)]610(17.5)273(12.2)140(10.1)0.388
初潮年龄(岁,$\bar{x}±s$)15.02±2.0715.17±2.0315.30±4.260.103
绝经年龄(岁,$\bar{x}±s$)48.75±4.2348.79±4.4248.92±4.380.110
生育年限(年,$\bar{x}±s$)31.26±3.0131.22±2.9831.33±3.050.106
孕次(次,$\bar{x}±s$)2.72±1.352.97±1.48(1)3.25±1.54(1)(2)0.000
流产(次,$\bar{x}±s$)1.20±1.091.18±1.151.13±1.100.153
产次(次,$\bar{x}±s$)1.55±0.931.83±1.09(1)2.15±1.20(1)(2)0.000
母乳喂养[例(%)]2920(84.0)1779(79.6)(1)1082(78.3)(1)(2)0.000
), ArticleFig(id=1208518771787043449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208518762563768609, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同糖代谢女性人群的基线特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目NGT组(n=3476)IGR组(n=2232)T2DM组(n=1386)P
年龄(岁,$\bar{x}±s$)55.11±8.0158.83±8.18(1)61.38±8.00(1)(2)0.000
FPG(mmol/L,$\bar{x}±s$)5.12±0.505.78±0.60(1)7.92±2.49(1)(2)0.000
2 hPG(mmol/L,$\bar{x}±s$)6.04±1.068.73±1.24(1)20.10±10.02(1)(2)0.000
HbA1c(%,$\bar{x}±s$)5.76±0.396.00±0.44(1)7.18±1.59(1)(2)0.000
心率(次/min,$\bar{x}±s$)77.00±10.3078.69±11.00(1)80.81±11.53(1)0.001
DBP(mmHg,$\bar{x}±s$)74.01±9.9876.02±10.23(1)76.64±10.22(1)(2)0.000
SBP(mmHg,$\bar{x}±s$)123.02±18.12129.40±18.97(1)135.50±20.15(1)(2)0.002
BMI(kg/m2,$\bar{x}±s$)23.44±3.2224.60±3.31(1)24.88±3.56(1)(2)0.000
WHR($\bar{x}±s$)0.85±0.070.86±0.06(1)0.87±0.06(1)(2)0.000
TC(mmol/L,$\bar{x}±s$)4.56±1.034.72±1.06(1)4.78±1.16(1)(2)0.001
TG(mmol/L,$\bar{x}±s$)1.52±0.911.91±1.21(1)2.14±1.42(1)(2)0.003
LDL-C(mmol/L,$\bar{x}±s$)2.56±0.782.64±0.78(1)2.66±0.82(1)(2)0.000
HDL-C(mmol/L,$\bar{x}±s$)1.31±0.311.25±0.31(1)1.21±0.19(1)0.000
AST(U/L,$\bar{x}±s$)22.05±9.8023.52±12.3323.63±12.850.051
ALT(U/L,$\bar{x}±s$)17.07±11.0018.82±16.7119.16±14.000.060
25(OH)D3(ng/ml,$\bar{x}±s$)39.94±16.0238.56±18.93(1)38.50±20.38(1)0.001
巨大胎儿史[例(%)]178(5.1)133(5.9)111(8.0)0.100
已婚[例(%)]3075(88.5)1742(77.9)1078(79.7)0.310
大专及以上教育水平[例(%)]469(13.5)239(10.7)(1)124(9.0)(1)(2)0.002
糖尿病家族史[例(%)]407(11.7)421(18.8)(1)303(21.9)(1)(2)0.000
高血压病史[例(%)]494(14.2)540(24.2)(1)512(37.0)(1)(2)0.000
高脂血症[例(%)]247(7.1)222(9.9)(1)231(16.7)(1)(2)0.000
肿瘤病史[例(%)]45(1.3)31(1.4)19(1.4)0.150
经常打鼾[例(%)]567(16.3)476(21.3)332(24.0)0.050
吸烟史[例(%)]37(1.1)20(0.9)8(0.6)0.975
饮酒史[例(%)]610(17.5)273(12.2)140(10.1)0.388
初潮年龄(岁,$\bar{x}±s$)15.02±2.0715.17±2.0315.30±4.260.103
绝经年龄(岁,$\bar{x}±s$)48.75±4.2348.79±4.4248.92±4.380.110
生育年限(年,$\bar{x}±s$)31.26±3.0131.22±2.9831.33±3.050.106
孕次(次,$\bar{x}±s$)2.72±1.352.97±1.48(1)3.25±1.54(1)(2)0.000
流产(次,$\bar{x}±s$)1.20±1.091.18±1.151.13±1.100.153
产次(次,$\bar{x}±s$)1.55±0.931.83±1.09(1)2.15±1.20(1)(2)0.000
母乳喂养[例(%)]2920(84.0)1779(79.6)(1)1082(78.3)(1)(2)0.000
), ArticleFig(id=1208518771887706747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208518762563768609, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Prevalence of T2DM in women with di ff erent reproductive factors (%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生殖因素T2DM患病率P
总体19.5(1386/7094)
孕次(次) 0.000
 ≤114.9(298/2005)
 215.5(165/1067)
 319.2(382/1986)
 ≥426.6(541/2036)
产次(次) 0.000
 ≤113.4(520/3884)
 222.5(402/1789)
 330.9(272/879)
 ≥435.4(192/542)
初潮年龄(岁) 0.063
 ≤1418.9(564/2988)
 1519.9(218/1095)
 1618.7(244/1302)
 ≥1721.1(360/1709)
绝经年龄(岁) 0.086
 ≤4722.0(338/1537)
 47~5017.1(671/3927)
 50~5220.7(153/740)
 >5225.2(224/890)
生育年限(年) 0.196
 ≤3121.9(359/1638)
 31~3417.1(367/2150)
 34~3618.3(316/1726)
 <3621.8(344/1580)
流产 0.055
 21.1(457/2166)
 18.9(929/4928)
哺乳 0.002
 16.1(193/1202)
 20.2(1193/5892) 
), ArticleFig(id=1208518771971592829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208518762563768609, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同生殖因素下女性T2DM的患病率(%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生殖因素T2DM患病率P
总体19.5(1386/7094)
孕次(次) 0.000
 ≤114.9(298/2005)
 215.5(165/1067)
 319.2(382/1986)
 ≥426.6(541/2036)
产次(次) 0.000
 ≤113.4(520/3884)
 222.5(402/1789)
 330.9(272/879)
 ≥435.4(192/542)
初潮年龄(岁) 0.063
 ≤1418.9(564/2988)
 1519.9(218/1095)
 1618.7(244/1302)
 ≥1721.1(360/1709)
绝经年龄(岁) 0.086
 ≤4722.0(338/1537)
 47~5017.1(671/3927)
 50~5220.7(153/740)
 >5225.2(224/890)
生育年限(年) 0.196
 ≤3121.9(359/1638)
 31~3417.1(367/2150)
 34~3618.3(316/1726)
 <3621.8(344/1580)
流产 0.055
 21.1(457/2166)
 18.9(929/4928)
哺乳 0.002
 16.1(193/1202)
 20.2(1193/5892) 
), ArticleFig(id=1208518772055478911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208518762563768609, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Logistic regression analysis of the risk of T2DM in women

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量模型1模型2模型3
OR95%CIPOR95%CIPOR95%CIP
孕次(次)  0.003  0.027  0.034
 ≤11.00  1.00  1.00
 21.020.63~1.64 1.020.62~1.68 1.011.01~1.58
 31.321.08~2.12 1.301.08~2.18 1.251.07~2.02
 ≥41.891.19~2.98 1.731.07~2.82 1.641.02~2.64
产次(次)  0.000  0.005  0.008
 ≤11.00  1.00  1.00
 21.371.09~1.95 1.261.08~1.79 1.181.08~1.69
 32.081.15~3.75 1.811.09~2.31 1.701.04~2.47
 ≥42.511.68~3.77 2.011.32~3.09 1.931.28~2.14
哺乳  0.048  0.040  0.041
 1.00  1.00  1.00
 0.650.53~0.82 0.680.54~0.86 0.690.56~0.99
初潮年龄(岁)  0.091  0.080  0.082
 ≤141.00  1.00  1.00
 151.010.78~1.31 0.980.66~1.40 0.990.70~1.41
 161.070.83~1.41 1.040.80~1.39 1.030.83~1.42
 ≥171.020.79~1.29 1.020.78~1.26 1.010.70~1.26
绝经年龄(岁)  0.103  0.090  0.091
 ≤471.050.77~1.65 1.030.70~1.55 0.990.65~1.55
 47~500.930.67~1.28 0.930.65~1.23 0.920.65~1.30
 50~520.980.76~1.39 0.980.70~1.30 0.960.69~1.41
 <521.00  1.00  1.00
生育年限(年)  0.086  0.090  0.085
 ≤310.940.54~1.34 0.900.48~1.26 0.920.51~1.22
 31~340.930.65~1.32 0.930.60~1.30 0.900.50~1.25
 34~360.990.67~1.38 1.000.70~1.36 0.990.66~1.33
 >361.00  1.00  1.00
流产  0.130  0.100  0.100
 1.100.94~1.29 1.080.90~1.30 1.020.86~1.15
 1.00  1.00  1.00  
), ArticleFig(id=1208518772139364993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208518762563768609, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

女性T2DM患病风险的logistic回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量模型1模型2模型3
OR95%CIPOR95%CIPOR95%CIP
孕次(次)  0.003  0.027  0.034
 ≤11.00  1.00  1.00
 21.020.63~1.64 1.020.62~1.68 1.011.01~1.58
 31.321.08~2.12 1.301.08~2.18 1.251.07~2.02
 ≥41.891.19~2.98 1.731.07~2.82 1.641.02~2.64
产次(次)  0.000  0.005  0.008
 ≤11.00  1.00  1.00
 21.371.09~1.95 1.261.08~1.79 1.181.08~1.69
 32.081.15~3.75 1.811.09~2.31 1.701.04~2.47
 ≥42.511.68~3.77 2.011.32~3.09 1.931.28~2.14
哺乳  0.048  0.040  0.041
 1.00  1.00  1.00
 0.650.53~0.82 0.680.54~0.86 0.690.56~0.99
初潮年龄(岁)  0.091  0.080  0.082
 ≤141.00  1.00  1.00
 151.010.78~1.31 0.980.66~1.40 0.990.70~1.41
 161.070.83~1.41 1.040.80~1.39 1.030.83~1.42
 ≥171.020.79~1.29 1.020.78~1.26 1.010.70~1.26
绝经年龄(岁)  0.103  0.090  0.091
 ≤471.050.77~1.65 1.030.70~1.55 0.990.65~1.55
 47~500.930.67~1.28 0.930.65~1.23 0.920.65~1.30
 50~520.980.76~1.39 0.980.70~1.30 0.960.69~1.41
 <521.00  1.00  1.00
生育年限(年)  0.086  0.090  0.085
 ≤310.940.54~1.34 0.900.48~1.26 0.920.51~1.22
 31~340.930.65~1.32 0.930.60~1.30 0.900.50~1.25
 34~360.990.67~1.38 1.000.70~1.36 0.990.66~1.33
 >361.00  1.00  1.00
流产  0.130  0.100  0.100
 1.100.94~1.29 1.080.90~1.30 1.020.86~1.15
 1.00  1.00  1.00  
), ArticleFig(id=1208518772223251075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208518762563768609, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Cumulative incidence rate of T2DM in women after follow-up (%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生殖因素T2DM累积发病率P
 总体7.0(208/2963)
孕次(次) 0.004
 ≤15.5(27/492)
 25.6(53/948)
 37.1(58/814)
 ≥49.9(70/709)
产次(次) 0.000
 ≤15.7(108/1963)
 27.6(49/644)
 311.1(15/135)
 ≥413.1(36/276)
初潮年龄(岁) 0.063
 ≤146.5(85/1311)
 156.4(31/486)
 167.6(39/515)
 ≥178.1(53/651)
绝经年龄(岁) 0.086
 ≤476.5(68/1046)
 47~506.4(78/1223)
 50~528.6(30/349)
 >529.3(32/345)
生育年限(年) 0.196
 ≤317.1(56/785)
 31~346.2(62/994)
 34~367.2(42/580)
 >367.9(48/604)
流产 0.055
 7.1(150/2110)
 6.8(58/853)
哺乳 0.047
 5.0(26/524)
 7.4(182/2439)
), ArticleFig(id=1208518772294554245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208518762563768609, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

随访女性的T2DM累积发病率(%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生殖因素T2DM累积发病率P
 总体7.0(208/2963)
孕次(次) 0.004
 ≤15.5(27/492)
 25.6(53/948)
 37.1(58/814)
 ≥49.9(70/709)
产次(次) 0.000
 ≤15.7(108/1963)
 27.6(49/644)
 311.1(15/135)
 ≥413.1(36/276)
初潮年龄(岁) 0.063
 ≤146.5(85/1311)
 156.4(31/486)
 167.6(39/515)
 ≥178.1(53/651)
绝经年龄(岁) 0.086
 ≤476.5(68/1046)
 47~506.4(78/1223)
 50~528.6(30/349)
 >529.3(32/345)
生育年限(年) 0.196
 ≤317.1(56/785)
 31~346.2(62/994)
 34~367.2(42/580)
 >367.9(48/604)
流产 0.055
 7.1(150/2110)
 6.8(58/853)
哺乳 0.047
 5.0(26/524)
 7.4(182/2439)
), ArticleFig(id=1208518772374246022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208518762563768609, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Cox regression analysis of T2DM morbidity risk in women

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量模型1模型2模型3
HR95%CIPHR95%CIPHR95%CIP
孕次(次)  0.023  0.001  0.000
 ≤11.00  1.0  1.0
 21.120.70~1.78 1.080.68~1.74 1.080.68~1.72
 31.351.08~2.14 1.321.08~2.10 1.261.07~1.99
 ≥41.781.14~2.78 1.681.06~2.56 1.601.01~2.45
产次(次)  0.004  0.003  0.000
 ≤11.00  1.00  1.00
 21.321.09~1.85 1.301.09~1.83 1.211.08~1.69
 31.791.03~3.13 1.741.06~3.23 1.601.09~2.78
 ≥41.971.34~2.89 1.901.29~2.81 1.651.11~2.43
哺乳0.028  0.000  0.001
 1.00  1.00  1.00
 0.640.42~0.97 0.660.43~0.98 0.700.46~0.96
初潮年龄(岁)  0.066  0.071  0.070
 ≤141.00  1.00  1.00
 150.950.63~1.43 0.940.60~1.44 0.930.62~1.30
 161.040.68~1.57 1.040.66~1.57 1.000.58~1.51
 ≥171.060.66~1.61 1.020.60~1.53 1.010.60~1.55
绝经年龄(岁)  0.061  0.066  0.074
 ≤471.010.73~1.40 0.980.62~1.45 0.990.62~1.46
 47~501.040.76~1.56 1.020.66~1.50 0.990.65~1.49
 50~521.010.74~1.68 0.960.70~1.62 0.960.69~1.54
 >521.00  1.00  1.00
生育年限(岁)  0.070  0.083  0.080
 ≤310.990.65~1.30 0.990.62~1.33 0.960.57~1.29
 31~340.980.65~1.39 0.960.60~1.30 0.960.62~1.26
 34~361.020.66~1.34 1.010.66~1.31 0.990.65~1.29
 >361.00  1.00  1.00
流产
 1.040.84~1.550.0851.020.79~1.500.0671.020.81~1.520.080
 1.00  1.00  1.00  
), ArticleFig(id=1208518772462326407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208518762563768609, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

女性T2DM发病风险的Cox回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量模型1模型2模型3
HR95%CIPHR95%CIPHR95%CIP
孕次(次)  0.023  0.001  0.000
 ≤11.00  1.0  1.0
 21.120.70~1.78 1.080.68~1.74 1.080.68~1.72
 31.351.08~2.14 1.321.08~2.10 1.261.07~1.99
 ≥41.781.14~2.78 1.681.06~2.56 1.601.01~2.45
产次(次)  0.004  0.003  0.000
 ≤11.00  1.00  1.00
 21.321.09~1.85 1.301.09~1.83 1.211.08~1.69
 31.791.03~3.13 1.741.06~3.23 1.601.09~2.78
 ≥41.971.34~2.89 1.901.29~2.81 1.651.11~2.43
哺乳0.028  0.000  0.001
 1.00  1.00  1.00
 0.640.42~0.97 0.660.43~0.98 0.700.46~0.96
初潮年龄(岁)  0.066  0.071  0.070
 ≤141.00  1.00  1.00
 150.950.63~1.43 0.940.60~1.44 0.930.62~1.30
 161.040.68~1.57 1.040.66~1.57 1.000.58~1.51
 ≥171.060.66~1.61 1.020.60~1.53 1.010.60~1.55
绝经年龄(岁)  0.061  0.066  0.074
 ≤471.010.73~1.40 0.980.62~1.45 0.990.62~1.46
 47~501.040.76~1.56 1.020.66~1.50 0.990.65~1.49
 50~521.010.74~1.68 0.960.70~1.62 0.960.69~1.54
 >521.00  1.00  1.00
生育年限(岁)  0.070  0.083  0.080
 ≤310.990.65~1.30 0.990.62~1.33 0.960.57~1.29
 31~340.980.65~1.39 0.960.60~1.30 0.960.62~1.26
 34~361.020.66~1.34 1.010.66~1.31 0.990.65~1.29
 >361.00  1.00  1.00
流产
 1.040.84~1.550.0851.020.79~1.500.0671.020.81~1.520.080
 1.00  1.00  1.00  
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生殖因素与女性2型糖尿病发病风险的队列研究
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郭梦然 1, 2 , 汤旭磊 2 , 车红霞 3 , 关聪会 2 , 赵楠 2 , 傅松波 2 , 刘丽娟 2 , 闵行 1, 2 , 叶月 1, 2 , 许晓双 1, 2 , 甄东户 2, *
解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2021,46(12): 1196-1204
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解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2021, 46(12): 1196-1204
生殖因素与女性2型糖尿病发病风险的队列研究
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郭梦然1, 2, 汤旭磊2, 车红霞3, 关聪会2, 赵楠2, 傅松波2, 刘丽娟2, 闵行1, 2, 叶月1, 2, 许晓双1, 2, 甄东户2, *
作者信息
  • 1兰州大学第一临床医学院,兰州 730030
  • 2兰州大学第一医院内分泌科,兰州 730030
  • 3甘肃省第三人民医院内分泌科,兰州 730030
  • 郭梦然,硕士研究生,主要从事糖尿病及其并发症方面的研究

通讯作者:

甄东户,E-mail:
Cohort study on reproductive factors and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women
Meng-Ran Guo1, 2, Xu-Lei Tang2, Hong-Xia Che3, Cong-Hui Guan2, Nan Zhao2, Song-Bo Fu2, Li-Juan Liu2, Hang Min1, 2, Yue Ye1, 2, Xiao-Shuang Xu1, 2, Dong-Hu Zhen2, *
Affiliations
  • 1The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
  • 2Department of Endocrinology, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
  • 3Department of Endocrinology, the Third People's Hospital of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730030, China
出版时间: 2021-12-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.12.05
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目的 探讨孕次、产次、流产、哺乳、初潮年龄、绝经年龄、生育年限等生殖因素与女性2型糖尿病(T2DM)发病风险之间的关系。方法 采用队列研究REACTION研究中兰州地区的资料,于2011年5月开始对兰州市天庆嘉园社区、张广社区和五泉山社区三个社区年龄为40~75岁的女性居民进行流行病学调查,通过调查问卷确定生殖史、月经史。纳入调查资料完整的7094名女性,其中基线糖耐量正常2963名,随访5年内结局事件T2DM的发生情况;采用logistic回归分析和Cox风险回归模型探讨生殖因素与女性T2DM发病风险的关系。结果 较高孕次、产次女性T2DM的发病风险明显增加,尤其是孕次、产次超过3次时,T2DM发病风险增加约1.6倍,且产次对女性T2DM的影响更明显(孕次2、3、≥4次的HR分别为1.08、1.26、1.60,95%CI分别为0.68~1.72、1.07~1.99、1.01~2.45,P=0.000;产次2、3、≥4次的HR分别为1.21、1.60、1.65,95%CI分别为1.08~1.69、1.09~2.78、1.11~2.43,P=0.000)。是否流产并不影响女性T2DM的发病情况,雌激素累积水平(初潮年龄、绝经年龄、生育年限)与女性T2DM也无相关性。哺乳是女性T2DM较好的保护因素,母乳喂养女性T2DM的发病风险降低约30%(HR=0.70,95%CI 0.46~0.96,P=0.001)。结论 孕次、产次是女性T2DM的危险因素,随着孕次、产次增加,T2DM发病风险明显增高;而哺乳是女性T2DM的保护因素,可降低女性T2DM的发病风险。

糖尿病,2型  /  孕次  /  产次  /  流产  /  哺乳  /  女性  /  队列研究

Objective To explore the relationship between the reproductive factors (such as the number of pregnancy,number of birth, abortion, lactation, menarche age, menopausal age and childbearing years) and female type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM). Methods Based on the data of cohort study REACTION in Lanzhou, an epidemiological investigation was performed among residents aged 40-75 years in Tianqingjiayuan, Zhangguang and Wuquanshan communities of Lanzhou City in May 2011.Reproductive history and menstrual history were determined by questionnaire. A total of 7094 women were with complete investigation data, including 2963 with normal baseline glucose tolerance who were followed up for 5 years for the occurrence of outcome event T2DM; Logistic regression and Cox risk regression analysis were employed to explore the relation between reproductive related factors and female T2DM. Results The risk of T2DM obviously increased in women with more gestational number and parturient times, especially when the gestational number and parturient times were more than 3, the risk of T2DM increased about 1.6 times, and the impact of parturient times was more significant on female T2DM (Pregnancy number 2, 3, ≥4, HR: 1.08, 1.26, 1.60; 95%CI 0.68-1.72, 1.07-1.99, 1.01-2.45; P=0.000. Parturient times 2, 3, ≥4, HR: 1.21, 1.60, 1.65; 95%CI 1.08-1.69, 1.09-2.78, 1.11-2.43; P=0.000). Abortions did not affect the incidence of female T2DM, and there was no correlation between the cumulative level of estrogen (menarche age, menopause age, childbearing years) and female T2DM. In addition, lactation was a better protective factor for women from T2DM, and may reduced the risk of female T2DM by about 30% (HR=0.70, 95%CI 0.46-0.96, P=0.001). Conclusions Pregnancy and parturient times were the risk factors of T2DM in women. With the increase of pregnancy and parturient times, the risk of T2DM increased significantly; Lactation is the protective factor of female T2DM.

diabetes mellitus, type 2  /  pregnancy  /  parity  /  abortions  /  lactation  /  female  /  cohort study
郭梦然, 汤旭磊, 车红霞, 关聪会, 赵楠, 傅松波, 刘丽娟, 闵行, 叶月, 许晓双, 甄东户. 生殖因素与女性2型糖尿病发病风险的队列研究. 解放军医学杂志, 2021 , 46 (12) : 1196 -1204 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.12.05
Meng-Ran Guo, Xu-Lei Tang, Hong-Xia Che, Cong-Hui Guan, Nan Zhao, Song-Bo Fu, Li-Juan Liu, Hang Min, Yue Ye, Xiao-Shuang Xu, Dong-Hu Zhen. Cohort study on reproductive factors and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2021 , 46 (12) : 1196 -1204 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.12.05
最新的流行病学调查数据显示,我国2型糖尿病(T2DM)的患病率为11.2%[1]。其中,女性患病率从2013年的9.6%上升至2017年的10.3%[2-3]。有研究显示,生殖相关因素(孕次、产次、流产、哺乳、初潮年龄、绝经年龄、生育年限)对女性T2DM的影响并不一致[4]。许多研究表明,随着孕次、产次和流产次数的增加,女性T2DM的患病风险逐渐增高[5-6];但也有研究发现,孕次、产次和流产与T2DM并无相关性[7]。哺乳和雌激素相关因素(初潮年龄、绝经年龄、生育年限)与T2DM的关系尚存在争议[8-11]。大部分研究并未全面评估生殖相关因素对T2DM的影响[12],且多为横断面研究,针对中国人群的研究资料则更少。为了进一步明确生殖相关因素对女性T2DM的影响,本研究对兰州市年龄40~75岁的社区居民进行流行病学调查,共纳入7094名女性参与队列研究,探讨生殖相关因素与女性T2DM之间的相关性;进一步通过平均3.3年的随访,研究糖耐量正常(NGT)女性在随访时间内的T2DM累积发病率,并明确生殖相关因素与女性T2DM发病之间的关系。
本研究采用《中国糖尿病患者肿瘤发生风险的流行病学研究》(REACTION研究)中兰州地区的调查资料,于2011年5月开始对兰州市天庆嘉园社区、张广社区和五泉山社区三个社区年龄为40~75岁的居民进行流行病学调查。共纳入7094名女性参与队列研究,并于2014—2016年对2963名NGT女性进行随访调查。纳入标准:(1)参加了2011年基线调查的女性;(2)能独立完成问卷调查;(3)个人资料及血液生化指标资料完整。排除标准:(1)随访未提供血样;(2)生育信息提供不完整;(3)其他类型的糖尿病;(4)服用糖皮质激素、性激素等;(5)2014—2016年随访期间失访。本研究经上海交通大学瑞金医院医学伦理委员会批准[2011临伦审第(14)号]。所有参与者均签署书面知情同意书。具体纳入受试对象的流程见图1
调查问卷内容包括个人基本信息(姓名、性别、年龄、民族、籍贯、婚姻状态、教育背景)、女性生育相关信息(孕次、产次、流产、母乳喂养、初潮年龄、绝经年龄、生育年限)、生活方式(吸烟史、饮酒史、睡眠情况)及疾病史(巨大胎儿史、高血压、高脂血症、糖尿病家族史、肿瘤病史)等。
测量所有研究对象的身高(HT)、体重(WT)、腰围(WC)、臀围(HC)、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、心率等指标,并计算体重指数(BMI)及腰臀比(WHR)。
采集受检者的静脉全血,全自动生化分析仪检测空腹血糖(FBG)、负荷后2 h血糖(2 hPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、促甲状腺激素(TSH)、三碘甲腺原氨酸(T3)、甲状腺素(T4)、25-羟维生素D3[25(OH)D3]、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)等指标。
(1)糖尿病采用WHO 1999年制定的诊断标准[13];(2)高血压诊断标准[14]:SBP≥140 mmHg和(或)DBP≥90 mmHg,以及既往高血压病史;(3)高脂血症诊断标准[15]:TC≥6.22 mmol/L和(或)TG≥2.26 mmol/L和(或)LDL-C≥4.14 mmol/L和(或)HDL-C≥1.04 mmol/L;(4)糖尿病家族史定义为父母或兄弟姐妹或子女患有糖尿病。巨大胎儿史、肿瘤病史、吸烟史、饮酒史、打鼾情况定义为调查问卷中自我报告的病史。
根据FBG及2 hPG的水平,按研究对象基线糖代谢状态分为三组:NGT组(FBG<6.1 mmol/L且2 hPG<7.8 mmol/L)、糖调节受损(IGR)组(6.1 mmol/L≤FBG<7.0 mmol/L或7.8 mmol/L≤2 hPG<11.1 mmol/L)、T2DM组[FBG≥7.0 mmol/L和(或)2 hPG≥11.1 mmol/L]。孕次、产次分别定义为自我报告的怀孕次数(G)和分娩次数(P),按照≤1次、2次、3次、≥4次分为四组。初潮年龄及绝经年龄以调查问卷中自我报告为准,初潮年龄按照≤14岁、15岁、16岁及≥17岁进行分组;绝经年龄按照≤47岁、47~50岁、50~52岁、>52岁分组;生育年限为绝经年龄-初潮年龄,按照≤31年、31~34年、34~36年、>36年分组。流产、哺乳分别定义为自我报告的是否流产、是否哺乳。
最终有2963名NGT女性纳入随访研究,以第一次流行病学调查结束为随访开始,以新发T2DM和随访研究终止(2016年12月31日)为随访终点。平均随访时间为3.3年。采集受检者的静脉全血,检测FBG、2 hPG、HbA1c等指标。
本研究基线共纳入7094名女性,随访2963名NGT女性。首先对人群基本特征进行分析,然后针对基线女性人群,对生殖相关因素与女性T2DM患病风险进行logistic回归分析,以探讨影响女性T2DM患病风险的危险因素;最后,针对基线NGT人群进行随访,统计T2DM新发情况,并进行Cox风险回归分析,以探讨生殖相关因素对女性糖尿病发病风险的影响。
采用SPSS 22.0软件进行统计分析。首先,对数据进行正态性检验,结果显示均服从正态分布。计量资料以$\bar{x}±s$表示,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,进一步两两比较采用LSD-t检验;计数资料以例(%)表示,组间比较采用χ2检验;统计不同生殖因素下T2DM的患病率,采用logistic回归分析探讨孕次、产次、流产、初潮年龄、绝经年龄、生育年限和哺乳与女性T2DM患病风险的关系;统计NGT女性的T2DM累积发病率,采用多变量Cox比例风险模型探讨孕次、产次、流产、初潮年龄、绝经年龄、生育年限和哺乳等生殖因素与女性新发T2DM的相关性。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
与NGT组比较,IGR组及T2DM组女性的年龄、FBG、2 hPG、HbA1c、BMI、WHR、心率、血压、TG、TC、LDL-C均明显增高(P<0.05),而HDL-C、25(OH)D3水平均明显降低(P<0.05);与IGR组比较,T2DM组女性的年龄、FBG、2 hPG、HbA1c、BMI、WHR、血压、TG、TC、LDL-C均明显增高(P<0.05),而心率、HDL-C、25(OH)D3两组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。与NGT组比较,IGR组及T2DM组女性的教育水平低、糖尿病家族史比例高、高血压病史及高血脂症比例高(P<0.05);与IGR组比较,T2DM组女性也表现出教育水平低、糖尿病家族史比例高、高血压病史及高血脂症比例高(P<0.05)。与NGT组比较,IGR组及T2DM组女性的孕次、产次均明显增多(P<0.05),哺乳比例较低(P<0.05),而流产次数、初潮年龄、绝经年龄等差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);与IGR组比较,T2DM组女性孕次、产次更多(P<0.05),哺乳比例较低(P<0.05),而流产次数、初潮年龄、绝经年龄等差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)(表1)。
女性总体T2DM患病率为19.5%(1386/7094)。随着孕次、产次的增加,T2DM患病率不断增高,当孕次、产次≥4次时,女性糖尿病患病率均明显增高(P=0.000);哺乳女性糖尿病患病率明显低于非哺乳女性(P=0.002)。不同初潮年龄、绝经年龄、生育年限及有无流产的女性T2DM患病率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)(表2)。
Logistic回归分析结果显示:(1)模型1,未调整任何混杂因素时,怀孕次数为3次时,T2DM患病风险增加约30%(OR=1.32,95%CI 1.08~2.12,P=0.003),孕次≥4次时,T2DM患病风险增加约0.89倍(OR=1.89,95%CI 1.19~2.98,P=0.003);产次为2次时,T2DM患病风险增加约30%(OR=1.37,95%CI 1.09~1.95,P=0.000),产次为3次或≥4次时,T2DM患病风险增加1倍以上(OR=2.08、2.51,95%CI 1.15~3.75、1.68~3.77,P=0.000);哺乳可降低T2DM的患病风险(OR=0.65,95%CI 0.53~0.82,P=0.048);流产、初潮年龄、绝经年龄、生育年限并不影响女性T2DM的患病风险。(2)模型2,调整年龄、文化程度、糖尿病家族史、吸烟史、饮酒史、睡眠状况后,随着孕次、产次的增加,T2DM的患病风险增加(孕次:P=0.027;产次P=0.005)。(3)模型3,调整年龄、高血压、高脂血症、BMI、WHR、文化程度、糖尿病家族史、吸烟史、饮酒史、睡眠状况后,随着孕次、产次的增加,T2DM的患病风险增加(孕次:P=0.034;产次P=0.008),而哺乳可使T2DM的患病风险降低约30%(OR=0.69,95%CI 0.56~0.99,P=0.041)(表3)。
女性总体T2DM累积发病率为7.0%(208/2963)。随着孕次、产次的增加,T2DM累积发病率明显增高(孕次:P=0.004;产次:P=0.000);哺乳女性T2DM累积发病率明显低于非哺乳女性(P=0.047)。不同初潮年龄、绝经年龄、生育年限及有无流产的女性T2DM累积发病率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)(表4)。
以随访结束时新发T2DM为因变量,不同生殖相关因素为自变量,调整混杂因素后构建多因素Cox比例风险回归模型。结果显示,未调整任何混杂因素时,与孕次≤1次比较,孕次为2、3、≥4次的T2DM发病风险分别增加12%、35%、78%(HR分别为1.12、1.35、1.78,95%CI分别为0.70~1.78、1.08~2.14、1.14~2.78,P=0.023),与产次≤1次比较,产次为2、3、≥4次的T2DM发病风险分别增加32%、79%、97%(HR分别为1.32、1.79、1.97,95%CI分别为1.09~1.85、1.03~3.13、1.34~2.89,P=0.004);与非哺乳女性比较,哺乳女性的T2DM发病风险可降低36%(HR=0.64,95%CI 0.42~0.97,P=0.028)。调整年龄、高血压、高脂血症、BMI、WHR、文化程度、糖尿病家族史、吸烟史、饮酒史、睡眠状况后,孕次、产次与T2DM发病风险仍然存在明显的相关性,与孕次≤1次比较,孕次≥4次的女性T2DM发病风险增加60%(孕次HR=1.60,95%CI 1.01~2.45,P=0.000),与产次≤1次比较,当产次≥3次时的女性T2DM发病风险增加60%以上(产次HR=1.65,95%CI 1.11~2.43,P=0.000);哺乳仍然是女性T2DM的保护因素,哺乳可使女性T2DM发病风险降低30%(HR=0.70,95%CI 0.46~0.96,P=0.001);而初潮年龄、绝经年龄、生育年限、是否流产与女性T2DM的发病风险无明显相关性(表5)。
有研究显示,我国湖北地区>45岁女性T2DM的患病率为18.0%[16],而本研究结果显示,兰州地区40~75岁女性T2DM总体患病率为19.5%,与上述研究结果一致。此外,本研究还发现,随着孕次、产次的增加,女性T2DM的患病风险增加,尤其是孕次、产次≥4次时,女性T2DM患病风险增加约1倍。湖北地区人群调查结果显示,产次>3次时女性的T2DM风险增加[16];在菲律宾裔美国女性、新加坡华裔妇女人群、绝经后的西班牙裔妇女人群中,均发现多产妇女的T2DM患病率明显升高[5-6,17]。一项Meta分析结果也显示,较多的胎次与T2DM风险增加明显相关[4,18]。上述研究结果与本研究一致。
为了进一步了解兰州地区女性T2DM发病情况,本研究随访了3.3年NGT女性,发现T2DM累积发病率为7%,表明兰州地区40~75岁女性糖尿病发病率处于较高水平,根据不同生殖相关因素分组后,发现随着孕次、产次的增加,女性T2DM累积发病率明显增高,尤其是≥4次时,女性T2DM发病风险分别增加78%、97%,调整混杂因素后风险仍增加约60%。本研究已证实妊娠可增加女性的代谢风险,但中断妊娠对女性代谢的影响尚存在争议。中断妊娠最常见的是人工流产和自发性流产。人工流产通常是选择性发生的,正常妊娠过程中的胰岛素水平升高及妊娠激素(包括胎盘催乳素、孕酮、雌激素等)对β细胞的作用均因流产而中断。有研究表明,有人工流产史的女性在以后的生活中罹患T2DM的风险往往较低;自发性流产为病理性的,因此,自发流产女性患T2DM的风险明显增高[19]。本研究并未发现流产与女性T2DM发病的相关性,考虑一方面与流产事件发生率较低有关,另一方面与未区分人工流产和自发流产有关。此外,本研究发现,与孕次相比,产次对女性糖尿病的影响更明显,表明在妊娠过程中激素及代谢变化的持续时间对糖尿病的影响深远。
哺乳是一种可改变的产后行为,可改善糖脂代谢,且在断奶后具有持续有利的代谢效应。有研究发现,母乳喂养时间延长与T2DM的发生率降低相关,且泌乳可通过改善葡萄糖稳态来降低年轻及中年女性患T2DM的风险[20]。本研究中NGT、IGR、T2DM人群中哺乳女性分别占84.0%、79.6%、78.3%,T2DM人群母乳喂养明显低于NGT人群;进一步分析哺乳与女性T2DM的关系发现,哺乳可使女性T2DM发病风险降低30%。有研究发现,有母乳喂养史的妊娠期糖尿病女性产后的胰岛素敏感性及β细胞功能得到明显改善[21]。因此,母乳喂养可预防产后高危女性糖尿病的发生。
初潮和绝经是女性雌激素的两个重要节点。本研究发现,初潮年龄过早、过晚,以及绝经的早发、延迟对女性T2DM的患病率并无明显影响。随访发现,初潮年龄>17岁、绝经年龄>52岁时,女性T2DM发病率(约8.0%)明显增高,Cox风险回归分析并未发现初潮年龄和绝经年龄影响女性T2DM的发病风险;而不同生育年限的女性T2DM发病率均在7.0%左右,无明显差异,生育年限的长短也并未影响女性T2DM的发病风险。有研究表明,T2DM的风险增加与更年期的早发有关[22],而持相反观点的研究发现,过早的月经初潮和较高的雌二醇水平可增加胰岛素抵抗[10]。以上观点相反的原因考虑与雌激素的双向代谢作用有关:雌激素一方面可抑制肝葡萄糖生成而导致FBG降低,另一方面也可通过抑制和延迟胰岛素释放而升高血糖水平,从而导致葡萄糖代谢的异常[23]。尽管本研究并未发现初潮年龄、绝经年龄和生育年限对女性T2DM的影响,但与初潮年龄、绝经年龄相比,生育年限能较好地反映雌激素持续时间对代谢的影响,可为将来探讨雌激素与代谢的线性关系提供新的思路。
本研究的不足之处在于:(1)随访时间相对较短,生殖因素的影响可能还未全面显现出来;(2)未将哺乳持续时间进行划分,难以进一步明确最佳哺乳持续时间对未来女性糖尿病的益处;(3)未区分流产类型,从而难以进一步明确流产对女性糖尿病发病的作用。
综上所述,本研究结果表明,孕次、产次是女性糖尿病的危险因素,随着孕次、产次的增加,尤其是产次≥4次时,T2DM的患病风险明显增加;而产后哺乳可降低女性T2DM的发病风险。本研究尚未发现流产及雌激素相关特征与女性T2DM的关系。建议积极关注经产妇未来的糖代谢风险,以期较早发现潜在的代谢问题;呼吁女性优生优育,提倡母乳喂养,这对降低女性的代谢风险具有长远的益处。
  • 国家标准化代谢性疾病管理中心专项研究基金(2018-mmczxjj-3)
  • 甘肃省自然科学基金(21JR1RA096)
  • 甘肃省内分泌疾病临床医学研究中心项目(20JR10FA667)
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2021年第46卷第12期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.12.05
  • 接收时间:2021-08-01
  • 首发时间:2025-12-18
  • 出版时间:2021-12-28
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  • 收稿日期:2021-08-01
  • 修回日期:2021-10-09
基金
National Standardized Metabolic Disease Management Center Special Research Fund(2018-mmczxjj-3)
国家标准化代谢性疾病管理中心专项研究基金(2018-mmczxjj-3)
Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province(21JR1RA096)
甘肃省自然科学基金(21JR1RA096)
Gansu Endocrine Disease Clinical Medical Research Center Project(20JR10FA667)
甘肃省内分泌疾病临床医学研究中心项目(20JR10FA667)
作者信息
    1兰州大学第一临床医学院,兰州 730030
    2兰州大学第一医院内分泌科,兰州 730030
    3甘肃省第三人民医院内分泌科,兰州 730030

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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