Article(id=1208518762005918357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1208518757253779608, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.12.01, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1634486400000, receivedDateStr=2021-10-18, revisedDate=1635436800000, revisedDateStr=2021-10-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766062926055, onlineDateStr=2025-12-18, pubDate=1640620800000, pubDateStr=2021-12-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766062926055, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766062926055, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766062926055, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1208518757253779608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2021', volume='46', issue='12', pageStart='1167', pageEnd='1267', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1766062924920, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766062998332, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208519065233125464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1208518757253779608, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208519065233125465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1208518757253779608, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1167, endPage=1173, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208518762521817778, articleId=1208518762005918357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Expert consensus to standardize the laboratory procedures and the clinical applications of intraocular virus nucleic acid testing, columnId=1190310109461971339, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Guideline and Consensus, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Virus is one of the common pathogens of intraocular infection. The testing of viral nucleic acid in the intraocular fluid currently becomes an important means for the diagnosis of the suspected intraocular virus infection. Viral nucleic acid testing for confirmed patients is also clinically valuable in adjusting the follow-up treatment regimen, determining therapeutic endpoint,and predicting therapeutic effect. To obtain stable, reliable, and effective results, sample collection of intraocular fluid and laboratory testing procedures of viral nucleic acid should be standardized. To normalize and standardize viral nucleic acid testing of intraocular fluid and to facilitate the accurate diagnosis and treatment of intraocular viral infection, we reached a consensus on the testing process and its clinical application from aspects of laboratory construction standards, specific testing procedures, standardized quality control systems, and clinical application value.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
Tao Yong, E-mail:
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病毒是常见的眼内感染病原体之一。对疑诊为眼内病毒性感染的患者进行眼内液病毒核酸检测已成为明确病因的重要手段。同时,确诊为眼内病毒性感染的患者进行眼内液病毒核酸检测,对调整后续治疗方案、判断治疗终点、预测治疗效果等具有重要意义。标准化的眼内液标本采集与实验室病毒核酸检测流程是确保检测结果稳定、可靠、有效的前提。鉴于此,中国医学装备协会眼科专业委员会眼科检验检测学组与中国中西医结合学会检验医学专业委员会眼科疾病实验诊断专家委员会的专家共同制定了《眼内液病毒核酸检测流程及临床规范化应用专家共识》,包括实验室建设标准、具体检测流程、标准化质量控制体系以及临床应用价值等方面,以期促进眼内液病毒核酸检测的规范化与标准化进程,助力眼内病毒性感染相关疾病的精准诊断与治疗。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
陶勇,E-mail:
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Guidance on the application of accreditation criteria for the medical laboratory quality and competence in the field of molecular diagnostics (revised edition): CNAS-CL36: 2012[S]. 2014., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1208518770377749485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208518762005918357, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=30, authorNames=中国合格评定国家认可委员会, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=[中国合格评定国家认可委员会. 医学实验室质量和能力认可准则在分子诊断领域的应用说明(修订版): CNAS-CL36: 2012[S]. 2014.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1208518770474218481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208518762005918357, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=31, authorNames=National Health and Family Planning Commission of China, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=National Health and Family Planning Commission of China. 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Clinical manifestations of the common viral uveitis of ophthalmology

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
疾病病原体全身表现眼部症状眼前段表现眼后段表现
疱疹病毒性前葡萄膜炎(狭义)HSV眼睑周围皮肤水泡单眼发作居多、眼红眼痛、流泪、畏光、视物模糊、眼压升高树枝状角膜炎、肉芽肿性Kp、前房炎症反应、虹膜节段性或片状萎缩玻璃体炎症反应轻微
VZV皮肤呈片状弥漫性囊泡样红疹单眼发作、眼红眼痛、流泪、畏光、视物模糊、眼压升高假树枝状角膜炎、肉芽肿性Kp、前房炎症反应较重、虹膜节段性或片状萎缩可发生玻璃体炎
急性视网膜坏死综合征HSV、VZV可有全身疱疹病毒感染表现单眼或双眼发作、急性无痛性视力下降、伴有眼压升高睫状充血、肉芽肿性Kp、前房炎症反应重度玻璃体炎、白色斑块状视网膜坏死灶从周边向中央视网膜逐渐推进、闭塞性视网膜血管病变、视盘炎症
进行性外层视网膜坏死VZV常见于重度免疫抑制患者,可有全身疱疹病毒感染表现单眼或双眼发作、急性无痛性视力下降、中心视力丧失、视野缺损前房炎症反应轻微玻璃体炎症反应轻微,后极部和中周部视网膜散在分布多个大小不一、边界模糊的深层视网膜病灶,数日内迅速融合成大片混浊区
巨细胞病毒性前葡萄膜炎CMV包括三种主要表现:
1.急性复发性伴高眼压性前葡萄膜炎(青光眼睫状体炎综合征);
2.慢性高眼压性前葡萄膜炎;
3.复发性或慢性虹膜睫状体炎、伴节段性虹膜萎缩的虹膜炎
角膜上皮水肿、羊脂状Kp、前房炎症轻微、瞳孔圆,不合并虹膜后粘连;几乎分布于全角膜后壁的弥漫、细小、星形或钱币样Kp,虹膜由于弥漫实质性萎缩,可继发虫蛀样外观和虹膜异色,通常不存在虹膜后粘连,玻璃体炎症轻微或不存在;虹膜睫状体炎,或伴有虹膜萎缩的虹膜炎,虹膜改变通常比较轻微,如瞳孔缘或斑片状虹膜萎缩、异色或瞳孔略微扩大,在有活动性炎症时,眼压通常升高,可以合并弥漫性角膜后Kp,或者角膜内皮炎所致的局限角膜水肿,通常不合并虹膜后粘连,瞳孔对光有反应
青光眼睫状体炎综合征CMV单眼发作、慢性病程、反复发作、眼压升高明显肉芽肿性Kp、前房炎症反应轻微
巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎CMV常见于重度免疫抑制患者单眼或双眼发作、急性无痛性视力下降、眼前黑影飘动、闪光感前房炎症反应轻微霜样视网膜血管炎、白色视网膜斑块状坏死灶及放射状出血呈“奶酪番茄酱样”表现
Fuchs葡萄膜炎综合征RV单眼发作居多、眼前黑影飘动、慢性视力下降角膜后弥漫分布的白色星型Kp、虹膜弥漫性萎缩、虹膜异色、晶状体后囊膜混浊玻璃体炎、视盘充血/水肿
), ArticleFig(id=1208518766275720033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208518762005918357, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

眼科常见的病毒性葡萄膜炎及其临床表现

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
疾病病原体全身表现眼部症状眼前段表现眼后段表现
疱疹病毒性前葡萄膜炎(狭义)HSV眼睑周围皮肤水泡单眼发作居多、眼红眼痛、流泪、畏光、视物模糊、眼压升高树枝状角膜炎、肉芽肿性Kp、前房炎症反应、虹膜节段性或片状萎缩玻璃体炎症反应轻微
VZV皮肤呈片状弥漫性囊泡样红疹单眼发作、眼红眼痛、流泪、畏光、视物模糊、眼压升高假树枝状角膜炎、肉芽肿性Kp、前房炎症反应较重、虹膜节段性或片状萎缩可发生玻璃体炎
急性视网膜坏死综合征HSV、VZV可有全身疱疹病毒感染表现单眼或双眼发作、急性无痛性视力下降、伴有眼压升高睫状充血、肉芽肿性Kp、前房炎症反应重度玻璃体炎、白色斑块状视网膜坏死灶从周边向中央视网膜逐渐推进、闭塞性视网膜血管病变、视盘炎症
进行性外层视网膜坏死VZV常见于重度免疫抑制患者,可有全身疱疹病毒感染表现单眼或双眼发作、急性无痛性视力下降、中心视力丧失、视野缺损前房炎症反应轻微玻璃体炎症反应轻微,后极部和中周部视网膜散在分布多个大小不一、边界模糊的深层视网膜病灶,数日内迅速融合成大片混浊区
巨细胞病毒性前葡萄膜炎CMV包括三种主要表现:
1.急性复发性伴高眼压性前葡萄膜炎(青光眼睫状体炎综合征);
2.慢性高眼压性前葡萄膜炎;
3.复发性或慢性虹膜睫状体炎、伴节段性虹膜萎缩的虹膜炎
角膜上皮水肿、羊脂状Kp、前房炎症轻微、瞳孔圆,不合并虹膜后粘连;几乎分布于全角膜后壁的弥漫、细小、星形或钱币样Kp,虹膜由于弥漫实质性萎缩,可继发虫蛀样外观和虹膜异色,通常不存在虹膜后粘连,玻璃体炎症轻微或不存在;虹膜睫状体炎,或伴有虹膜萎缩的虹膜炎,虹膜改变通常比较轻微,如瞳孔缘或斑片状虹膜萎缩、异色或瞳孔略微扩大,在有活动性炎症时,眼压通常升高,可以合并弥漫性角膜后Kp,或者角膜内皮炎所致的局限角膜水肿,通常不合并虹膜后粘连,瞳孔对光有反应
青光眼睫状体炎综合征CMV单眼发作、慢性病程、反复发作、眼压升高明显肉芽肿性Kp、前房炎症反应轻微
巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎CMV常见于重度免疫抑制患者单眼或双眼发作、急性无痛性视力下降、眼前黑影飘动、闪光感前房炎症反应轻微霜样视网膜血管炎、白色视网膜斑块状坏死灶及放射状出血呈“奶酪番茄酱样”表现
Fuchs葡萄膜炎综合征RV单眼发作居多、眼前黑影飘动、慢性视力下降角膜后弥漫分布的白色星型Kp、虹膜弥漫性萎缩、虹膜异色、晶状体后囊膜混浊玻璃体炎、视盘充血/水肿
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眼内液病毒核酸检测流程及临床规范化应用专家共识
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中国医学装备协会眼科专业委员会眼科检验检测学组 , 中国中西医结合学会检验医学专业委员会眼科疾病实验诊断专家委员会
解放军医学杂志 | 指南与共识 2021,46(12): 1167-1173
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解放军医学杂志 | 指南与共识 2021, 46(12): 1167-1173
眼内液病毒核酸检测流程及临床规范化应用专家共识
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中国医学装备协会眼科专业委员会眼科检验检测学组, 中国中西医结合学会检验医学专业委员会眼科疾病实验诊断专家委员会
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通讯作者:

陶勇,E-mail:
Expert consensus to standardize the laboratory procedures and the clinical applications of intraocular virus nucleic acid testing
The Subspecialty Group of Ophthalmic Laboratory Testing, Professional, Committee of Ophthalmology, China Association of Medical Equipment, the Expert Committee of Laboratory Diagnosis of Ocular Diseases, Laboratory Medicine Committee, Chinese Association of Integrative Medicine
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出版时间: 2021-12-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.12.01
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病毒是常见的眼内感染病原体之一。对疑诊为眼内病毒性感染的患者进行眼内液病毒核酸检测已成为明确病因的重要手段。同时,确诊为眼内病毒性感染的患者进行眼内液病毒核酸检测,对调整后续治疗方案、判断治疗终点、预测治疗效果等具有重要意义。标准化的眼内液标本采集与实验室病毒核酸检测流程是确保检测结果稳定、可靠、有效的前提。鉴于此,中国医学装备协会眼科专业委员会眼科检验检测学组与中国中西医结合学会检验医学专业委员会眼科疾病实验诊断专家委员会的专家共同制定了《眼内液病毒核酸检测流程及临床规范化应用专家共识》,包括实验室建设标准、具体检测流程、标准化质量控制体系以及临床应用价值等方面,以期促进眼内液病毒核酸检测的规范化与标准化进程,助力眼内病毒性感染相关疾病的精准诊断与治疗。

眼内液  /  病毒核酸检测  /  标本采集  /  实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应  /  室内质控  /  室间质评  /  专家共识

Virus is one of the common pathogens of intraocular infection. The testing of viral nucleic acid in the intraocular fluid currently becomes an important means for the diagnosis of the suspected intraocular virus infection. Viral nucleic acid testing for confirmed patients is also clinically valuable in adjusting the follow-up treatment regimen, determining therapeutic endpoint,and predicting therapeutic effect. To obtain stable, reliable, and effective results, sample collection of intraocular fluid and laboratory testing procedures of viral nucleic acid should be standardized. To normalize and standardize viral nucleic acid testing of intraocular fluid and to facilitate the accurate diagnosis and treatment of intraocular viral infection, we reached a consensus on the testing process and its clinical application from aspects of laboratory construction standards, specific testing procedures, standardized quality control systems, and clinical application value.

intraocular fluid  /  virus nucleic acid testing  /  sample collection  /  polymerase chain reaction, real time fluorescent quantitative  /  internal quality control  /  external quality assessment  /  expert consensus
中国医学装备协会眼科专业委员会眼科检验检测学组, 中国中西医结合学会检验医学专业委员会眼科疾病实验诊断专家委员会. 眼内液病毒核酸检测流程及临床规范化应用专家共识. 解放军医学杂志, 2021 , 46 (12) : 1167 -1173 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.12.01
The Subspecialty Group of Ophthalmic Laboratory Testing, Professional, Committee of Ophthalmology, China Association of Medical Equipment, the Expert Committee of Laboratory Diagnosis of Ocular Diseases, Laboratory Medicine Committee, Chinese Association of Integrative Medicine. Expert consensus to standardize the laboratory procedures and the clinical applications of intraocular virus nucleic acid testing[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2021 , 46 (12) : 1167 -1173 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.12.01
病毒是常见的引起眼内感染的病原体之一。目前,已知能够引起眼内感染的病毒包括疱疹病毒、人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunode fi ciency virus,HIV)、西尼罗病毒、麻疹病毒、风疹病毒及登革热病毒等[1]。病毒感染可引起眼前段炎症,如角膜内皮炎、前葡萄膜炎、青光眼睫状体炎综合征及Fuchs葡萄膜炎综合征等[2]。有研究显示,约67%对糖皮质激素治疗不敏感的前葡萄膜炎由病毒感染所致[3]。病毒感染同样能引起后葡萄膜炎,包括坏死性视网膜炎及非坏死性视网膜炎,前者又包括急性视网膜坏死、巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎及进行性外层视网膜坏死[1]等。文献报道,实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(RT-qPCR)技术检测眼内液疱疹病毒的灵敏度为80.9%~98.8%,特异度为97.4%~100.0%[4-8]。采集疑诊为病毒性葡萄膜炎患者的眼内液进行病毒核酸检测已成为明确病因及确定后续治疗方案的重要手段[4,9-14]
目前,多种检测方法已成功应用于眼内液病毒核酸检测,包括荧光定量PCR、Southern印迹杂交、多重PCR和下一代测序(next-generation sequencing,NGS)等。Kashiwagi等[15]利用Southern印迹杂交技术在HIV阳性患者的房水及视网膜下液中均检出HIV病毒。多重PCR可用于多种病原体的同时检测以及某些病原微生物、遗传病及癌基因的分型鉴定,该检测方法对眼内病原体感染的检测敏感性达98.8%,特异性达98.5%[8]。NGS技术通过对临床标本中上万甚至上亿条序列的读取来检测标本中含有的病毒,不仅能检测到未知的新病毒,还能检测病毒基因组的变异及对抗病毒药物的抗药性[16]。该技术与传统PCR对眼内病原体感染的检测符合率为87%[17]。Ai等[18]通过NGS在1例因直接接触猪的污染物而导致眼内炎的女性患者中检出假狂犬病病毒。但迄今为止,荧光定量PCR仍然是国内针对眼内液病毒核酸检测应用最广泛的技术手段。
为了建立一套标准化的眼内液病毒核酸检测流程及临床应用规范,以提供稳定、可靠、有效的检测数据,促进眼内液病毒核酸检测的规范化及标准化,助力眼内病毒性感染相关疾病的精准诊断,中国医学装备协会眼科专业委员会眼科检验检测学组与中国中西医结合学会检验医学专业委员会眼科疾病实验诊断专家委员会组织相关专家进行讨论,以荧光定量PCR方法为基础,对眼内液病毒核酸检测流程及其临床应用规范达成共识如下。
当前医疗行业已经迈入精准医学时代,精准检测作为精准医疗的一部分受到业界越来越多的关注。随着分子生物技术的进步,作为眼科精准检测内容之一的眼内液检测也取得了长足发展。目前,国内不少实验室均可开展科研层面上的眼内液检测,但涉及临床诊疗层面的眼内液检测,必须在有资质开展核酸检测的实验室进行,并对检测项目进行备案。
眼内液的检测须建立严格的管理制度、标准化的操作程序及质量管理体系,这是确保眼内液病毒核酸检测实验室生物安全及检测结果准确的前提。眼内液病毒核酸检测实验室的设置与运行应符合《医疗机构临床实验室管理办法》(卫医发[2006]73号)及修正内容(国卫办医函[2020]560号)的要求;工作制度及标准操作程序应符合《实验室生物安全通用要求》(GB19489-2008);工作原则及注意事项应符合《医疗机构临床基因扩增检验实验室管理办法》(卫办医政发[2010]194号)。实验室防护级别应符合生物安全二级实验室要求,实验人员应分区穿戴工作服、一次性医用口罩、医用帽子及单层手套(必要时需穿戴双层手套)。病毒核酸检测实验室应设置以下几个区域:试剂贮存及准备区、标本制备区、扩增区及扩增产物分析区,必要时增加标本接收与预处理区,以及报告发放区。如使用自动分析仪(扩增产物闭管检测),可将扩增区与扩增产物分析区合并。具体实验室分区应依据所使用的技术平台、检验项目及工作量而定。上述各个区域必须设置成独立空间且单一流向,做到气流、人流、物流不交叉,以防止在核酸提取及扩增等过程中发生污染[19]。实验室检测技术人员应具备相关专业大专以上学历,并有2年以上的实验室工作经验及基因检验相关培训合格证书;实验室配备的工作人员应当与所开展检测项目及标本量相适宜,以保证及时、精准地进行实验及报告解读,保证结果的准确性。
眼内液病毒核酸检测的实验技术包括眼内液标本采集、标本处理、核酸提取、上机检测等4个步骤。其中,眼内液标本采集过程由送检医师完成,标本处理由送检医师与实验室共同完成,核酸提取及上机检测在实验室内进行。
眼内液是眼球内液体的统称,主要包括房水及玻璃体液;有些病理状态下还可出现视网膜下液及脉络膜上腔积液。目前用于病毒核酸检测的眼内液标本主要包括房水及玻璃体液。规范地采集眼内液标本是确保眼内液检测结果可靠性的基础,同时也能够有效地避免发生医源性损伤及医患纠纷。在标本采集前,应向患者或其监护人介绍检测知情同意书的内容条款,在患者或监护人理解并且接受的前提下指导其签署知情同意书;同时评估是否存在操作禁忌证,如眼表活动性感染、前房极浅等。在标本采集完成后,应由标本采集人员填写检测申请单,并核对申请单上的患者基本信息、检测项目是否与实际一致,确认无误后将申请单及所采集的眼内液标本置于标本袋,并共同转运至检测实验室;若检测实验室具备完善的信息登记系统,也可通过该系统直接发送标本信息。
临床医师应把握眼内液采集的适应证。眼内液病毒核酸检测应针对临床疑诊为活动性眼内病毒感染的患者。病毒性前葡萄膜炎的临床特征包括单眼发病(多数情况下)、易复发、发病时常眼内压升高及眼后节正常。眼科检查可发现角膜从上皮至内皮的各种损害、角膜后羊脂状或色素性沉着物(keratic precipitates,Kp)及虹膜节段性或弥漫性萎缩[20]。急性视网膜坏死的临床特征包括眼内压升高、前房浮游细胞或羊脂状Kp、玻璃体炎性混浊、周边视网膜随病程进展逐渐融合的白色病灶、视网膜动脉炎及视盘充血[13]。巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎及进行性外层视网膜坏死的共同特点是好发于免疫功能低下的患者;前者发病时可见前房、玻璃体的轻微炎症,视网膜病灶可表现为黄白色坏死夹杂红色出血、颗粒样病变或霜样视网膜血管炎[21];后者的临床特征表现为进展迅速的视网膜外层坏死。表1罗列了眼科常见的病毒性葡萄膜炎及其临床表现,可帮助临床医师有效把控眼内液采集的适应证。临床医师应根据患者的病史、其他器官病毒感染情况以及眼部体征综合判断患者是否存在眼内活动性病毒感染的可能。对疑似病例进行眼内液病毒核酸检测有助于明确诊断,避免因漏诊、误诊造成角膜内皮失代偿、视网膜脱离、视神经萎缩等严重并发症的发生。一般情况下,对疑似活动性眼内病毒感染的患者,采集前房水即能满足病毒核酸检测的需要;患者存在玻璃体手术指征,如合并玻璃体积血或视网膜脱离时,也可直接在手术时采集玻璃体原液送检。同时,合适的眼内液采集时机对检测结果也非常重要,建议在眼内炎症急性发作期进行采集,避免因采集时间延后造成眼内液病毒核酸转阴,从而导致临床误诊。
在采集眼内液前,应预防性地给予局部抗菌药物;如择期进行眼内液采集,应对患眼使用含有抗菌药物的滴眼液(如妥布霉素滴眼液、氧氟沙星滴眼液等)进行点眼,每天4~6次,持续3 d;如当天进行眼内液采集,可频繁点眼6~8次[22]。前房水采集可在眼科专用治疗室或手术室内进行,玻璃体液采集需在手术室内进行。若在治疗室内进行采集操作,房间须经紫外线消毒至少30 min,应注意房间消毒期间关闭门窗;若在手术室内进行采集操作,应按照手术室要求进行日常消毒。负责眼内液采集的操作人员应使用消毒液消毒手部,戴无菌手套及手术帽。在采集眼内液前,应对患者眼周皮肤进行消毒;在治疗室内操作,建议使用含有抗菌药物的滴眼液冲洗患者结膜囊;在手术室内操作,建议使用5%聚维酮碘冲洗患者结膜囊,并按照眼科手术要求进行铺巾、贴膜、开睑器撑开眼睑。
根据医院要求及患者配合情况,可采用平躺位或于裂隙灯显微镜下坐位采集患者的前房水标本。建议在自然瞳孔大小状态下,选用25 G注射针头(相当于1 ml注射器)或针尖更细的注射针头进行前房穿刺以采集前房水。表面麻醉后,从透明角膜缘穿刺,针尖朝向偏离瞳孔区,针尖斜面朝向角膜内皮面(如5:00时钟位进针,针尖朝向7:00时钟位穿刺)。针头在角膜层间最好穿行约1 mm后进入前房,以尽量避免误伤晶状体,同时提高穿刺口自闭性;针尖进入前房后,嘱患者勿移动眼球,向外缓缓拉动注射器活塞,抽出0.05~0.1 ml前房水后拔出针尖[23];也可在穿刺前事先将注射器活塞拔出,在针尖进入前房的同时使用棉签轻压眼球,靠眼内压的作用将房水压出至针管内,以避免拉动活塞抽液操作的不稳定,从而降低误伤虹膜甚至晶体的可能。
玻璃体液标本的采集需采用微创玻璃体切割手术进行,在不具备微创玻璃体切割手术条件时,可采用传统20 G玻璃体切割系统进行采集。若判断玻璃体液化明显,可行玻璃体抽液术获取玻璃体液标本,该技术适用于60岁以上的患者。常规穿刺距角膜缘距离为3.5 mm,无晶体眼为3 mm,高度近视眼为4 mm,婴儿依据月龄而定。穿刺前,应仔细检查周边眼底(尤其是存在周边增殖的患者,如眼弓蛔虫病);必要时,可结合超声生物显微镜检查结果,避开增殖明显的部位。
建议在散大瞳孔状态下进行。患者平躺,注视前方,眼球局部麻醉后选用23 G(相当于2 ml注射器)的针头经巩膜斜行穿刺后垂直进针,约1/2针头长度(12.5 mm)进入玻璃体腔后,在显微镜下见针头位置后向外抽动注射器活塞,抽出0.3 ml玻璃体液即可拔出针头。如玻璃体液不能顺利抽出,可尝试旋转针头方向,或轻度改变针头角度及前后位置。
尽量选用27 G、25 G、23 G等微创玻璃体切割手术系统。眼球局部麻醉后经巩膜斜行穿刺后垂直进针,分别置入灌注及玻璃体切割套管。完成玻璃体原液取材前保持灌注关闭,确保没有灌注液进入玻璃体腔;在确保玻璃体切割器的管道内没有液体的情况下,旋开玻璃体切割器的管道螺旋帽,接上1 ml或2 ml注射器针管,将切割频率设置在2500次/min以上,玻璃体切割头置于玻璃体混浊明显处或视网膜病灶附近,踩动脚踏板,缓缓向外抽动注射器活塞,吸出0.3~0.5 ml玻璃体液即可。退出玻璃体切割器,打开灌注恢复眼压,用注射器抽出切割器管道内剩余标本,采集完成后拔出套管,仔细检查有无渗漏[23];也可只做1个穿刺口,在吸出标本后再插入灌注管恢复眼压。在抽动注射器活塞的过程中应缓慢均匀,避免吸力过大牵拉视网膜导致裂孔形成。
眼内液采集完毕后,应在结膜囊内使用含有抗菌药物的眼膏(如妥布霉素地塞米松眼膏、氧氟沙星眼膏等),并使用眼垫包扎。于次日打开眼垫后检查有无眼红、眼痛加剧等医源性感染征象,并使用含有抗菌药物的滴眼液点眼,每天4~6次,持续3 d。避免污水、污物等入眼。
眼内液从前房或玻璃体腔中取出后,为避免背景污染及核酸降解等,应立即从针管注入无菌无酶可密封容器内。对于脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)病毒(如疱疹病毒)的检测,若运输时间不超过72 h,可常温运输标本;若运输时间超过72 h,则需通过4 ℃以下冷链运输标本;若不能立即送检,计划在30 d以内送检的标本可置于-20 ℃环境下无菌保存,30 d以上送检的标本置于-80 ℃环境下无菌保存。长时间低温保存对DNA病毒核酸检测结果阳性率无明显影响,标本应避免反复冻融。而对于核糖核酸(RNA)病毒(如HIV、西尼罗病毒、登格病毒、风疹病毒、麻疹病毒等)的检测,标本需通过4 ℃以下冷链运输至实验室,并在48 h内完成RNA的提取[24];如预计运输时间较长,可按比例添加核糖核酸酶(RNase)抑制剂,以减少标本RNA降解,并尽快送达实验室。
实验室标本接收人员负责审核送检标本量及标本类型是否符合检测要求,以及申请单上患者信息与检测项目是否清晰可溯源。若出现眼内液标本量不足、保存条件不符合要求、标本类型与申请单填写信息不符、申请单填写不清晰或无申请单等情况,则判定该标本为不合格。对于不合格标本,若眼内液标本量不足或标本保存条件不符合要求,则通知送检医师重新取样;如无法完成重新采样,但又有检测需求,需在报告单上注明,如标本量少、对结果产生的影响等信息;若申请单填写不清晰或无申请单,则由检测实验室联系送检医师确认申请单内容。拒收不合格标本时,应填写标本拒收登记表。
对于实验室检测后的标本,若有剩余可保存以备日后复检或科研用途。若预计保存时间在1周之内,考虑到反复冻融对蛋白样品的破坏,建议于4 ℃冰箱内保存;若预计保存时间在1个月以内,可于-20 ℃冰箱内保存;若预计保存时间在1个月以上,可于-80 ℃冰箱内或液氮罐内保存。
实验室应选择国家药品监督管理局(National Medical Products Administration,NMPA)批准的试剂,试剂中标称的标本类型应包含眼内液标本。依据试剂说明书形成标准操作程序(standard operating procedure,SOP),相关处理步骤均应严格按照SOP进行操作。在用于临床检测前,应对试剂及设备的分析性能进行验证,形成性能验证报告。定量项目的性能验证应包括但不限于精密度、正确度、线性、测量和(或)可报告范围、抗干扰能力等[25]
如果NMPA批准的试剂检测标本类型中不包含眼内液,则改变商品试剂的预期用途,在用于临床检测前,应针对改变的标本类型等进行性能确认,形成性能确认报告[26-27]。经过性能确认的方法形成SOP,在临床检验过程中严格按照SOP进行。
实验结束后,用荧光定量PCR系统软件分析结果,包括标准曲线、基线、阴性及阳性质控品等,以确定当日结果是否有效。所有分析参数及质控品均“在控”时,本批次结果才有效,保存好各种操作及原始记录,并将最终结果录入检验报告发放系统,经双人审核后方可发放检验报告。
荧光定量PCR检测结果的报告方式:高于检测下限的,结果报告为定量值;未检出的,结果报告为小于检测下限;有检测值但该值低于检测下限的,结果报告为小于检测下限,但临床备注提示有病毒检出。
报告内容如下:(1)患者基本信息,如患者姓名、性别、年龄、临床信息等;(2)标本信息,如标本类型、采集时间、送检时间、报告时间、唯一编号等;(3)结果信息,如检测方法、结果单位、参考区间、检测下限等;(4)实验室信息,如实验室名称、联系方式、检测者、报告审核者等;(5)检测方法的局限性说明。
病毒核酸检测试剂及检测设备的质量对于实验结果的准确性有直接影响,因此实验室应建立试剂及关键耗材(如离心管、带滤芯的吸头)的验收程序,相应程序中应有明确的判断符合性的方法及质量标准。应该选用待检标本类型包括眼内液的试剂,如果试剂适用的标本类型不包括眼内液,则应进行性能确认。在开展临床核酸检测前,应对检测试剂及设备进行性能验证。对于不同批号、不同批次运输或更换不同厂家试剂时,应对其外包装、运输条件及存放条件进行监控,同时采用实验比对的方法对更换的试剂性能进行评价(如留样再测等),只有当比对结果可接受时方能用于临床检测。在进行样本前处理时,应在生物安全柜中规范操作,避免样本污染。
荧光定量PCR检测的性能验证内容至少应包括精密度、正确度、线性、测量和(或)可报告范围、抗干扰能力等。检测使用的关键设备应定期进行维护保养,进行年度检定/校准,包括扩增仪的温控系统及光学系统、生物安全柜、超净工作台、加样器、离心机、恒温金属浴等。
工作人员在进行检测时要严格按照PCR检测SOP进行。每批次实验均应进行室内质控,包括核酸提取及扩增在内的整个实验过程均应包含室内质控品。定量项目每批次应包括3个水平的室内质控:阴性、弱阳性及阳性[25]。质控物可以商业购买,亦可实验室自制。自制室内质控物应对其均一性及稳定性进行验证、评价和记录。
试剂规定的一些分析参数必须在有效范围内,本次实验方为有效,如某些试剂规定,病毒核酸阴性对照品扩增曲线不成S型或Ct值为UNDET(低于检测下限);阳性对照品有S型扩增曲线,Ct值在试剂规定范围内,标准曲线相关系数应≤0.98,以上要求需在同一次实验中同时满足,否则实验视为无效。
当检测结果出现假阳性或假阴性失控时,应停止本批次报告发放,立即查找原因。出现假阴性结果的主要原因包括:(1)眼内液标本中含有病毒核酸,但其含量低于最低检测限时可能无法检测到,表现为阴性的结果;(2)标本采集、保存不规范,核酸降解等;(3)反应体系或标本容器中有扩增抑制物;(4)实验室操作不规范;(5)引物设计位点发生基因突变等。出现假阳性结果的主要原因包括:(1)试剂本身存在非特异反应;(2)实验室污染,包括标本交叉污染、阳性质控污染、产物污染等,或因操作不当所致。找到失控原因并采取纠正措施后应对本批次标本进行复测,质控均在控时方可发放检验报告;同时对失控过程、原因及纠正措施进行记录存档。
原始记录是实验室出具检测报告的基本依据,也是溯源资料。因此,每次检测均应对眼内液标本的名称与编号、使用仪器设备的名称与编号、检测日期、检测方法、检测用试剂、检测结果、检测时的环境条件及检测人员信息进行详细记录。在质量体系文件中对于检测报告的编制、签发及修改进行规范,对检验报告发放时限、标本保存期限等均应进行规定。
实验室应定期参加国家临床检验中心或省级临床检验中心组织的室间质评或能力验证,没有室间质评或能力验证的项目可以与其他实验室进行室间比对。对每次室间质评或室间比对的结果进行回顾分析,对于不可接受的结果进行原因分析,落实整改措施,并记录存档。
眼内液病毒核酸检测作为一种重要的辅助诊断工具,具有较高的灵敏度及特异度,在眼内病毒性感染相关疾病的诊断中具有一定的价值,但其固有的缺陷及临床应用的局限性也不容忽视。例如,利用荧光定量PCR方法检测眼内液病毒核酸,其结果可能受到眼内液标本量较少、反应体系中存在扩增抑制物、微生物多态性等因素的影响而出现假阴性结果[29]。在眼内病毒感染的后期,由于眼内病原体被机体自身免疫系统清除或病毒载量降低至检测下限以下,也可能导致检测结果与临床诊断不符。因此,如单次病毒核酸检测结果不能判断是否为活动性病原体,临床医师应动态观察患者的眼部体征,并结合患者的病史、全身情况及其他实验室检查进行综合判断。
病毒核酸检测是眼内液检测最常涉及的项目之一,本共识涵盖了眼内液病毒核酸检测应用于临床病例的标本采集、运输、保存、检测及临床应用规范,有助于实验室进行规范化的检测,可为临床眼科医师提供精准可靠的检测数据,实现对受检患者进行针对性诊断及精准治疗的目的。随着检测技术的不断发展,眼内液病毒核酸检测流程的细节及步骤仍需不断更新及补充。实验室应与临床眼科医师就检测病例的选择、眼内液取样途径、标本送检方式及检测技术的选择等进行实时沟通,以提高实验室在眼内液病毒核酸检测方面的能力,为早日实现眼科精准检测及治疗贡献力量。
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.12.01
  • 接收时间:2021-10-18
  • 首发时间:2025-12-18
  • 出版时间:2021-12-28
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  • 收稿日期:2021-10-18
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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