Article(id=1208516102343226359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1208516099369464789, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.01.0012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1619280000000, receivedDateStr=2021-04-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1632844800000, acceptedDateStr=2021-09-29, onlineDate=1766062291942, onlineDateStr=2025-12-18, pubDate=1643299200000, pubDateStr=2022-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766062291942, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766062291942, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766062291942, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1208516099369464789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2022', volume='47', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='101', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1766062291230, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766062975431, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208518969208738485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1208516099369464789, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208518969208738486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1208516099369464789, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=12, endPage=19, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208516103958032406, articleId=1208516102343226359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Effect of combined activation of mTOR and STAT signaling pathways on axon regeneration and motor function in mice with spinal cord injury, columnId=1190310110212751762, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Basic Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the effect of AKT/mTOR and JAK/STAT pathways co-activation on axon regeneration and function recovery in C5 spinal cord injury mice. Methods Forty adult C57/BL mice were randomly divided into PTEN/SOCS3 group (injected PTEN virus and SOCS3 virus), PTEN group (injected PTEN virus), SOCS3 group (injected SOCS3 virus) and control group (injected empty control virus), 10 mice in each group. Adeno-associated-virus (AAV) were injected into the sensorimotor cortex. The activation of AKT/mTOR and JAK/STAT pathways in pyramidal neurons was detected by measuring the expression of p-S6 and p-STAT3 using immunofluorescence staining. Two weeks after injection, all the mice received C5 crush injury. Biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) tracer was used to label corticospinal tract. The horizontal ladder and cylinder rearing tests were used to assess motor function recovery at pre-injury, and one week, two weeks, four weeks and six weeks after injury. Results Immunofluorescence staining results showed that AAV successfully infected the sensorimotor cortex pyramidal neurons.The expression of p-S6 in PTEN/SOCS3 group and PTEN group were significantly increased, the fluorescence intensity of p-S6[(25.429±2.991) AU and (26.171±2.140) AU] were significantly higher than SOCS3 group and control group [(9.544±2.474) AU and (9.558±1.650) AU] (P<0.001). The expression of p-STAT3 in PTEN/SOCS3 group and SOCS3 group were obviously increased, compared with PTEN group and control group [(12.952±1.282) AU and (14.394±1.983) AU], the fluorescence intensity of p-STAT3 in PTEN/SOCS3 group and SOCS3 group [(48.900±6.310) AU and (46.721±5.169) AU] were significantly higher (P<0.001). Compared with control group, the other three groups showed obvious axon regeneration after corticospinal tract injury. The regeneration distance and number were longer and more in PTEN/SOCS3 group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between four groups in horizontal ladder and cylinder rearing tests at various time points (P>0.05). Conclusion Co-activation of AKT/mTOR and JAK/STAT pathways could improve neurons intrinsic regenerative growth capacity and successfully promote axon regeneration in adult spinal cord injury mice, but could not have better early motor function recovery.

, correspAuthors=Le-Hua Yu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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目的 探索联合激活AKT/mTOR和JAK/STAT信号通路对小鼠C5脊髓钳夹损伤后皮质脊髓束轴突再生和运动功能的影响。方法 成年C57/BL小鼠40只,随机分为磷酸酶和张力蛋白同源物(PTEN)/细胞因子信号抑制物3(SOCS3)组(注射PTEN抑制病毒和SOCS3抑制病毒)、PTEN组(注射PTEN抑制病毒)、SOCS3组(注射SOCS3抑制病毒)与对照组(注射空载对照病毒),每组10只,所有小鼠均于感觉运动皮质区进行病毒注射。采用免疫荧光染色检测锥体神经元p-S6和p-STAT3的表达以明确通路激活情况。注射病毒2周后,对各组小鼠进行C5钳夹损伤,使用生物素化葡聚糖胺(BDA)顺行示踪皮质脊髓束。在损伤前及损伤后1、2、4、6周行水平楼梯和圆筒攀爬探索实验检测小鼠运动功能恢复情况。结果 免疫荧光染色结果显示,腺相关病毒(AAV)成功转染感觉运动皮质锥体神经元。PTEN/SOCS3组和PTEN组皮质神经元p-S6表达明显增加,其荧光强度[分别为(25.429±2.991) AU、(26.171±2.140) AU]明显高于SOCS3组和对照组[分别为(9.544±2.474) AU、(9.558±1.650) AU],差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);PTEN/SOCS3组和SOCS3组p-STAT3表达增加,其荧光强度[分别为(48.900±6.310) AU、(46.721±5.169) AU]明显高于PTEN组和对照组[分别为(12.952±1.282) AU、(14.394±1.983) AU],差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。与对照组相比,3个抑制干预组皮质脊髓束损伤后出现明确的轴突再生反应,其中PTEN/SOCS3组再生距离最远,再生数量最多,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。各组动物水平楼梯和圆筒攀爬探索实验运动表现在各个时间点差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 联合激活AKT/mTOR和JAK/STAT信号通路可提高神经元轴突内源性再生能力,促进脊髓损伤小鼠轴突再生,但对其早期运动功能恢复的作用不明显。

, correspAuthors=虞乐华, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
虞乐华,E-mail:
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易凌荣,硕士研究生,主要从事神经康复方面的研究

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易凌荣,硕士研究生,主要从事神经康复方面的研究

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易凌荣,硕士研究生,主要从事神经康复方面的研究

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GFP. 绿色荧光蛋白;A. 大脑皮质示意图,感觉运动皮质区(M1)为病毒注射区域;B. 皮质区域免疫荧光染色情况

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PTEN. 磷酸酶和张力蛋白同源物;SOCS3. 细胞因子信号抑制物3;GFP. 绿色荧光蛋白;A. 皮质神经元p-S6免疫荧光染色情况,箭头示GFP/mCherry阳性细胞;B. 皮质神经元p-S6荧光强度比较;与对照组比较,(1)P<0.001;与SOCS3组比较,(2)P<0.001

, figureFileSmall=MgtyLWPsZQjA4RmutVOImQ==, figureFileBig=PUY34Vx7bI39L7m/s5VCQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208516111390339426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208516102343226359, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=p-STAT3 immunofluorescence staining results in injured cortex neurons of mice with spinal cord injury in each group (n=10), figureFileSmall=iHq35ftTvO1BaFv6pZPPZQ==, figureFileBig=dtZfTyyXHZtcvWq6MypGQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208516111516168553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208516102343226359, language=CN, label=图3, caption=脊髓损伤小鼠皮质神经元p-STAT3免疫荧光染色结果(n=10)

PTEN. 磷酸酶和张力蛋白同源物;SOCS3. 细胞因子信号抑制物3;GFP. 绿色荧光蛋白;A. 皮质神经元p-STAT3免疫荧光染色情况,箭头示GFP/mCherry阳性细胞;B. 皮质神经元p-STAT3荧光强度比较;与对照组比较,(1)P<0.001;与PTEN组比较,(2)P<0.001

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SCI. 脊髓损伤;PTEN. 磷酸酶和张力蛋白同源物;SOCS3. 细胞因子信号抑制物3;A. 各组小鼠皮质脊髓束免疫荧光染色情况,星号示病灶区域,箭头示再生轴突;B. 各组损伤吻侧轴突密度指数比较;C. 各组损伤尾侧轴突指数比较;与对照组比较,(1)P<0.001,(2)P<0.05;与PTEN组比较,(3)P<0.05;与SOCS3组相比,(4)P<0.05

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Comparison of right forelimb error rate in the horizontal ladder tests of SCI mice at various time points (%, $\bar{x}±s$, n=10)

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组别损伤前损伤后1周损伤后2周损伤后4周损伤后6周
对照组4.3±2.930.3±6.5(1)26.6±4.5(1)19.2±7.3(1)(2)23.4±4.3(1)
SOCS3组3.6±2.434.5±8.7(1)21.4±3.4(1)(2)21.2±7.4(1)(2)17.3±4.4(1)(2)
PTEN组3.2±3.331.9±8.4(1)23.8±4.0(1)(3)16.7±7.0(1)(2)20.7±5.8(1)(2)
PTEN/SOCS3组3.7±2.432.6±7.9(1)24.1±4.4(1)(2)18.9±4.8(1)(2)19.1±5.3(1)(2)
F0.2360.4832.6490.7670.175
P0.8700.6960.0640.5200.913
), ArticleFig(id=1208516112946426234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208516102343226359, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同时间点脊髓损伤小鼠水平楼梯实验右前肢踏空错误率比较(%, $\bar{x}±s$, n=10)

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组别损伤前损伤后1周损伤后2周损伤后4周损伤后6周
对照组4.3±2.930.3±6.5(1)26.6±4.5(1)19.2±7.3(1)(2)23.4±4.3(1)
SOCS3组3.6±2.434.5±8.7(1)21.4±3.4(1)(2)21.2±7.4(1)(2)17.3±4.4(1)(2)
PTEN组3.2±3.331.9±8.4(1)23.8±4.0(1)(3)16.7±7.0(1)(2)20.7±5.8(1)(2)
PTEN/SOCS3组3.7±2.432.6±7.9(1)24.1±4.4(1)(2)18.9±4.8(1)(2)19.1±5.3(1)(2)
F0.2360.4832.6490.7670.175
P0.8700.6960.0640.5200.913
), ArticleFig(id=1208516113059672447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208516102343226359, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of right forelimb usage rate in the rearing tests of SCI mice at various time points (%, $\bar{x}±s$, n=10)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别损伤前损伤后1周损伤后2周损伤后4周损伤后6周
对照组23.0±8.22.0±4.2(1)4.0±7.0(1)10.0±8.2(1)8.0±9.1(1)
SOCS3组24.0±7.03.0±4.3(1)6.7±7.1(1)13.0±11.69.0±11.0(1)
PTEN组19.0±9.93.0±4.8(1)7.0±6.7(2)12.0±11.49.0±9.9
PTEN/SOCS3组21.0±9.94.0±7.0(1)6.0±5.2(1)10.0±9.411.0±9.9
F0.9470.0680.1700.0801.038
P0.4280.9770.9160.9710.387
), ArticleFig(id=1208516113147752837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208516102343226359, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同时间点脊髓损伤小鼠圆筒攀爬探索实验右前肢使用率比较(%, $\bar{x}±s$, n=10)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别损伤前损伤后1周损伤后2周损伤后4周损伤后6周
对照组23.0±8.22.0±4.2(1)4.0±7.0(1)10.0±8.2(1)8.0±9.1(1)
SOCS3组24.0±7.03.0±4.3(1)6.7±7.1(1)13.0±11.69.0±11.0(1)
PTEN组19.0±9.93.0±4.8(1)7.0±6.7(2)12.0±11.49.0±9.9
PTEN/SOCS3组21.0±9.94.0±7.0(1)6.0±5.2(1)10.0±9.411.0±9.9
F0.9470.0680.1700.0801.038
P0.4280.9770.9160.9710.387
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联合激活mTOR和STAT信号通路对脊髓损伤小鼠轴突再生及运动功能的影响
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易凌荣 1 , 谭波涛 1 , 刘媛 2 , 殷樱 1 , 虞乐华 1, *
解放军医学杂志 | 基础研究 2022,47(1): 12-19
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解放军医学杂志 | 基础研究 2022, 47(1): 12-19
联合激活mTOR和STAT信号通路对脊髓损伤小鼠轴突再生及运动功能的影响
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易凌荣1, 谭波涛1, 刘媛2, 殷樱1, 虞乐华1, *
作者信息
  • 1重庆医科大学附属第二医院康复医学科,重庆 400010
  • 2陆军军医大学大坪医院野战外科研究部,重庆 400042
  • 易凌荣,硕士研究生,主要从事神经康复方面的研究

通讯作者:

虞乐华,E-mail:
Effect of combined activation of mTOR and STAT signaling pathways on axon regeneration and motor function in mice with spinal cord injury
Ling-Rong Yi1, Bo-Tao Tan1, Yuan Liu2, Ying Yin1, Le-Hua Yu1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
  • 2Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University Chongqing 400042, China
出版时间: 2022-01-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.01.0012
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目的 探索联合激活AKT/mTOR和JAK/STAT信号通路对小鼠C5脊髓钳夹损伤后皮质脊髓束轴突再生和运动功能的影响。方法 成年C57/BL小鼠40只,随机分为磷酸酶和张力蛋白同源物(PTEN)/细胞因子信号抑制物3(SOCS3)组(注射PTEN抑制病毒和SOCS3抑制病毒)、PTEN组(注射PTEN抑制病毒)、SOCS3组(注射SOCS3抑制病毒)与对照组(注射空载对照病毒),每组10只,所有小鼠均于感觉运动皮质区进行病毒注射。采用免疫荧光染色检测锥体神经元p-S6和p-STAT3的表达以明确通路激活情况。注射病毒2周后,对各组小鼠进行C5钳夹损伤,使用生物素化葡聚糖胺(BDA)顺行示踪皮质脊髓束。在损伤前及损伤后1、2、4、6周行水平楼梯和圆筒攀爬探索实验检测小鼠运动功能恢复情况。结果 免疫荧光染色结果显示,腺相关病毒(AAV)成功转染感觉运动皮质锥体神经元。PTEN/SOCS3组和PTEN组皮质神经元p-S6表达明显增加,其荧光强度[分别为(25.429±2.991) AU、(26.171±2.140) AU]明显高于SOCS3组和对照组[分别为(9.544±2.474) AU、(9.558±1.650) AU],差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);PTEN/SOCS3组和SOCS3组p-STAT3表达增加,其荧光强度[分别为(48.900±6.310) AU、(46.721±5.169) AU]明显高于PTEN组和对照组[分别为(12.952±1.282) AU、(14.394±1.983) AU],差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。与对照组相比,3个抑制干预组皮质脊髓束损伤后出现明确的轴突再生反应,其中PTEN/SOCS3组再生距离最远,再生数量最多,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。各组动物水平楼梯和圆筒攀爬探索实验运动表现在各个时间点差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 联合激活AKT/mTOR和JAK/STAT信号通路可提高神经元轴突内源性再生能力,促进脊髓损伤小鼠轴突再生,但对其早期运动功能恢复的作用不明显。

脊髓损伤  /  哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白  /  STAT  /  轴突再生  /  运动功能

Objective To investigate the effect of AKT/mTOR and JAK/STAT pathways co-activation on axon regeneration and function recovery in C5 spinal cord injury mice. Methods Forty adult C57/BL mice were randomly divided into PTEN/SOCS3 group (injected PTEN virus and SOCS3 virus), PTEN group (injected PTEN virus), SOCS3 group (injected SOCS3 virus) and control group (injected empty control virus), 10 mice in each group. Adeno-associated-virus (AAV) were injected into the sensorimotor cortex. The activation of AKT/mTOR and JAK/STAT pathways in pyramidal neurons was detected by measuring the expression of p-S6 and p-STAT3 using immunofluorescence staining. Two weeks after injection, all the mice received C5 crush injury. Biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) tracer was used to label corticospinal tract. The horizontal ladder and cylinder rearing tests were used to assess motor function recovery at pre-injury, and one week, two weeks, four weeks and six weeks after injury. Results Immunofluorescence staining results showed that AAV successfully infected the sensorimotor cortex pyramidal neurons.The expression of p-S6 in PTEN/SOCS3 group and PTEN group were significantly increased, the fluorescence intensity of p-S6[(25.429±2.991) AU and (26.171±2.140) AU] were significantly higher than SOCS3 group and control group [(9.544±2.474) AU and (9.558±1.650) AU] (P<0.001). The expression of p-STAT3 in PTEN/SOCS3 group and SOCS3 group were obviously increased, compared with PTEN group and control group [(12.952±1.282) AU and (14.394±1.983) AU], the fluorescence intensity of p-STAT3 in PTEN/SOCS3 group and SOCS3 group [(48.900±6.310) AU and (46.721±5.169) AU] were significantly higher (P<0.001). Compared with control group, the other three groups showed obvious axon regeneration after corticospinal tract injury. The regeneration distance and number were longer and more in PTEN/SOCS3 group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between four groups in horizontal ladder and cylinder rearing tests at various time points (P>0.05). Conclusion Co-activation of AKT/mTOR and JAK/STAT pathways could improve neurons intrinsic regenerative growth capacity and successfully promote axon regeneration in adult spinal cord injury mice, but could not have better early motor function recovery.

spinal cord injury  /  mammalian target, rapamycin  /  STAT  /  axon regeneration  /  motor function
易凌荣, 谭波涛, 刘媛, 殷樱, 虞乐华. 联合激活mTOR和STAT信号通路对脊髓损伤小鼠轴突再生及运动功能的影响. 解放军医学杂志, 2022 , 47 (1) : 12 -19 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.01.0012
Ling-Rong Yi, Bo-Tao Tan, Yuan Liu, Ying Yin, Le-Hua Yu. Effect of combined activation of mTOR and STAT signaling pathways on axon regeneration and motor function in mice with spinal cord injury[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2022 , 47 (1) : 12 -19 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.01.0012
脊髓损伤(spinal cord injury,SCI)是常见的中枢神经系统(central nervous system,CNS)损伤性疾患,轴突断裂是其基本病理表现之一,由于成体轴突再生困难,SCI患者难以完全康复[1]。研究发现,调控与生长发育相关的通路可增强成体哺乳动物轴突的内源性再生能力[2-3],有望成为SCI新的治疗策略。哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)可整合神经元活动和各种突触输入,调控蛋白质合成,影响细胞的增殖和存活[4-5]。敲除磷酸酶和张力蛋白同源物(phosphatase and tensin homolog,PTEN)可有效激活AKT/mTOR通路,增强神经元内源性再生能力,促进CNS轴突再生[6];敲除细胞因子信号抑制物3(suppressor of cytokine signaling 3,SOCS3),解除其对JAK/STAT通路的抑制,可展现出对SCI神经元的保护作用,并可有效增强轴突再生效应[7]。最近研究发现,同时敲除PTEN和SOCS3可显著促进成体小鼠视神经损伤后的轴突再生[8]。由此推测,联合调控AKT/mTOR和JAK/STAT信号通路能提升SCI后的轴突再生能力。本研究通过联合抑制PTEN和SOCS3的表达,探索联合激活mTOR和STAT通路对成体SCI小鼠轴突再生和运动功能恢复的影响。
戊巴比妥钠、多聚甲醛(成都市科隆化学品有限公司);盐酸缓冲盐溶液(PBS,北京中杉金桥生物技术有限公司);AAV9-U6-PTEN-RNAi-CAG-eGFP、AAV9-U6-SOCS3-RNAi-CAG-mCherry、AAV9-U6-CNO305-CAG-eGFP对照病毒(上海吉凯基因医学科技股份有限公司);GFP蛋白一抗(英国Abcam公司);mCherry蛋白一抗(美国Invitrogen公司);p-S6蛋白一抗、p-STAT3蛋白一抗(美国CST公司);DAPI(美国Sigma公司);GFAP蛋白一抗、生物素化葡聚糖胺(BDA)、Alexa-594 Streptavidin(美国Thermo Fisher公司);Alex fluor-488偶联驴抗鸡IgG(上海优宁维生物科技股份有限公司);Alex fluor-488、Alex fluor-594、Alex fluor-647偶联驴抗大鼠和兔IgG(美国Jackson Laboratories公司)。SI-7脑立体定位仪(日本Narishige公司);CryoStarNX50HOP冷冻切片机(苏州赛默飞世尔仪器有限公司);A1+R激光共聚焦显微镜(日本Nikon公司)。
SPF级健康雌性C57/BL小鼠40只,6~8周龄,体重20~25 g,由陆军军医大学特色医学中心实验动物中心提供[实验动物生产许可证号:SCXK(渝)2012-0005]。分笼饲养,食物和水按时摄入,规律昼夜节律。随机分为PTEN/SOCS3组、PTEN组、SOCS3组与对照组,每组10只,并按照分组注射相对应的病毒。本研究通过重庆医科大学附属第二医院伦理委员会审批[科伦预审第(2020)007号],所有操作均遵守国家实验动物饲养健康指南规范。
PTEN/SOCS3组注射PTEN抑制病毒和SOCS3抑制病毒,PTEN组注射PTEN抑制病毒,SOCS3组注射SOCS3抑制病毒,对照组注射阴性对照病毒。1%戊巴比妥钠腹腔注射(0.1 ml/20 g)麻醉小鼠,剃除头部毛发,消毒后沿矢状线切开头部皮肤,3% H2O2去除头部筋膜,暴露前囟,牙科钻去除左侧运动皮质区颅骨。将小鼠和微量注射器固定在立体定位仪上,吸取2.4 μl病毒溶液,注入运动皮质第Ⅴ层中(坐标为前囟前面0 mm、0.5 mm,左侧0.8 mm、1.2 mm,深度0.7 mm),每只小鼠4个点,0.6 μl/点,速度0.2 μl/min,注射完成后滞针3 min,缓慢出针。所有点注射完成后,缝合头部皮肤,消毒后保暖直至苏醒。
病毒注射2周后,采用随机双盲实验法对所有小鼠进行C5脊髓钳夹损伤。小鼠腹腔注射戊巴比妥钠麻醉后,固定于手术台上。切开颈部皮肤,镊子钝性分离两侧筋膜和肌肉,直至暴露颈部椎板。用咬骨钳去除C5椎板,26号针刺破小鼠脊髓后角灰质软脊膜,将改良的FST DUMONT 5号手术钳沿软脊膜刺破部分刺入两侧背角灰质(1 mm),对背侧皮质脊髓束行钳夹损伤,维持15 s,共2次。然后将改良的FST DUMONT 5号手术钳一侧尖端刺入右侧脊髓背侧针孔(0.8 mm),另一侧尖端留于脊髓外面,钳夹红核脊髓束和皮质脊髓侧束,维持15 s,共2次。手术完成后,缝合颈部肌肉和皮肤,消毒后保暖直至苏醒[9]
损伤后6周,小鼠腹腔注射戊巴比妥钠麻醉,剃除头部毛发,消毒后沿矢状线切开头部皮肤,吸取2.4 μl 10% BDA溶液缓慢注射至大脑运动皮质区域,坐标与病毒注射部位相同。每个点0.6 μl,共4个点,速度0.2 μl/min,注射完成后滞针3 min,缓慢出针。所有点注射完成后,缝合头部皮肤,消毒后保暖直至苏醒。
分别于损伤前及损伤后1、2、4、6周进行行为学检测,包括水平楼梯实验和圆筒攀爬探索实验。
两块有机玻璃板(长80 cm,宽50 cm)构成1.3 cm宽的水平横梯跑道,跑道末端放置动物饲养笼,促使动物跑过横梯跑回饲养笼,摄像机记录动物跑过25根横梯制成的不规则跑道的情况。然后逐帧分析损伤侧肢体踩空和滑落横梯的情况,计算踏空错误率。踏空错误率(%)=错误步数/总步数×100%。
将小鼠放于透明的有机玻璃圆筒(15 cm×20 cm:D×H)内,摄像机记录15 min内小鼠直立状态下使用上肢攀爬圆筒壁的偏好程度,然后分析前10次的攀爬情况。每次攀爬时小鼠直立后第1次使用上肢攀爬圆筒壁的行为存在左、右、双侧3种选择,由此计算使用上肢的频率。肢体使用频率(%)=该侧肢体使用次数/攀爬总次数×100%。
损伤后8周,小鼠全身麻醉后固定于操作台上,行心脏灌注,显微镜下取脑组织和脊髓颈段组织,4 ℃下4% PFA固定24 h,18%、24%、30%蔗糖梯度脱水,包埋组织,脑组织沿冠状面、脊髓颈段组织沿失状面进行冷冻切片(厚度18 μm)。
脑组织切片室温复温30 min至1 h;0.01 mol/L PBS洗涤5 min×3次;0.3% Triton溶液室温孵育30 min;0.01 mol/L PBS洗涤5 min×3次;吸除多余液体后,5%驴血清封闭30 min;加入一抗[GFP抗体(1∶2000)、mCherry抗体(1∶1500)、p-S6抗体(1∶100)、p-STAT3抗体(1∶100)]室温孵育过夜;次日0.01 mol/L PBS洗涤5min×3次;加入相应的Alex fluor-488偶联驴抗鸡(1∶200)、Alex fluor-594偶联驴抗大鼠(1∶400)、Alex fluor-647偶联驴抗兔(1∶400)IgG二抗,室温孵育45 min;0.01 mol/L PBS洗涤5 min×3次;加入0.5 μg/ml的DAPI室温孵育2 min;0.01 mol/L PBS洗涤5 min×3次。晾干后,甘油封片。使用共聚焦显微镜采集图像,通过ImageJ软件分析荧光强度,以检测病毒转染效果和通路激活情况。
颈髓组织切片行免疫荧光染色,具体操作如1.2.7所述,使用的一抗为GFAP抗体(1∶2000),然后加入Alex fluor-488偶联驴抗兔IgG二抗(1∶400)和BDA显色剂Alexa-594 Streptavidin (1∶200)。在共聚焦显微镜采集的图像上沿损伤处向损伤吻侧纵向叠加长为5个100 μm的矩形框,用ImageJ软件测定每个矩形框内BDA的总荧光强度;从损伤处开始向病灶尾侧每间隔100 μm与皮质脊髓束垂直划线,计数横跨垂线的轴突数量。计算吻侧轴突密度指数[10](该处矩形框内BDA总荧光强度/500 μm处矩形框内BDA总荧光强度)和尾侧轴突指数(再生轴突数量/500 μm处矩形框内BDA总荧光强度)。
采用SPSS 20.0软件进行统计分析。符合正态分布的计量资料以$\bar{x}±s$表示,若计量资料符合正态分布且方差齐,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA),以Bonferroni检验方法进行两两事后检验。若不符合正态分布或方差齐性,多组间比较采用非参检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
采用免疫荧光染色检测小鼠感觉运动皮质区域(M1)病毒转染效果,结果显示,低倍镜下该区域可观察到明显的病毒标签表达(图1);高倍镜下进一步观察显示,PTEN/SOCS3组神经元成功转染AAV9-PTEN-RNAi病毒(GFP)和AAV9-SOCS3-RNAi病毒(mCherry)(图2A图3A),表明病毒被注射到相应脑区并成功向周围扩散转染锥体神经元。免疫荧光染色检测结果显示,PTEN/SOCS3组和PTEN组皮质神经元p-S6表达明显增加,其荧光强度[分别为(25.429±2.991) AU、(26.171±2.140) AU]明显高于SOCS3组和对照组[分别为(9.544±2.474) AU、(9.558±1.650) AU],差异有统计学意义(P<0.001,图2B);PTEN/SOCS3组和SOCS3组p-STAT3表达增加,其荧光强度[分别为(48.900±6.310) AU、(46.721±5.169) AU]明显高于PTEN组和对照组[分别为(12.952±1.282) AU、(14.394±1.983) AU],差异有统计学意义(P<0.001,图3B)。
采用免疫荧光染色检测皮质脊髓束轴突再生情况,结果显示,与对照组相比,各干预组中损伤轴突均出现再生,再生轴突越过损伤位置并向远端延伸,其中PTEN/SOCS3组再生轴突数量最多、距离最远(图4A)。在损伤吻侧100 μm处,与对照组(0.330±0.025)相比,PTEN/SOCS3组(0.506±0.042)、PTEN组(0.471±0.054)和SOCS3组(0.508±0.042)轴突存活较多,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001,图4B)。在损伤尾侧,PTEN/SOCS3组可观察到长约550 μm的轴突再生,而PTEN组和SOCS3组再生轴突多在0~200 μm范围内。对再生轴突的数量进行统计分析,结果显示,在损伤处和100 μm处,PTEN/SOCS3组(0.038±0.014、0.097±0.031)、PTEN组(0.024±0.011、0.057±0.025)和SOCS3组(0.029±0.014、0.057±0.020)的轴突指数高于对照组(0.003±0.002、0.008±0.007)(P<0.05),其中在100 μm处PTEN/SOCS3组的轴突指数高于PTEN组和SOCS3组(P<0.05);在200、300、400和500 μm处,PTEN/SOCS3组的轴突指数明显高于其他3组(PTEN/SOCS3组 vs. PTEN组、SOCS3组和对照组,200 μm处:0.082±0.043 vs.0.042±0.026、0.038±0.015、0.005±0.007;300 μm处:0.041±0.034 vs. 0.006±0.004、0.010±0.006、0.002±0.003;400 μm处:0.026±0.024 vs.0.000±0.000、0.000±0.000、0.000±0.000;500 μm处:0.015±0.016 vs. 0.000±0.000、0.000±0.000、0.000±0.000),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,图4C)。
损伤前各组小鼠在水平楼梯和圆筒攀爬探索中的运动表现无明显差异(P>0.05)。损伤后,小鼠经过水平楼梯时右侧肢体的踏空错误率升高(P<0.01),随后逐渐恢复(P<0.05,表1)。圆筒攀爬探索实验显示,小鼠在SCI后1周使用右侧攀爬筒壁的频率明显低于损伤前(P<0.01),之后逐渐增加,但损伤后各时间点比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05,表2)。各个时间点小鼠在水平楼梯和圆筒攀爬探索中的运动表现组间比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05,表1-2)。
本研究结果表明,siRNA干扰能有效提高抑制干预组小鼠皮质锥体神经元p-S6及p-STAT3的表达水平,明确了使用siRNA干扰这种非转基因技术能成功在体内抑制PTEN和SOCS3,同时有效激活皮质锥体神经元的AKT/mTOR和JAK/STAT信号通路;联合激活AKT/mTOR和JAK/STAT通路对于成体脊髓损伤小鼠具有良好的轴突再生促进效应,但水平楼梯实验和圆筒攀爬探索实验并未显示轴突再生能力增强为动物带来更好的早期肢体功能恢复。
既往研究发现,条件性敲除神经元PTEN基因、激活mTOR通路可有效促进损伤的神经轴突发芽和再生,增高神经细胞存活率[11-12]。本课题组前期研究发现,使用siRNA抑制PTEN的表达可有效促进成体小鼠皮质脊髓束的轴突再生和病灶吻侧损伤轴突侧枝发芽[13]。因此,调控mTOR通路是激活内源性轴突再生能力的重要方式。由于轴突完全修复需要长距离再生,而既往研究中轴突再生较少超过2 mm,提示单独调控轴突mTOR尚不能满足临床需求。JAK/STAT途径是另一条调控轴突再生的通路,具有保护神经元和促进轴突再生的双重作用[14]。PTEN和SOCS3双缺失增加了蛋白质翻译与基因转录之间的协调性,可诱导再生启动程序高效且持久地激活,协同促进中枢神经再生[15]。以视神经损伤为例,Sun等[8]证实,双敲除PTEN和SOCS3可实现视神经强大而持续的轴突再生,使再生轴突数量增加10倍以上,且超过20%的再生轴突到达视交叉附近。另有研究发现,在单侧脊髓损伤的转基因小鼠中,双敲除健侧神经元的PTEN和SOCS3可增加未受伤皮质脊髓束轴突的内源性生长能力,其发芽反应明显强于SOCS3单独缺失,且几乎到达了整个皮质脊髓束区域,支配失神经支配的靶细胞,改善行为学表现[16]。因此,本研究采用联合激活AKT/mTOR和JAK/STAT通路的方式治疗脊髓损伤,结果显示联合激活促进轴突再生的效果明显优于单一通路激活;免疫荧光染色结果表明,损伤的皮质脊髓束轴突再生的数量最多、距离最远,与前期报道一致。因此,联合激活AKT/mTOR和JAK/STAT通路对脊髓损伤后的轴突再生治疗具有重要意义。
既往针对PTEN和SOCS3的再生研究大多使用转基因小鼠作为研究对象,使其临床转化受到了极大限制。本研究选用siRNA技术持续调控PTEN和SOCS3的表达,发现可有效激活目标通路,获得刺激轴突再生的效果。本研究发现,联合激活可诱导长约550 μm的再生轴突,这与既往采用转基因小鼠的再生研究结果具有一定距离[17],考虑可能与siRNA技术对目的基因的抑制效率不如转基因技术有关[18]。另外,本研究观察时长为6周,较其他发现长距离轴突再生的研究观测时间(超过8周)短。作为细胞增殖和生长的调控基因,PTEN和SOCS3被永久性敲除潜在增加了肿瘤、癫癎等疾病的发生风险,后续研究应注意优化干预策略,采用更加高效、可控的方式激活相关通路。
皮质脊髓束是控制精细运动的主要神经束[19]。本研究采用水平楼梯和圆筒攀爬探索实验评估动物损伤早期(6周)对损伤侧肢体的使用意愿及控制能力,以探讨提升内源性再生能力可否促进功能恢复。结果显示,再生能力的提高不能促进损伤早期运动功能的恢复,分析原因可能与以下因素有关:(1)再生皮质脊髓束轴突距离不够长,没有延伸到目标神经元所在位置[20]。(2)再生的轴突并不沿其原始的投射轨迹延伸,而是杂乱无章地向损伤尾侧生长。视神经损伤模型中,约有35%的轴突在视交叉处错误投射,无法正确找到目标神经元,导致功能再生失败[21]。(3)模型动物缺乏康复训练。康复训练是引导再生轴突与靶标神经元之间重新形成突触连接的有效措施[22]。(4)再生轴突的髓鞘缺失。Bei等[23]发现,再生的轴突普遍缺乏髓鞘包裹,导致无法有效传导动作电位,可能是长距离的视神经再生无法诱导动物视觉的原因[24-25]。最近研究发现,脱髓鞘轴突的再髓鞘化是脊髓损伤功能恢复的重要环节[26]。后续研究需要综合考虑轴突再生、髓鞘修复、康复锻炼之间的相互关系,探索最佳的促进轴突再生和功能恢复的策略。
综上所述,本研究结果表明,联合激活AKT/mTOR和JAK/STAT信号通路能提高神经元内源性再生能力,有效地促进成体啮齿动物的皮质脊髓束再生,值得进一步探索。
  • 国家自然科学基金(81702221)
  • 国家自然科学基金(81772066)
  • 重庆市自然科学基金(cstc2018jcyjAX0180)
  • 重庆市渝中区基础研究与前沿探索项目(20180121)
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2022年第47卷第1期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.01.0012
  • 接收时间:2021-04-25
  • 首发时间:2025-12-18
  • 出版时间:2022-01-28
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  • 收稿日期:2021-04-25
  • 录用日期:2021-09-29
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(81702221)
国家自然科学基金(81702221)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(81772066)
国家自然科学基金(81772066)
Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing(cstc2018jcyjAX0180)
重庆市自然科学基金(cstc2018jcyjAX0180)
Basic Research and Frontier Exploration Project of Yuzhong, Chongqing(20180121)
重庆市渝中区基础研究与前沿探索项目(20180121)
作者信息
    1重庆医科大学附属第二医院康复医学科,重庆 400010
    2陆军军医大学大坪医院野战外科研究部,重庆 400042

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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