Article(id=1208154042178580863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1208154038609228128, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.02.0203, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1618761600000, receivedDateStr=2021-04-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1620662400000, acceptedDateStr=2021-05-11, onlineDate=1765975970071, onlineDateStr=2025-12-17, pubDate=1645977600000, pubDateStr=2022-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765975970071, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765975970071, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765975970071, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1208154038609228128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2022', volume='47', issue='2', pageStart='107', pageEnd='212', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1765975969218, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765976148463, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208154790459192257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1208154038609228128, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208154790459192258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1208154038609228128, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=203, endPage=212, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208154042618982796, articleId=1208154042178580863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Research progress on SGLT2 inhibitor in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

At present, there is a relatively complete guideline for heart failure with ejection fraction reduction (HFrEF), but there is still a lack of evidence-based medical evidence for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) treatment criteria.In recent years, a large amount of evidence has emerged that a new oral hypoglycemic drug sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor(SGLT2i) can significantly reduce the risk of cardiovascular death and the hospitalization rate of heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and improve the prognosis of HFrEF. However, there is still a lack of overall understanding of the mechanism and research progress of SGLT2i in the treatment of HFpEF. This article reviews the pathological mechanism of HFpEF, the mechanism of action of SGLT2i and the related research on the treatment of HFpEF, in order to provide reference for the clinical drug treatment of HFpEF.

, correspAuthors=Yong-Ming Liu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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目前针对射血分数降低心力衰竭(HFrEF)已有相对完整的指南共识,但仍缺乏射血分数保留心力衰竭(HFpEF)治疗标准的循证医学证据。近年来,新型口服降糖药物钠-葡萄糖共转运蛋白2抑制剂(SGLT2i)在2型糖尿病患者心血管获益方面涌现出大量证据,多项临床试验显示其可明显降低2型糖尿病患者的心血管死亡风险和因心衰住院率,改善HFrEF预后,但对SGLT2i治疗HFpEF的作用机制及研究进展仍缺乏整体认识。本文从HFpEF的病理机制、SGLT2i的作用机制及HFpEF的相关治疗几个方面进行综述,以期为HFpEF的临床药物治疗提供参考。

, correspAuthors=刘永铭, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
刘永铭,E-mail:
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贾晓艳,硕士研究生,主要从事心力衰竭方面的研究

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贾晓艳,硕士研究生,主要从事心力衰竭方面的研究

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贾晓艳,硕士研究生,主要从事心力衰竭方面的研究

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LA. 左心房;LV. 左心室;PH. 肺动脉高压;PV. 肺血管;RV. 右心室

, figureFileSmall=sgbwjONRH3b4UfMDmT4XFg==, figureFileBig=5EEdRa2GY+H4QQ19/ATo/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208154046079283827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208154042178580863, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=The hypoglycemic and cardiovascular mechanism of SGLT2i (Revised according to reference [38]), figureFileSmall=t39Dv2dhOFj00o0a0Pdb2g==, figureFileBig=PRI/TKIaoManfsDluCM4vA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208154046150587000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208154042178580863, language=CN, label=图2, caption=SGLT2i的降糖及心血管作用机制(根据参考文献[38]修改)

SGLT2i. 钠-葡萄糖共转运蛋白2抑制剂

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SGLT2i在射血分数保留心力衰竭中的作用研究进展
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贾晓艳 1 , 刘永铭 2, *
解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2022,47(2): 203-212
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解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2022, 47(2): 203-212
SGLT2i在射血分数保留心力衰竭中的作用研究进展
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贾晓艳1, 刘永铭2, *
作者信息
  • 1兰州大学第一临床医学院,兰州 730000
  • 2兰州大学第一医院老年心血管科/甘肃省老年疾病临床医学研究中心,兰州 730000
  • 贾晓艳,硕士研究生,主要从事心力衰竭方面的研究

通讯作者:

刘永铭,E-mail:
Research progress on SGLT2 inhibitor in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
Xiao-Yan Jia1, Yong-Ming Liu2, *
Affiliations
  • 1The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
  • 2Department of Geriatric Cardiology, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University/Gansu Provincial Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
出版时间: 2022-02-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.02.0203
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目前针对射血分数降低心力衰竭(HFrEF)已有相对完整的指南共识,但仍缺乏射血分数保留心力衰竭(HFpEF)治疗标准的循证医学证据。近年来,新型口服降糖药物钠-葡萄糖共转运蛋白2抑制剂(SGLT2i)在2型糖尿病患者心血管获益方面涌现出大量证据,多项临床试验显示其可明显降低2型糖尿病患者的心血管死亡风险和因心衰住院率,改善HFrEF预后,但对SGLT2i治疗HFpEF的作用机制及研究进展仍缺乏整体认识。本文从HFpEF的病理机制、SGLT2i的作用机制及HFpEF的相关治疗几个方面进行综述,以期为HFpEF的临床药物治疗提供参考。

心力衰竭  /  射血分数保留心力衰竭  /  射血分数降低心力衰竭  /  钠-葡萄糖共转运蛋白2抑制剂

At present, there is a relatively complete guideline for heart failure with ejection fraction reduction (HFrEF), but there is still a lack of evidence-based medical evidence for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) treatment criteria.In recent years, a large amount of evidence has emerged that a new oral hypoglycemic drug sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor(SGLT2i) can significantly reduce the risk of cardiovascular death and the hospitalization rate of heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and improve the prognosis of HFrEF. However, there is still a lack of overall understanding of the mechanism and research progress of SGLT2i in the treatment of HFpEF. This article reviews the pathological mechanism of HFpEF, the mechanism of action of SGLT2i and the related research on the treatment of HFpEF, in order to provide reference for the clinical drug treatment of HFpEF.

heart failure  /  heart failure with preserved ejection fraction  /  heart failure with reduced ejection fraction  /  sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors
贾晓艳, 刘永铭. SGLT2i在射血分数保留心力衰竭中的作用研究进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2022 , 47 (2) : 203 -212 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.02.0203
Xiao-Yan Jia, Yong-Ming Liu. Research progress on SGLT2 inhibitor in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2022 , 47 (2) : 203 -212 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.02.0203
心力衰竭(heart failure,HF,简称心衰)为各种心脏疾病的严重和终末阶段,其发病率较高,已成为21世纪最重要的心血管病症[1-2]。目前,心衰是老年人住院的主要原因,占因心血管疾病死亡的9.3%[3],而中国心衰患病率预计到2035年将增加44%[4],心衰的全球公共卫生和经济负担日益严重。以往心衰分为三类[2,5],而2021新版共识《心力衰竭的通用定义和分类》[6]将心衰分为四类,其分类更加完善,其中射血分数保留心力衰竭(heart failure preserved ejection fraction,HFpEF)是左室射血分数(LVEF)≥50%,病理生理学和临床症状异质性较高的临床综合征,据统计占所有心衰的50%以上,且往往伴随多种合并症,如糖尿病、冠心病、心房颤动、高血压和肥胖等。随着人口老龄化的加剧和肥胖患病率的持续增高,HFpEF的患病率也越来越高[7]。HFpEF的心衰住院率、心血管死亡发生率和全因死亡率等与射血分数降低心力衰竭(heart failure with reduced ejection fraction,HFrEF)无明显差异,但其病理生理机制更加复杂,且目前仍无明确的特异性治疗方法,对临床医师是一个挑战。数项临床研究发现,钠-葡萄糖共转运蛋白2抑制剂(sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors,SGLT2i)不仅是一种新型口服降糖药,也是一种新型的安全有效的抗心衰药物,随着此类药物临床试验结果的不断公布,SGLT2i已逐渐成为心衰领域的一线用药[8]。本文针对HFpEF的可能发病机制、SGLT2i的作用机制,以及HFpEF治疗进展的最新研究进行阐述,以期为SGLT2i成为HFpEF新的治疗方法提供参考。
HFpEF指具有心衰的症状和体征,LVEF大致正常而心脏舒张功能障碍的综合征。最初该病未形成统一的命名,不同的研究机构与研究者使用了不同的名称,如舒张性心力衰竭、收缩功能保留心力衰竭、HFpEF、射血分数正常心力衰竭等。舒张性心力衰竭描述的是与罹患此种心衰患者相关的生理状态,而HFpEF则未明确舒张功能状态,但包括了轻微收缩功能异常的临床表现,因此现在多采用HFpEF。目前,HFpEF发生发展的病理生理机制尚未完全明确,较HFrEF更具挑战性。已经被普遍认可的关于HFpEF的血流动力学机制和潜在的分子机制主要如下。
HFpEF最明显的血流动力学变化是左室充盈压(left ventricular filling pressures,LVFP)增高。在HFpEF晚期,静息时LVFP已明显增高,但在疾病早期,LVFP仅在运动应激时才明显增高[9-10];HFpEF患者运动时LVFP增高与呼吸困难症状相关,且与气体交换和肺通气改变以及携氧能力降低直接相关[11-12];LVFP增高可改变肺毛细血管楔压,促进组织液从血管间隙滤入间质[13];随着病程的发展,LVFP增高可能会导致毛细血管生理功能下降和血管重构,尤其是肺静脉[14-15];而且,即使在仅运动时LVFP增高而静息时LVFP正常的患者中,因心衰住院和死亡的风险也明显增加[16]。简单来说,左室舒张功能障碍的主要特点是:左室的舒张运动减慢,僵硬度增加,舒张期的“抽吸力”受损,心室的复原力降低及心室的不同步舒张。目前认为,心肌细胞内在因素异常、细胞外基质功能障碍、心脏内皮功能异常及神经激素紊乱等多种原因可引起心室松弛能力受损和心肌顺应性降低,从而导致心室舒张末期压力增高、舒张期充盈减少和每搏输出量减少,最终发生心衰。
研究发现,HFpEF患者肺动脉高压(PH)的患病率由于评估方法不同而存在较大差异,而PH的发生与死亡风险增加直接相关[17]。HFpEF患者左心房高压可引起PH,随着病程进展,肺血管阻力增加可致血管收缩和肺血管重塑,并逐渐发展为肺血管疾病[18]。此时,HFpEF合并肺血管疾病可表现出特征性的病理生理学改变,如右心室射血能力降低、右心扩张及左心室充盈不足[19]。对于静息时肺血管阻力正常,运动时肺血管阻力增加的HFpEF患者,其不良的临床结局与右心室功能障碍相关,而HFpEF合并严重肺淤血的患者可能是血管壁水肿或静水压增高导致的慢性血管重塑所致[20]
约1/3的HFpEF患者长期的PH最终会导致右心功能障碍[21-22]。但右心功能障碍并非由单纯后负荷增加引起,在排除PH严重程度,以及缺血性心脏病、肥胖和心房颤动等血流动力学危险因素后,右心功能障碍仍然存在,则提示右心功能障碍可明显增加HFpEF患者的死亡风险[21-23]
HFpEF最主要的分子机制是一氧化氮(NO)-可溶性鸟苷酸环化酶(soluble guanylate cyclase,sGC)-环磷酸鸟苷(cyclic guanosine monophosphate,cGMP)信号通路异常引起心脏储备功能受限。该信号异常还可引起全身性炎症反应[24],而特征性炎性标志物水平的升高可预测HFpEF的发展,有研究证实HFpEF患者的炎性标志物表达水平明显高于HFrEF患者[25-26]。肥胖、高血压等代谢综合征及其他合并症在HFpEF中极为常见,这些危险因素也可引起轻微的全身性炎症反应,进而损害心脏和其他部位的内皮细胞,导致NO形成减少[24]。此外,左心室活检发现,HFpEF患者的蛋白激酶G(protein kinase G,PKG)活性及cGMP浓度降低与心肌细胞僵硬度增加相关[27]。在HFpEF患者的心肌中,内皮细胞激活也可能与潜在的全身炎症有关,表现为E-选择素和细胞间黏附分子-1的表达水平上调,心肌亚硝酸盐/硝酸盐浓度、cGMP含量和PKG活性降低,导致NO生物利用度降低,最终使血管收缩、僵硬,进而增加后负荷;同时,NO生物利用度降低还可能上调交感神经活性,促进儿茶酚胺分泌,并增强内皮素-1诱导的血管收缩[28]
细胞内钙的调节在心脏舒张功能方面起着关键作用。一项针对HFpEF患者离体心肌的研究发现,与心功能正常的对照组比较,HFpEF患者心肌细胞内钠钙处理蛋白的表达未受影响,但肌节处的钙离子水平明显升高,且心肌收缩和舒张时间明显延长[29]。在接受冠脉搭桥手术的左心室肥厚患者中,HFpEF患者的舒张功能与左心室质量呈负相关,且与心率增快时的钙负荷增加有关[30]。此外,HFpEF舒张期左心室僵硬度的增加也与肌动蛋白含量和磷酸化水平,以及胶原纤维的变化有关[31],原因是肌动蛋白为一种锚定在肌节Z线的蛋白质,是心肌张力和僵硬度的主要决定因素,可通过磷酸化来调节,进而决定细胞的僵硬度。其他可能的细胞机制还包括心肌细胞过度衰老、脂肪毒性或线粒体自噬等[32-34]。HFpEF常见危险因素相关的病理生理机制见图1[35]
HFrEF患者心脏重塑表现为心室体积扩大和射血分数降低,而HFpEF患者心脏重塑通常以心肌肥大、心脏顺应性降低和舒张功能障碍为特征;在HFrEF患者中,炎症可能仅是心衰的结果,而在HFpEF患者中炎症则是重要的病理基础,并与由多个细胞信号通路介导的心肌僵硬、纤维化和舒张功能受损密切相关[36]。此外,肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统(RAAS)激活和内皮细胞损伤也与HFpEF的发生、发展有关。总之,尽管相关的血流动力学及分子机制在不断完善,HFpEF的发病机制仍尚未完全明确。
SGLT2i的基本机制是抑制钠-葡萄糖共转运蛋白-2(SGLT2)在近端肾小管S1段管腔表面对葡萄糖的主动逆向转运,且与Na+主动排出和维持Na+平衡有关,而Na+的主动转运是在细胞膜Na+/ATP酶参与下进行的。正常情况下,肾小球过滤到原尿中的葡萄糖约为180 g/d,随后90%的葡萄糖在SGLT2参与下于近端小管被重吸收,10%则在SGLT1的参与下被重吸收[37],因此,SGLT2i可以非胰岛素依赖的方式明显减少近端小管原尿中葡萄糖的重吸收,从而降低血糖。而且,由于该药物仅在高血糖时才引起尿糖增高,所以发生低血糖的风险很低。此外,由于钠与葡萄糖为同向转运,SGLT2i与葡萄糖同时增加钠的排泄,钠的排泄反过来导致渗透性利尿增加。SGLT2i的降糖及心血管作用机制见图2[38]
已有研究证实,在糖尿病患者心脏中SGLT1的表达水平增高、活性增强,这也是心衰时心肌细胞质中Na+浓度明显增高的原因之一[39]。心肌细胞钠超载的其他原因包括晚期Na+电流(INa)增加、Na+内流和肌膜Na+/H+交换器(NHE)活性增强,心肌细胞质Na+浓度的增高将导致严重的线粒体功能异常[40]。体外研究表明,SGLT2i可直接抑制NHE,从而降低心肌细胞质中的Na+浓度,且与NHE的胞外部分有很强的亲和力,能够结合Na+,从而阻断Na+流入细胞内[39,41]。尽管人心脏中缺乏SGLT2的表达,但此靶点有助于理解SGLT2对心脏的直接影响。
如前所述,SGLT2i在心衰患者中的临床效果很可能并非仅归因于血糖的控制,且支持这一观点的研究发现,与安慰剂相比,使用恩格列净治疗后糖化血红蛋白的降低幅度极小[42]。最初,DAPA-HF试验提供了SGLT2i非降糖作用机制的证据,证实SGLT2i能够明显降低心衰患者的心血管死亡、住院或因心衰急诊入院等主要风险;更重要的是,该研究亚组分析发现,在糖尿病与非糖尿病患者中,使用达格列净治疗心衰时上述疗效相似[43]。随后,EMPA-REGOUTCOME研究也发现恩格列净潜在的肾脏及心血管保护作用,证实SGLT2i不仅可降低心血管事件风险,而且还可降低肾脏复合终点事件(肾衰竭、透析及肾脏功能持续恶化)的发生风险[44]。但是,SGLT2i在心衰中的作用机制尚未完全阐明,目前其对心血管或心衰已知的作用机制主要包括以下几个方面:(1)SGLT2i可引起代谢改变,如促进酮体生成,激活抗炎和抗氧化途径,减少糖基化终产物的生成,降低肿瘤坏死因子刺激引起的线粒体活性氧(ROS)损伤,以及恢复NO的生物活性等[45-48],这些机制可影响左心室质量和左室心肌中的脂质含量;(2)SGLT2i可减少Nod样受体蛋白3(NLRP3)炎性小体的活化,降低巨噬细胞中的白细胞介素-1β水平,并与减缓动脉粥样硬化斑块的形成和发展有关[49-50];(3)SGLT2i可改善糖尿病心肌病模型小鼠的心脏收缩和冠状动脉微血管功能[51];(4)SGLT2i还可减少PKG-α的氧化,进而改善射血分数,同时改善心衰患者的内皮细胞和心肌细胞功能[52];(5)SGLT2i可抑制Na+/H+交换,降低心脏和肾脏中的Na+、Ca+水平,而这些离子交换与心肌纤维化、心脏肥大和水钠潴留相关[40]。此外,其他对心衰可能有益的机制包括:降低动脉血管硬度,降低全身血管阻力和心输出量,减轻体重,降低心脏后负荷,降低血压、血脂及血细胞比容等[53-57]
尽管HFpEF的关注度逐渐增加,但目前仍无有效的治疗药物,也无经循证医学证实的HFpEF治疗标准,临床主要以缓解症状为主。慢性心衰的药物治疗主要是抑制RAAS和交感神经系统,包括各类神经激素拮抗剂(如血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂、血管紧张素Ⅱ受体阻滞剂、β受体阻滞剂、盐皮质激素受体拮抗剂等),这些药物在治疗HFrEF和改善其临床病程中起重要作用,但临床试验未能证实血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂、血管紧张素Ⅱ受体阻滞剂和β受体阻滞剂等可以改善HFpEF患者的预后或降低病死率。HFpEF患者因收缩功能正常,除合并快速房颤的患者可使用地高辛减慢心室率外,一般不宜使用地高辛[58]。此外,根据《中国心力衰竭诊断和治疗指南2018》[59],至今尚无明确改善HFpEF预后的药物,尽管目前有研究发现了可能改善心衰结局的新药,如脑啡肽酶抑制剂(ARNI),但大多不适合用于HFpEF的治疗。在PARADIGM-HF试验[60]中,沙库巴曲/缬沙坦在降低心衰死亡率和住院风险方面优于依那普利,但在HFpEF(PARAGON-HF)前瞻性试验[61]中,与血管紧张素Ⅱ受体阻滞剂相比,沙库巴曲/缬沙坦并未降低HEpEF患者的总心衰住院率或心血管死亡发生率,仅亚组分析显示女性和HFrEF患者可从中获益。此外,心脏再同步化治疗(CRT)、置入式心脏复律除颤器(ICD)、左心室辅助装置(LVAD)等非药物治疗主要适用于重度收缩功能降低的心衰患者,也不适用于HFpEF患者。
SGLT2i作为一种新型降糖药物,可有效预防2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者的心脏和肾脏功能障碍,且越来越多的研究发现,SGLT2i具有独特的降糖和降低心血管死亡率双重作用,已逐渐成为治疗心衰的一线用药[56-60]。2019年美国糖尿病协会更新了2018年关于糖尿病的治疗共识,主要推荐SGLT2i用于治疗糖尿病合并HFrEF的患者[8]
2015年的EMPA-REG-Outcome试验[44]报道了SGLT2i治疗的心血管结局,该研究对7020例合并心血管疾病的T2DM患者随机使用恩格列净和安慰剂,结果发现与安慰剂相比,恩格列净明显降低了T2DM患者的复合终点主要心血管不良事件(MACE)发生率(10.5% vs. 12.1%),其中心血管死亡发生率(3.7% vs. 5.9%)、因心衰住院率(2.7% vs. 4.1%)和全因死亡率(5.7% vs. 8.3%)均明显降低。2017年发表的CANVAS试验[62]揭示了卡格利净在降低心血管死亡、非致死性心肌梗死和非致死性卒中组成的复合终点[风险比(HR)=0.86]方面的优越性,无论是存在心血管疾病(CVD)高风险或是已确诊CVD的患者,服用卡格列净后心血管死亡(HR=0.87)和因心衰住院(HR=0.67)的风险均明显降低,且肾脏复合结局的风险也明显降低(HR=0.60)。随后,DECLARE-TIMI试验[63]将T2DM合并已确诊CVD或有CVD多项危险因素的患者随机分为达格列净组与安慰剂组,结果证实与安慰剂相比,达格列净可使因心衰住院或心血管死亡复合风险降低17%,新增或恶化的肾病发生率降低24%,且全因死亡率也明显降低(6.2% vs. 6.6%)。此外,CREDENCE试验[64]对慢性肾脏疾病合并T2DM的患者进行评估后发现,卡格利净可明显降低心血管死亡、非致死性心肌梗死或非致死性卒中的复合事件发生率(HR=0.80)及因心衰住院率(HR=0.61),并使终末期肾脏疾病的肾脏复合终点相对风险降低了34%。DAPA-CKD[65]是一项肾脏终点试验,纳入了T2DM与非T2DM受试者,结果显示,达格列净组患者的心血管死亡或心衰住院率降低了30%,其结局与CREDENCE试验存在部分重叠。
自2020年,关于SGLT2i治疗无糖尿病心衰患者的临床试验也不断发表,且SGLT2i的研究重点逐渐转移到心衰(主要是HFrEF)的治疗方面。DAPA-HF[66]是一项针对NYHA心功能分级Ⅱ-Ⅳ级HFrEF患者的随机对照试验(RCT),该研究检验了达格列净在LVEF<40%的T2DM与非T2DM心衰患者中的治疗效果,结果显示,与安慰剂比较,达格列净降低了HFrEF患者的心血管死亡、因心衰住院及因心衰急诊入院的复合结局发生率(16.3% vs. 21.2%;HR=0.74),且T2DM患者与非T2DM患者的获益相似,此结果直接促进了美国食品和药品监督管理局(FDA)批准达格列净用于HFrEF患者的治疗。EMPEROR-Reduced[67]也是一项针对NYHA Ⅱ-Ⅳ级HFrEF患者的RCT,该研究纳入3730例LVEF<40%的T2DM及非T2DM患者,并随机分为安慰剂组与恩格列净组,结果显示在中位随访16个月时,恩格列净组主要终点(心血管死亡或因心衰住院)事件发生率较安慰剂组降低了25%(HR=0.75),其结果提示无论是否合并T2DM,在标准治疗的基础上,恩格列净可明显降低患者的心血管死亡或因心衰住院风险。其他关于HFrEF的试验也得到了同样重要的结论,如DEFINE-HF试验[68]纳入了263例LVEF≤40%的NYHA Ⅱ-Ⅳ级的心衰患者并随机分组,结果发现与安慰剂相比,达格列净可明显改善HFrEF患者堪萨斯城心衰调查表(KCCQ)临床总评分,在有或无T2DM及其他预先指定的亚组中结果一致;de Boer等[69]的一项Ⅱ期RCT比较了三种剂量的利格列净、恩格列净和安慰剂在HFrEF治疗中的效果,发现恩格列净可更好地降低心衰患者的收缩压。
近期,Bhatt等[70]的SOLOIST-WHF研究不仅证实了索格列净作为一种新型SGLT2i的有效性和安全性,更是将SGLT2i治疗心衰的适应证拓展至失代偿心衰患者。该研究是一项Ⅲ期、双盲、随机、安慰剂对照试验,纳入人群为T2DM合并心衰且因心衰住院治疗的患者,主要研究终点为心血管死亡人数及因心衰恶化所致的住院治疗和急诊就诊(非住院)次数,结果显示中位随访9个月时,与安慰剂相比,索格列净可使近期恶化心衰患者的年主要终点事件发生率降低25.3%;此外,该研究也评估了SGLT2i在HFpEF患者中的获益,根据LVEF<50%或LVEF≥50%进行亚组分析发现,无论对于HFpEF还是HFrEF,索格列净均可降低终点事件的发生风险(LVEF<50%组:HR=0.72;LVEF≥50%组:HR=0.48),且HFpEF患者获益更大。这一发现具有重要的临床意义,有助于打破心衰治疗的“金三角(肾素-血管紧张素系统、β受体阻滞剂及醛固酮受体拮抗剂)”,为心衰治疗增加了新的临床证据,该研究亚组分析发现,HFpEF患者应用索格列净的疗效更好,为HFpEF的治疗提供了新思路。由于目前对于HFpEF的治疗措施相对有限,索格列净对HFpEF的保护作用可能会为其治疗提供新的靶点。
与HFrEF不同,SGLT2i在HFpEF治疗中的证据仍然有限。最近,VERTIS-CV试验[71]发现,与安慰剂相比,埃格列净治疗后患者的因心衰住院率明显降低(2.5% vs. 3.6%),且该试验中80%以上为HFpEF患者,虽未进行亚组分析,但HFpEF患者的高比例提示埃格列净在改善HFpEF心血管预后和病死率方面具有明显的优势。此外,近期已完成的EMPEROR-preserved试验[72]明确了恩格列净对伴或不伴T2DM的HFpEF患者心衰结局的影响,该试验是一项随机、平行、双盲、安慰剂对照Ⅲ期试验,纳入了5988例LVEF>40%、NYHA Ⅱ-Ⅳ级的心衰患者,随机分为安慰剂组与恩格列净(10 mg/d)组,结果显示,在中位随访26.2个月期间,恩格列净组主要结局(血管死亡或因心衰住院复合事件)发生率明显低于安慰剂组(13.8% vs. 17.1%;HR=0.79),其作用在伴或不伴糖尿病的患者中是一致的,且在由LVEF和性别划分的亚组中也是一致的。此外,恩格列净组因心衰住院的总数(首次和再次住院)少于安慰剂组(407例 vs. 541例;HR=0.73),且恩格列净组心血管死亡发生率减少了9%(HR=0.91),但两组间的全因死亡率差异无统计学意义(HR=1)。总体而言,无论患者是否合并糖尿病,恩格列净均可明显降低HFpEF患者的心血管死亡或心衰住院主要终点的风险,这是心血管领域一个里程碑式的重大突破。EMPEROR-preserved试验较好地评估了SGLT2i对HFpEF的疗程和预后的影响,为HFpEF的治疗提供了新依据,也为HFpEF指南的更新提供了证据。
上述试验可提高临床对SGLT2i治疗HFpEF的认识,并可能对HFpEF的临床治疗产生重大影响,但SGLT2i治疗HFpEF的研究较少,仍需要更多临床研究加以证实。有学者预测,如将SGLT2i应用于HFpEF患者,可明显减少每年的死亡人数,但2021年更新的心衰指南[73]未更新对HFpEF的推荐,HFpEF的治疗方案目前处于修订过程中,仍有待SGLT2i治疗HFpEF系列试验的验证。
关于SGLT2i的安全性,SOLOIST-WHF试验[70]中索格列净组及安慰剂组分别有3.0%和2.8%的患者因严重不良事件而停药;除心衰外,索格列净组与安慰剂组的其他不良事件发生率[低血压(6.0% vs. 4.6%)、尿路感染(4.8% vs. 5.1%)、腹泻(6.1% vs.3.4%)及急性肾损伤(4.1% vs. 4.4%)]差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
EMPEROR-Reduced试验[67]结果显示,恩格列净组的低血压、糖尿病酮症酸中毒(DKA)、骨折、重度低血糖事件、尿路感染及生殖道感染等不良反应与安慰剂组比较差异均无统计学意义,提示恩格列净的安全性较好。一项Meta分析结果显示,与安慰剂组相比,SGLT2i组心衰合并糖尿病患者发生DKA的风险较对照组高2倍[74];另一项Meta分析结果显示,接受SGLT2i治疗的患者急性肾损伤发生风险明显降低(HR=0.66)[75];还有一项系统评价发现,与安慰剂相比,肾功能不全患者应用SGLT2i后,初始血清肌酐水平升高,但随后可恢复至基线水平[76]。此外有研究发现,SGLT2i可增高患者的血细胞比容和肌酐水平,可能与血液浓缩有关,但不增加患者的卒中风险[77]。总体上,SGLT2i治疗HFpEF的安全性较高,但未来可设计以特定不良事件为主要结果的Ⅳ期临床试验,以更加具体地评估其安全性。
HFpEF为一种具有多种临床表现、病因复杂的综合征,患者的存活率在过去20年未得到提高,且涉及的研究也未能获得可靠的循证医学阳性结果,根本原因在于HFpEF是一组异源性的临床综合征,其诊断缺乏统一标准,目前的治疗仍是经验性治疗,缺乏针对相应病理生理机制的干预方法。SGLT2i在HFpEF患者中的疗效较好,可能为HFpEF的临床治疗提供新的选择,虽然其能否明显改善患者的远期预后仍在探索阶段,但目前已获得大量SGLT2i药物相关的非降糖益处。鉴于SGLT2i具有降低血糖水平、改善血流动力学、降低心脏后负荷(降低血压、动脉僵硬度)、改善血管内皮功能、抑制炎症和氧化应激、改善胰岛素抵抗和心肌能量代谢、维持心脏电生理稳定性、减缓心脏异常肥大和重塑、改善心肌收缩和舒张功能等心血管作用,理论上应对HFpEF患者有益。虽然SGLT2i在HFrEF中的疗效与安全性已基本得到肯定,但在HFpEF中的应用价值仍存在争议,因此能否扩大其适应证,除了HFrEF患者,对HFpEF患者是否值得推荐,仍需要大量的前瞻性试验加以验证。随着SGLT2i在心衰领域的临床数据日益积累,相信未来在HFpEF患者的治疗中将有更广阔的应用前景。
  • 甘肃省卫生行业计划(GSWSKY-2019-08)
  • 甘肃省中央领导地方科技发展专项(20YF8FA079)
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2022年第47卷第2期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.02.0203
  • 接收时间:2021-04-19
  • 首发时间:2025-12-17
  • 出版时间:2022-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2021-04-19
  • 录用日期:2021-05-11
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Health Industry Project of Gansu Province(GSWSKY-2019-08)
甘肃省卫生行业计划(GSWSKY-2019-08)
Special Project for Local Science and Technology Development under the Leadership of the Central Committee of Gansu Province(20YF8FA079)
甘肃省中央领导地方科技发展专项(20YF8FA079)
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    1兰州大学第一临床医学院,兰州 730000
    2兰州大学第一医院老年心血管科/甘肃省老年疾病临床医学研究中心,兰州 730000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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