Article(id=1208154040672825706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1208154038609228128, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.02.0107, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1641398400000, receivedDateStr=2022-01-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1644249600000, acceptedDateStr=2022-02-08, onlineDate=1765975969712, onlineDateStr=2025-12-17, pubDate=1645977600000, pubDateStr=2022-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765975969712, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765975969712, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765975969712, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1208154038609228128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2022', volume='47', issue='2', pageStart='107', pageEnd='212', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1765975969218, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765976148463, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208154790459192257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1208154038609228128, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208154790459192258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1208154038609228128, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=107, endPage=117, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208154041243251058, articleId=1208154040672825706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Consensus of Chinese experts on standardized evaluation of coagulation dysfunction in severe patients, columnId=1190310109461971339, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Guideline and Consensus, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Coagulation dysfunction occurs in more than 40% of severe patients. The adverse bleeding events, blood transfusion volume and mortality of severe patients with coagulation dysfunction may be increased by more than 4 times. Early recognition of the coagulation dysfunction and accurate evaluation of coagulation function are the premise and guarantee of correcting the coagulation dysfunction as soon as possible. However, there is still a lack of standards for rapid and accurate evaluation of coagulation dysfunction in severe patients at home and abroad. Therefore, the People's Liberation Army Professional Committee of Critical Care Medicine and Chinese Society on Thrombosis, Hemostasis and Critical Care of China Medicine Education Association jointly formulate this consensus. The related concepts, evaluation methods and diagnostic criteria of coagulation dysfunction in severe patients have been included in the present paper in order to provide corresponding guidance for clinical work.

, correspAuthors=Jing-chun Song, Wei-Qin Li, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* Song Jing-Chun, E-mail: ;
Li Wei-Qin, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jing-chun Song, Wei Zhang, Lei Zhang, Jun Yang, Jin-Hua Zhang, Jing Zhou, Qiu-Shi Wang, Wei-Qin Li, People’s Liberation Army Professional Committee of Critical Care Medicine, Chinese Society of Thrombosis, Hemostasis and Critical Care, Chinese Medicine Education Association), CN=ArticleExt(id=1208154043499786693, articleId=1208154040672825706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=CN, title=重症患者凝血功能障碍标准化评估中国专家共识, columnId=1190310109688463760, journalTitle=解放军医学杂志, columnName=指南与共识, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

40%以上的重症患者会发生凝血功能障碍,合并凝血功能障碍的重症患者出血不良事件、输血量及病死率可升高4倍以上。早期识别凝血功能障碍并准确评估凝血功能,是尽快纠正凝血功能障碍的前提及保障,但目前国内外尚缺乏如何快速、准确评估重症患者凝血功能障碍的标准。为此,全军重症医学专业委员会联合中国医药教育协会血栓与止血危重病专业委员会组织临床专家共同制定了《重症患者凝血功能障碍标准化评估中国专家共识》。本共识包括重症患者凝血功能障碍的有关概念、评估方法及诊断标准3个部分,共12条推荐意见,以期为临床工作提供相应指导。

, correspAuthors=宋景春, 李维勤, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
宋景春,E-mail:;
李维勤,E-mail:
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remark=8解放军东部战区总医院重症医学科,南京 210002)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1208154048981742342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208154040672825706, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Related concepts of coagulation function, figureFileSmall=v+mKzC0NDfZod24acRn/dQ==, figureFileBig=mdGCwBUanQNoG5O01WxA0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208154049082405641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208154040672825706, language=CN, label=图1, caption=凝血功能紊乱相关概念

DIC. 弥散性血管内凝血

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MDS. 骨髓增生异常综合征;DIC. 弥散性血管内凝血;HUS. 溶血性尿毒综合征;TTP. 血栓性血小板减少性紫癜

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LY30%. 30 min时溶解度;CI. 凝血指数;MA. 最大振幅

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ACT. 活化凝血时间;CR. 凝血速率;PF. 血小板功能

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PT. 凝血酶原时间;APTT. 活化部分凝血活酶时间;TEG.血栓弹力试验;Fib.纤维蛋白原;FFMA. 最大振幅

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Recommended clinical intensity classification

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
推荐强度等级释义及临床建议
A强。循证证据肯定或良好(Ⅰ-Ⅱ级);循证证据一般(Ⅲ-Ⅳ级),但在国内外指南中明确推荐,能够改善健康结局,利大于弊
B中等。循证证据一般(Ⅲ-Ⅳ级);可以改善健康结局
C弱。循证证据不足或矛盾;无法明确利弊,但可能改善健康结局
), ArticleFig(id=1208154050126787379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208154040672825706, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

临床推荐强度分级

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推荐强度等级释义及临床建议
A强。循证证据肯定或良好(Ⅰ-Ⅱ级);循证证据一般(Ⅲ-Ⅳ级),但在国内外指南中明确推荐,能够改善健康结局,利大于弊
B中等。循证证据一般(Ⅲ-Ⅳ级);可以改善健康结局
C弱。循证证据不足或矛盾;无法明确利弊,但可能改善健康结局
), ArticleFig(id=1208154050219062071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208154040672825706, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Evidence-based level

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证据等级分级释义
基于多个随机对照试验的荟萃分析或系统评价;大样本随机对照试验
基于至少一个质量较高的随机对照试验;设计规范、结果明确的观察性研究或横断面研究;前瞻性队列研究
基于设计良好的非随机性病例对照研究,观察性研究,非前瞻性队列研究
基于非随机性回顾性研究;病例报告;专家共识
), ArticleFig(id=1208154050315531067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208154040672825706, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

循证证据等级

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
证据等级分级释义
基于多个随机对照试验的荟萃分析或系统评价;大样本随机对照试验
基于至少一个质量较高的随机对照试验;设计规范、结果明确的观察性研究或横断面研究;前瞻性队列研究
基于设计良好的非随机性病例对照研究,观察性研究,非前瞻性队列研究
基于非随机性回顾性研究;病例报告;专家共识
), ArticleFig(id=1208154050382639934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208154040672825706, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Common laboratory results of patients with coagulation dysfunction in intensive care unit

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诊断PTAPTT纤维蛋白原D-二聚体出血时间血小板计数抗凝血酶血涂片结果
维生素K相关凝血功能障碍延长正常或延长正常不受影响不受影响不受影响不受影响
抗血小板聚集药物治疗不受影响不受影响不受影响不受影响延长不受影响不受影响
肝病早期延长不受影响不受影响不受影响不受影响不受影响轻度降低
肝病晚期延长延长降低升高延长减少降低
尿毒症不受影响不受影响不受影响不受影响延长减少降低
弥散性血管内凝血延长延长降低升高延长减少降低破碎红细胞
血栓性血小板减少性紫癜不受影响不受影响不受影响不受影响延长非常低不受影响破碎红细胞
纤溶亢进延长延长降低非常高可能延长不受影响不受影响
), ArticleFig(id=1208154050483303234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208154040672825706, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

重症监护病房常见凝血功能障碍患者的实验室检查表现

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
诊断PTAPTT纤维蛋白原D-二聚体出血时间血小板计数抗凝血酶血涂片结果
维生素K相关凝血功能障碍延长正常或延长正常不受影响不受影响不受影响不受影响
抗血小板聚集药物治疗不受影响不受影响不受影响不受影响延长不受影响不受影响
肝病早期延长不受影响不受影响不受影响不受影响不受影响轻度降低
肝病晚期延长延长降低升高延长减少降低
尿毒症不受影响不受影响不受影响不受影响延长减少降低
弥散性血管内凝血延长延长降低升高延长减少降低破碎红细胞
血栓性血小板减少性紫癜不受影响不受影响不受影响不受影响延长非常低不受影响破碎红细胞
纤溶亢进延长延长降低非常高可能延长不受影响不受影响
), ArticleFig(id=1208154050571383621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208154040672825706, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Common results of mixing test in severe patients with coagulation dysfunction

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诊断PT试验APTT试验TT试验纠正试验
FⅦ缺乏延长正常正常PT纠正
FⅦ抑制物延长正常正常PT不纠正
FⅧ、FⅨ、FⅪ、FⅫ、PK、HMWK等缺乏症正常延长正常APTT纠正
FⅧ、FⅨ、FⅪ和(或)FⅫ抑制物正常延长正常APTT不纠正(未混合孵育APTT可能会纠正)
狼疮抗凝物正常或延长延长正常APTT不纠正
肝病延长延长正常或延长PT及APTT均纠正
弥散性血管内凝血延长延长延长PT及APTT均纠正
FⅡ、FⅤ和(或)FⅩ缺乏延长延长/正常延长PT及APTT均纠正
FⅡ、FⅤ和(或)FⅩ抑制物延长延长延长PT及APTT均不纠正
), ArticleFig(id=1208154050655269705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208154040672825706, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

重症患者常见凝血功能障碍的纠正试验表现

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
诊断PT试验APTT试验TT试验纠正试验
FⅦ缺乏延长正常正常PT纠正
FⅦ抑制物延长正常正常PT不纠正
FⅧ、FⅨ、FⅪ、FⅫ、PK、HMWK等缺乏症正常延长正常APTT纠正
FⅧ、FⅨ、FⅪ和(或)FⅫ抑制物正常延长正常APTT不纠正(未混合孵育APTT可能会纠正)
狼疮抗凝物正常或延长延长正常APTT不纠正
肝病延长延长正常或延长PT及APTT均纠正
弥散性血管内凝血延长延长延长PT及APTT均纠正
FⅡ、FⅤ和(或)FⅩ缺乏延长延长/正常延长PT及APTT均纠正
FⅡ、FⅤ和(或)FⅩ抑制物延长延长延长PT及APTT均不纠正
), ArticleFig(id=1208154050760127308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208154040672825706, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Performance of novel coagulation molecular markers in severe patients with coagulation dysfunction

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标志物脓毒症脓毒症休克创伤创伤失血性休克内科出血热射病白血病性DIC肺栓塞原发性纤溶亢进溶栓术后
TM↑↑↑↑↑↑
TAT↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑
PIC↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑
t-PAIC↑↑
), ArticleFig(id=1208154050856596303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208154040672825706, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

新型凝血分子标志物在重症患者凝血功能障碍中的表现

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标志物脓毒症脓毒症休克创伤创伤失血性休克内科出血热射病白血病性DIC肺栓塞原发性纤溶亢进溶栓术后
TM↑↑↑↑↑↑
TAT↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑
PIC↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑
t-PAIC↑↑
), ArticleFig(id=1208154050936288083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208154040672825706, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Diagnostic criteria for DIC/SIC

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评分项目ISTH-DICCDSS-DICSIC评分
是否存在导致DIC的原发病0
2
SOFA评分11
≥22
血小板计数(×109/L)50~10080~100或24 h下降≥50%100~1501
<50<80<1002
PT(INR)/APTT(s)PT延长≥3且<6PT延长≥3或APTT延长≥101.2<INR≤1.41
PT延长≥6PT延长≥6>1.42
纤溶相关指标(μg/ml)0.5<D-二聚体<51
中度升高,2.5≤D-二聚体<5.05≤D-二聚体<92
重度升高,D-二聚体≥5.0D-二聚体≥93
纤维蛋白原(g/L)<1.0<1.01
是否存在以下临床表现
 不能用原发病解释的严重或多发出血倾向1
 不能用原发病解释的微循环障碍或休克1
 广泛性皮肤、黏膜栓塞,灶性缺血性坏死、脱落及溃疡形成,不明原因的肺、肾、脑等脏器功能衰竭1
总分≥5≥7≥4 
), ArticleFig(id=1208154051015979864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208154040672825706, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

DIC/SIC诊断标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评分项目ISTH-DICCDSS-DICSIC评分
是否存在导致DIC的原发病0
2
SOFA评分11
≥22
血小板计数(×109/L)50~10080~100或24 h下降≥50%100~1501
<50<80<1002
PT(INR)/APTT(s)PT延长≥3且<6PT延长≥3或APTT延长≥101.2<INR≤1.41
PT延长≥6PT延长≥6>1.42
纤溶相关指标(μg/ml)0.5<D-二聚体<51
中度升高,2.5≤D-二聚体<5.05≤D-二聚体<92
重度升高,D-二聚体≥5.0D-二聚体≥93
纤维蛋白原(g/L)<1.0<1.01
是否存在以下临床表现
 不能用原发病解释的严重或多发出血倾向1
 不能用原发病解释的微循环障碍或休克1
 广泛性皮肤、黏膜栓塞,灶性缺血性坏死、脱落及溃疡形成,不明原因的肺、肾、脑等脏器功能衰竭1
总分≥5≥7≥4 
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重症患者凝血功能障碍标准化评估中国专家共识
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宋景春 1, * , 张伟 2 , 张磊 3 , 杨军 4 , 张进华 5 , 周静 6 , 王秋实 7 , 李维勤 8, * , 全军重症医学专业委员会 , 中国医药教育协会血栓与止血危重病专业委员会
解放军医学杂志 | 指南与共识 2022,47(2): 107-117
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解放军医学杂志 | 指南与共识 2022, 47(2): 107-117
重症患者凝血功能障碍标准化评估中国专家共识
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宋景春1, * , 张伟2, 张磊3, 杨军4, 张进华5, 周静6, 王秋实7, 李维勤8, * , 全军重症医学专业委员会, 中国医药教育协会血栓与止血危重病专业委员会
作者信息
  • 1解放军联勤保障部队第908医院重症医学科,南昌 330002
  • 2解放军联勤保障部队第900医院急诊科,福州 350000
  • 3西安交通大学第二附属医院检验科,西安 710001
  • 4武汉亚洲心脏病医院检验科,武汉 430022
  • 5福建医科大学附属协和医院药学科,福州 350001
  • 6四川大学附属华西医院检验科,成都 332001
  • 7中国医科大学附属盛京医院输血科,沈阳 110004
  • 8解放军东部战区总医院重症医学科,南京 210002

通讯作者:

宋景春,E-mail:;
李维勤,E-mail:
Consensus of Chinese experts on standardized evaluation of coagulation dysfunction in severe patients
Jing-chun Song1, * , Wei Zhang2, Lei Zhang3, Jun Yang4, Jin-Hua Zhang5, Jing Zhou6, Qiu-Shi Wang7, Wei-Qin Li8, * , People’s Liberation Army Professional Committee of Critical Care Medicine, Chinese Society of Thrombosis, Hemostasis and Critical Care, Chinese Medicine Education Association
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Critical Care Medicine, the 908th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Forces of Chinese PLA, Nanchang 330002, China
  • 2Department of Emergency, the 900th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Forces of Chinese PLA, Fuzhou 350000, China
  • 3Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710001, China
  • 4Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wuhan Asian Heart Hospital, Wuhan 430003, China
  • 5Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China
  • 6Department of Clinical Laboratory, West China Hospital Affiliated to Sichuan University, Chengdu 332001, China
  • 7Department of Blood Transfusion, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
  • 8Department of Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Eastern Theater Command of Chinese PLA, Nanjing 210002, China
出版时间: 2022-02-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.02.0107
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40%以上的重症患者会发生凝血功能障碍,合并凝血功能障碍的重症患者出血不良事件、输血量及病死率可升高4倍以上。早期识别凝血功能障碍并准确评估凝血功能,是尽快纠正凝血功能障碍的前提及保障,但目前国内外尚缺乏如何快速、准确评估重症患者凝血功能障碍的标准。为此,全军重症医学专业委员会联合中国医药教育协会血栓与止血危重病专业委员会组织临床专家共同制定了《重症患者凝血功能障碍标准化评估中国专家共识》。本共识包括重症患者凝血功能障碍的有关概念、评估方法及诊断标准3个部分,共12条推荐意见,以期为临床工作提供相应指导。

重症  /  凝血功能障碍  /  标准  /  评估

Coagulation dysfunction occurs in more than 40% of severe patients. The adverse bleeding events, blood transfusion volume and mortality of severe patients with coagulation dysfunction may be increased by more than 4 times. Early recognition of the coagulation dysfunction and accurate evaluation of coagulation function are the premise and guarantee of correcting the coagulation dysfunction as soon as possible. However, there is still a lack of standards for rapid and accurate evaluation of coagulation dysfunction in severe patients at home and abroad. Therefore, the People's Liberation Army Professional Committee of Critical Care Medicine and Chinese Society on Thrombosis, Hemostasis and Critical Care of China Medicine Education Association jointly formulate this consensus. The related concepts, evaluation methods and diagnostic criteria of coagulation dysfunction in severe patients have been included in the present paper in order to provide corresponding guidance for clinical work.

critical illness  /  coagulation dysfunction  /  standard  /  assessment
宋景春, 张伟, 张磊, 杨军, 张进华, 周静, 王秋实, 李维勤, 全军重症医学专业委员会, 中国医药教育协会血栓与止血危重病专业委员会. 重症患者凝血功能障碍标准化评估中国专家共识. 解放军医学杂志, 2022 , 47 (2) : 107 -117 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.02.0107
Jing-chun Song, Wei Zhang, Lei Zhang, Jun Yang, Jin-Hua Zhang, Jing Zhou, Qiu-Shi Wang, Wei-Qin Li, People’s Liberation Army Professional Committee of Critical Care Medicine, Chinese Society of Thrombosis, Hemostasis and Critical Care, Chinese Medicine Education Association. Consensus of Chinese experts on standardized evaluation of coagulation dysfunction in severe patients[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2022 , 47 (2) : 107 -117 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.02.0107
凝血功能是机体维持血管壁完整性并防止出血的重要生理功能[1]。据统计,重症患者入住重症监护病房(intensive care unit,ICU)时,血小板减少的发生率可达40.0%~67.6%[2-3],国际标准化比值(international normalized ratio,INR)≥1.5的发生率可超过66%[4]。发生凝血功能障碍的重症患者不仅出血事件及输血量显著增加,而且更容易发展为多器官功能衰竭,其病死率也比凝血功能正常的患者升高4倍以上[5-6]。早期识别凝血功能障碍并准确评估凝血功能[7],是尽快纠正凝血功能障碍的前提及保障。但是,目前国内外尚缺乏如何快速、准确、规范地评估重症患者凝血功能障碍的标准。全军重症医学专业委员会联合中国医药教育协会血栓与止血危重病专业委员会共同制定了《重症患者凝血功能障碍标准化评估中国专家共识》,包括重症患者凝血功能障碍的有关概念、评估方法及诊断标准等3个部分,共12条推荐意见(推荐强度及循证证据等级见表12),以期为临床工作提供指导。
根据美国国立卫生研究院(National Institutes of Health,NIH)颁布的“医学主题词”(Medical Subject Headings,MeSH)及全国科学技术审定委员会颁布的科技名词,专家们共同讨论并统一意见后对凝血相关概念做出如下解释。
推荐意见1 凝血功能紊乱是由多种因素引起的血液凝固异常,可表现为高凝血症相关的血栓性疾病及低凝血症相关的出血性疾病(推荐强度A,证据等级Ⅳ)
血液凝固是指凝血因子与血小板相互作用形成不溶性纤维蛋白凝块的过程。凝血功能正常是血管内皮、血小板、凝血因子、抗凝系统及纤溶系统共同建立的动态平衡。凝血功能紊乱又称为凝血病,是由凝血蛋白功能异常、血小板功能异常、血液蛋白功能或血管内皮功能紊乱等多种因素引起的血液凝固异常,临床上可表现为出血性疾病及血栓性疾病[8-9]。其中,凝血蛋白是指参与血液凝固过程的各种蛋白质组分,主要包括凝血因子及抗凝因子;血液蛋白则包括血红蛋白、白蛋白、免疫球蛋白及糖蛋白等;凝血病包括血液凝固性增高、易导致血栓形成的高凝血症及血液凝固性下降、易引起出血的低凝血症[10]
推荐意见2 凝血功能障碍是因血液凝固能力下降导致的、具有出血倾向的病理生理状态(推荐强度A,证据等级Ⅳ)
凝血功能障碍是既往临床工作中最常用的概念之一,专指因血液凝固能力下降导致的低凝血症[11]。重症患者凝血功能障碍的常见病因有脓毒症、创伤、维生素缺乏、肝病、抗凝药物过量、内科出血性疾病、中毒等。按照凝血功能障碍的机制分类,重症患者的凝血功能障碍可分为凝血因子功能障碍、血小板功能障碍、纤溶功能亢进及病理性抗凝物质增多。这些机制可单独或合并出现,出现时机及先后顺序因具体疾病的病理生理机制而有所不同。凝血功能障碍可以仅表现为实验室检查凝血指标的异常。美国米里亚姆医院对ICU内出现INR≥1.5的48例患者进行研究发现,19例为维生素K缺乏型(低凝血因子Ⅶ、凝血因子Ⅹ、蛋白C及蛋白S活性),17例为肝病型(低凝血因子Ⅴ、低或正常纤维蛋白原及高凝血因子Ⅷ),7例为抗Ⅹa新型口服抗凝药物过量(抗Ⅹa活性>0.01 U/ml),5例原因不明[12]。临床上当患者出现一项以上经实验室检查凝血指标异常认定的出血倾向,即可诊断为凝血功能障碍。
推荐意见3 凝血功能衰竭是血液的凝固能力不足以维持机体自身血液正常流动的紧急状态(推荐强度A,证据等级Ⅳ)
凝血功能衰竭常发生于重症休克患者,是维系正常凝血功能的血管、血流、血液三要素共同失衡的危重状态,即同时具有血管内皮的严重损伤,凝血蛋白、血小板、纤溶系统功能的严重障碍,且合并严重的氧代谢障碍及组织低灌注,临床表现为皮肤淤斑、黏膜出血、肢体发绀,甚至末端坏疽[13]
推荐意见4 弥散性血管内凝血是继发于潜在致病因素的、以广泛血管内凝血机制激活为特征的系统性疾病(推荐强度A,证据等级Ⅱ)
弥散性血管内凝血(disseminated intravascular coagulation,DIC)可发生于多种疾病的病理生理过程中,常见病因包括严重感染、创伤、肿瘤、病理产科、热射病等。经典DIC在致病因素作用下大量释放促凝物质激活凝血酶,导致微循环中形成广泛的微血栓。微血栓过度形成消耗了大量凝血因子及血小板,同时继发纤维蛋白溶解功能亢进,导致患者出现明显的出血、休克、多器官功能障碍及微血管病性溶血等临床表现[14]。不同于凝血功能衰竭代表一种病理生理状态,DIC是一种以凝血酶广泛激活为核心特征的病理生理过程[15]
根据诱发DIC的病因及病理生理机制的不同,DIC可分为血栓型DIC及纤溶型DIC两种表型[16]。血栓型DIC常见于脓毒症,可由病原相关分子模式(pathogen-associated molecular pattern,PAMP)或损伤相关分子模式(damage-associated molecular pattern,DAMP)引起系统性炎症及内皮损伤,继而形成大量凝血酶活化、抗凝及纤溶活性抑制,最终导致广泛的微血栓形成及多器官功能衰竭。因此,早期抗凝及血管内皮保护策略是血栓型DIC的主要治疗原则。需要注意的是,因为凝血底物的大量消耗,血栓型DIC在血管损伤时也可表现为出血。纤溶型DIC常见于严重创伤及急性早幼粒细胞白血病,可因组织型纤溶酶原激活物(tissue-type plasminogen activator,t-PA)大量释放诱发纤溶亢进,继而导致纤维蛋白过度降解引起出血。因此,早期抗纤溶及替代治疗是纤溶型DIC的主要治疗原则。因不理解DIC分型而错误选择抗凝治疗或抗纤溶治疗,可能导致凝血功能障碍加重,甚至加速死亡。
DIC前期相当于凝血病及程度较轻的凝血功能障碍,DIC相当于较重的凝血功能障碍及凝血功能衰竭(图1)。依据“贵在重症”的理念,凝血功能障碍及凝血功能衰竭的概念更强调支持治疗;依据“精在懂病”的理念,DIC的概念更强调根据病理生理机制进行对因治疗。
重症患者凝血功能障碍的评估要素包括患者的基础情况、常规凝血试验筛查、黏弹力检测试验筛查及新型凝血分子标志物。
推荐意见5 重症患者凝血功能障碍评估需关注患者的基础疾病、用药史、年龄、性别及体重(推荐强度A,证据等级Ⅱ)
患者如有以下病史,可使凝血功能障碍的发生风险增加[17]:(1)遗传性凝血因子缺乏(如血友病)、纤维蛋白原减少症、血小板功能缺陷等;(2)获得性凝血因子减少、血小板减少、病理性抗凝物质形成、纤溶功能亢进等;(3)支气管扩张、消化道溃疡、肝硬化、痔疮等有潜在出血风险的疾病;(4)服用抗凝药物或抗血小板聚集药物史;(5)处于严重创伤或外科手术后24 h内。
韩国学者Kim等[18]回顾分析了2013-2017年1 319 807例手术患者的资料,其中手术后胃肠出血发生率为0.27%(3505例)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,年龄>60岁、男性、存在基础疾病(如糖尿病、高血压、慢性肝病、心功能不全及胃溃疡等)、接受抗血栓药物治疗、大型手术及术后使用激素是术后出现胃肠出血的主要危险因素,而使用非甾体抗炎药(如阿司匹林、对乙酰氨基酚)、抗惊厥药、抗抑郁药及阿片类药物对术后胃肠出血的发生率无影响。Anna等[19]在2010-2014年对1379例急性冠脉综合征患者的出血情况进行随访,其中严重出血(包括颅内出血及需要住院、输血治疗或手术治疗的出血)的累计发生率为8.6%。多变量Cox比例风险回归模型分析后发现,年龄>75岁、贫血、合并高血压及心力衰竭是急性冠脉综合征患者发生出血的主要原因。
推荐意见6 推荐使用血涂片进行外周血形态学检查辅助诊断重症患者凝血功能障碍(推荐强度A,证据等级Ⅳ)
外周血涂片是临床上简便易行的血液形态学检查方法,能够辅助诊断重症患者凝血功能障碍的病因[20]。对出现凝血功能障碍的重症患者,外周血涂片可以初步判断白细胞、红细胞及血小板的数量、大小及形态异常(图2)。特别是对于假性血小板减少、溶血性尿毒综合征(hemolytic uremic syndrome,HUS)、血栓性血小板减少性紫癜(thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura,TTP)等疾病,外周血涂片结果具有很高的诊断价值[21]
推荐意见7 充分利用常规凝血试验及纠正试验进行重症患者凝血功能障碍的筛查(推荐强度A,证据等级Ⅳ)
常规凝血试验主要以“凝血瀑布学说”的内外源凝血激活途径为基础,采用机体乏血小板血浆为标本,通过相应试剂模拟二期止血体外反应,对凝血功能障碍进行筛查。常规凝血功能筛查指标包括:(1)外源性凝血系统状态评估:常用指标为凝血酶原时间(prothrombin time,PT)及INR。PT或INR延长提示外源性凝血系统的凝血因子存在数量或质量的异常,或血中存在抗凝物质。(2)内源性凝血系统状态评估:常用指标为活化部分凝血活酶时间(activated partial thromboplastin time,APTT)。APTT延长提示内源性凝血系统的凝血因子存在数量或质量的异常,或血中存在抗凝物质;APTT缩短提示血液呈高凝状态。APTT可用于肝素剂量的监测。PT、APTT延长提示出血风险较高,PT、APTT缩短提示诊断为高凝状态的敏感度较低。(3)凝血共同途径状态的评估:常用指标为凝血酶时间(thrombin time,TT)及纤维蛋白原。TT延长而纤维蛋白原水平正常,提示血中存在抗凝物质;TT延长且纤维蛋白原水平降低,则提示低纤维蛋白原血症。(4)纤溶系统功能评估:常用指标有D-二聚体及纤维蛋白降解产物(fibrin degradation products,FDP)。D-二聚体及FDP升高,提示存在纤溶活动。如果FDP升高明显,D-二聚体升高不明显,可考虑原发性纤溶亢进;如果二者均明显升高,可考虑继发性纤溶亢进。(5)血小板计数:血小板数量减少,提示患者出血风险增加;血小板数量增多,则血小板易发生黏附、聚集及释放反应,可能形成血小板性血栓。(6)抗凝血酶Ⅲ(antithrombin Ⅲ,ATⅢ):ATⅢ能与凝血酶结合形成凝血酶-抗凝血酶复合物,从而灭活凝血酶。肝素与ATⅢ结合后可显著加速凝血酶灭活反应达千倍以上。ATⅢ活性下降可导致机体抗凝能力下降及肝素抗凝作用减弱。重症患者凝血功能障碍的常规凝血实验室检查表现见表3
纠正试验是当患者凝固时间出现不明原因延长时,将患者血浆与正常混合血浆或药物按照一定比例混合后,重新检测凝固时间的筛选试验[22]。纠正试验可分为混合血浆纠正试验及药物纠正试验两种。混合血浆纠正试验的原理是所有凝血因子活性水平在正常值的50%以上即可保持凝血时间在正常参考范围,因此在凝血因子活性缺乏的患者血浆中添加1∶1比例的正常混合血浆后,凝血时间可恢复正常,而含有抗凝药物、凝血因子抑制物、抗磷脂抗体等异常物质的患者血浆,即便混合正常血浆后凝血时间也不能纠正至正常。具体判定标准为混合血浆的凝血时间比正常混合血浆延长<15%为“纠正”;比正常混合血浆延长≥15%为“不纠正”[23]。根据混合血浆纠正试验可初步判断血浆凝固时间延长的原因,指导下一步进行确诊试验。此外,如果凝血时间延长的患者血浆中加入鱼精蛋白后可纠正,提示患者血液中含有肝素。纠正试验常用于APTT的检测,也可用于PT及TT的检测。APTT与PT采用正常混合血浆作为纠正试剂,TT采用甲苯胺蓝或鱼精蛋白作为纠正试剂。重症患者常见凝血功能障碍的纠正试验表现见表4
不同病因相关凝血功能障碍具有相应的时相特征。如脓毒症时,内皮损伤引起微血栓形成,可先表现为纤溶指标如D-二聚体或FDP升高;随着血小板破坏及骨髓抑制,会出现血小板计数减少;随着凝血底物过度消耗,PT、APTT出现延长,发展至凝血功能衰竭阶段可出现纤维蛋白原水平下降[24]。创伤出血时,血栓形成以便止血,此时继发纤溶活动先出现D-二聚体及FDP升高;如持续出血导致血块大量形成,作为凝血共同途径的纤维蛋白原快速消耗,出现低纤维蛋白原血症,继而出现凝血因子消耗导致PT、APTT延长;因为脾脏储存的血小板释放,创伤时血小板减少症发生相对较晚[25]
推荐意见8 推荐使用黏弹力凝血试验作为重症患者凝血功能障碍的常规诊断方法(推荐强度A,证据等级Ⅱ)
黏弹力凝血试验以全血为检测标本,能够更全面、准确地反映凝血功能障碍患者的凝血状态,已经在脓毒症性DIC、创伤大出血、颅脑损伤、肝衰竭、新型冠状病毒肺炎等危重病中得到广泛推荐[26-30]。因此,推荐应用黏弹力凝血试验作为评估重症患者凝血功能的常规工具。黏弹力凝血试验主要包括血栓弹力图(thromboelastograph,TEG)及凝血与血小板功能分析仪(Centuryclot@或Sonoclot@)检测,二者均能准确评估患者的整体凝血状态,且与重症患者的凝血因子、纤维蛋白原及血小板功能评估具有良好的相关性。区别之处在于凝血与血小板功能分析仪对凝血因子及血小板功能监测更敏感,而TEG对纤溶功能监测具有量化优势[31-33]
TEG检测可分为普通试验、肝素酶对比试验、功能性纤维蛋白原(functional fibrinogen,FF)检测试验、快速检测试验、血小板图检测试验等共5种检测类型。(1)TEG普通试验:包含20多个指标,主要指标为R时间(主要代表凝血因子活性),α角及k时间(主要代表纤维蛋白原功能),最大振幅(maximum amplitude,MA)(主要代表血小板功能),30 min时溶解度(LY30%)(主要代表纤溶功能)等(图3)。(2)TEG肝素酶对比试验:同时进行TEG普通检测及肝素酶检测,从两个结果的R时间对比确认是否存在肝素及其作用强度。常规使用普通肝素的剂量以R普通检测/R肝素酶检测的比值在1.5~2.0为宜。(3)TEG功能性纤维蛋白原检测试验:即加入血小板GPⅡb/Ⅲa受体抑制剂的试验,得到的试验结果去除了血小板的作用。功能性纤维蛋白原试验的主要指标RFF时间、FFMA及功能性纤维蛋白原水平(functional fibrinogen level,FLEV)。RFF时间反映外源性凝血通路的凝血因子活性,正常值范围为1.3~2.5 min。FFMA值即最大振幅,直接反映纤维蛋白网的交联强度,正常值范围为10.1~25.3 mm。FLEV值反映纤维蛋白原活性功能,正常值范围为18.43~46.17 mg/L。(4)TEG快速检测试验:使用组织因子作为激活剂,加快了血液凝固过程,在参数上由活化凝血时间(activated clotting time,ACT)代替R时间,正常值范围为86~118 s,主要反映外源性凝血途径因子的活性。(5)TEG血小板图检测试验:包括花生四烯酸(AA)及二磷酸腺苷(ADP)受体两个途径的检测,可得到AA途径及ADP受体途径的血小板抑制率,用于评估血小板聚集功能或判断抗血小板聚集药物的效果。评价抗血小板聚集药物的效果以抑制率为50%~75%说明起效;抑制率过高需要评估出血风险。
凝血与血小板功能分析仪在国内现有两种检测方法。(1)高岭土法:采用高岭土作为激活剂,可快速得到ACT及凝血速率(clotting rate,CR)。该法得到的ACT正常值范围为80~116 s(自然全血标本)或90~145 s(抗凝全血标本),CR正常值范围为9~56 s(自然全血标本)或13~65 s(抗凝全血标本)。(2)玻璃珠法:采用玻璃珠作为激活剂,可得到ACT、CR及血小板功能(platelet function,PF)。该法得到的ACT正常值范围为100~155 s(自然全血标本)或100~240 s(抗凝全血标本),CR正常值范围为10~36 s(自然全血标本)或10~35 s(抗凝全血标本),PF正常值范围均>1(自然全血或抗凝全血标本)。其中,ACT代表凝血因子功能,CR代表纤维蛋白原功能,PF代表血小板功能。凝血与血小板功能分析仪评估重症患者凝血功能的流程见图4
推荐意见9 推荐联合使用常规凝血试验与黏弹力试验诊断重症患者凝血功能障碍(推荐强度A,证据等级Ⅳ)
将基于血浆基础凝血理论的常规凝血试验及基于细胞基础凝血理论的黏弹力试验结合起来,可全面评估凝血功能障碍的类型及严重程度[34]。如图5所示流程,常规凝血试验联合TEG可快速提供凝血功能障碍的证据,最大化发挥TEG准确判断凝血因子活性、肝素酶对比试验准确判断肝素残留或抗凝效果、纤维蛋白原水平联合TEG普通试验辅助诊断血小板功能障碍的优点。
推荐意见10 推荐使用新型凝血分子标志物判断重症患者凝血功能障碍的类型及预后(推荐强度A,证据等级Ⅲ)
近年研究进展快、临床指导意义强的新型凝血分子标志物包括血栓调节蛋白(thrombomodulin,TM)、凝血酶-抗凝血酶复合物(thrombin-antithrombin complex,TAT)、纤溶酶-抗纤溶酶复合物(plasmin antiplasmin complex,PIC)及组织型纤溶酶原激活物-纤溶酶原激活抑制物-1复合物(tissue plasminogen activator-plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 complex,t-PAIC)。
TM是血管内皮细胞表面的凝血酶受体,可结合凝血酶并抑制凝血酶的活性,同时促进蛋白C活化,抑制凝血因子Ⅴ、Ⅷ活性及纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1(plasminogen activator inhibitor-1,PAI-1)。血浆TM正常值范围为3.8~13.3 TU/ml。血管内皮损伤时,TM释放入血导致血浆TM水平明显升高,是血管内皮损伤的敏感指标。已有较多文献证实,肾功能损害患者TM水平可明显升高[35]。凝血酶活化后可与抗凝血酶结合形成TAT。TAT的血浆正常值<4 ng/ml,TAT升高表明凝血酶生成增多,灵敏度较高[36]。PIC是纤溶酶活化后与α2-抗纤溶酶结合形成的复合物,是直接反映纤溶系统激活程度的生物标志物。因为D-二聚体及FDP是纤溶酶活化后降解纤维蛋白(原)形成的物质,因此PIC升高理论上早于D-二聚体及FDP,是目前监测纤溶酶活性最敏感的指标。PIC的血浆半衰期约6 h,血浆正常值<0.8 μg/ml。血浆PIC水平显著升高可提示纤溶亢进[37]。t-PAIC是血管内皮细胞损伤时,释放t-PA与PAI-1共同入血形成的复合物。t-PAIC的正常值因性别而有所不同,男性血浆正常值<17.0 ng/ml,女性<10.5 ng/ml。理论上t-PAIC是内皮损伤及纤溶系统激活的产物,临床研究中发现t-PAIC对休克严重状态特别是脓毒症休克的诊断价值很高[38]。已有研究显示,脓毒性休克患者的t-PAIC水平显著高于脓毒症患者,t-PAIC水平与乳酸水平及序贯器官衰竭(sequential organ failure assessment,SOFA)评分均呈正相关。Winter等[39]研究发现,合并器官衰竭特别是心力衰竭患者的t-PAIC水平明显高于无器官功能障碍的患者。
脓毒症时,内毒素导致内皮细胞损伤,促进凝血酶活化,此时可表现为TM及TAT升高,随着脓毒症演进为脓毒症休克,出现组织低灌注导致器官功能损害,此时t-PAIC可显著升高,而PIC因为纤溶抑制作用升高不明显[40]。创伤时,出血导致凝血酶大量活化发挥止血效应,可表现为TAT显著升高;内皮细胞释放大量活化蛋白C抑制PAI-1活性,引起纤溶亢进,表现为PIC显著升高。如创伤失血发展至休克阶段,出现广泛内皮损伤,可表现为TM升高;如休克加重出现明显器官功能障碍,可出现t-PAIC显著升高[41]。脓毒症及创伤分别作为血栓型DIC及纤溶型DIC的典型代表疾病,也说明新型凝血分子标志物在区分DIC亚型方面的重要作用,特别在创伤失血性休克向脓毒症休克转化时有重要诊断价值[42]。新型凝血分子标志物在重症患者凝血功能障碍常见疾病中的表现见表5
推荐意见11 推荐使用抗Ⅹa活性测定试验评估肝素类药物相对浓度(推荐强度A,证据等级Ⅲ)
评估重症患者凝血功能障碍时,排除肝素类药物对常规凝血实验室指标的影响非常重要[43]。抗Ⅹa活性测定试验是判断重症患者是否存在肝素残留的便捷、经济的实验方法。抗Ⅹa活性测定试验是应用发色底物法测定血浆中肝素类药物浓度的试验[44]。实验原理为患者血浆标本中的肝素可与抗凝血酶结合形成复合物,并抑制血浆中的Ⅹa活性。此时添加过量的Ⅹa因子与复合物相互作用,剩余Ⅹa因子的活性与患者血浆标本中的肝素类药物有效浓度呈反比,即可借此计算出肝素类药物的浓度,并以抗Ⅹa单位表达。未接受肝素类药物治疗者的抗Ⅹa活性为零。重症患者发生凝血功能障碍特别是有出血表现时,抗Ⅹa活性测定试验阳性说明体内有肝素作用,可根据患者抗Ⅹa活性水平决定是否需要使用鱼精蛋白中和。抗Ⅹa活性测定同样可用于监测新型口服抗凝药物,但其试剂与监测肝素类药物不同[45]
推荐意见12 推荐使用ISTH-DIC、CDSS-DIC评分系统诊断DIC(推荐强度A,证据等级Ⅱ)
目前DIC的诊断主要依据2001年国际血栓与止血学会(International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis,ISTH)科学标准委员会(Scientific and Standardization Committee,SSC)的诊断标准。该诊断标准主要采用PT、血小板计数、纤维蛋白原及D-二聚体指标进行积分,积分≥5分即可诊断为显性DIC,<5分则为非显性DIC,且需每日再进行评估[46]。2017年中华医学会血液学分会血栓与止血学组推荐中国DIC诊断积分系统(Chinese DIC scoring system,CDSS),积分≥7分即可诊断为显性DIC,经ISTH推荐特别适用于白血病相关DIC[47]。2019年ISTH颁布脓毒症性凝血病(sepsis-induced coagulopathy,SIC)诊断标准,即SIC积分≥4分可诊断SIC,即可启动抗凝治疗[48](表6)。
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2022年第47卷第2期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.02.0107
  • 接收时间:2022-01-06
  • 首发时间:2025-12-17
  • 出版时间:2022-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-01-06
  • 录用日期:2022-02-08
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    1解放军联勤保障部队第908医院重症医学科,南昌 330002
    2解放军联勤保障部队第900医院急诊科,福州 350000
    3西安交通大学第二附属医院检验科,西安 710001
    4武汉亚洲心脏病医院检验科,武汉 430022
    5福建医科大学附属协和医院药学科,福州 350001
    6四川大学附属华西医院检验科,成都 332001
    7中国医科大学附属盛京医院输血科,沈阳 110004
    8解放军东部战区总医院重症医学科,南京 210002

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宋景春,E-mail:;
李维勤,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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