Article(id=1208144412874486338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1208144409313526368, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.03.0305, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1629302400000, receivedDateStr=2021-08-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1632844800000, acceptedDateStr=2021-09-29, onlineDate=1765973674266, onlineDateStr=2025-12-17, pubDate=1648396800000, pubDateStr=2022-03-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765973674266, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765973674266, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765973674266, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1208144409313526368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2022', volume='47', issue='3', pageStart='213', pageEnd='319', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1765973673415, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765974822867, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208149230531756320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1208144409313526368, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208149230531756321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1208144409313526368, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=305, endPage=313, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208144413344248392, articleId=1208144412874486338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Research progress on the application of tissue clearing in neurodegenerative diseases, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Tissue clearing is a fast-developing new histological technology. It treats large tissues, single organs, the whole body of rodents and large human specimens through a series of physicochemical principles and methods to rapidly achieve a high degree of optical transparency while maintaining their integrity, providing an important tool for obtaining three-dimensional structural information of biological tissues with high resolution. Combining the modern optical imaging and fluorescent labeling technology can significantly improve the imaging depth and image contrast, and help accelerate the process of acquiring fine structural and molecular function information such as neurons, synapses, and heterogeneous pathological components throughout the brain. It has become a promising alternative to classical histological techniques and is widely used in life science fields. The main methodological principles, advantages and disadvantages of brain tissue clearing are reviewed in present paper, and combs the application of tissue clearing in neurodegenerative diseases, observes the degenerative changes of fine structures such as neurons, axons and myelin at a holistic level, and the evolution of heterogeneous pathological components between cells at a whole brain scale, so for providing the possibility to eventually turn to the study of human neurodegenerative brain tissues.
, correspAuthors=Bo Bao, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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组织透明化技术是一种快速发展的新兴组织学技术,将大块组织、单个器官、啮齿动物全身以及人类大型标本,通过一系列物理化学原理与方法进行处理,在保持其完整性的同时快速实现高度光学透明,为高通量地获取生物组织三维结构信息提供了重要的工具。结合现代光学成像技术和荧光标记技术,可显著提高成像深度和图像对比度,已成为经典组织学技术有前景的替代方案,并广泛应用于多个生命科学领域。本文对主要的脑组织透明化方法学原理及其优缺点、组织透明化技术在神经退行性疾病中的应用等进行综述,从整体水平观察神经元、轴突、髓鞘等精细结构的退行性改变以及异质性病理成分在全脑范围内细胞间的演变过程,为最终转向人类脑组织神经退行性病变研究提供可能。
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陈小玉,硕士研究生,主要从事神经退行性疾病方面的研究
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Comparison of methods of brain tissue transparency
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 透明化方法 | 主要试剂成分 | 透明效果 | 免疫标记 | 组织变形 | 透明时间 | 折射率 |
|---|
| 荧光蛋白保存 | 免疫染色 | 核酸标记 | 脂质染料 |
|---|
| BABB[27] | 乙醇、二氯甲烷、BABB | 强 | 否 | 是 | 未知 | 否 | 严重皱缩 | 10 d | 1.55 |
| 3DISCO[28] | 四氢呋喃、二氯甲烷、二苄醚 | 极强 | 否 | 是 | 未知 | 否 | 皱缩 | 2~5 d | 1.56 |
| iDISCO[29] | 四氢呋喃、二苄醚、二氯甲烷/甲醇 | 极强 | 否 | 是 | 是 | 否 | 皱缩 | 2~5 d | 1.56 |
| uDISCO[30] | 叔丁醇、二氯甲烷、二苄醚、BABB | 极强 | 是 | 是 | 未知 | 未知 | 皱缩 | 4~9 d | 1.58 |
| PEGASOS[19] | 叔丁醇、PEG、BABB | 极强 | 是 | 是 | 未知 | 未知 | 皱缩 | 2周 | 1.54 |
| SHANEL[31] | CHAPS、NMEDA、二氯甲烷/甲醇 | 极强 | 是 | 是 | 未知 | 否 | 皱缩 | 2周 | 1.56 |
| Scale[32] | 尿素、甘油 | 中 | 是 | 否 | 未知 | 否 | 膨胀 | 数周 | 1.38 |
| ScaleS[33] | 尿素、山梨糖醇、Triton X-100 | 强 | 是 | 否 | 未知 | 是 | 膨胀 | 4~8 d | 1.44 |
| CUBIC[34] | 尿素、氨基醇、Triton X-100、烟酰胺、安替比林 | 极强 | 是 | 是 | 未知 | 否 | 膨胀 | 1~2周 | 1.48 |
| SeeDB2[35] | 果糖 | 弱 | 是 | 否 | 未知 | 是 | 不变 | 3 d | 1.48 |
| ClearT/T2[36] | 甲酰胺、PEG | 中 | 是 | 是 | 未知 | 是 | 不变 | 1 d | 1.44 |
| OPTIClear[37] | 葡甲胺、2,2-硫代二乙醇、碘几醇 | 强 | 是 | 是 | 未知 | 是 | 不变 | 5 d | 1.47~1.48 |
| FOCM[38] | 二甲基亚砜、尿素、d-山梨糖醇、甘油 | 中 | 是 | 是 | 未知 | 是 | 不变 | 2 h | 1.50 |
| FRUIT[17] | 尿素、果糖、二羟丙硫醇 | 中 | 是 | 否 | 未知 | 是 | 轻度膨胀 | 3 d | 1.48 |
| TDE[39] | 2,2-硫代二乙醇 | 强 | 是 | 是 | 未知 | 否 | 不变 | 1周 | 1.52 |
| UbasM[40] | 葡甲胺、尿素、DMI、蔗糖、Triton X-100 | 强 | 是 | 是 | 未知 | 是 | 膨胀 | 7 d | 1.47~1.48 |
| MACS[41] | 间苯二甲胺、山梨糖醇 | 极强 | 是 | 是 | 未知 | 是 | 轻度膨胀 | 2.5 d | 1.51 |
| CLARITY[25] | 丙烯酰胺、SDS、FocusClear/甘油 | 极强 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 否 | 膨胀 | 2~4周 | 1.45 |
| PACT-PARS[42] | 丙烯酰胺、SDS、RIMS | 强 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 否 | 膨胀 | 2~4周 | 1.48 |
| SWITCH[43] | 戊二醛、SDS、二羟丙硫醇、碘海醇/泛影酸/葡甲胺 | 强 | 是 | 否 | 是 | 否 | 轻度膨胀 | 1~4周 | 1.47 |
| SHIELD[21] | GE38、SDS、碘海醇/泛影酸/葡甲胺 | 强 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 否 | 膨胀 | 1周 | 1.46 |
| ACT-PRESTO[44] | 丙烯酰胺、SDS、硼酸 | 极强 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 否 | 膨胀 | <1 d | 1.47 |
| PRE-CLARITY[45] | (双)丙烯酰胺、SDS、VA-044、硼酸、α-硫代甘油 | 极强 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 否 | 膨胀 | 1~2周 | 1.52 |
), ArticleFig(id=1208144418150921055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208144412874486338, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
脑组织透明化方法学比较
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 透明化方法 | 主要试剂成分 | 透明效果 | 免疫标记 | 组织变形 | 透明时间 | 折射率 |
|---|
| 荧光蛋白保存 | 免疫染色 | 核酸标记 | 脂质染料 |
|---|
| BABB[27] | 乙醇、二氯甲烷、BABB | 强 | 否 | 是 | 未知 | 否 | 严重皱缩 | 10 d | 1.55 |
| 3DISCO[28] | 四氢呋喃、二氯甲烷、二苄醚 | 极强 | 否 | 是 | 未知 | 否 | 皱缩 | 2~5 d | 1.56 |
| iDISCO[29] | 四氢呋喃、二苄醚、二氯甲烷/甲醇 | 极强 | 否 | 是 | 是 | 否 | 皱缩 | 2~5 d | 1.56 |
| uDISCO[30] | 叔丁醇、二氯甲烷、二苄醚、BABB | 极强 | 是 | 是 | 未知 | 未知 | 皱缩 | 4~9 d | 1.58 |
| PEGASOS[19] | 叔丁醇、PEG、BABB | 极强 | 是 | 是 | 未知 | 未知 | 皱缩 | 2周 | 1.54 |
| SHANEL[31] | CHAPS、NMEDA、二氯甲烷/甲醇 | 极强 | 是 | 是 | 未知 | 否 | 皱缩 | 2周 | 1.56 |
| Scale[32] | 尿素、甘油 | 中 | 是 | 否 | 未知 | 否 | 膨胀 | 数周 | 1.38 |
| ScaleS[33] | 尿素、山梨糖醇、Triton X-100 | 强 | 是 | 否 | 未知 | 是 | 膨胀 | 4~8 d | 1.44 |
| CUBIC[34] | 尿素、氨基醇、Triton X-100、烟酰胺、安替比林 | 极强 | 是 | 是 | 未知 | 否 | 膨胀 | 1~2周 | 1.48 |
| SeeDB2[35] | 果糖 | 弱 | 是 | 否 | 未知 | 是 | 不变 | 3 d | 1.48 |
| ClearT/T2[36] | 甲酰胺、PEG | 中 | 是 | 是 | 未知 | 是 | 不变 | 1 d | 1.44 |
| OPTIClear[37] | 葡甲胺、2,2-硫代二乙醇、碘几醇 | 强 | 是 | 是 | 未知 | 是 | 不变 | 5 d | 1.47~1.48 |
| FOCM[38] | 二甲基亚砜、尿素、d-山梨糖醇、甘油 | 中 | 是 | 是 | 未知 | 是 | 不变 | 2 h | 1.50 |
| FRUIT[17] | 尿素、果糖、二羟丙硫醇 | 中 | 是 | 否 | 未知 | 是 | 轻度膨胀 | 3 d | 1.48 |
| TDE[39] | 2,2-硫代二乙醇 | 强 | 是 | 是 | 未知 | 否 | 不变 | 1周 | 1.52 |
| UbasM[40] | 葡甲胺、尿素、DMI、蔗糖、Triton X-100 | 强 | 是 | 是 | 未知 | 是 | 膨胀 | 7 d | 1.47~1.48 |
| MACS[41] | 间苯二甲胺、山梨糖醇 | 极强 | 是 | 是 | 未知 | 是 | 轻度膨胀 | 2.5 d | 1.51 |
| CLARITY[25] | 丙烯酰胺、SDS、FocusClear/甘油 | 极强 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 否 | 膨胀 | 2~4周 | 1.45 |
| PACT-PARS[42] | 丙烯酰胺、SDS、RIMS | 强 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 否 | 膨胀 | 2~4周 | 1.48 |
| SWITCH[43] | 戊二醛、SDS、二羟丙硫醇、碘海醇/泛影酸/葡甲胺 | 强 | 是 | 否 | 是 | 否 | 轻度膨胀 | 1~4周 | 1.47 |
| SHIELD[21] | GE38、SDS、碘海醇/泛影酸/葡甲胺 | 强 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 否 | 膨胀 | 1周 | 1.46 |
| ACT-PRESTO[44] | 丙烯酰胺、SDS、硼酸 | 极强 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 否 | 膨胀 | <1 d | 1.47 |
| PRE-CLARITY[45] | (双)丙烯酰胺、SDS、VA-044、硼酸、α-硫代甘油 | 极强 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 否 | 膨胀 | 1~2周 | 1.52 |
), ArticleFig(id=1208144418251584361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208144412874486338, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=
Application of tissue clearing in neurodegenerative diseases
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 透明化方法 | 组织类型 | 疾病 | 研究内容 |
|---|
| iDISCO[49] | 4.4~27月龄2xTg AD小鼠大脑 | AD | 可视化微管相关蛋白Tau、小胶质细胞、脉管系统与3D淀粉样斑块的空间分布关系;在5个主要脑区定量淀粉样斑块;3D淀粉样蛋白模式的变异性较大,体积最大可达27 mm3 |
| iDISCO+[50] | 衰老的Tau.P301L小鼠半脑 | AD | 病理性Tau蛋白进行性沉积;Tau蛋白的靶向抗体PT83,可降低胞内磷酸化Tau蛋白的负荷水平,推测降解机制可能通过活化胶质细胞或抑制Tau的相互作用 |
| ScaleS[33] | APP转基因小鼠、AD患者脑组织 | AD | Aβ斑块主要分布于脑皮质,而其他区域未发现;小胶质细胞与“弥漫性”斑块密切相关 |
| CUBIC[51] | 25月龄APP转基因小鼠 | AD | 大脑皮质、海马区域整个神经元与点状淀粉样斑块的空间关系 |
| CLARITY[52] | AD患者死后脑组织 | AD | Aβ在整个皮质呈团块状且有规律地分布;p-Tau非连续性地聚集于缠结的神经元和Aβ灶性沉积物周围 |
| CLARITY[53] | 5xFAD小鼠 | AD | 疾病早期阶段,神经元周围和顶端树突的细胞内Aβ明显累积,在营养不良的神经元内APP大量聚集;BIN1积聚于致病性Aβ病灶附近;BIN1在大脑的分布和细胞表达与AD病理改变相关 |
| SHIELD[54] | 6月龄5xFAD小鼠脑切片 | AD | 视觉和听觉GENUS刺激,使小鼠整个新皮质的淀粉样蛋白负荷体积减少了37%,数量减少了34% |
| CLARITY[55] | tdTomato转基因小鼠全脑或400 μm脑片 | PD | 识别整个SNpc多巴胺神经元亚群中相互平行的输入/输出回路,揭示了独立运行的黑质-纹状体信息流 |
| CLARITY[56] | Ai9 td-Tomato cre 报告小鼠、TH-GFP转基因小鼠全脑 | PD | 揭示纹状体投射至黑质致密部的神经回路中复杂的连接性差异 |
| CLARITY[57] | PD患者前脑组织 | PD | 胆碱能核团-NBM的Lewy小体与中脑黑质纹状体中单胺能神经元纤维的空间关系 |
| 3DSICO[58] | GFP-M小鼠脊髓和脑干 | ALS | 评估CST的轴突再生和神经胶质反应 |
| CLARITY[59] | Thy1-YFP小鼠完整CNS | ALS | 皮质萎缩和轴突末端的突触小泡存在关系,而与卵圆形轴突无关,表明轴突损伤可能存在可逆性窗口 |
), ArticleFig(id=1208144418360636271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208144412874486338, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
透明化技术在神经退行性疾病中的应用
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 透明化方法 | 组织类型 | 疾病 | 研究内容 |
|---|
| iDISCO[49] | 4.4~27月龄2xTg AD小鼠大脑 | AD | 可视化微管相关蛋白Tau、小胶质细胞、脉管系统与3D淀粉样斑块的空间分布关系;在5个主要脑区定量淀粉样斑块;3D淀粉样蛋白模式的变异性较大,体积最大可达27 mm3 |
| iDISCO+[50] | 衰老的Tau.P301L小鼠半脑 | AD | 病理性Tau蛋白进行性沉积;Tau蛋白的靶向抗体PT83,可降低胞内磷酸化Tau蛋白的负荷水平,推测降解机制可能通过活化胶质细胞或抑制Tau的相互作用 |
| ScaleS[33] | APP转基因小鼠、AD患者脑组织 | AD | Aβ斑块主要分布于脑皮质,而其他区域未发现;小胶质细胞与“弥漫性”斑块密切相关 |
| CUBIC[51] | 25月龄APP转基因小鼠 | AD | 大脑皮质、海马区域整个神经元与点状淀粉样斑块的空间关系 |
| CLARITY[52] | AD患者死后脑组织 | AD | Aβ在整个皮质呈团块状且有规律地分布;p-Tau非连续性地聚集于缠结的神经元和Aβ灶性沉积物周围 |
| CLARITY[53] | 5xFAD小鼠 | AD | 疾病早期阶段,神经元周围和顶端树突的细胞内Aβ明显累积,在营养不良的神经元内APP大量聚集;BIN1积聚于致病性Aβ病灶附近;BIN1在大脑的分布和细胞表达与AD病理改变相关 |
| SHIELD[54] | 6月龄5xFAD小鼠脑切片 | AD | 视觉和听觉GENUS刺激,使小鼠整个新皮质的淀粉样蛋白负荷体积减少了37%,数量减少了34% |
| CLARITY[55] | tdTomato转基因小鼠全脑或400 μm脑片 | PD | 识别整个SNpc多巴胺神经元亚群中相互平行的输入/输出回路,揭示了独立运行的黑质-纹状体信息流 |
| CLARITY[56] | Ai9 td-Tomato cre 报告小鼠、TH-GFP转基因小鼠全脑 | PD | 揭示纹状体投射至黑质致密部的神经回路中复杂的连接性差异 |
| CLARITY[57] | PD患者前脑组织 | PD | 胆碱能核团-NBM的Lewy小体与中脑黑质纹状体中单胺能神经元纤维的空间关系 |
| 3DSICO[58] | GFP-M小鼠脊髓和脑干 | ALS | 评估CST的轴突再生和神经胶质反应 |
| CLARITY[59] | Thy1-YFP小鼠完整CNS | ALS | 皮质萎缩和轴突末端的突触小泡存在关系,而与卵圆形轴突无关,表明轴突损伤可能存在可逆性窗口 |
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