Article(id=1208144411804938804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1208144409313526368, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.03.0286, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1614700800000, receivedDateStr=2021-03-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1619625600000, acceptedDateStr=2021-04-29, onlineDate=1765973674012, onlineDateStr=2025-12-17, pubDate=1648396800000, pubDateStr=2022-03-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765973674012, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765973674012, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765973674012, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1208144409313526368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2022', volume='47', issue='3', pageStart='213', pageEnd='319', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1765973673415, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765974822867, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208149230531756320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1208144409313526368, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208149230531756321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1208144409313526368, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=286, endPage=291, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208144412132094520, articleId=1208144411804938804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Research progress on the role of NLRP3 inflammasome in chronic airway inflammatory diseases, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Chronic airway inflammatory diseases are kinds of respiratory diseases caused by infection or allergy, which are involved in airway structural cells and multiple inflammatory cells and cytokines. Their etiology and specific pathogenesis are complex and changeable, and remain unclear. The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor family, pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, is an important component of innate immunity and closely correlates with the development and progression of many chronic inflammatory diseases. This article mainly expounds the activation mechanism and pulmonary expression of NLRP3 inflammasome and it's expression in the lung, and also summarizes its activity change and role during the progression of chronic inflammatory diseases using chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma as the examples, to provide a basis for targeting NLRP3 inflammasome to treat chronic airway inflammatory diseases.

, correspAuthors=Guo-Zhong Chen, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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慢性气道炎症性疾病是指因感染或变态反应引起的,由气道结构细胞、多种炎性细胞及细胞因子参与的呼吸道疾病,其病因及具体发病机制复杂多变,迄今为止尚未完全明确。核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域(NOD)样受体家族含热蛋白结构域蛋白3(NLRP3)炎性小体是机体固有免疫的重要组成部分,与多种慢性炎症性疾病的发生发展关系密切。本文主要阐述NLRP3炎性小体的活化机制及其在肺内的表达情况,并以慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)和哮喘为例,总结NLRP3炎性小体在慢性气道炎症性疾病发生发展过程中的活性改变及对病情转归的影响,进而为开发靶向NLRP3炎性小体的药物治疗慢性气道炎症性疾病提供依据。

, correspAuthors=陈国忠, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
陈国忠,E-mail:
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邹进晶,医学博士,主治医师,主要从事气道炎症性疾病与肺部肿瘤方面的研究

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邹进晶,医学博士,主治医师,主要从事气道炎症性疾病与肺部肿瘤方面的研究

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邹进晶,医学博士,主治医师,主要从事气道炎症性疾病与肺部肿瘤方面的研究

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ASC. 凋亡相关的斑点样蛋白;caspase-1. 半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-1;IL-1R. 白细胞介素1受体;NF-κB. 核因子-κB;NLRP3. 核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体家族含热蛋白结构域蛋白3;Pannexin-1. 细胞膜缝隙连接蛋白半通道蛋白;pro-IL-1β. 白细胞介素-1β前体;ROS. 反应活性氧;TLR. Toll样受体;TXNIP. 硫氧还蛋白相互作用蛋白

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NLRP3炎性小体在慢性气道炎症性疾病中的作用研究进展
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邹进晶 , 陈国忠 *
解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2022,47(3): 286-291
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解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2022, 47(3): 286-291
NLRP3炎性小体在慢性气道炎症性疾病中的作用研究进展
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邹进晶, 陈国忠*
作者信息
  • 武汉大学人民医院呼吸与危重症医学科,武汉 430060
  • 邹进晶,医学博士,主治医师,主要从事气道炎症性疾病与肺部肿瘤方面的研究

通讯作者:

陈国忠,E-mail:
Research progress on the role of NLRP3 inflammasome in chronic airway inflammatory diseases
Jin-Jing Zou, Guo-Zhong Chen*
Affiliations
  • Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
出版时间: 2022-03-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.03.0286
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慢性气道炎症性疾病是指因感染或变态反应引起的,由气道结构细胞、多种炎性细胞及细胞因子参与的呼吸道疾病,其病因及具体发病机制复杂多变,迄今为止尚未完全明确。核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域(NOD)样受体家族含热蛋白结构域蛋白3(NLRP3)炎性小体是机体固有免疫的重要组成部分,与多种慢性炎症性疾病的发生发展关系密切。本文主要阐述NLRP3炎性小体的活化机制及其在肺内的表达情况,并以慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)和哮喘为例,总结NLRP3炎性小体在慢性气道炎症性疾病发生发展过程中的活性改变及对病情转归的影响,进而为开发靶向NLRP3炎性小体的药物治疗慢性气道炎症性疾病提供依据。

NLRP3炎性小体  /  慢性阻塞性肺疾病  /  哮喘

Chronic airway inflammatory diseases are kinds of respiratory diseases caused by infection or allergy, which are involved in airway structural cells and multiple inflammatory cells and cytokines. Their etiology and specific pathogenesis are complex and changeable, and remain unclear. The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor family, pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, is an important component of innate immunity and closely correlates with the development and progression of many chronic inflammatory diseases. This article mainly expounds the activation mechanism and pulmonary expression of NLRP3 inflammasome and it's expression in the lung, and also summarizes its activity change and role during the progression of chronic inflammatory diseases using chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma as the examples, to provide a basis for targeting NLRP3 inflammasome to treat chronic airway inflammatory diseases.

NLRP3 inflammasome  /  chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases  /  asthma
邹进晶, 陈国忠. NLRP3炎性小体在慢性气道炎症性疾病中的作用研究进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2022 , 47 (3) : 286 -291 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.03.0286
Jin-Jing Zou, Guo-Zhong Chen. Research progress on the role of NLRP3 inflammasome in chronic airway inflammatory diseases[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2022 , 47 (3) : 286 -291 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.03.0286
核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体家族含热蛋白结构域蛋白3(NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing protein 3,NLRP3)炎性小体是机体固有免疫的重要组成部分,可识别细胞内病原相关分子模式或损伤相关分子模式,介导多种细胞因子的加工、成熟及释放,包括白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-1β及IL-18,直接参与调控多种慢性炎症性疾病的发生发展[1-3]。NLRP3炎性小体主要由NLRP3、凋亡相关的斑点样蛋白(apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD,ASC)及半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-1(caspase-1)组成。NLRP3蛋白能感知信号刺激并作为支架蛋白结合ASC,ASC招募并水解caspase-1前体(pro-caspase-1),形成具有酶活性的caspase-1,促进IL-1β及IL-18等炎性因子的加工、成熟及释放[4]。本文就NLRP3炎性小体的活化机制及其在慢性气道炎症性疾病如慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)和哮喘中的作用综述如下。
NLRP3炎性小体的活性调控可通过多种方式实现,如通过细胞膜表面Toll样受体(Toll-like receptor,TLR)或细胞因子受体[如肿瘤坏死因子受体、IL-1受体(IL-1 receptor,IL-1R)]激活下游核因子-κB(nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB),直接促进NLRP3及IL-1β前体(pro-IL-1β)转录,在转录水平激活NLRP3炎性小体。目前认为NLRP3炎性小体活化还与离子流、溶酶体损伤及细胞内活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)的形成有关(图1)。
胞浆离子浓度改变与NLRP3炎性小体的功能密切相关。研究显示,细胞内K+减少及Ca2+增加均可改变NLRP3炎性小体的活性。由于细胞损伤或其他原因造成细胞外三磷酸腺苷(extracellular adenosine triphosphate,eATP)水平升高,可与嘌呤能P2X7受体结合,触发K+快速外流,导致代偿性Ca2+内流以及细胞膜缝隙连接蛋白半通道蛋白Pannexin-1开放,后者能介导多种小分子物质进入细胞内,从而直接激活NLRP3炎性小体[5]。除ATP外,穿孔素也可直接在细胞膜上打孔,造成细胞内K+外流并促进细胞外脂多糖等分子进入细胞内,从而刺激NLRP3炎性小体活化。细胞膜表面的钠钾泵是向细胞内泵入K+的关键机制之一,抑制钠钾泵可降低细胞内K+水平,从而激活NLRP3炎性小体[6]。但目前K+外流引起NLRP3炎性小体激活的具体机制尚不明确。Iyer等[7]认为,K+外流可能促进线粒体膜脂质心磷脂释放,并与NLRP3蛋白C末端富含亮氨酸重复序列(leucine-rich repeat,LRR)结构域结合,进而激活NLRP3炎性小体。此外,细胞内Ca2+增加也与NLRP3炎性小体激活有关。Ca2+可与细胞膜表面的钙敏感受体结合,促进磷脂酶C催化细胞膜上的4,5-二磷酸磷脂酰肌醇生成1, 4, 5-三磷酸肌醇,后者与其特异性受体结合,进一步促进内质网Ca2+释放进入细胞质;Ca2+还可直接促进NLRP3与ASC的结合,从而激活NLRP3炎性小体[8]
晶体物质(如尿酸盐、草酸钙、硅、铝等)及纤维蛋白(如β-淀粉样蛋白)能被免疫细胞吞噬,破坏细胞溶酶体稳定性及膜通透性,释放溶酶体内多种组织蛋白酶(如组织蛋白酶B、L、C、S等),进而激活NLRP3炎性小体[8]。直接应用组织蛋白酶B抑制剂能减弱NLRP3炎性小体的活化及caspase-1活性;而应用质子泵抑制剂抑制酸依赖的溶酶体蛋白酶也能明显抑制NLRP3炎性小体的活化过程[10]。目前,溶酶体损伤影响NLRP3炎性小体激活的具体机制尚不明确。有研究显示,溶酶体释放的组织蛋白酶能水解并降低NLRP3炎性小体内源性抑制因子水平,或直接作为配体发挥对NLRP3炎性小体的活化作用[11]。此外,溶酶体破裂还会释放Ca2+,促进ASC寡聚化及其与NLRP3的结合,从而激活NLRP3炎性小体[12]
细胞内ROS可使硫氧还蛋白相互作用蛋白(thioredoxin-interacting protein,TXNIP)与硫氧还蛋白解离,并促进TXNIP与NLRP3的LRR结构域结合,从而解除LRR依赖的NLRP3自身抑制作用。线粒体是细胞内ROS的重要来源,线粒体ROS可刺激NLRP3定位到线粒体相关内质网膜(mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes,MAM),同时ASC也被招募至MAM,与NLRP3、pro-caspase-1等一起组装形成NLRP3炎性小体[13]。应用ROS清除剂或NADPH氧化酶抑制剂能明显阻断NLRP3炎性小体的活化。
与NLRP3炎性小体激活过程相似,其活性抑制机制也十分复杂。雌激素及锌指蛋白GFⅡ等可直接抑制NF-κB活性,在转录水平减少NLRP3的转录,而miR-223能直接与NLRP3 mRNA的3'-非翻译区结合,在转录后水平促进NLRP3 mRNA降解[14-15]。细胞内cAMP通过与NLRP3的核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域(NOD)相互作用,而一氧化氮则通过诱导NLRP3亚硝基化干扰NLRP3炎性小体组装,从而阻止其活化[16-17]。此外,细胞内一氧化氮还能促进损伤线粒体的清除,从而抑制NLRP3炎性小体的激活[18]
既往有关NLRP3炎性小体的研究大多集中于骨髓来源的巨噬细胞或树突状细胞,但Guarda等[19]应用荧光示踪技术发现,肺是除脾脏以外NLRP3表达水平最高的组织。肺内高水平NLRP3表达可能与肺内存在的大量免疫细胞有关。事实上,肺泡巨噬细胞及树突状细胞中NLRP3表达水平很高,是肺组织IL-1β及IL-18的主要来源。此外,肺上皮细胞也表达NLRP3并在应激刺激下分泌IL-1β[20]。肺内高水平的NLRP3炎性小体表达与肺内炎症反应密切相关,下面将对NLRP3在COPD及哮喘这两种慢性气道炎症性疾病中的研究进展进行综述。
COPD是一种不完全可逆的以持续性气流受限为主要特征的慢性进行性肺病,可逐渐发展为肺源性心脏病及呼吸衰竭。COPD的确切原因目前尚不明确,但大量研究证实,气道免疫炎症反应与COPD的发生发展关系密切。吸入有毒有害颗粒或气体(主要为吸烟)是COPD发生及气道炎症加剧的重要原因。这些有毒有害颗粒或气体作用于肺内上皮细胞、巨噬细胞及树突状细胞等,加速炎性因子、ROS及组织降解酶的合成释放,促进炎症发展及肺结构破坏。既往研究发现,吸入的有毒有害颗粒或气体可直接激活肺内模式识别受体(主要为TLR),进而激活下游NF-κB信号通路,促进NLRP3及相关炎性因子的转录。此外,这些有毒有害颗粒或气体还会引起肺内细胞大量死亡,释放多种内源性危险分子,如高迁移率族蛋白B1等,进一步促进TLR及下游NLRP3的活化[21]。由于胞外核苷酸酶的存在,eATP常处于较低水平,但对于COPD患者,由于胞外核苷酸酶表达下调或上皮及白细胞来源的ATP增多,导致eATP水平升高,进而通过P2X7受体激活NLRP3炎性小体。而且,eATP还能通过P2X7受体促进炎症细胞趋化及活化,进一步加重肺内炎症反应[22]。有研究显示,COPD患者肺内ATP水平与肺功能及炎症水平显著相关[23]
氧化应激是NLRP3炎性小体活化的另一关键机制。大量研究证实,在COPD发生及加重过程中,肺内ROS水平显著增高;气道免疫细胞浸润还会进一步增加肺内氧自由基的产生及氧化应激反应。尿酸单钠晶体也是NLRP3活化的重要分子,可被肺泡巨噬细胞摄取,直接诱导NLRP3炎性小体活化,而敲除NLRP3可抑制小鼠IL-1β的产生及炎症细胞浸润。大量研究证实,COPD患者的肺泡灌洗液中尿酸水平显著升高,提示尿酸也可能参与调控NLRP3的活化[24]。此外,COPD患者肺组织caspase-1活性、IL-1β及IL-18等炎性因子水平也显著增高,提示NLRP3炎性小体在COPD发生发展过程中被激活。
目前关于NLRP3炎性小体在COPD进展中作用的研究较少。Lappalainen等[25]发现,肺上皮细胞特异性过表达IL-1β的小鼠肺内中性粒细胞及巨噬细胞浸润增多,肺泡间隔弹力纤维被严重破坏,气道壁发生纤维化,肺远端小气道出现扩张,表现出与COPD相似的病理改变及功能障碍。敲除IL-1R或应用IL-1β中和抗体能阻断吸烟引起的肺病理改变[26]。此外,过表达IL-18也可增加小鼠肺内炎症水平,促进小鼠肺气肿及肺动脉高压形成,与COPD的临床表现一致;而敲除IL-18受体则能显著减轻吸烟引起的小鼠肺损伤及炎症反应[27-28]。同样,应用caspase-1特异性抑制剂也能减少吸烟诱导的小鼠肺内炎症细胞浸润,并降低血清炎性因子IL-1β、TNF-α水平[29]。Eltom等[30]研究发现,使用P2X7受体选择性抑制剂或敲除P2X7受体能抑制吸烟诱导的小鼠caspase-1活化及IL-1β释放,减少气道中性粒细胞浸润并缓解小鼠COPD症状。但Pauwels等[26]分别应用NLRP3caspase-1敲除小鼠进行研究却发现,吸烟引起的肺内炎症损伤与NLRP3及caspase-1无关。
支气管哮喘是由多种细胞及细胞组分引起的气道慢性炎症及高反应性[31],主要表现为广泛而多变的可逆性呼气气流受限。研究显示,哮喘致病源尘螨可促进巨噬细胞、上皮细胞及树突状细胞释放ATP,激活NLRP3炎性小体,增强气道炎症反应;在哮喘患者肺内也可检测到较高的ATP及其受体P2X7水平[32]。过敏原吸入还会促进气道ROS的产生,进一步激活NLRP3炎性小体,增加IL-1β和IL-18的成熟及释放。此外,二氧化硅及石棉等还能促进NLRP3炎性小体组装,以增加其活性[33]。研究显示,卵清蛋白引起的哮喘小鼠的血清中淀粉样蛋白A水平显著升高,可直接激活NLRP3炎性小体,加重哮喘症状[34]。在卵清蛋白及氧化铝诱导的小鼠哮喘模型中可检测到caspase-1活性及IL-1β水平升高,且气道IL-1β水平与caspase-1活性呈正相关[35]。在哮喘患者痰液中也可检测到高水平的IL-1β,并与病情严重程度密切相关[36]。但也有研究发现,在儿童急性哮喘及哮喘患者的支气管肺泡灌洗液中IL-18水平明显降低[37-38]
中和肺内ATP或应用非选择性嘌呤能受体拮抗剂可减轻卵清蛋白及氧化铝诱导的哮喘小鼠气道嗜酸性粒细胞浸润、杯状细胞增生及气道高反应性[39]。应用caspase广谱抑制剂也可减轻哮喘小鼠的气道炎症反应[32]。通过重组腺病毒过表达IL-1受体拮抗剂或直接敲除IL-1α/β能显著降低过敏原引起的小鼠气道高反应性,以及中性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞附着,而且气道周围炎症也得以减轻[40-41]。Th2细胞与支气管哮喘的关系密切,可通过致敏嗜酸性粒细胞而增高气道反应性。敲除NLRP3ASCcaspase-1可抑制Th2细胞活化,减少气道嗜酸性粒细胞及Th2细胞释放相关炎性因子;相应地,敲除IL-1βIL-1R也可明显抑制小鼠气道Th2细胞活化[42-43]。但Kool等[44]却认为,NLRP3与卵清蛋白或尘螨引起的气道炎症反应无关。Allen等[45]使用4种不同的过敏性哮喘模型也证实,敲除NLRP3不影响小鼠气道过敏反应。这些差异可能与过敏原类型、浓度、给药方式及宿主微生物组成不同有关,但NLRP3在哮喘中的作用还需进一步研究。IL-18可以促进Th2细胞分泌IL-4、IL-5、IL-9及IL-13,肺特异性过表达IL-18可增加卵清蛋白诱导的哮喘小鼠气道T细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、中性粒细胞、巨噬细胞等炎症细胞浸润及高反应性,应用抗CD4抗体处理或敲除IL-13则能改变小鼠的气道炎症及哮喘症状[46]。反之,敲除IL-18可显著缓解卵清蛋白或氧化铝诱导的小鼠哮喘症状[47]。也有研究发现,IL-18与哮喘的发生无关,甚至可以抑制哮喘的进展[48-49]
NLRP3炎性小体是机体固有免疫的重要组成部分,与多种慢性炎症性疾病的发生发展关系密切。NLRP3炎性小体在肺内高表达,参与调控COPD及哮喘等慢性气道炎症性疾病的进展。目前关于NLRP3炎性小体在上述疾病中作用的研究较少,其机制也尚未完全明确,如慢性气道炎症性疾病进展过程中NLRP3炎性小体活化的具体方式是在转录水平发生,还是依赖于经典的离子流、溶酶体损伤或细胞内ROS等仍需进一步探讨。此类疾病进展通常涉及多种细胞类型,NLRP3炎性小体主要表达于肺内何种细胞,在不同类型细胞中对病情进展的影响是否一致也不明确。后续研究可通过谱系追踪实验及细胞特异性转基因小鼠探讨NLRP3炎性小体在不同慢性气道炎症性疾病发生发展中的作用。
  • 国家自然科学基金(81400008)
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2022年第47卷第3期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.03.0286
  • 接收时间:2021-03-03
  • 首发时间:2025-12-17
  • 出版时间:2022-03-28
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  • 收稿日期:2021-03-03
  • 录用日期:2021-04-29
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(81400008)
国家自然科学基金(81400008)
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    武汉大学人民医院呼吸与危重症医学科,武汉 430060

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陈国忠,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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