Article(id=1208106717007684222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1208106710208717234, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.04.0412, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1620144000000, receivedDateStr=2021-05-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1620748800000, acceptedDateStr=2021-05-12, onlineDate=1765964686872, onlineDateStr=2025-12-17, pubDate=1651075200000, pubDateStr=2022-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765964686872, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765964686872, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765964686872, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1208106710208717234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2022', volume='47', issue='4', pageStart='321', pageEnd='426', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765964685250, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765964685250, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=412, endPage=418, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208106717318062742, articleId=1208106717007684222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Advance in diagnosis and treatment of bone stress injury, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Bone stress injuries (BSI) is the most common musculoskeletal injuries in military training injuries, including stress injuries of different degrees of bone microstructure (grade Ⅰ to Ⅲ) and end-stage stress fractures (grade Ⅳ). It related to factors such as the gender of the injured and the patients, endocrine hormones in the body, calcium content, body mass index, and lower extremity mechanical structure. It has the characteristics of hidden onset and easy to be ignored in the early stage, which lead to non-combat attrition and sharp increase in treatment expenditures. In this review, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment and prevention protocols for the BSI are concluded and discussed in detail by systematically reviewing these latest literatures published worldwide,which has been aimed at improving the early diagnosis of BSI and providing the theoretical basis for the establishment of "all-round BSI prevention and treatment system".

, correspAuthors=Chen-Hui Dong, Chun-Bao Li, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* Dong Chen-Hui, E-mail: ;
Li Chun-Bao, E-mail:
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应力性骨损伤(BSI)是军事训练中极为常见的肌肉骨骼损伤,包括不同程度的骨微结构的应力性损伤(Ⅰ~Ⅲ级)及终末期应力性骨折(Ⅳ级),与伤病员的性别、机体内分泌激素、钙含量、体重指数及下肢力学结构等因素有关,具有起病隐匿、早期易被忽视等特点,可导致非战斗减员及增加相关治疗经费的支出。本文通过查阅国内外最新文献,对BSI的危险因素、诊断、治疗及预防进行了详细论述,以期提高BSI的早期诊断率,为建立“全方位BSI防治体系”提供理论依据。

, correspAuthors=董晨辉, 李春宝, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
董晨辉,E-mail:;
李春宝,E-mail:
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涂鹏,硕士研究生,主要从事运动医学与训练伤防控的临床研究

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涂鹏,硕士研究生,主要从事运动医学与训练伤防控的临床研究

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Methods, profiles, advantages and disadvantages of imaging examination for BSI

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检查方式检查方式的选择影像学表现优点缺点
X线[31,33]所有可疑BSI的首选检查,需要与健侧进行对比早期可表现为局限性骨质疏松,主要由于骨小梁部分断裂所致,但相应区域骨密度异常增高;进一步可出现明显的裂隙,其下部骨密度增高,出现骨膜反应或隆起,骨皮质增厚及骨折线,甚至发生移位,可同时出现骨痂(1)不同时期、连续的X线检查可评估骨愈合情况;(2)对晚期BSI特异性高、价格低廉、风险低;(3)可初步排除其他疾病,大部分病例通过X线检查可确诊(1)敏感度低,易误诊;(2)对早期BSI诊断意义不大
CT可疑BSI的首选检查与X线类似可更明确地显示骨折线及骨痂形成(1)电离辐射较大;(2)基层部队普及率低
MRI[31,34-35](1)次选检查;(2)有X线检查禁忌证者;(3)对于骨盆/髋部损伤,MRI为首选检查早期可表现为T1相呈斜形或不规则低信号区,有时可见骨折线;周围可出现低信号区域,主要由于出血或水肿包绕所致;在T2相上,骨膜水肿、骨髓水肿或出血常表现为高信号,而骨折线表现为低信号(1)早期诊断的必选检查项目;(2)与骨扫描相比,灵敏度相同,特异性较高,特别是对于软组织损伤;(3)能够识别具有BSI症状但与BSI无关的其他肌肉骨骼病变;(4)能够在骨扫描前发现骨应力异常;(5)与骨扫描相比,解剖学定位更好,无电离辐射、成像速度快(1)价格偏高,检查耗时长;(2)难以在基层部队普及
超声检查[5]建议在临床中对可疑BSI行超声检查并进行初步评估早期可表现为低回声性骨膜积液和皮质增厚,进一步可出现皮质破坏或破裂或不规则低回声性血肿伴骨膜抬高(1)具有良好的敏感度、准确度;(2)具有便携式检查工具;(3)无电离辐射、价格低廉、风险低;适合基层部队普及早期筛查(1)肌骨超声学习周期较长,需要有经验的超声医师进行筛查;(2)敏感度较低,早期易漏诊;(3)对早期BSI诊断意义有限
全身骨扫描[36-37](1)有MRI禁忌或无法行MRI检查;(2)需要多部位成像早期表现为不规则摄取和小而模糊不清的区域活动轻度增加,进一步可出现活动区域急剧增加,通常为局灶性或形状为梭形,且摄取更强烈。最后病变区域穿透全层皮质骨,可见骨折线,存在极度增高的活性区域(1)是对新发BSI高度敏感的影像检查工具;(2)较X线检查应力性骨折要早几天甚至几周的时间,且可区分骨损伤或软组织损伤;(3)对有症状、需要多部位成像者,骨扫描可排除可疑区域;(4)可大致判断病变部位,常需要结合其他检查结果与其他疾病详细鉴别(1)价格昂贵,检查时间长,对检查者存在较大电离辐射;(2)图像质量不如MRI清晰;(3)示踪剂具有一定的不良反应
PET-CT[37-39](1)有MRI禁忌证者;(2)股骨颈、足踝部等解剖结构复杂部位的BSI;(3)所有影像学检查均无法明确诊断者图像可明确显示病灶周围示踪剂摄取明显增加,呈梭形或者类圆形区域,18F-NaF摄入增加区域可为骨赘、椎体终板、膝关节或踝关节退行性关节炎;骨膜可增厚并伴有中心线性透光区域;撕脱性骨折组织周围也可存在局部示踪剂增加(1)可确定BSI损伤的病变阶段,并可检测出较小的病变区域,精确指导下一步治疗;(2)在评估股骨颈BSI的等级方面具有更高的灵敏度和准确度;(3)适用于病态肥胖患者(BMI>40 kg/m2);(4)18F-NaF常用于其他影像学检查无法明确的骨骼肌肉疼痛;(5)18F-NaF PET-CT可检测到骨皮质的示踪信号明显增加以及肌肉止点撕脱综合征等表现(1)价格昂贵,检查周期长;(2)对检查者存在较大电离辐射:(3)示踪剂具有一定的不良反应;(4)难以在基层部队普及
), ArticleFig(id=1208106722229592966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208106717007684222, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

BSI影像学检查方式、表现及优缺点

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检查方式检查方式的选择影像学表现优点缺点
X线[31,33]所有可疑BSI的首选检查,需要与健侧进行对比早期可表现为局限性骨质疏松,主要由于骨小梁部分断裂所致,但相应区域骨密度异常增高;进一步可出现明显的裂隙,其下部骨密度增高,出现骨膜反应或隆起,骨皮质增厚及骨折线,甚至发生移位,可同时出现骨痂(1)不同时期、连续的X线检查可评估骨愈合情况;(2)对晚期BSI特异性高、价格低廉、风险低;(3)可初步排除其他疾病,大部分病例通过X线检查可确诊(1)敏感度低,易误诊;(2)对早期BSI诊断意义不大
CT可疑BSI的首选检查与X线类似可更明确地显示骨折线及骨痂形成(1)电离辐射较大;(2)基层部队普及率低
MRI[31,34-35](1)次选检查;(2)有X线检查禁忌证者;(3)对于骨盆/髋部损伤,MRI为首选检查早期可表现为T1相呈斜形或不规则低信号区,有时可见骨折线;周围可出现低信号区域,主要由于出血或水肿包绕所致;在T2相上,骨膜水肿、骨髓水肿或出血常表现为高信号,而骨折线表现为低信号(1)早期诊断的必选检查项目;(2)与骨扫描相比,灵敏度相同,特异性较高,特别是对于软组织损伤;(3)能够识别具有BSI症状但与BSI无关的其他肌肉骨骼病变;(4)能够在骨扫描前发现骨应力异常;(5)与骨扫描相比,解剖学定位更好,无电离辐射、成像速度快(1)价格偏高,检查耗时长;(2)难以在基层部队普及
超声检查[5]建议在临床中对可疑BSI行超声检查并进行初步评估早期可表现为低回声性骨膜积液和皮质增厚,进一步可出现皮质破坏或破裂或不规则低回声性血肿伴骨膜抬高(1)具有良好的敏感度、准确度;(2)具有便携式检查工具;(3)无电离辐射、价格低廉、风险低;适合基层部队普及早期筛查(1)肌骨超声学习周期较长,需要有经验的超声医师进行筛查;(2)敏感度较低,早期易漏诊;(3)对早期BSI诊断意义有限
全身骨扫描[36-37](1)有MRI禁忌或无法行MRI检查;(2)需要多部位成像早期表现为不规则摄取和小而模糊不清的区域活动轻度增加,进一步可出现活动区域急剧增加,通常为局灶性或形状为梭形,且摄取更强烈。最后病变区域穿透全层皮质骨,可见骨折线,存在极度增高的活性区域(1)是对新发BSI高度敏感的影像检查工具;(2)较X线检查应力性骨折要早几天甚至几周的时间,且可区分骨损伤或软组织损伤;(3)对有症状、需要多部位成像者,骨扫描可排除可疑区域;(4)可大致判断病变部位,常需要结合其他检查结果与其他疾病详细鉴别(1)价格昂贵,检查时间长,对检查者存在较大电离辐射;(2)图像质量不如MRI清晰;(3)示踪剂具有一定的不良反应
PET-CT[37-39](1)有MRI禁忌证者;(2)股骨颈、足踝部等解剖结构复杂部位的BSI;(3)所有影像学检查均无法明确诊断者图像可明确显示病灶周围示踪剂摄取明显增加,呈梭形或者类圆形区域,18F-NaF摄入增加区域可为骨赘、椎体终板、膝关节或踝关节退行性关节炎;骨膜可增厚并伴有中心线性透光区域;撕脱性骨折组织周围也可存在局部示踪剂增加(1)可确定BSI损伤的病变阶段,并可检测出较小的病变区域,精确指导下一步治疗;(2)在评估股骨颈BSI的等级方面具有更高的灵敏度和准确度;(3)适用于病态肥胖患者(BMI>40 kg/m2);(4)18F-NaF常用于其他影像学检查无法明确的骨骼肌肉疼痛;(5)18F-NaF PET-CT可检测到骨皮质的示踪信号明显增加以及肌肉止点撕脱综合征等表现(1)价格昂贵,检查周期长;(2)对检查者存在较大电离辐射:(3)示踪剂具有一定的不良反应;(4)难以在基层部队普及
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应力性骨损伤诊疗新进展
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涂鹏 1, 2 , 王瑾 3 , 许金芳 4 , 董晨辉 1, 2, * , 李春宝 5, * , 李慎松 1 , 刘玉杰 5 , 唐佩福 5
解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2022,47(4): 412-418
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解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2022, 47(4): 412-418
应力性骨损伤诊疗新进展
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涂鹏1, 2, 王瑾3, 许金芳4, 董晨辉1, 2, * , 李春宝5, * , 李慎松1, 刘玉杰5, 唐佩福5
作者信息
  • 1解放军联勤保障部队第940医院运动医学科,兰州 730050
  • 2西北民族大学医学部,兰州 730030
  • 3解放军联勤保障部队第940医院中医康复科,兰州 730050
  • 4海军军医大学军队卫生统计学教研室,上海 200433
  • 5解放军总医院第四医学中心骨科医学部,北京 100048
  • 涂鹏,硕士研究生,主要从事运动医学与训练伤防控的临床研究

通讯作者:

董晨辉,E-mail:;
李春宝,E-mail:
Advance in diagnosis and treatment of bone stress injury
Peng Tu1, 2, Jin Wang3, Jin-Fang Xu4, Chen-Hui Dong1, 2, * , Chun-Bao Li5, * , Shen-Song Li1, Yu-Jie Liu5, Pei-Fu Tang5
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Sports Medicine, Lanzhou 730050, China
  • 2Department of Medical Centre, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
  • 3Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Rehabilitation, the 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese PLA, Lanzhou 730050, China
  • 4Department of Military Health Statistics, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
  • 5Department of Orthopedic, the Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
出版时间: 2022-04-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.04.0412
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应力性骨损伤(BSI)是军事训练中极为常见的肌肉骨骼损伤,包括不同程度的骨微结构的应力性损伤(Ⅰ~Ⅲ级)及终末期应力性骨折(Ⅳ级),与伤病员的性别、机体内分泌激素、钙含量、体重指数及下肢力学结构等因素有关,具有起病隐匿、早期易被忽视等特点,可导致非战斗减员及增加相关治疗经费的支出。本文通过查阅国内外最新文献,对BSI的危险因素、诊断、治疗及预防进行了详细论述,以期提高BSI的早期诊断率,为建立“全方位BSI防治体系”提供理论依据。

应力性骨损伤  /  危险因素  /  早期诊断  /  治疗策略  /  军事训练伤

Bone stress injuries (BSI) is the most common musculoskeletal injuries in military training injuries, including stress injuries of different degrees of bone microstructure (grade Ⅰ to Ⅲ) and end-stage stress fractures (grade Ⅳ). It related to factors such as the gender of the injured and the patients, endocrine hormones in the body, calcium content, body mass index, and lower extremity mechanical structure. It has the characteristics of hidden onset and easy to be ignored in the early stage, which lead to non-combat attrition and sharp increase in treatment expenditures. In this review, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment and prevention protocols for the BSI are concluded and discussed in detail by systematically reviewing these latest literatures published worldwide,which has been aimed at improving the early diagnosis of BSI and providing the theoretical basis for the establishment of "all-round BSI prevention and treatment system".

bone stress injuries  /  risk factors  /  early diagnosis  /  treatment strategy  /  military training injury
涂鹏, 王瑾, 许金芳, 董晨辉, 李春宝, 李慎松, 刘玉杰, 唐佩福. 应力性骨损伤诊疗新进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2022 , 47 (4) : 412 -418 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.04.0412
Peng Tu, Jin Wang, Jin-Fang Xu, Chen-Hui Dong, Chun-Bao Li, Shen-Song Li, Yu-Jie Liu, Pei-Fu Tang. Advance in diagnosis and treatment of bone stress injury[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2022 , 47 (4) : 412 -418 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.04.0412
应力性骨折作为目前军事训练伤中发病率高、治疗时间长且影响较大的军事训练伤,是造成部队非战斗减员、影响官兵健康、增加医疗负担的重要原因,受到广大官兵的高度关注。国内外最新观点认为,传统应力性骨折是应力性骨损伤(bone stress injuries,BSI)的终末期。目前对于BSI的病因、危险因素、诊断及治疗选择尚未达成共识。本文就BSI的危险因素、诊断、治疗及预防的最新研究进展进行综述,为BSI的科学预防和诊疗提供依据。
BSI是指骨组织在反复应力刺激下因无法承受重复机械负荷而发生骨组织微观结构损伤,以局部压痛等为典型临床症状的一种常见运动损伤,该疾病始于应力性骨膜反应,并逐步发展为部分骨折,最终导致完全骨折[1]。应力性骨折(俗称疲劳性骨折、行军骨折)最早于1855年由普鲁士军医首先发现并报道,描述了长期行军的士兵脚部出现的水肿和疼痛症状,直至1895年X线出现才明确这种症状是由跖骨干应力性骨折所致。进一步研究发现,大多数被诊断为应力性骨折或与应力有关的损伤都没有骨折线的迹象,因此提出“骨应力性损伤”这一概念,其机制主要是由于应力刺激所致骨的负载过大或负载循环次数过多,导致骨组织疲劳损伤,从而出现骨微观结构的不可逆破坏[2]。正常骨骼在重复过载的刺激下,当破骨细胞对骨组织的吸收大于成骨细胞的骨骼重塑时,骨组织结构的微损伤与骨重塑之间的平衡被打破[3],骨小梁结构的破坏积累达到阈值后则可导致宏观结构上骨折的发生[4]
应力性骨折是疲劳性骨损伤的最终发展结果,是由于骨骼受到重复性的应力损伤造成的,这种长期、反复、轻微的直接或间接损伤可引起特定部位小的骨裂或骨折。
MTSS又称外胫夹和胫骨疲劳性骨膜炎,是运动引起小腿疼痛最常见的原因之一,也是常见的过度使用性损伤,主要由于运动和下肢冲击负荷产生的胫骨内应力反应导致胫骨内侧中远2/3的疼痛和压痛,触诊疼痛区域的边界≥5 cm,是胫骨应力性骨折的早期表现。
美国军方对BSI进行流行病学研究发现,男性新兵BSI的发生率为0.8%~6.9%,女性新兵为2.4%~21.0%[5];目前我国新兵应力性骨折发生率为13.2%[6],但缺少BSI相关数据的报道。BSI是入伍新兵常见的过度使用性损伤,从轻微的应力反应到骨骼组织内的应力断裂,可发展为应力性骨折[7]。应力性骨折占运动损伤的1%~20%,其中下肢应力性骨折占80%。应力性骨折好发的部位国内外差异较大,中国依次为跖骨(52.8%)、胫骨(34.7%)、股骨干(6.2%)、股骨颈(4.2%)、骨盆(2.1%)[6],国外依次为胫骨(23.6%)、足舟骨(17.6%)、跖骨(16.2%)、股骨(6.6%)、骨盆(1.6%)[8]
一项针对2009-2012年5 580 875名美国官兵的流行病学调查发现,女性下肢应力性骨折的发生率明显高于男性[9]。对314名(女206名,男108名)运动员进行随访发现,31例患有BSI的运动员中,24例(11.7%)为女性,7例(6.5%)为男性,女性患病率明显高于男性[10]。另有研究发现,确诊BSI的田径运动员中,64.7%(22/34)为女性[11]
有大量证据支持患有女性三联征(即饮食不规律及低能量摄入、月经功能障碍、骨密度低)的女性发生BSI的风险增加[12]。饮食不规律(神经性厌食症或神经性贪食症)的女性长跑运动员发生应力性骨折的风险是饮食规律女性长跑运动员的5倍,且患有闭经的女性罹患应力性骨折的风险增加了2倍[13]。在青少年女性运动员中,继发性闭经使应力性骨折的发生风险增加了12.9倍,原因可能为雌激素水平降低和破骨细胞活性增加[14]。在男性运动员中出现的“三联征”,即低能量供应(伴或不伴有进食障碍)、低促性腺素性功能减退症和骨密度降低会影响其身体健康及运动表现,且其低骨密度与BSI密切相关[15]
目前认为,血液循环中25(OH)D正常的最低浓度为50 nmol/L,低于该水平则视为不足,而循环中25(OH)D不足会增加骨折的发生风险[16]。有研究发现,基线血清25(OH)D浓度低于50 nmol/L的新兵较高于50 nmol/L的新兵BSI发生率高,维生素D不足20 μg/L与新兵应力性骨折的发生风险增加有关[17]。有研究发现,血清中25(OH)D浓度低于30 ng/ml的运动员罹患第五跖骨BSI的风险较高[18]。一项针对美国海军官兵的研究发现,每日补充2000 mg钙和800 U维生素D可明显降低应力性骨折的发生率[19]
BMI是应用任意年龄男性或女性的身高和体重,通过统计学指数测算来反映体质的公认方法,被世界卫生组织(WHO)和美国国立卫生研究院(NIH)广泛应用于世界各国的不同人种。严重低体重为BMI<16.5 kg/m2,低体重为BMI<18.5 kg/m2,超重的定义在白种人、黑人、西班牙人群与亚洲、南亚人群中有所不同,其中亚洲及南亚人群超重为BMI 23.0~24.9 kg/m2,肥胖为BMI>25.0 kg/m2,白种人、黑人及西班牙人群超重为BMI 25.0~29.9 kg/m2,肥胖为BMI≥30.0 kg/m2(其中1度肥胖为BMI 30.0~34.9 kg/m2,2度肥胖为BMI 35.0~39.9 kg/m2,3度肥胖为BMI≥40.0 kg/m2)[20-21]。在以色列部队中,应力性损伤发生率与肥胖程度呈正比,每增加一个BMI单位会使BSI发生率增高2%[22]。芬兰学者对入伍新兵进行研究发现,低体重会增高过劳损伤的概率[23]。据报道,低体重和小腿围(绕小腿一周所测得的最大值)提示下肢的骨骼和肌肉强度降低,可增加胫骨应力性骨折的风险[24]。在美国陆军新兵武装入伍训练(initial entry training,IET)中,低体重的男性和女性均有较高的应力性骨折风险,而肥胖的男性亦有较高的应力性骨折风险;身高较高的男性罹患应力性骨折的风险增加,而相同情况下女性的风险较低[25]
国外研究发现,与健康男性队员相比,既往有BSI病史的男性长跑运动员胫骨的骨强度明显降低,其骨强度降低是由于骨皮质区横截面积而非骨皮质层厚度减小所致;既往有BSI病史的男性胫骨总横截面积较小,尤其是在胫骨中段骨干处[7]。运动员的胫骨横截面积减小与BSI的发生关系密切。患有下肢BSI的女运动员胫骨更薄,这是由较小的胫骨横截面积引起的[26]。此外,不同的足部形态(正常足、扁平足、高弓足)可导致不同类型的损伤。研究发现,扁平足由于低足弓可导致膝关节外翻,易发生膝关节内侧间隙的损伤;高弓足由于足弓较高,易导致踝关节外侧间隙骨组织损伤。足部形态结构差异与胫骨BSI的发生是否存在关联仍需进一步研究证实,但足部的某些特殊形态如扁平足及高弓足可能是胫骨BSI的重要危险因素,若训练中及时采取措施纠正可避免出现严重并发症[27-28]
依据《军事训练伤诊断标准及防治原则》[29],以胫骨为例,符合以下任意2项即可诊断为BSI:(1)强度较大的训练史后无明显诱因出现固定部位的疼痛,且疼痛随运动强度增大而加重,早期休息后可逐渐减轻;(2)查体骨干长轴触诊时有局部且固定的压痛点,晚期出现纵向叩击痛伴有软组织肿胀;(3)X线片示骨膜增生,后期出现骨折及移位。
应用X线片进行分型,Ⅰ型损伤部位只有骨痂而无明显骨折线,Ⅱ型损伤部位有骨折但无移位,Ⅲ型损伤部位有明显的错位[30]。全身骨扫描是诊断BSI最早的金标准[31]。Nattiv等[11]应用MRI在Fredericson分级的基础上进行了改良。Ⅰ级:T2相提示轻度骨髓或骨膜水肿,T1相正常;Ⅱ级:中度骨髓或骨膜水肿,T2相阳性;Ⅲ级:T2和T1相均可见严重骨髓和(或)骨膜水肿;Ⅳ级:T2和T1相出现严重的骨髓和(或)骨膜水肿,T2或T1相出现骨折线、错位。Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级定义为低等级骨应力损伤,Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级定义为高等级骨应力损伤。
BSI的诊断与早期治疗流程如图1所示。
结合患者病史及辅助检查结果是评估可疑BSI的第一步。BSI患者通常会逐渐出现与活动有关的局部疼痛,并随着休息而逐渐减轻,可无肿胀。如症状恶化,疼痛加剧,活动时会出现局部剧痛、跛行,甚至不能站立[31]。当BSI进展为应力性骨折时,会出现局部压痛或伴有肿胀。不能触及的较深部位的应力性骨折(如股骨颈应力性骨折)需要活动关节和刺激性试验才能引发疼痛。因此,BSI的明确诊断务必将临床表现与影像结果相结合[32]。临床中多种疾病如肌肉拉伤、肌腱病变、韧带损伤、感染及肿瘤等的影像表现与BSI类似,需要鉴别。
BSI的早期临床表现不典型,极易出现漏诊、误诊,错过早期治疗的最佳时机。因此,当临床评估怀疑BSI时,应尽早完善影像学检查。BSI影像学检查的方式、表现及优缺点如表1所示。
BSI的治疗策略应根据其MRI分级及病变解剖部位的危险程度决定。低风险应力性骨折通常位于骨的压力侧,且骨折区域具有丰富的血液微循环支持,预后好,延迟愈合或不愈合的风险低[40];高危应力性骨折常位于张力侧,极易转变为完全骨折,骨折延迟愈合、骨不连和慢性疼痛的倾向较大[32]。低风险应力性骨折通常采用非手术治疗,通过绝对休息、制动及限制负重来减轻症状,直至患者临床症状消失为止;配合以循序渐进的康复运动,可更快地恢复患肢功能[40]。对于高风险的应力性骨折考虑采取手术治疗,可加快骨折愈合,尽快恢复正常生活及工作,降低延迟愈合和再骨折的风险[41]
BSI加速康复的相关研究较少,目前体外冲击波疗法是一种具有有效性、便利性和安全性的非侵入性治疗手段,是近年来应用于骨骼肌肉系统疾病的新兴治疗方式。研究发现,在平均治疗8周后,10名第五跖骨和胫骨应力性骨折运动员均恢复了部分体育活动[42]
最新研究发现,军事训练期间每天补充钙和维生素D3可通过抑制甲状旁腺激素(PTH)而提升骨骼健康状况。血清中较高浓度的维生素D3可降低应力性骨折的发生风险[43]。一项对女性长跑运动员的研究发现,每天额外补充500 ml脱脂牛奶,可使应力性骨折发生率降低62%[44],因此摄入足量的钙和维生素D可减少BSI的发生。
身体素质一般是指人体在活动中所表现出来的力量、速度、耐力、灵敏度、柔韧性、协调性、平衡感等身体反应力。一个人身体素质的好坏与遗传有关,但与后天营养和体育锻炼的关系更为密切。身体素质训练主要包括下肢肌肉(特别是下肢核心肌群)的力量训练以及身体灵活性、柔软性、协调性和平衡性的训练。下肢核心肌力增强可有效防止BSI的发生;根据临床研究,有学者指出,高强度军事训练时,髋关节和膝关节的动态稳定性不足、关节肌肉无力或两侧肌力不对称等为训练伤发生的诱因,髋、膝的核心力量和稳定性训练可使关节潜在的肌肉无力和关节稳定性不足得到明显改善,尤其是髌骨关节失稳所致的疼痛得到明显减轻[45],从而迅速提高训练成绩[46]。对某陆军1454名新兵应力性骨折风险因素进行分析发现,入伍前每周锻炼时间超过7 h的新兵应力性骨折的发病率低于每周锻炼短于7h的新兵[6];有研究报道,芬兰新兵入伍前每周进行2次以上的高强度耐力训练可有效减少应力性骨折的发生[47],训练后放松和恢复运动对预防训练后疲劳性损伤非常重要,包括静态拉伸及肌筋膜的自我松解,旨在放松身心与帮助机体消除疲劳、恢复体能,避免因生理和心理性疲劳的累积导致训练伤的发生。
训练过程中,若出现下肢疼痛、肿胀及跛行等临床症状时,通过及时调整训练计划可减少BSI的发生。通常应力性骨折发生率在训练初期较高,并在训练第12周达到峰值[48]。近期有学者建议,在训练前16周开始循序渐进地增加训练强度,并在应力性骨折发生高峰期前(第12周左右)暂停训练,可促进骨骼应力损伤的自我修复,有效避免骨折的发生[49]
新兵是否重回训练场取决于BSI的恢复程度和近期的军事训练要求。军医可根据伤员的影像学检查结果对比和临床体征,来判断伤员的伤情及是否适合继续服役。BSI复训时限相关的循证医学证据仍未达成共识。近期有研究发现,胫骨BSI伤员在受伤后3~6个月双下肢骨密度持续下降,6个月时骨密度有所回升并接近正常范围[50]。有研究表明,根据解剖部位的不同,战士复训的时间周期为12~21周[51]。因此,治疗期间有效的抗骨质疏松治疗尤为关键,有助于缩短复训周期。
结合最新文献,本文对BSI的早期诊断、治疗及预防措施进行了详细论述。对于BSI,应根据不同等级及严重程度制定更为优化的治疗策略;同时,应深入研究BSI的致病机制,进一步制定科学的训练计划,注重“预防为主,防治结合”的防治策略,从而达到减少非战斗减员、提高部队战斗力的目的。
  • 基础加强计划重点基础研究项目(2020-JCJQ-ZS-264)
  • 卫勤保障能力创新与生成专项(21WQ033)
  • 解放军总医院军事医学创新研究项目(CX19004)
  • 解放军总医院临床科研扶持基金(为军服务)(2018FC-WJFWZX-1-06)
  • 解放军联勤保障部队第940医院军队科研项目(2021yxky020)
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2022年第47卷第4期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.04.0412
  • 接收时间:2021-05-05
  • 首发时间:2025-12-17
  • 出版时间:2022-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2021-05-05
  • 录用日期:2021-05-12
基金
Key Program for Basic Research of Strengthening Foundation Project(2020-JCJQ-ZS-264)
基础加强计划重点基础研究项目(2020-JCJQ-ZS-264)
Innovation and Generation of Special Technologies for Promoting Military Healthy Support(21WQ033)
卫勤保障能力创新与生成专项(21WQ033)
Military Medical Innovation Research Project of Chinese PLA General Hospital(CX19004)
解放军总医院军事医学创新研究项目(CX19004)
Clinical Research Support Foundation of Chinese PLA General Hospital (Serving the Army)(2018FC-WJFWZX-1-06)
解放军总医院临床科研扶持基金(为军服务)(2018FC-WJFWZX-1-06)
Military Scientific Research Projects of the 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese PLA(2021yxky020)
解放军联勤保障部队第940医院军队科研项目(2021yxky020)
作者信息
    1解放军联勤保障部队第940医院运动医学科,兰州 730050
    2西北民族大学医学部,兰州 730030
    3解放军联勤保障部队第940医院中医康复科,兰州 730050
    4海军军医大学军队卫生统计学教研室,上海 200433
    5解放军总医院第四医学中心骨科医学部,北京 100048

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董晨辉,E-mail:;
李春宝,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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