Article(id=1208106717007684222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1208106710208717234, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.04.0412, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1620144000000, receivedDateStr=2021-05-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1620748800000, acceptedDateStr=2021-05-12, onlineDate=1765964686872, onlineDateStr=2025-12-17, pubDate=1651075200000, pubDateStr=2022-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765964686872, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765964686872, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765964686872, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1208106710208717234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2022', volume='47', issue='4', pageStart='321', pageEnd='426', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765964685250, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765964685250, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=412, endPage=418, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208106717318062742, articleId=1208106717007684222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Advance in diagnosis and treatment of bone stress injury, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Bone stress injuries (BSI) is the most common musculoskeletal injuries in military training injuries, including stress injuries of different degrees of bone microstructure (grade Ⅰ to Ⅲ) and end-stage stress fractures (grade Ⅳ). It related to factors such as the gender of the injured and the patients, endocrine hormones in the body, calcium content, body mass index, and lower extremity mechanical structure. It has the characteristics of hidden onset and easy to be ignored in the early stage, which lead to non-combat attrition and sharp increase in treatment expenditures. In this review, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment and prevention protocols for the BSI are concluded and discussed in detail by systematically reviewing these latest literatures published worldwide,which has been aimed at improving the early diagnosis of BSI and providing the theoretical basis for the establishment of "all-round BSI prevention and treatment system".
, correspAuthors=Chen-Hui Dong, Chun-Bao Li, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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应力性骨损伤(BSI)是军事训练中极为常见的肌肉骨骼损伤,包括不同程度的骨微结构的应力性损伤(Ⅰ~Ⅲ级)及终末期应力性骨折(Ⅳ级),与伤病员的性别、机体内分泌激素、钙含量、体重指数及下肢力学结构等因素有关,具有起病隐匿、早期易被忽视等特点,可导致非战斗减员及增加相关治疗经费的支出。本文通过查阅国内外最新文献,对BSI的危险因素、诊断、治疗及预防进行了详细论述,以期提高BSI的早期诊断率,为建立“全方位BSI防治体系”提供理论依据。
, correspAuthors=董晨辉, 李春宝, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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涂鹏,硕士研究生,主要从事运动医学与训练伤防控的临床研究
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1, 2, address=
1Department of Sports Medicine, Lanzhou 730050, China
2Department of Medical Centre, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1208106718836400887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208106717007684222, authorId=1208106718622491378, language=CN, stringName=涂鹏, firstName=鹏, middleName=null, lastName=涂, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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1解放军联勤保障部队第940医院运动医学科,兰州 730050
2西北民族大学医学部,兰州 730030, bio={"content":"
涂鹏,硕士研究生,主要从事运动医学与训练伤防控的临床研究
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2Department of Medical Centre, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1208106718253392601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208106717007684222, companyId=1208106718240809687, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2西北民族大学医学部,兰州 730030)])]), Author(id=1208106718911898365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208106717007684222, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1208106719041921792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208106717007684222, authorId=1208106718911898365, language=EN, stringName=Jin Wang, firstName=Jin, middleName=null, lastName=Wang, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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3Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Rehabilitation, the 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese PLA, Lanzhou 730050, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1208106719134196489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208106717007684222, authorId=1208106718911898365, language=CN, stringName=王瑾, firstName=瑾, middleName=null, lastName=王, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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3解放军联勤保障部队第940医院中医康复科,兰州 730050, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1208106718328890080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208106717007684222, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1208106718341472991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208106717007684222, companyId=1208106718328890080, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
3Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Rehabilitation, the 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese PLA, Lanzhou 730050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1208106718349861600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208106717007684222, companyId=1208106718328890080, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
3解放军联勤保障部队第940医院中医康复科,兰州 730050)])]), Author(id=1208106719239054095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208106717007684222, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1208106719335523092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208106717007684222, authorId=1208106719239054095, language=EN, stringName=Jin-Fang Xu, firstName=Jin-Fang, middleName=null, lastName=Xu, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
4, address=
4Department of Military Health Statistics, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1208106719411020566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208106717007684222, authorId=1208106719239054095, language=CN, stringName=许金芳, firstName=金芳, middleName=null, lastName=许, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
4, address=
4海军军医大学军队卫生统计学教研室,上海 200433, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1208106718421164770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208106717007684222, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1208106718429553379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208106717007684222, companyId=1208106718421164770, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
4Department of Military Health Statistics, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1208106718433747684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208106717007684222, companyId=1208106718421164770, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
4海军军医大学军队卫生统计学教研室,上海 200433)])]), Author(id=1208106719486518043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208106717007684222, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=dong.chenhui@outlook.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1208106719595569954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208106717007684222, authorId=1208106719486518043, language=EN, stringName=Chen-Hui Dong, firstName=Chen-Hui, middleName=null, lastName=Dong, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
1, 2, *, address=
1Department of Sports Medicine, Lanzhou 730050, China
2Department of Medical Centre, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1208106719687844647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208106717007684222, authorId=1208106719486518043, language=CN, stringName=董晨辉, firstName=晨辉, middleName=null, lastName=董, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
1, 2, *, address=
1解放军联勤保障部队第940医院运动医学科,兰州 730050
2西北民族大学医学部,兰州 730030, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1208106718148534989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208106717007684222, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1208106718161117902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208106717007684222, companyId=1208106718148534989, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1Department of Sports Medicine, Lanzhou 730050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1208106718169506512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208106717007684222, companyId=1208106718148534989, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1解放军联勤保障部队第940医院运动医学科,兰州 730050)]), AuthorCompany(id=1208106718240809687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208106717007684222, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1208106718249198296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208106717007684222, companyId=1208106718240809687, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2Department of Medical Centre, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1208106718253392601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208106717007684222, companyId=1208106718240809687, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2西北民族大学医学部,兰州 730030)])]), Author(id=1208106719763342120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208106717007684222, orderNo=4, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=lichunbao301@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1208106719872394029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208106717007684222, authorId=1208106719763342120, language=EN, stringName=Chun-Bao Li, firstName=Chun-Bao, middleName=null, lastName=Li, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
5, *, address=
5Department of Orthopedic, the Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1208106719964668722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208106717007684222, authorId=1208106719763342120, language=CN, stringName=李春宝, firstName=春宝, middleName=null, lastName=李, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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5解放军总医院第四医学中心骨科医学部,北京 100048, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1208106718530216680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208106717007684222, xref=5, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1208106718534410986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208106717007684222, companyId=1208106718530216680, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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5解放军总医院第四医学中心骨科医学部,北京 100048)])]), Author(id=1208106720082109235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208106717007684222, orderNo=5, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1208106720186966839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208106717007684222, authorId=1208106720082109235, language=EN, stringName=Shen-Song Li, firstName=Shen-Song, middleName=null, lastName=Li, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
1, address=
1Department of Sports Medicine, Lanzhou 730050, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1208106720266658617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208106717007684222, authorId=1208106720082109235, language=CN, stringName=李慎松, firstName=慎松, middleName=null, lastName=李, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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1解放军联勤保障部队第940医院运动医学科,兰州 730050, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1208106718148534989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208106717007684222, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1208106718161117902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208106717007684222, companyId=1208106718148534989, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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1解放军联勤保障部队第940医院运动医学科,兰州 730050)])]), Author(id=1208106720333767485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208106717007684222, orderNo=6, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1208106720426042178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208106717007684222, authorId=1208106720333767485, language=EN, stringName=Yu-Jie Liu, firstName=Yu-Jie, middleName=null, lastName=Liu, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
5, address=
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Flowchart of diagnosis and treatment of legs BSI, figureFileSmall=ssCfTSSUpToSuwyqoSCXJA==, figureFileBig=ccyNSdECbXKj9ngu03/Xzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208106721948574586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208106717007684222, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
下肢应力性骨损伤(BSI)的诊断与早期治疗流程, figureFileSmall=ssCfTSSUpToSuwyqoSCXJA==, figureFileBig=ccyNSdECbXKj9ngu03/Xzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208106722166678403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208106717007684222, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=
Methods, profiles, advantages and disadvantages of imaging examination for BSI
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| 检查方式 | 检查方式的选择 | 影像学表现 | 优点 | 缺点 |
|---|
| X线[31,33] | 所有可疑BSI的首选检查,需要与健侧进行对比 | 早期可表现为局限性骨质疏松,主要由于骨小梁部分断裂所致,但相应区域骨密度异常增高;进一步可出现明显的裂隙,其下部骨密度增高,出现骨膜反应或隆起,骨皮质增厚及骨折线,甚至发生移位,可同时出现骨痂 | (1)不同时期、连续的X线检查可评估骨愈合情况;(2)对晚期BSI特异性高、价格低廉、风险低;(3)可初步排除其他疾病,大部分病例通过X线检查可确诊 | (1)敏感度低,易误诊;(2)对早期BSI诊断意义不大 |
| CT | 可疑BSI的首选检查 | 与X线类似 | 可更明确地显示骨折线及骨痂形成 | (1)电离辐射较大;(2)基层部队普及率低 |
| MRI[31,34-35] | (1)次选检查;(2)有X线检查禁忌证者;(3)对于骨盆/髋部损伤,MRI为首选检查 | 早期可表现为T1相呈斜形或不规则低信号区,有时可见骨折线;周围可出现低信号区域,主要由于出血或水肿包绕所致;在T2相上,骨膜水肿、骨髓水肿或出血常表现为高信号,而骨折线表现为低信号 | (1)早期诊断的必选检查项目;(2)与骨扫描相比,灵敏度相同,特异性较高,特别是对于软组织损伤;(3)能够识别具有BSI症状但与BSI无关的其他肌肉骨骼病变;(4)能够在骨扫描前发现骨应力异常;(5)与骨扫描相比,解剖学定位更好,无电离辐射、成像速度快 | (1)价格偏高,检查耗时长;(2)难以在基层部队普及 |
| 超声检查[5] | 建议在临床中对可疑BSI行超声检查并进行初步评估 | 早期可表现为低回声性骨膜积液和皮质增厚,进一步可出现皮质破坏或破裂或不规则低回声性血肿伴骨膜抬高 | (1)具有良好的敏感度、准确度;(2)具有便携式检查工具;(3)无电离辐射、价格低廉、风险低;适合基层部队普及早期筛查 | (1)肌骨超声学习周期较长,需要有经验的超声医师进行筛查;(2)敏感度较低,早期易漏诊;(3)对早期BSI诊断意义有限 |
| 全身骨扫描[36-37] | (1)有MRI禁忌或无法行MRI检查;(2)需要多部位成像 | 早期表现为不规则摄取和小而模糊不清的区域活动轻度增加,进一步可出现活动区域急剧增加,通常为局灶性或形状为梭形,且摄取更强烈。最后病变区域穿透全层皮质骨,可见骨折线,存在极度增高的活性区域 | (1)是对新发BSI高度敏感的影像检查工具;(2)较X线检查应力性骨折要早几天甚至几周的时间,且可区分骨损伤或软组织损伤;(3)对有症状、需要多部位成像者,骨扫描可排除可疑区域;(4)可大致判断病变部位,常需要结合其他检查结果与其他疾病详细鉴别 | (1)价格昂贵,检查时间长,对检查者存在较大电离辐射;(2)图像质量不如MRI清晰;(3)示踪剂具有一定的不良反应 |
| PET-CT[37-39] | (1)有MRI禁忌证者;(2)股骨颈、足踝部等解剖结构复杂部位的BSI;(3)所有影像学检查均无法明确诊断者 | 图像可明确显示病灶周围示踪剂摄取明显增加,呈梭形或者类圆形区域,18F-NaF摄入增加区域可为骨赘、椎体终板、膝关节或踝关节退行性关节炎;骨膜可增厚并伴有中心线性透光区域;撕脱性骨折组织周围也可存在局部示踪剂增加 | (1)可确定BSI损伤的病变阶段,并可检测出较小的病变区域,精确指导下一步治疗;(2)在评估股骨颈BSI的等级方面具有更高的灵敏度和准确度;(3)适用于病态肥胖患者(BMI>40 kg/m2);(4)18F-NaF常用于其他影像学检查无法明确的骨骼肌肉疼痛;(5)18F-NaF PET-CT可检测到骨皮质的示踪信号明显增加以及肌肉止点撕脱综合征等表现 | (1)价格昂贵,检查周期长;(2)对检查者存在较大电离辐射:(3)示踪剂具有一定的不良反应;(4)难以在基层部队普及 |
), ArticleFig(id=1208106722229592966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208106717007684222, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
BSI影像学检查方式、表现及优缺点
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| 检查方式 | 检查方式的选择 | 影像学表现 | 优点 | 缺点 |
|---|
| X线[31,33] | 所有可疑BSI的首选检查,需要与健侧进行对比 | 早期可表现为局限性骨质疏松,主要由于骨小梁部分断裂所致,但相应区域骨密度异常增高;进一步可出现明显的裂隙,其下部骨密度增高,出现骨膜反应或隆起,骨皮质增厚及骨折线,甚至发生移位,可同时出现骨痂 | (1)不同时期、连续的X线检查可评估骨愈合情况;(2)对晚期BSI特异性高、价格低廉、风险低;(3)可初步排除其他疾病,大部分病例通过X线检查可确诊 | (1)敏感度低,易误诊;(2)对早期BSI诊断意义不大 |
| CT | 可疑BSI的首选检查 | 与X线类似 | 可更明确地显示骨折线及骨痂形成 | (1)电离辐射较大;(2)基层部队普及率低 |
| MRI[31,34-35] | (1)次选检查;(2)有X线检查禁忌证者;(3)对于骨盆/髋部损伤,MRI为首选检查 | 早期可表现为T1相呈斜形或不规则低信号区,有时可见骨折线;周围可出现低信号区域,主要由于出血或水肿包绕所致;在T2相上,骨膜水肿、骨髓水肿或出血常表现为高信号,而骨折线表现为低信号 | (1)早期诊断的必选检查项目;(2)与骨扫描相比,灵敏度相同,特异性较高,特别是对于软组织损伤;(3)能够识别具有BSI症状但与BSI无关的其他肌肉骨骼病变;(4)能够在骨扫描前发现骨应力异常;(5)与骨扫描相比,解剖学定位更好,无电离辐射、成像速度快 | (1)价格偏高,检查耗时长;(2)难以在基层部队普及 |
| 超声检查[5] | 建议在临床中对可疑BSI行超声检查并进行初步评估 | 早期可表现为低回声性骨膜积液和皮质增厚,进一步可出现皮质破坏或破裂或不规则低回声性血肿伴骨膜抬高 | (1)具有良好的敏感度、准确度;(2)具有便携式检查工具;(3)无电离辐射、价格低廉、风险低;适合基层部队普及早期筛查 | (1)肌骨超声学习周期较长,需要有经验的超声医师进行筛查;(2)敏感度较低,早期易漏诊;(3)对早期BSI诊断意义有限 |
| 全身骨扫描[36-37] | (1)有MRI禁忌或无法行MRI检查;(2)需要多部位成像 | 早期表现为不规则摄取和小而模糊不清的区域活动轻度增加,进一步可出现活动区域急剧增加,通常为局灶性或形状为梭形,且摄取更强烈。最后病变区域穿透全层皮质骨,可见骨折线,存在极度增高的活性区域 | (1)是对新发BSI高度敏感的影像检查工具;(2)较X线检查应力性骨折要早几天甚至几周的时间,且可区分骨损伤或软组织损伤;(3)对有症状、需要多部位成像者,骨扫描可排除可疑区域;(4)可大致判断病变部位,常需要结合其他检查结果与其他疾病详细鉴别 | (1)价格昂贵,检查时间长,对检查者存在较大电离辐射;(2)图像质量不如MRI清晰;(3)示踪剂具有一定的不良反应 |
| PET-CT[37-39] | (1)有MRI禁忌证者;(2)股骨颈、足踝部等解剖结构复杂部位的BSI;(3)所有影像学检查均无法明确诊断者 | 图像可明确显示病灶周围示踪剂摄取明显增加,呈梭形或者类圆形区域,18F-NaF摄入增加区域可为骨赘、椎体终板、膝关节或踝关节退行性关节炎;骨膜可增厚并伴有中心线性透光区域;撕脱性骨折组织周围也可存在局部示踪剂增加 | (1)可确定BSI损伤的病变阶段,并可检测出较小的病变区域,精确指导下一步治疗;(2)在评估股骨颈BSI的等级方面具有更高的灵敏度和准确度;(3)适用于病态肥胖患者(BMI>40 kg/m2);(4)18F-NaF常用于其他影像学检查无法明确的骨骼肌肉疼痛;(5)18F-NaF PET-CT可检测到骨皮质的示踪信号明显增加以及肌肉止点撕脱综合征等表现 | (1)价格昂贵,检查周期长;(2)对检查者存在较大电离辐射:(3)示踪剂具有一定的不良反应;(4)难以在基层部队普及 |
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