Article(id=1208073012448957295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1208073005197009056, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.05.506, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1622649600000, receivedDateStr=2021-06-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1628438400000, acceptedDateStr=2021-08-09, onlineDate=1765956651078, onlineDateStr=2025-12-17, pubDate=1653667200000, pubDateStr=2022-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765956651078, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765956651078, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765956651078, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1208073005197009056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2022', volume='47', issue='5', pageStart='427', pageEnd='532', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1765956649350, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765956710955, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208073263641633510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1208073005197009056, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208073263641633511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1208073005197009056, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=506, endPage=510, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208073012876776327, articleId=1208073012448957295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Impact of military operations on chronic diseases of military personnel: A review of the Millennium Cohort Study, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The physical health of military personnel is a prerequisite for maintaining combat effectiveness. Due to the particularity of the military profession, there have been few large-scale high-quality studies on chronic diseases of military personnel.Launched in 2000, the Millennium Cohort Study (MCS) is a large-scale, prospective cohort study of U.S. military personnel, which was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Defense and conducted by the U.S. Naval Health Research Center. MCS covered about 200 000 military personnel in a wide range of services and departments, analysing the impact of career-related factors on the physical and mental health of the U.S. military, and exploring the occupational risk factors for chronic diseases in the military. We reviewed the research progress of chronic diseases in MCS, including chronic multi-symptom diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases and other chronic diseases, so as to provide further reference for the medical support of the People's Liberation Army.

, correspAuthors=Lei Xin, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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军人身体健康状况是影响部队战斗力的重要因素。由于军人职业的特殊性,针对其慢性疾病开展的大规模、高质量研究一直较少。美军“千禧年队列研究”(MCS)启动于2000年,是由美国国防部资助领导、美国海军健康研究中心主持开展的大样本、前瞻性美国军人队列研究,研究对象涵盖了多军种及多部门的约20万名军事人员。该研究分析了与军人职业密切相关的因素对美军身心健康的影响,并探索影响军人患慢性病的职业风险因素。本文主要针对MCS中慢性疾病(慢性多症状疾病、消化系统疾病、呼吸系统疾病、心血管系统疾病、代谢性疾病及其他慢性疾病)的相关研究进展进行综述,旨在借鉴美军的研究方法及结果,为我军卫勤保障提供有益借鉴。

, correspAuthors=辛磊, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
辛磊,E-mail:
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孙波,临床医学八年制在读,主要从事军事医学方面的研究

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孙波,临床医学八年制在读,主要从事军事医学方面的研究

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军事行动对军人慢性疾病的影响——美军千禧年队列研究进展
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孙波 1 , 高野 2 , 辛磊 2, *
解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2022,47(5): 506-510
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解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2022, 47(5): 506-510
军事行动对军人慢性疾病的影响——美军千禧年队列研究进展
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孙波1, 高野2, 辛磊2, *
作者信息
  • 1海军军医大学基础医学院,上海 200433
  • 2海军军医大学第一附属医院消化内科,上海 200433
  • 孙波,临床医学八年制在读,主要从事军事医学方面的研究

通讯作者:

辛磊,E-mail:
Impact of military operations on chronic diseases of military personnel: A review of the Millennium Cohort Study
Bo Sun1, Ye Gao2, Lei Xin2, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Basic Medical Sciences, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
  • 2Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
出版时间: 2022-05-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.05.506
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军人身体健康状况是影响部队战斗力的重要因素。由于军人职业的特殊性,针对其慢性疾病开展的大规模、高质量研究一直较少。美军“千禧年队列研究”(MCS)启动于2000年,是由美国国防部资助领导、美国海军健康研究中心主持开展的大样本、前瞻性美国军人队列研究,研究对象涵盖了多军种及多部门的约20万名军事人员。该研究分析了与军人职业密切相关的因素对美军身心健康的影响,并探索影响军人患慢性病的职业风险因素。本文主要针对MCS中慢性疾病(慢性多症状疾病、消化系统疾病、呼吸系统疾病、心血管系统疾病、代谢性疾病及其他慢性疾病)的相关研究进展进行综述,旨在借鉴美军的研究方法及结果,为我军卫勤保障提供有益借鉴。

军事医学  /  队列研究  /  慢性病  /  环境暴露

The physical health of military personnel is a prerequisite for maintaining combat effectiveness. Due to the particularity of the military profession, there have been few large-scale high-quality studies on chronic diseases of military personnel.Launched in 2000, the Millennium Cohort Study (MCS) is a large-scale, prospective cohort study of U.S. military personnel, which was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Defense and conducted by the U.S. Naval Health Research Center. MCS covered about 200 000 military personnel in a wide range of services and departments, analysing the impact of career-related factors on the physical and mental health of the U.S. military, and exploring the occupational risk factors for chronic diseases in the military. We reviewed the research progress of chronic diseases in MCS, including chronic multi-symptom diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases and other chronic diseases, so as to provide further reference for the medical support of the People's Liberation Army.

military medicine  /  cohort study  /  chronic diseases  /  environmental exposure
孙波, 高野, 辛磊. 军事行动对军人慢性疾病的影响——美军千禧年队列研究进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2022 , 47 (5) : 506 -510 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.05.506
Bo Sun, Ye Gao, Lei Xin. Impact of military operations on chronic diseases of military personnel: A review of the Millennium Cohort Study[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2022 , 47 (5) : 506 -510 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.05.506
军人身体健康状况是影响部队战斗力的重要因素。由于军人职业的特殊性,针对其慢性疾病的大规模、高质量研究一直较少。近十余年来,美军“千禧年队列研究”(Millennium Cohort Study,MCS)陆续发表了系列研究成果,本文主要针对MCS中慢性疾病的相关研究进展进行综述。
自20世纪90年代以来,美军相继发动海湾战争、阿富汗战争及伊拉克战争。为保证军人健康以及在极端条件下的战斗力,美军卫生机构广泛开展了军事行动对军人健康影响的流行病学研究,但多为横断面研究及病例对照研究,受研究设计及偏倚因素的影响,无法确切证实战争因素对军人健康的长期影响[1]
在美国国防部及美国医学研究所的倡议下,多部门专家组对研究方案进行周密的设计论证,并经国会批准,MCS应运而生[2]。MCS因启动于2000年而得名,是由美国国防部资助领导、美国海军健康研究中心主持开展的大样本、前瞻性美国军人队列研究,研究对象涵盖了海军、陆军、空军、海军陆战队、国民警卫队、海岸警卫队及退伍军人事务部等不同军种及部门的约20万名军事人员,占当年现役军人总数的11%。该研究旨在确定与军人职业密切相关的因素对美军身心健康的影响,并探索影响军人罹患慢性病的职业风险因素。研究对象在纳入时即完成基线调查,此后每3年完成一次随访调查。研究采用结构化问卷开展调查,内容涵盖人口学特征、身体健康状况、心理健康评估、创伤后应激障碍(posttraumatic stress disorder,PTSD)、职业暴露因素、吸烟饮酒情况及用药情况等[1-2]
由于MCS主要采用自我评估的方法,部分数据存在一定偏倚。但总体上,其设计相对严谨且随访时间长,在确定军事因素对军人身心健康的长期影响方面具有独特优势,为保障美军战斗力及健康提供了有力的流行病学支撑,其研究成果直接影响到美国军事卫生相关政策的制定,具有显著的军事价值及社会效益。2002年至今,MCS已公开发表相关论文120余篇。本文主要对其中慢性疾病部分的研究结果进行综述。
慢性多症状疾病(chronic multisymptom illness,CMI)是由美国在海湾战争后首次定义的一种慢性病,又称“海湾战争病”(Gulf war illness,GWI),以同时出现多种症状为特征,如疲劳、疼痛,以及胃肠道、呼吸道、神经系统及皮肤疾病等相关症状[3]。MCS的基线调查显示,海湾战争参战军人退役后的CMI患病率为15.5%~28.9%,且随着随访时间的延长而增高,但其增高的趋势也可能与年龄增大有关[3-5]。对退役军人健康状况的研究显示,参加海湾战争及阿富汗战争的士兵退役后,患CMI的风险均显著增加[5]。CMI与心理疾病如抑郁症(OR=19.88,95%CI 17.58~22.48)及PTSD(OR=15.20,95%CI 14.00~16.50)具有显著相关性,其他危险因素还包括女性(OR=2.14,95%CI 2.04~2.23)、陆军服役(OR=2.50,95%CI 2.30~2.70)、杀虫剂暴露(OR=1.53,95%CI 1.49~1.58),而高学历军人、非拉丁裔白人患CMI的风险则相对较低[3]。CMI也可能由其他基础疾病导致,如慢性疲劳综合征、纤维肌痛及肠易激综合征(irritable bowel syndrome,IBS)等,这些疾病常以共病的形式出现[5]。一项针对军事基地附近焚烧坑暴露的研究表明,焚烧坑暴露并不会增加CMI的患病风险[6]
美军消化系统疾病的发病率不断增长,MCS中对IBS及炎症性肠病(inflammatory bowel disease,IBD)的研究较多。
一项纳入41 175例参与者的研究表明,美军整体IBS发病率为141.39/10万(男性89.38/10万,女性293.81/10万),低于普通人群的发病率,这可能是由于现役军人的“健康效应”所致[7]。美军IBS的危险因素包括既往胃肠道感染病史(HR=2.05,95%CI 1.53~2.75)、女性(HR=1.96,95%CI 1.53~2.52)、生活应激源个数(1个:HR=1.82,95%CI 1.37~2.41;2个:HR=2.86,95%CI 2.01~4.06;3个及以上:HR=6.69,95%CI 4.59~9.77)、焦虑综合征(HR=1.74,95%CI 1.17~2.58)。研究者推测,无论是否参与部署,军人常面临较大压力,可能导致长期的胃肠道功能紊乱性疾病。一方面在神经系统紊乱的情况下,脑-肠轴与微生物群的相互作用导致消化系统稳态失衡;另一方面,在应激条件下,下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴调节皮质醇,从而影响免疫系统、肠道通透性及屏障功能。急性肠道感染与心理应激相互作用可能是一些慢性胃肠道后遗症的病理生理基础[8]。军队在部署过程中,由于宿主、病原体及特殊环境改变导致的胃肠道功能紊乱致病机制复杂,还需要深入的研究。
IBD包括克罗恩病(Crohn's disease,CD)及溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis,UC),有研究估计美军CD及UC的发病率分别为23.2/10万及21.9/10万,两者无明显差异[9]。该项研究还显示,CD主要的危险因素包括吸烟(HR=2.7,95%CI 1.4~5.1)、2个以上生活应激源(HR=2.8,95%CI 1.4~5.6)、IBS病史(HR=4.7,95%CI 1.5~15.2)。UC的发生风险与生活应激源数目的增加存在明显的剂量反应关系,适度饮酒(女性每周≤7杯,男性每周≤14杯)反而会降低UC的发生风险(HR=0.4,95%CI 0.2~0.6),IBS则与UC无显著相关性[9]。该研究还重点分析了胃肠道感染性疾病既往史与IBD的关系,发现胃肠道感染性疾病既往史与CD无显著相关性,但会显著增加UC的发病风险(HR=2.9,95%CI 1.4~6.0)[9]。提示军事部署导致的应激及胃肠道感染与美军人员患IBD具有明显相关性。
美军人员部署后呼吸系统疾病发病率增高,MCS队列中新发呼吸系统疾病的比例为11%,其中4%为支气管炎及肺气肿,5%为哮喘,1%两者兼有。战场空气质量较差是引起呼吸系统疾病高发的关键因素。通过环境取样调查发现,地面粉尘、燃烧坑烟雾及重金属凝析物为中东战场的3种主要空气污染物[10]
研究表明,陆军及海军陆战队中参与军事部署者新报告呼吸系统症状的比例比未部署者高(陆军:OR=1.73,95%CI 1.57~1.91;海军陆战队:OR=1.49,95%CI 1.06~2.08),而海军与空军之间无明显差异[10]。此外,陆军参与军事部署者呼吸系统疾病患病率与部署时间呈线性正相关,提示地面战斗相关的暴露可能是呼吸系统疾病的重要危险因素,而部署本身并非危险因素[10]。另一项针对伊拉克战场烟雾的研究表明,露天焚烧坑3~5英里(1英里=1.6 km)范围内的暴露与呼吸系统疾病无相关性,仅在巴拉德联合基地的空军部署人员中发现个别案例[11],与呼吸系统疾病相关的具体战场暴露因素仍须进一步研究。
哮喘是美军常见的气道疾病,报道显示部署在伊拉克及阿富汗的士兵哮喘发病率逐年增高,且女性高于男性,参与军事部署并作战的人员罹患哮喘的风险比未部署人员高24%~30%,而没有战斗经历的军事部署人员与未部署人员相比无明显差异。与哮喘相关的其他军事因素包括服役部门、服役岗位、薪酬等级及服役状况。例如,士兵的哮喘发生率比军官高25%,医疗人员新发哮喘的风险高于作战人员(男性:RR=1.26,95%CI 1.03~1.55;女性:RR=1.41,95%CI 1.05~1.88)。西班牙裔的哮喘发生率比非西班牙裔的白人高28%~37%,而亚裔发病率较低;体重指数(body mass index,BMI)是哮喘最重要的影响因素,BMI越大则新发哮喘的风险越高,当BMI ≥30.0 kg/m2时,新发哮喘的风险为68%~88%,年龄大、离异、心理压力大及接触杀虫剂等化学制剂也是新发哮喘的常见军事因素外危险因素[12]。值得注意的是,在MCS相关研究中,研究人员通过美国航空航天局卫星的气溶胶光学厚度数据,利用空气能见度对PM2.5进行定量评估,从而反映战场环境的空气质量[13]
MCS涉及的心血管系统疾病主要是高血压及冠心病。在一项针对伊拉克及阿富汗军事行动人员的研究中,新发高血压患者比例为6.9%,参与部署但没有作战的人员患高血压的风险比未参与部署者低(OR=0.77,95%CI 0.67~0.89),而多次作战人员比未作战人员新发高血压的风险高(OR=1.33,95%CI 1.07~1.65),战斗部署的高压环境是新发高血压的潜在危险因素,而战斗中负伤会加大这一风险[14]。有研究认为,战伤导致的慢性炎症反应会增加罹患慢性病的风险,暴露于应激环境后,神经及内分泌系统被激活,下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴功能活跃,导致血压升高;创伤后的炎症级联反应加剧了免疫系统的激活,形成恶性循环,也与高血压密切相关。参与军事部署者中,睡眠不足与高血压的发生密切相关,每天睡眠4~6 h者,罹患高血压的风险增加16%(OR=1.16,95%CI 1.05~1.29),睡眠少于4 h者,罹患高血压的风险增加21%(OR=1.21,95%CI 1.03~1.43)。一般认为,吸烟可导致交感神经激活及动脉硬化,是高血压的危险因素,而在MCS研究中却发现吸烟与新发高血压呈负相关(HR=0.70,95%CI 0.52~0.94),这可能是受吸烟军人年龄偏小、体重低等混杂因素的影响所致[13]。此外,女性、低龄、未婚、军官、积极进行体育锻炼者新发高血压的风险显著降低[15]
另一项针对冠心病的研究发现,军事人员冠心病发病率为1%,新发冠心病人群多具有以下特征:男性、年长、已婚、肥胖、吸烟、现役、运动不积极,以及患有糖尿病、高血压及抑郁症。参与军事部署者中,参战人员患冠心病的风险高于未参战人员(OR=1.63,95%CI 1.11~2.40),非战斗部署者与非军事部署者之间无明显差异;PTSD与新发冠心病之间存在关联,但经多因素分析校正抑郁、焦虑等症状后,两者之间无明显相关性[16]
MCS研究的代谢性疾病主要包括糖尿病及肥胖。参与人员的糖尿病发病率为(300~360)/10万[17-18],logistic回归分析发现,糖尿病患病人员年龄更大(OR=1.06,95%CI 1.05~1.08),BMI也更高(OR=1.20,95%CI 1.17~1.23),与高加索人种相比,亚裔(OR=1.67,95%CI 1.11~2.52)与非洲裔(OR=1.46,95%CI 1.10~1.94)人种的糖尿病发病率较高。研究排除了抑郁症及其他心理因素对糖尿病的影响,发现仅开始调查时确诊PTSD与糖尿病的发病风险独立相关(OR=2.07,95%CI 1.31~3.29)。研究还发现,高学历及现役军事人员糖尿病发病率低,服役期间较高的能量消耗可能会降低罹患糖尿病的风险,退役后罹患糖尿病风险增加,但尚不能排除因糖尿病导致健康状况下降而退役的可能性[17]。对睡眠特征与2型糖尿病风险的关系进行研究发现,睡眠呼吸暂停(OR=1.78,95%CI 1.39~2.28)及睡眠困难(OR=1.21,95%CI 1.03~1.42)可以独立预测糖尿病的发生风险,可能的机制包括肥胖、交感神经异常兴奋及促炎性介质释放等[18]
美国军人的肥胖率低于美国普通人群,但仍有51%超重,23%肥胖(BMI≥30 kg/m2),且这一比例随着研究进行呈增长趋势,其中现役人员中肥胖者的比例为20%,而退役军人则为32%。肥胖的危险因素包括男性、年龄增加、受教育程度低、退役、军种(海军及陆军),并且肥胖常与高血压、糖尿病、睡眠障碍等慢性疾病密切相关,肥胖人群更容易患PTSD等心理疾病[19-20]。肥胖发生率与健康行为成反比,规律运动、降低久坐时间、足够的睡眠时间、不吸烟、少量饮酒(女性每周≤7杯,男性每周≤14杯)可以降低超重及肥胖的风险,睡眠时间过短或过长可能会因增加热量储存或减少体育活动而导致体重增加。不过,相关研究也存在一定的局限性:采用自我测量方式可能导致报道的BMI偏低而低估肥胖率,以BMI为指标可能会将肌肉质量较大的健身者误划为超重或肥胖;而且调查数据大约每3年收集一次,因此研究无法分析体重的季节性或短期变化[21]
MCS研究表明,军事部署不会增加系统性红斑狼疮及类风湿关节炎的风险,但参加军事部署且有作战经历的人员面对的心理压力巨大,可能会引发应激反应,增加罹患类风湿关节炎的风险(OR=1.24,95%CI 0.96~1.61),女性罹患类风湿关节炎的概率几乎是男性的2倍(OR=1.81,95%CI 1.20~2.72)[22]。战场环境会增加患多种慢性疾病的风险[15],例如,战场燃烧坑烟雾中有害物质的吸入与癌症、出生缺陷、生殖障碍及不良健康后果均密切相关[23]
MCS是国内外少有的研究军队人员健康状况的大型队列研究,是外军军队卫生学及流行病学的宝贵资料,对美军医疗政策的制定乃至社会公共卫生领域都具有重要的指导意义。该研究发现并证实的军人常见慢性病危险因素也为我军卫勤保障提供了有益参考。但考虑到人种、地理条件和任务特点等方面的差异,我军仍须开展独立自主的相关研究,以明确军事职业暴露因素对我军军人健康的影响,进而实现高危人群精确预警、危险因素精准干预,科学指导军事行动。
此外,MCS研究方法也为我军卫勤研究提供了有益借鉴。我军既往对军人身心健康的研究多数为病例对照研究及横断面研究,易受回忆偏倚、选择偏倚的影响,且难以研究长期健康结局。因此建议开展前瞻性的大型军人队列研究,且应包含各军兵种,突出重点岗位,覆盖服役全周期,以全方位保障我军官兵平战时的身心健康。
  • 海军院校学科专业重点建设项目
参考文献 引证文献
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2022年第47卷第5期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.05.506
  • 接收时间:2021-06-03
  • 首发时间:2025-12-17
  • 出版时间:2022-05-28
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  • 收稿日期:2021-06-03
  • 录用日期:2021-08-09
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Key Discipline Construction Program of Naval Universities
海军院校学科专业重点建设项目
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    1海军军医大学基础医学院,上海 200433
    2海军军医大学第一附属医院消化内科,上海 200433

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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