Article(id=1208055579231232255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1208055572495179979, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.06.0538, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1654012800000, receivedDateStr=2022-06-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1654185600000, acceptedDateStr=2022-06-03, onlineDate=1765952494676, onlineDateStr=2025-12-17, pubDate=1656345600000, pubDateStr=2022-06-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765952494676, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765952494676, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765952494676, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1208055572495179979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2022', volume='47', issue='6', pageStart='533', pageEnd='638', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1765952493070, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765952764848, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208056712481841868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1208055572495179979, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208056712481841869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1208055572495179979, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=538, endPage=544, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208055579499667723, articleId=1208055579231232255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Updated progresses of acute hepatitis of unknown etiology in children and its management strategies, columnId=1190669170040783872, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Expert Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Acute hepatitis of unknown etiology in children has been reported in many countries all over the world since April 2022. As of May 27,there have been at least 650 cases of such patients reported by World Health Organization in 33 countries. The etiology of the hepatitis is still unknown.Adenovirus has been detected in samples of some cases, but it is also suspected that the immune response triggered by SARS-CoV-2 infection maybe contribute to the mechanism of the disease. In this paper, we overview the research and reports about the acute hepatitis of unknown etiology in children about its epidemiology,clinical features and possible etiology, then for the aim to make our country doing well in the monitoring and controlling of the acute hepatitis of unknown etiology in children. Here, we present some points of view from the perspective of infectious diseases and liver diseases in children.

, correspAuthors=Yan Liu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Min Zhang, Yan Liu), CN=ArticleExt(id=1208055581450019138, articleId=1208055579231232255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=CN, title=不明原因儿童急性肝炎相关进展及应对策略, columnId=1190669170267275266, journalTitle=解放军医学杂志, columnName=专家述评, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

自2022年4月以来,多国陆续报道了不明原因儿童急性肝炎病例,截至5月27日,世界卫生组织数据显示,全球已有33个国家报告了至少650例。目前,其病因仍无定论,有部分病例检测出腺病毒,也有推测与新型冠状病毒感染后引发的特殊免疫应答有关。本文就近期不明原因儿童急性肝炎的流行病学、临床特征及可能病因等方面的研究和报道进行概述,并从传染病和儿童肝病的角度探讨应对策略及措施,以使我国在不明原因儿童急性肝炎的监测管理方面做到未雨绸缪,精准防控。

, correspAuthors=刘妍, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
刘妍,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=OjLyWG2fbRKdA7DJUiUD7A==, magXml=6hI1mSJCMabRA24QcDH4og==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=FbC09LCQnLjgrbPOHHNwkQ==, pdfFileSize=1152067, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=pWejfEjFLK8sZO78PqnL3g==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=P6Z+wfDlsDOUIXk5OGySuA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

张敏,主任医师,医学博士,硕士研究生导师。主要从事青少年乙丙型病毒性肝炎抗病毒治疗,遗传代谢病/疑难肝病、免疫性肝病、青少年肝衰竭的诊治及肝移植评估工作。任北京医学会感染病学分会第一届青年委员,中华医学会肝病学分会遗传代谢性疾病学组委员,中华医学会医学遗传学分会生化和代谢学组委员等。主持完成国家科技部“十三五”传染病重大专项1项,承担或参与国家自然科学基金等课题10余项,发表论文80余篇,主编专著4部,获军队科技进步二等奖2项、三等奖2项。

刘妍,副研究员,医学博士,主要从事病毒性肝炎等传染病诊疗新技术研究和传染病临床样本资源库建设管理工作。现任中国研究型医院学会分子诊断医学专业委员会常委/临床数据与样本资源库分会委员兼样本质量研究学组副组长,中国医药教育协会肿瘤化学治疗分会常委兼副秘书长,中国医药生物技术协会组织样本库分会委员。主持完成国家及北京市自然科学基金等课题7项,参与完成国家科技部“十一五”“十二五”“十三五”传染病重大专项等课题20余项。发表研究论文100余篇,参编专著6部。获省部级科研成果一等奖1项、二等奖4项、三等奖2项,获发明专利授权6项。

, authorsList=张敏, 刘妍)}, authors=[Author(id=1208063095235252327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1208063095306555502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, authorId=1208063095235252327, language=EN, stringName=Min Zhang, firstName=Min, middleName=null, lastName=Zhang, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1Department of Hepatology, Beijing 100039, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1208063095377858673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, authorId=1208063095235252327, language=CN, stringName=张敏, firstName=敏, middleName=null, lastName=张, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1解放军总医院第五医学中心肝病医学部肝病科,北京 100039, bio={"content":"

张敏,主任医师,医学博士,硕士研究生导师。主要从事青少年乙丙型病毒性肝炎抗病毒治疗,遗传代谢病/疑难肝病、免疫性肝病、青少年肝衰竭的诊治及肝移植评估工作。任北京医学会感染病学分会第一届青年委员,中华医学会肝病学分会遗传代谢性疾病学组委员,中华医学会医学遗传学分会生化和代谢学组委员等。主持完成国家科技部“十三五”传染病重大专项1项,承担或参与国家自然科学基金等课题10余项,发表论文80余篇,主编专著4部,获军队科技进步二等奖2项、三等奖2项。

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

张敏,主任医师,医学博士,硕士研究生导师。主要从事青少年乙丙型病毒性肝炎抗病毒治疗,遗传代谢病/疑难肝病、免疫性肝病、青少年肝衰竭的诊治及肝移植评估工作。任北京医学会感染病学分会第一届青年委员,中华医学会肝病学分会遗传代谢性疾病学组委员,中华医学会医学遗传学分会生化和代谢学组委员等。主持完成国家科技部“十三五”传染病重大专项1项,承担或参与国家自然科学基金等课题10余项,发表论文80余篇,主编专著4部,获军队科技进步二等奖2项、三等奖2项。

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1208063095025537110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1208063095033925719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, companyId=1208063095025537110, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Hepatology, Beijing 100039, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1208063095042314328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, companyId=1208063095025537110, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1解放军总医院第五医学中心肝病医学部肝病科,北京 100039)])]), Author(id=1208063095465939060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=liuyan5360@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1208063095533047931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, authorId=1208063095465939060, language=EN, stringName=Yan Liu, firstName=Yan, middleName=null, lastName=Liu, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, *, address=2Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1208063095595962496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, authorId=1208063095465939060, language=CN, stringName=刘妍, firstName=妍, middleName=null, lastName=刘, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, *, address=2解放军总医院第五医学中心感染病医学部研究所,北京 100039, bio={"content":"

刘妍,副研究员,医学博士,主要从事病毒性肝炎等传染病诊疗新技术研究和传染病临床样本资源库建设管理工作。现任中国研究型医院学会分子诊断医学专业委员会常委/临床数据与样本资源库分会委员兼样本质量研究学组副组长,中国医药教育协会肿瘤化学治疗分会常委兼副秘书长,中国医药生物技术协会组织样本库分会委员。主持完成国家及北京市自然科学基金等课题7项,参与完成国家科技部“十一五”“十二五”“十三五”传染病重大专项等课题20余项。发表研究论文100余篇,参编专著6部。获省部级科研成果一等奖1项、二等奖4项、三等奖2项,获发明专利授权6项。

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

刘妍,副研究员,医学博士,主要从事病毒性肝炎等传染病诊疗新技术研究和传染病临床样本资源库建设管理工作。现任中国研究型医院学会分子诊断医学专业委员会常委/临床数据与样本资源库分会委员兼样本质量研究学组副组长,中国医药教育协会肿瘤化学治疗分会常委兼副秘书长,中国医药生物技术协会组织样本库分会委员。主持完成国家及北京市自然科学基金等课题7项,参与完成国家科技部“十一五”“十二五”“十三五”传染病重大专项等课题20余项。发表研究论文100余篇,参编专著6部。获省部级科研成果一等奖1项、二等奖4项、三等奖2项,获发明专利授权6项。

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1208063095122006108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1208063095130394717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, companyId=1208063095122006108, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1208063095138783326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, companyId=1208063095122006108, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2解放军总医院第五医学中心感染病医学部研究所,北京 100039)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1208063095751151752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=unknown etiology), Keyword(id=1208063095830843531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=children), Keyword(id=1208063095897952399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=acute hepatitis), Keyword(id=1208063095977644180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=management strategies), Keyword(id=1208063096053141655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=不明原因), Keyword(id=1208063096137027737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=儿童), Keyword(id=1208063096254468255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=急性肝炎), Keyword(id=1208063096342548640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=应对策略)], refs=[Reference(id=1208063098901074148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=27, issue=15, pageStart=2200318, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=Marsh K, Tayler R, Pollock L, journalName=Euro Surveill, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Marsh K, Tayler R, Pollock L, et al. Investigation into cases of hepatitis of unknown aetiology among young children, Scotland, 1 January 2022 to 12 April 2022[J]. Euro Surveill, 2022, 27(15): 2200318., articleTitle=Investigation into cases of hepatitis of unknown aetiology among young children, Scotland, 1 January 2022 to 12 April 2022, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1208063098976571623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON389, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=World Health Organization, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=World Health Organization. Disease Outbreak News; Acute hepatitis of unknown aetiology in children - Multi-country[EB/OL]. [2022-05-27]. https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON389., articleTitle=Disease Outbreak News; Acute hepatitis of unknown aetiology in children - Multi-country, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1208063099035291882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://cdn.ecdc.europa.eu/novhep-surveillance/, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=2, authorNames=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control/WHO Regional Office for Europe, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control/WHO Regional Office for Europe. Hepatitis of unknown aetiology in children, joint epidemiological overview[EB/OL]. [2022-06-17]. https://cdn.ecdc.europa.eu/novhep-surveillance/., articleTitle=Hepatitis of unknown aetiology in children, joint epidemiological overview, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1208063099173703918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://cdn.ecdc.europa.eu/novhep-surveillance/, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=3, authorNames=World Health Organization, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=World Health Organization. Joint ECDC-WHO Regional Office for Europe Hepatitis of Unknown Origin in Children Surveillance Bulletin[EB/OL]. [2022-05-27]. https://cdn.ecdc.europa.eu/novhep-surveillance/., articleTitle=Joint ECDC-WHO Regional Office for Europe Hepatitis of Unknown Origin in Children Surveillance Bulletin, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1208063099265978609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://cdn.ecdc.europa.eu/novhep-surveillance/, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=4, authorNames=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control/WHO Regional Office for Europe, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control/WHO Regional Office for Europe. Hepatitis of Unknown Aetiology in Children, Joint Epidemiological overview[EB/OL]. [2022-05-20]. https://cdn.ecdc.europa.eu/novhep-surveillance/., articleTitle=Hepatitis of Unknown Aetiology in Children, Joint Epidemiological overview, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1208063099328893171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON376, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=5, authorNames=World Health Organization, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=World Health Organization. Multi-Country – Acute, severe hepatitis of unknown origin in children[EB/OL]. [2022-04-23]. https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON376., articleTitle=Multi-Country – Acute, severe hepatitis of unknown origin in children, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1208063099412779255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=9, issue=1, pageStart=1039, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=6, authorNames=Dhingra A, Hage E, Ganzenmueller T, journalName=Sci Rep, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Dhingra A, Hage E, Ganzenmueller T, et al. Molecular evolution of human adenovirus (HAdV) species C[J]. Sci Rep, 2019, 9(1): 1039., articleTitle=Molecular evolution of human adenovirus (HAdV) species C, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1208063099484082426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=35, issue=8, pageStart=827, pageEnd=834, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=7, authorNames=Song E, Wang H, Kajon AE, journalName=Pediatr Infect Dis J, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Song E, Wang H, Kajon AE, et al. Diagnosis of pediatric acute adenovirus infections: is a positive PCR sufficient?[J]. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 2016, 35(8): 827-834., articleTitle=Diagnosis of pediatric acute adenovirus infections: is a positive PCR sufficient?, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1208063099551191292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=59, issue=5, pageStart=e03148, pageEnd=20, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=8, authorNames=Lefeuvre C, Salmona M, Feghoul L, journalName=J Clin Microbiol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lefeuvre C, Salmona M, Feghoul L, et al. Deciphering an adenovirus F41 outbreak in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients by whole-genome sequencing[J]. J Clin Microbiol, 2021, 59(5): e03148-20., articleTitle=Deciphering an adenovirus F41 outbreak in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients by whole-genome sequencing, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1208063099643465982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1999, volume=23, issue=11, pageStart=1209, pageEnd=1211, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=9, authorNames=Chakrabarti S, Collingham KE, Fegan CD, journalName=Bone Marrow Transplant, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chakrabarti S, Collingham KE, Fegan CD, et al. Fulminant adenovirus hepatitis following unrelated bone marrow transplantation: failure of intravenous ribavirin therapy[J]. Bone Marrow Transplant, 1999, 23(11): 1209-1211., articleTitle=Fulminant adenovirus hepatitis following unrelated bone marrow transplantation: failure of intravenous ribavirin therapy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1208063099723157759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1997, volume=64, issue=10, pageStart=1483, pageEnd=1485, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=10, authorNames=Saad RS, Demetris AJ, Lee RG, journalName=Transplantation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Saad RS, Demetris AJ, Lee RG, et al. Adenovirus hepatitis in the adult allograft liver[J]. Transplantation, 1997, 64(10): 1483-1485., articleTitle=Adenovirus hepatitis in the adult allograft liver, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1208063099790266626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=11, authorNames=Chattopadhyay A, Saigal Kalra K, Saikia D, journalName=J Intensive Care Med, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chattopadhyay A, Saigal Kalra K, Saikia D, et al. Severe multi-inflammatory syndrome in children temporally related to COVID 19-clinical course, laboratory profile and outcomes from a North Indian PICU[J]. J Intensive Care Med, 2022. doi: 10.1177/08850666221092302., articleTitle=Severe multi-inflammatory syndrome in children temporally related to COVID 19-clinical course, laboratory profile and outcomes from a North Indian PICU, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1208063099878347013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-hepatitis-outbreak-among-children-1.10754895, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=12, authorNames=Israel News, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Israel News. Everything you need to know about the hepatitis outbreak among children[EB/OL]. [2022-05-27]. https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-hepatitis-outbreak-among-children-1.10754895., articleTitle=Everything you need to know about the hepatitis outbreak among children, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1208063099962233095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=4092074, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=13, authorNames=Clarke KEN, Kim Y, Jones J, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Clarke KEN, Kim Y, Jones J, et al. Pediatric infection-induced SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence estimation using commercial laboratory specimens:how representative is it of the general U.S. Pediatric Population?[EB/OL]. [2022-04-26]. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4092074., articleTitle=Pediatric infection-induced SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence estimation using commercial laboratory specimens:how representative is it of the general U.S. Pediatric Population?, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1208063100062896394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=605, issue=7909, pageStart=207, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=14, authorNames=Mallapaty S, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Mallapaty S. Most US kids have caught the coronavirus, antibody survey finds[J]. Nature, 2022, 605(7909): 207., articleTitle=Most US kids have caught the coronavirus, antibody survey finds, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1208063100142588173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=3, issue=6, pageStart=371, pageEnd=387, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=15, authorNames=Natarajan A, Zlitni S, Brooks EF, journalName=Med (N Y), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Natarajan A, Zlitni S, Brooks EF, et al. Gastrointestinal symptoms and fecal shedding of SARS-CoV-2 RNA suggest prolonged gastrointestinal infection[J]. Med (N Y), 2022, 3(6): 371-387., articleTitle=Gastrointestinal symptoms and fecal shedding of SARS-CoV-2 RNA suggest prolonged gastrointestinal infection, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1208063100218085648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=7, issue=7, pageStart=594, pageEnd=595, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=16, authorNames=Brodin P, Arditi M, journalName=Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Brodin P, Arditi M. Severe acute hepatitis in children: investigate SARS-CoV-2 superantigens[J]. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2022, 7(7): 594-595., articleTitle=Severe acute hepatitis in children: investigate SARS-CoV-2 superantigens, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1208063100331331859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/acute-hepatitis-technical-briefing, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=17, authorNames=The United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=The United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA). Acute Hepatitis Technical Briefing 3[EB/OL]. [2022-05-27]. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/acute-hepatitis-technical-briefing., articleTitle=Acute Hepatitis Technical Briefing 3, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1208063100436189462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=18, authorNames=Ma K, Yang ZY, Chen T, journalName=Natl Med J China, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ma K, Yang ZY, Chen T, et al. Pay close attention to the characteristics and development trend of severe acute hepatitis with unknown etiology in children worldwide[J]. Natl Med J China, 2022, 102. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112137-20220505-00986., articleTitle=Pay close attention to the characteristics and development trend of severe acute hepatitis with unknown etiology in children worldwide, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1208063100528464152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=102, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=19, authorNames=马科, 杨中原, 陈韬, journalName=中华医学杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=[马科, 杨中原, 陈韬, 等. 高度关注当前全球多国不明原因儿童严重急性肝炎的特征及发展动向[J/OL]. 中华医学杂志, 2022, 102. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112137-20220505-00986.], articleTitle=高度关注当前全球多国不明原因儿童严重急性肝炎的特征及发展动向, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1208063100704624923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=20, authorNames=Chen T, Ma K, Shu SN, journalName=Chin J Pediatr, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen T, Ma K, Shu SN, et al. Experts guidance on diagnosis and treatment of acute severe hepatitis of unknown origin in children[J]. Chin J Pediatr, 2022. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112140-20220510-00435., articleTitle=Experts guidance on diagnosis and treatment of acute severe hepatitis of unknown origin in children, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1208063100805288222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=21, authorNames=陈韬, 马科, 舒赛男, journalName=中华儿科杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=[陈韬, 马科, 舒赛男, 等. 不明原因儿童严重急性肝炎诊断和治疗专家建议[J]. 中华儿科杂志, 2022. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112140-20220510-00435.], articleTitle=不明原因儿童严重急性肝炎诊断和治疗专家建议, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1208063100864008480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=28, issue=6, pageStart=1, pageEnd=4, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=22, authorNames=Zhang ZZ, Chen JH, Liu CJ, journalName=J Pediatric Pharmacy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang ZZ, Chen JH, Liu CJ, et al. Recommendations on diagnosis, treatment and nosocomial infection prevention of acute severe hepatitis of unknown origin in children (trial version)[J]. J Pediatric Pharmacy, 2022, 28(6): 1-4., articleTitle=Recommendations on diagnosis, treatment and nosocomial infection prevention of acute severe hepatitis of unknown origin in children (trial version), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1208063100931117347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=6, pageStart=1, pageEnd=4, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=23, authorNames=张祯祯, 陈军华, 刘成军, journalName=儿科药学杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=[张祯祯, 陈军华, 刘成军, 等. 不明原因儿童严重急性肝炎诊疗及防控指导建议(试行版)[J]. 儿科药学杂志, 2022, 28(6): 1-4.], articleTitle=不明原因儿童严重急性肝炎诊疗及防控指导建议(试行版), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1208063101002420518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=13, issue=3, pageStart=412, pageEnd=415, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=24, authorNames=Cao W, Li ZH, Zhu HD, journalName=Med J PUMC, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cao W, Li ZH, Zhu HD, et al. Diagnosis and clinical management of acute severe hepatitis of unknown origin: operational recommendation of Peking Union Medical College Hospital[J]. Med J PUMC, 2022, 13(3): 412-415., articleTitle=Diagnosis and clinical management of acute severe hepatitis of unknown origin: operational recommendation of Peking Union Medical College Hospital, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1208063101077917991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=3, pageStart=412, pageEnd=415, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=25, authorNames=曹玮, 李正红, 朱华栋, journalName=协和医学杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=[曹玮, 李正红, 朱华栋, 等. 北京协和医院关于“不明原因严重急性肝炎”的诊疗建议[J]. 协和医学杂志, 2022, 13(3): 412-415.], articleTitle=北京协和医院关于“不明原因严重急性肝炎”的诊疗建议, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1208063101157609768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/guidance-diagnostic-testing-cases-severe-acute-hepatitis-unknown-aetiology, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=26, authorNames=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Guidance for diagnostic testing of cases with severe acute hepatitis of unknown aetiology in children[EB/OL]. [2022-05-25]. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/guidance-diagnostic-testing-cases-severe-acute-hepatitis-unknown-aetiology., articleTitle=Guidance for diagnostic testing of cases with severe acute hepatitis of unknown aetiology in children, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1208063097378541782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, awardId=81721002, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(81721002), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1208063097475010779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, awardId=81721002, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金创新群体项目(81721002), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1208063097558896861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, awardId=2022-1-2182, language=EN, fundingSource=Capital Medical Development Fund(2022-1-2182), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1208063097655365855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, awardId=2022-1-2182, language=CN, fundingSource=首都医学发展基金(2022-1-2182), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1208063095025537110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1208063095033925719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, companyId=1208063095025537110, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Hepatology, Beijing 100039, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1208063095042314328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, companyId=1208063095025537110, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1解放军总医院第五医学中心肝病医学部肝病科,北京 100039)]), AuthorCompany(id=1208063095122006108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1208063095130394717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, companyId=1208063095122006108, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1208063095138783326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, companyId=1208063095122006108, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2解放军总医院第五医学中心感染病医学部研究所,北京 100039)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1208063096518709418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Detection of adenovirus (A) in samples of 181 cases and SARS-CoV-2 (B) in samples of 188 cases, figureFileSmall=Zhfpj4b7jesxOp98ib80dw==, figureFileBig=Tbkj4nWcADi9WooGbsC5oQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208063096585818286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, language=CN, label=图1, caption=181例患儿样本腺病毒(A)和188例患儿样本新冠病毒(B)检测情况, figureFileSmall=Zhfpj4b7jesxOp98ib80dw==, figureFileBig=Tbkj4nWcADi9WooGbsC5oQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208063096678092983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Diagnose flow chart of the acute hepatitis of unknown aetiology in children (modified by reference [22]), figureFileSmall=rR5AILMoAfbHz/didhuYKA==, figureFileBig=3ojl5OVP2iM9IeiCZBmYRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208063096749396156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不明原因儿童急性肝炎诊断流程(根据文献[22]修改)

ALT. 谷丙转氨酶;AST. 谷草转氨酶;MDT. 多学科会诊;CK. 肌酸激酶

, figureFileSmall=rR5AILMoAfbHz/didhuYKA==, figureFileBig=3ojl5OVP2iM9IeiCZBmYRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208063096820699327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Classification of reported probable cases per country since 1 October 2021, as of 26 May 2022 (n)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
国家/地区疑似/流行相关病例(n=650)肝移植病例(n=38)新冠病毒阳性*腺病毒阳性*腺病毒41型*
英国222112511627
美国21615<5756
日本310<5<50
西班牙29<5<5<5
意大利27<5<5<5
比利时140<5<5
荷兰14<5<5<5
以色列12<5
葡萄牙110<5
加拿大10<5<5<5
墨西哥100
瑞典90
丹麦70<5
爱尔兰7<500
阿根廷<5<50<5<5
奥地利<50<5
保加利亚<5
塞浦路斯<5<5
法国<500<5
希腊<50<5
印度尼西亚<50
马尔代夫<50
摩尔多瓦共和国<50
挪威<50<5<5
巴勒斯坦被占领土<50
巴拿马<50
波兰<50
韩国<50<5<5
罗马尼亚<5<50
塞尔维亚<5<5
新加坡<50<5<5
斯洛伐克<50
斯洛文尼亚<50   
), ArticleFig(id=1208063096938139846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各国不明原因儿童急性肝炎疑似病例分布(2021.10.1-2022.05.26)(例)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
国家/地区疑似/流行相关病例(n=650)肝移植病例(n=38)新冠病毒阳性*腺病毒阳性*腺病毒41型*
英国222112511627
美国21615<5756
日本310<5<50
西班牙29<5<5<5
意大利27<5<5<5
比利时140<5<5
荷兰14<5<5<5
以色列12<5
葡萄牙110<5
加拿大10<5<5<5
墨西哥100
瑞典90
丹麦70<5
爱尔兰7<500
阿根廷<5<50<5<5
奥地利<50<5
保加利亚<5
塞浦路斯<5<5
法国<500<5
希腊<50<5
印度尼西亚<50
马尔代夫<50
摩尔多瓦共和国<50
挪威<50<5<5
巴勒斯坦被占领土<50
巴拿马<50
波兰<50
韩国<50<5<5
罗马尼亚<5<50
塞尔维亚<5<5
新加坡<50<5<5
斯洛伐克<50
斯洛文尼亚<50   
), ArticleFig(id=1208063097005248716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Recommendations of ECDC for potential infectious aetiology screening of suspected cases of acute hepatitis of unknown aetiology in children[23]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本类型检测方式病原学检测指标
血(全血和血浆)血清学甲型/乙型/丙型/丁型*/戊型肝炎病毒、巨细胞病毒(CMV)、EB病毒(EBV)、水痘、HIV、SARS-CoV-2血清学#
 血清学抗链球菌溶血素O滴度(如果有相关临床病史)**
 菌培养如有发热等临床指征,按照细菌/真菌培养常规程序
 病毒培养##腺病毒、CMV、EBV、HSV、流感病毒
 PCR腺病毒、腺相关病毒、肠道病毒、CMV、EBV、HSV、HHV6和7、parechovirus、细小病毒B19、甲型/丙型/戊型肝炎病毒、钩端螺旋体(如果有相关临床病史)
咽拭子PCR呼吸道病毒筛查[包括但不限于流感病毒、腺病毒、副流感病毒、鼻病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)、人博卡病毒1-3、SARS-CoV-2、肠道病毒、人偏肺病毒(hMPV)、parechovirus、人冠状病毒]
 菌培养A群链球菌
便或肛拭子PCR肠道病毒筛查(包括但不限于腺病毒、诺如病毒、肠道病毒、轮状病毒、星形病毒、sapovirus、SARSCoV-2等)
 PCR肠道细菌病原体(包括沙门菌属,如果使用筛查小组)
 菌培养弯曲杆菌、沙门菌、志贺菌、大肠埃希菌O157
 病毒培养##腺病毒、肠道病毒、轮状病毒
尿PCR钩端螺旋体(如有相关临床病史)、腺病毒
 菌培养如有临床指征,按照细菌培养常规程序
), ArticleFig(id=1208063097068163278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

ECDC对不明原因儿童急性肝炎疑似病例感染性病原学筛查推荐意见[23]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本类型检测方式病原学检测指标
血(全血和血浆)血清学甲型/乙型/丙型/丁型*/戊型肝炎病毒、巨细胞病毒(CMV)、EB病毒(EBV)、水痘、HIV、SARS-CoV-2血清学#
 血清学抗链球菌溶血素O滴度(如果有相关临床病史)**
 菌培养如有发热等临床指征,按照细菌/真菌培养常规程序
 病毒培养##腺病毒、CMV、EBV、HSV、流感病毒
 PCR腺病毒、腺相关病毒、肠道病毒、CMV、EBV、HSV、HHV6和7、parechovirus、细小病毒B19、甲型/丙型/戊型肝炎病毒、钩端螺旋体(如果有相关临床病史)
咽拭子PCR呼吸道病毒筛查[包括但不限于流感病毒、腺病毒、副流感病毒、鼻病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)、人博卡病毒1-3、SARS-CoV-2、肠道病毒、人偏肺病毒(hMPV)、parechovirus、人冠状病毒]
 菌培养A群链球菌
便或肛拭子PCR肠道病毒筛查(包括但不限于腺病毒、诺如病毒、肠道病毒、轮状病毒、星形病毒、sapovirus、SARSCoV-2等)
 PCR肠道细菌病原体(包括沙门菌属,如果使用筛查小组)
 菌培养弯曲杆菌、沙门菌、志贺菌、大肠埃希菌O157
 病毒培养##腺病毒、肠道病毒、轮状病毒
尿PCR钩端螺旋体(如有相关临床病史)、腺病毒
 菌培养如有临床指征,按照细菌培养常规程序
), ArticleFig(id=1208063097131077839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Recommendations of ECDC for commonly non-infectious causes of hepatitis screening of suspected cases of acute hepatitis of unknown aetiology in children[23]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
非感染性肝炎病因*影响儿童严重肝炎的疾病和综合征
自身免疫性疾病自身免疫性肝炎;自身免疫性硬化性胆管炎;乳糜泻病
遗传性疾病遗传性碳水化合物代谢障碍;遗传性蛋白质代谢障碍;遗传性脂质代谢缺陷;溶酶体贮存障碍;线粒体病
药物/毒素暴露直接肝损伤(如溶剂、亚硝胺);通过免疫机制造成的间接肝损伤(如重金属);药物性肝损伤(DILI)#;中草药补充剂诱导性肝损伤(HILI)
其他原因代谢(相关)脂肪性肝病;噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增多症;Budd-Chiari综合征;妊娠同种免疫性肝病
), ArticleFig(id=1208063097210769617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055579231232255, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

ECDC对不明原因儿童急性肝炎疑似病例常见的非感染性病因筛查推荐意见[23]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
非感染性肝炎病因*影响儿童严重肝炎的疾病和综合征
自身免疫性疾病自身免疫性肝炎;自身免疫性硬化性胆管炎;乳糜泻病
遗传性疾病遗传性碳水化合物代谢障碍;遗传性蛋白质代谢障碍;遗传性脂质代谢缺陷;溶酶体贮存障碍;线粒体病
药物/毒素暴露直接肝损伤(如溶剂、亚硝胺);通过免疫机制造成的间接肝损伤(如重金属);药物性肝损伤(DILI)#;中草药补充剂诱导性肝损伤(HILI)
其他原因代谢(相关)脂肪性肝病;噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增多症;Budd-Chiari综合征;妊娠同种免疫性肝病
)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1146441329971666965, delFlag=0, nameCn=解放军医学杂志, nameEn=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=0577-7402, eissn=null, cn=11-1056/R, coden=null, periodic=0, language=CN, oaType=是, ccby=CC BY-NC-ND, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=6srot5PcoYX30Oa4xeTmeg==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=null, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=1751262512917, updatedTime=1761735725513, createdBy=18614031015, updatedBy=13701087609, firstLetterCn=M, firstLetterEn=M, subjectCode=Life Sciences, subjectName=Life Sciences, subjectCodeEn=Life Sciences, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=6srot5PcoYX30Oa4xeTmeg==, picEn=ELwBh5xqrSTlIs7HmSNt2Q==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1190369167564968109, language=CN, name=解放军医学杂志, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1761735725537, updatedTime=1761735725537, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=#, submissionEditorUrl=#, submissionReviewUrl=#, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1190369167615299758, language=EN, name=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1761735725549, updatedTime=1761735725549, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=#, submissionEditorUrl=#, submissionReviewUrl=#, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1189873630562394117, websiteList=[Website(id=1189873845923287108, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1189873630562394117, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jfjyxzz/CN, language=CN, createTime=1761617631655, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1761622010471, updateBy=18614031015, name=解放军医学杂志-中文, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=解放军医学杂志, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1189924939378520839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873845923287108, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1761629813284, updateTime=1761629813284, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924939353355012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873845923287108, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1761629813278, updateTime=1761629813278, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924939399492362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873845923287108, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1761629813289, updateTime=1761629813289, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924939344966403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873845923287108, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jfjyxzz/CN/file/pic?fileId=+zXjYVhun8ZOAA6+aKx2hw==, createTime=1761629813276, updateTime=1761629813276, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924939412075276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873845923287108, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1761629813292, updateTime=1761629813292, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924939374326534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873845923287108, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jfjyxzz/CN/file/pic, createTime=1761629813283, updateTime=1761629813283, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924939407880971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873845923287108, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1761629813291, updateTime=1761629813291, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924939361743621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873845923287108, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1761629813280, updateTime=1761629813280, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924939386909448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873845923287108, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1761629813286, updateTime=1761629813286, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924939395298057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873845923287108, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1761629813288, updateTime=1761629813288, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1189873846057504839, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1189873630562394117, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jfjyxzz/EN, language=EN, createTime=1761617631687, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1761622030030, updateBy=18614031015, name=解放军医学杂志-英文, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1189924968168223505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873846057504839, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1761629820148, updateTime=1761629820148, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924968147251982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873846057504839, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1761629820143, updateTime=1761629820143, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924968185000724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873846057504839, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1761629820152, updateTime=1761629820152, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924968138863373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873846057504839, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jfjyxzz/EN/file/pic?fileId=+zXjYVhun8ZOAA6+aKx2hw==, createTime=1761629820141, updateTime=1761629820141, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924968197583638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873846057504839, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1761629820155, updateTime=1761629820155, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924968159834896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873846057504839, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jfjyxzz/EN/file/pic, createTime=1761629820146, updateTime=1761629820146, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924968193389333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873846057504839, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1761629820154, updateTime=1761629820154, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924968155640591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873846057504839, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_en_623/, createTime=1761629820145, updateTime=1761629820145, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924968172417810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873846057504839, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1761629820149, updateTime=1761629820149, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924968180806419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873846057504839, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1761629820151, updateTime=1761629820151, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=解放军医学杂志, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=http://zh.jfjyxzz.org.cn/, iacademicId=null, status=1, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, journalPhotoCn=6srot5PcoYX30Oa4xeTmeg==, journalPhotoEn=ELwBh5xqrSTlIs7HmSNt2Q==, journalFirstLetter=M, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jfjyxzz/CN/10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.06.0538, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jfjyxzz/EN/10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.06.0538, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jfjyxzz/CN/PDF/10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.06.0538, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jfjyxzz/EN/PDF/10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.06.0538, aliStartDate=null, aliEndDate=null, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
不明原因儿童急性肝炎相关进展及应对策略
收藏切换
PDF下载
张敏 1 , 刘妍 2, *
解放军医学杂志 | 专家述评 2022,47(6): 538-544
收起
收藏切换
解放军医学杂志 | 专家述评 2022, 47(6): 538-544
不明原因儿童急性肝炎相关进展及应对策略
全屏
张敏1, 刘妍2, *
作者信息
  • 1解放军总医院第五医学中心肝病医学部肝病科,北京 100039
  • 2解放军总医院第五医学中心感染病医学部研究所,北京 100039
  • 张敏,主任医师,医学博士,硕士研究生导师。主要从事青少年乙丙型病毒性肝炎抗病毒治疗,遗传代谢病/疑难肝病、免疫性肝病、青少年肝衰竭的诊治及肝移植评估工作。任北京医学会感染病学分会第一届青年委员,中华医学会肝病学分会遗传代谢性疾病学组委员,中华医学会医学遗传学分会生化和代谢学组委员等。主持完成国家科技部“十三五”传染病重大专项1项,承担或参与国家自然科学基金等课题10余项,发表论文80余篇,主编专著4部,获军队科技进步二等奖2项、三等奖2项。

    刘妍,副研究员,医学博士,主要从事病毒性肝炎等传染病诊疗新技术研究和传染病临床样本资源库建设管理工作。现任中国研究型医院学会分子诊断医学专业委员会常委/临床数据与样本资源库分会委员兼样本质量研究学组副组长,中国医药教育协会肿瘤化学治疗分会常委兼副秘书长,中国医药生物技术协会组织样本库分会委员。主持完成国家及北京市自然科学基金等课题7项,参与完成国家科技部“十一五”“十二五”“十三五”传染病重大专项等课题20余项。发表研究论文100余篇,参编专著6部。获省部级科研成果一等奖1项、二等奖4项、三等奖2项,获发明专利授权6项。

通讯作者:

刘妍,E-mail:
Updated progresses of acute hepatitis of unknown etiology in children and its management strategies
Min Zhang1, Yan Liu2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Hepatology, Beijing 100039, China
  • 2Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
出版时间: 2022-06-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.06.0538
文章导航
收藏切换

自2022年4月以来,多国陆续报道了不明原因儿童急性肝炎病例,截至5月27日,世界卫生组织数据显示,全球已有33个国家报告了至少650例。目前,其病因仍无定论,有部分病例检测出腺病毒,也有推测与新型冠状病毒感染后引发的特殊免疫应答有关。本文就近期不明原因儿童急性肝炎的流行病学、临床特征及可能病因等方面的研究和报道进行概述,并从传染病和儿童肝病的角度探讨应对策略及措施,以使我国在不明原因儿童急性肝炎的监测管理方面做到未雨绸缪,精准防控。

不明原因  /  儿童  /  急性肝炎  /  应对策略

Acute hepatitis of unknown etiology in children has been reported in many countries all over the world since April 2022. As of May 27,there have been at least 650 cases of such patients reported by World Health Organization in 33 countries. The etiology of the hepatitis is still unknown.Adenovirus has been detected in samples of some cases, but it is also suspected that the immune response triggered by SARS-CoV-2 infection maybe contribute to the mechanism of the disease. In this paper, we overview the research and reports about the acute hepatitis of unknown etiology in children about its epidemiology,clinical features and possible etiology, then for the aim to make our country doing well in the monitoring and controlling of the acute hepatitis of unknown etiology in children. Here, we present some points of view from the perspective of infectious diseases and liver diseases in children.

unknown etiology  /  children  /  acute hepatitis  /  management strategies
张敏, 刘妍. 不明原因儿童急性肝炎相关进展及应对策略. 解放军医学杂志, 2022 , 47 (6) : 538 -544 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.06.0538
Min Zhang, Yan Liu. Updated progresses of acute hepatitis of unknown etiology in children and its management strategies[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2022 , 47 (6) : 538 -544 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.06.0538
自2022年4月首次公开报道[1]以来,仅仅两个月时间已有33个国家报告了至少650例不明原因儿童急性肝炎病例[2],少部分患儿呈严重肝炎表现需接受肝移植治疗,甚至发生死亡。该病被世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)定为中度风险等级,已引起全球的广泛关注。目前关于此次不明原因儿童急性肝炎的病因仍无定论。本文综合WHO、欧洲疾病预防控制中心(European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control,ECDC)、英国健康安全局(UK Health Security Agency,UKHSA)等的实时登记数据以及相关研究进展,从不明原因儿童急性肝炎的流行病学、临床特征及可能病因等方面做一概述,并从传染病和儿童肝病的角度探讨应对策略及保护措施,以做到精准防控。
2022年4月5日,英国首次报告了5例不明原因儿童急性肝炎病例[1],后续全球报告病例逐渐增多,截至5月27日,WHO报道的总例数已超过650例[2],覆盖33个国家或地区(表1)。目前报告病例最多的是英国和美国,分别为222例、216例,亚洲地区则以印度尼西亚(28例)、以色列(12例)以及日本(12例)居多。目前累计死亡14例,其中印度尼西亚7例,巴勒斯坦1例,美国5例,爱尔兰1例。所报告病例中接受肝移植者38例,约占5.8%。截至6月16日,WHO的数据并无更新,但来自ECDC-WHO联合区域办公室的更新数据[3]显示,欧洲已有449例(20个国家),比5月20日报道的欧洲数据新增了173例(新增4个国家)。
流行病学调查发现,本次集中发病的患儿既往健康,年龄为1月龄至16岁,5岁以下儿童占75%。病例呈散发,大部分患儿之间缺乏流行病学关联,且未发现与疫情发生地相关的旅行史。部分患儿发病时间较集中,如英国最早通报的13例患儿主要集中在2022年3月,仅2例患儿在家庭或其他环境中与另2例患儿有密切接触史[1]。绝大部分患儿无新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2,简称新冠病毒)疫苗接种史,可初步排除发病与新冠病毒疫苗接种的关联[4]
事实上,不明原因儿童急性肝炎持续存在,只是2021年10月以来病例数异常增加且于2022年3月底开始出现激增,具备了时间上聚集性发病的特点,尤其英国、美国、加拿大的发生例数远超平时水平,临床表现较严重,因而引发全球关注和WHO预警,考虑是否有某种致病因子导致传染病发生的风险。
本次不明原因儿童急性肝炎的共同临床表现为转氨酶显著升高,谷丙转氨酶(alanine transaminase,ALT)或谷草转氨酶(aspartate transaminase,AST)>500 U/L,常伴黄疸,可有肝大。大部分患儿有消化道症状,包括在出现肝炎之前发生呕吐、腹痛和腹泻等,部分病例有发热或呼吸道症状。由于不明原因急性肝炎可造成患儿严重肝损害甚至肝衰竭,目前报道的死亡及肝移植患儿达6.0%[2],因此被冠以不明原因“严重”急性肝炎,并被定性为公共卫生事件,引起了WHO及全球的关注。
实验室检测方面,常见的甲、乙、丙、丁和戊型肝炎病毒在患儿各种样本中均未被检测到。截至5月20日UKHSA报告的181例患儿中,至少有110例(60.8%)在血液或粪便中检测到腺病毒(adenovirus,Adv)核酸,在有分子检测信息的病例中,18例被确定为41型(图1A)。188例患儿接受新冠病毒PCR检测,23例阳性(12.2%),26例患儿接受新冠病毒血清学检测,19例(73.1%)阳性(图1B)。此外,还检测到19例患儿同时感染了新冠病毒和腺病毒,但肝组织中未检测到腺病毒。血液炎症标志物、C反应蛋白以及白细胞计数升高少见;小部分患儿进行了细菌学检查,但未见异常[5]
2022年4月23日WHO发布的针对不明原因儿童严重急性肝炎的诊断标准如下。
(1)确诊病例:目前不适用(病因不明);
(2)疑似病例:2021年10月1日起患有急性肝炎(非甲–戊)且转氨酶(ALT或AST)>500 U/L,年龄≤6岁;
(3)流行病学相关病例:自2021年10月1日以来与疑似病例密切接触的任何年龄急性肝炎(非甲–戊)患儿。如果等待甲、乙、丙、丁、戊型病毒性肝炎血清学结果,但符合其他标准,则可报告这些结果并将其归类为“待定分类”[6]
应该指出的是,该诊断标准仅界定了儿童严重急性肝炎的疑似病例,由于病因及发病机制尚不清楚,WHO对该病的确切诊断和治疗方案暂无明确推荐意见。
一般不明原因儿童急性肝炎的可能原因包括病毒感染、药物毒物因素、免疫失衡因素、遗传代谢因素、细菌感染伴发、全身性疾病相关等。本次集中在2021年10月1日以后发生的儿童急性肝炎首先也被考虑存在感染性病原,目前针对病因的推测如下。
由于英国、欧盟和美国多地患儿血液(全血或血清)、粪便、鼻咽拭子中均检测到了腺病毒,其中全血样本检测阳性率最高(69.5%)[5],可获得的测序结果被确定为41型,因此腺病毒被怀疑为致病因素。腺病毒是人类最为常见的病原体之一,已确定的52种血清型和70多种基因型分为A、B、C、D、E、F、G共7个亚群,不同亚群腺病毒具有不同的组织趋性[7],能引起人类肺炎、胃肠炎、结膜炎、出血性膀胱炎等多种疾病。此次不明原因儿童急性肝炎病例中检出的腺病毒41型属于F亚群,通常引起小儿急性胃肠炎,表现为腹泻、呕吐和发热,可伴有呼吸道症状。但腺病毒41型作为病原的证据不足,理由如下:(1)无法完全充分解释临床表现;(2)健康儿童咽部也可有11%的腺病毒41型检出率[8],该病毒仅在免疫功能低下儿童中可能引发致命的感染或传播[9];(3)未见腺病毒41型引起肝炎的报道和研究,既往从腺病毒肝炎患者的肝组织样本中分离出的是腺病毒2型和腺病毒5型[10-11];(4)本次患儿外周血中腺病毒滴度较低,且未观察到肝组织内的腺病毒包涵体。
是否有其他辅助致病因子协助了腺病毒感染,导致其致病性明显加强引发严重疾病?例如:(1)在新冠病毒感染流行期间严格的防护措施使得患儿对人腺病毒的暴露显著减少,从而使易感性增加,感染后症状明显加重;(2)与新冠病毒或其他病毒重叠感染或混合感染,改变了发病机制和临床表现;(3)毒素、药物或环境暴露与腺病毒共同作用,使其致病能力增强。此外,腺病毒是一个不断变异进化的病毒,是否基因组发生重组出现了新的变种,使致病性发生改变(目前测序结果尚不支持)亦不明确。这些推测都有待收集临床资料做进一步调查。
起初并未认为新冠病毒会导致儿童急性严重肝炎,理由如下:(1)患儿感染新冠病毒的比例并不高,英国4月份报道的169例肝炎患者中仅20例感染了新冠病毒;(2)时序上不匹配,新冠病毒感染已在全球流行2年多,而不明原因儿童急性肝炎例数异常增多仅在2021年10月之后发生;(3)既往临床数据表明新冠病毒直接导致严重急性肝损害的比例很低,机制不明,可能与多系统炎症综合征、补体血管损伤等相关[12]
然而,近期一些研究逐渐指向新冠病毒感染可能与儿童急性严重肝炎相关,理由如下:(1)患儿感染新冠病毒的比例并不低,与检测手段有关。例如,以色列的12例肝炎患儿中有11例在过去一年中有新冠病毒感染史[13]。此外,由于近期有关国家在奥密克戎流行的背景下结束了对新冠的限制,放松了社交距离和隔离措施,社会面有很大比例(67%)的幼儿感染了新冠病毒[14-15]。(2)新冠病毒发生全球大流行后已历经多次变异,目前流行的奥密克戎毒株是2021年11月出现,与起始毒株相比已有较大差异。(3)新冠病毒感染后可于肠道长期驻留。对113例轻症患者的追踪研究表明,即使肺部的病毒已清除,12.7%的受试者在诊断后4个月、3.8%的受试者在诊断后7个月时仍可在粪便中检测到新冠病毒RNA[16]。(4)新冠病毒超抗原致病理论[17]。新冠病毒感染后儿童胃肠道驻留的病毒不断释放出与已知超抗原葡萄球菌毒素B高度相似基序的刺突蛋白,即所谓的超抗原,能在极低浓度下非特异地刺激多数T细胞克隆活化增殖,产生极强免疫应答的物质,无需主要组织相容性复合物(major histocompatibility complex,MHC)限制性、无需抗原提呈即可激活T细胞或B细胞,引起非特异性炎症反应。
上述可以部分解释有新冠病毒感染史患儿的远期后遗症以及再感染腺病毒后可引发高炎症反应,导致γ干扰素(interferon gamma,IFN-γ)介导的肝损伤。因此,过去或现在的新冠病毒感染与观察到的严重急性肝炎之间的联系需要进一步求证。国内有专家建议关注香港和国内一些输入性儿童新冠病例的临床数据,可能对探究该病的病因和发病机制,预警国内儿童未来是否发生急性肝损害病例及其规模有所借鉴。
绝大多数患儿未接种新冠病毒疫苗,某些药物、毒素或环境暴露等因素并不确切,流行病学调查尚无指向。目前的不明原因儿童急性肝炎也可能是多种病因混合之后的结果,单一因素并不足以解释数百例患儿短时间内集中发病的原因,仍需寻找更多证据支持。
5月19日,UKHSA发布的英国病例调查的第三份工作简报中更新了此次不明原因儿童急性肝炎的可能性致病因素。(1)正常腺病毒感染;(2)新型变异腺病毒;(3)新冠病毒感染后综合征;(4)药物、毒素或环境暴露;(5)单独或合并的新病原体感染;(6)新变种新冠病毒[18]
目前我国暂无此类不明原因儿童急性肝炎病例报告,但针对近期国外报道的相关病例信息,为防患于未然,北京市卫健委于4月27日下发了《关于加强不明原因儿童肝炎病例救治的通知》,提示相关医疗机构提高警觉,关注不明原因引起的儿童肝炎患者,如出现此类病例要尽快查明原因、加强救治。国内传染病、肝病、儿科、公共卫生专家也对国外儿童不明原因严重急性肝炎高度关注,组织了多场研讨会,形成了临床指南,提出了应对措施,现总结如下[19]
我国不明原因儿童急性肝炎一直存在,多种病因包括感染和非感染因素均可导致,但尚未形成监测系统。此次英国能够迅速发现儿童不明原因急性肝炎发病率上升得益于UKHSA的疾病监控水平。因此,我国也应考虑将儿童不明原因急性肝炎纳入疾病监控管理,以便及时掌握发病率的异常变化并着手调查原因。近期中华医学会儿科学分会感染学组牵头成立了儿童不明原因急性严重肝炎协作组,组织临床儿童肝病医师对今后发生的不明原因肝炎病例积极上报,形成协作监控网络。卫生管理层面的上报系统尚有待完善。
新发传染病流行病时,尽早明确病因是防控的重点,我国在新冠初起时对病原的快速识别在疾病防控中发挥了至关重要的作用。针对本次儿童严重急性肝炎,也应提前做好病毒鉴定等实验室检测准备,开展新发传染病的基础实验研究,探索病毒感染特性和宿主免疫反应机制,为本病的防控以及疫苗和药物的研发提供技术支撑。例如近期关于本病的新冠病毒超抗原致病理论如果被证实,对于临床救治方案的改进将有较大指导作用,可将激素使用列入治疗措施。
为提高临床医师应对不明原因儿童严重急性肝炎的防控、病因诊断和临床救治能力,国家重大公共卫生事件医学中心组织同济医院感染科和儿科临床专家、临床病毒学和免疫学专家、儿童重症医学专家、器官移植和公共卫生及流行病学专家,编制了《不明原因儿童严重急性肝炎诊断和治疗专家建议》[20]。国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心[21]、中国医学科学院北京协和医院[22]近期也各发布了不明原因儿童急性肝炎诊治指南。我们在文献[22]的基础上对相关临床诊疗流程进行了修订(图2)。临床救治方案体现了针对不同病情(轻、中、重和危重型)的分级救治策略。同时对患儿进行流行病学特征调查、追踪或采取必要的隔离措施,并积极开展病原学研究。具体可遵循ECDC对不明原因儿童急性肝炎疑似病例感染性病原学和非感染性病因筛查的推荐意见(表23)[23]
由于缺乏有关病原体、传播途径和危险因素的证据,WHO目前并未提出限制国际旅行,由于儿童更有可能通过粪口途径接触腺病毒等病毒,因此建议在有幼儿的环境中保持良好的卫生习惯,包括仔细的手部卫生、清洁和消毒表面等[6]
目前不明原因儿童急性肝炎发病人数仍在不断增长,病因尚不明确,似与腺病毒41型关联性大,也不除外与新冠病毒感染后的远期特殊免疫反应相关,有待更多证据证实。预计随着病因逐渐清晰,WHO的诊断标准会有所更新,需要持续关注。虽然我国目前尚无病例报告,但各级卫生健康行政部门和医疗机构应开展对不明原因儿童急性肝炎的监测,以便及时掌握儿童不明原因急性肝炎的发病情况,前瞻性设计多中心临床研究队列,定期随访,尽可能留取各种样本,积极开展病因研究,对可能发生的疫情做到未雨绸缪,精准防控。
  • 国家自然科学基金创新群体项目(81721002)
  • 首都医学发展基金(2022-1-2182)
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
[1]
Marsh K, Tayler R, Pollock L, et al. Investigation into cases of hepatitis of unknown aetiology among young children, Scotland, 1 January 2022 to 12 April 2022[J]. Euro Surveill, 2022, 27(15): 2200318.
[2]
World Health Organization. Disease Outbreak News; Acute hepatitis of unknown aetiology in children - Multi-country[EB/OL]. [2022-05-27]. https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON389. https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON389
[3]
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control/WHO Regional Office for Europe. Hepatitis of unknown aetiology in children, joint epidemiological overview[EB/OL]. [2022-06-17]. https://cdn.ecdc.europa.eu/novhep-surveillance/. https://cdn.ecdc.europa.eu/novhep-surveillance/
[4]
World Health Organization. Joint ECDC-WHO Regional Office for Europe Hepatitis of Unknown Origin in Children Surveillance Bulletin[EB/OL]. [2022-05-27]. https://cdn.ecdc.europa.eu/novhep-surveillance/. https://cdn.ecdc.europa.eu/novhep-surveillance/
[5]
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control/WHO Regional Office for Europe. Hepatitis of Unknown Aetiology in Children, Joint Epidemiological overview[EB/OL]. [2022-05-20]. https://cdn.ecdc.europa.eu/novhep-surveillance/. https://cdn.ecdc.europa.eu/novhep-surveillance/
[6]
World Health Organization. Multi-Country – Acute, severe hepatitis of unknown origin in children[EB/OL]. [2022-04-23]. https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON376. https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON376
[7]
Dhingra A, Hage E, Ganzenmueller T, et al. Molecular evolution of human adenovirus (HAdV) species C[J]. Sci Rep, 2019, 9(1): 1039.
[8]
Song E, Wang H, Kajon AE, et al. Diagnosis of pediatric acute adenovirus infections: is a positive PCR sufficient?[J]. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 2016, 35(8): 827-834.
[9]
Lefeuvre C, Salmona M, Feghoul L, et al. Deciphering an adenovirus F41 outbreak in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients by whole-genome sequencing[J]. J Clin Microbiol, 2021, 59(5): e03148-20.
[10]
Chakrabarti S, Collingham KE, Fegan CD, et al. Fulminant adenovirus hepatitis following unrelated bone marrow transplantation: failure of intravenous ribavirin therapy[J]. Bone Marrow Transplant, 1999, 23(11): 1209-1211.
[11]
Saad RS, Demetris AJ, Lee RG, et al. Adenovirus hepatitis in the adult allograft liver[J]. Transplantation, 1997, 64(10): 1483-1485.
[12]
Chattopadhyay A, Saigal Kalra K, Saikia D, et al. Severe multi-inflammatory syndrome in children temporally related to COVID 19-clinical course, laboratory profile and outcomes from a North Indian PICU[J]. J Intensive Care Med, 2022. doi: 10.1177/08850666221092302.
[13]
Israel News. Everything you need to know about the hepatitis outbreak among children[EB/OL]. [2022-05-27]. https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-hepatitis-outbreak-among-children-1.10754895. https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-hepatitis-outbreak-among-children-1.10754895
[14]
Clarke KEN, Kim Y, Jones J, et al. Pediatric infection-induced SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence estimation using commercial laboratory specimens:how representative is it of the general U.S. Pediatric Population?[EB/OL]. [2022-04-26]. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4092074. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4092074
[15]
Mallapaty S. Most US kids have caught the coronavirus, antibody survey finds[J]. Nature, 2022, 605(7909): 207.
[16]
Natarajan A, Zlitni S, Brooks EF, et al. Gastrointestinal symptoms and fecal shedding of SARS-CoV-2 RNA suggest prolonged gastrointestinal infection[J]. Med (N Y), 2022, 3(6): 371-387.
[17]
Brodin P, Arditi M. Severe acute hepatitis in children: investigate SARS-CoV-2 superantigens[J]. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2022, 7(7): 594-595.
[18]
The United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA). Acute Hepatitis Technical Briefing 3[EB/OL]. [2022-05-27]. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/acute-hepatitis-technical-briefing. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/acute-hepatitis-technical-briefing
[19]
Ma K, Yang ZY, Chen T, et al. Pay close attention to the characteristics and development trend of severe acute hepatitis with unknown etiology in children worldwide[J]. Natl Med J China, 2022, 102. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112137-20220505-00986.
[马科, 杨中原, 陈韬, 等. 高度关注当前全球多国不明原因儿童严重急性肝炎的特征及发展动向[J/OL]. 中华医学杂志, 2022, 102. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112137-20220505-00986.]
[20]
Chen T, Ma K, Shu SN, et al. Experts guidance on diagnosis and treatment of acute severe hepatitis of unknown origin in children[J]. Chin J Pediatr, 2022. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112140-20220510-00435.
[陈韬, 马科, 舒赛男, 等. 不明原因儿童严重急性肝炎诊断和治疗专家建议[J]. 中华儿科杂志, 2022. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112140-20220510-00435.]
[21]
Zhang ZZ, Chen JH, Liu CJ, et al. Recommendations on diagnosis, treatment and nosocomial infection prevention of acute severe hepatitis of unknown origin in children (trial version)[J]. J Pediatric Pharmacy, 2022, 28(6): 1-4.
[张祯祯, 陈军华, 刘成军, 等. 不明原因儿童严重急性肝炎诊疗及防控指导建议(试行版)[J]. 儿科药学杂志, 2022, 28(6): 1-4.]
[22]
Cao W, Li ZH, Zhu HD, et al. Diagnosis and clinical management of acute severe hepatitis of unknown origin: operational recommendation of Peking Union Medical College Hospital[J]. Med J PUMC, 2022, 13(3): 412-415.
[曹玮, 李正红, 朱华栋, 等. 北京协和医院关于“不明原因严重急性肝炎”的诊疗建议[J]. 协和医学杂志, 2022, 13(3): 412-415.]
[23]
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Guidance for diagnostic testing of cases with severe acute hepatitis of unknown aetiology in children[EB/OL]. [2022-05-25]. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/guidance-diagnostic-testing-cases-severe-acute-hepatitis-unknown-aetiology. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/guidance-diagnostic-testing-cases-severe-acute-hepatitis-unknown-aetiology
2022年第47卷第6期
PDF下载
131
53
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.06.0538
  • 接收时间:2022-06-01
  • 首发时间:2025-12-17
  • 出版时间:2022-06-28
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2022-06-01
  • 录用日期:2022-06-03
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(81721002)
国家自然科学基金创新群体项目(81721002)
Capital Medical Development Fund(2022-1-2182)
首都医学发展基金(2022-1-2182)
作者信息
    1解放军总医院第五医学中心肝病医学部肝病科,北京 100039
    2解放军总医院第五医学中心感染病医学部研究所,北京 100039

通讯作者:

刘妍,E-mail:
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jfjyxzz/CN/10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.06.0538
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏