Article(id=1208055575854813526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1208055572495179979, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.06.0533, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1653926400000, receivedDateStr=2022-05-31, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1654012800000, acceptedDateStr=2022-06-01, onlineDate=1765952493870, onlineDateStr=2025-12-17, pubDate=1656345600000, pubDateStr=2022-06-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765952493870, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765952493870, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765952493870, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1208055572495179979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2022', volume='47', issue='6', pageStart='533', pageEnd='638', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1765952493070, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765952764848, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208056712481841868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1208055572495179979, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208056712481841869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1208055572495179979, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=533, endPage=537, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208055577176019294, articleId=1208055575854813526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Atypical monkeypox: a potential epidemic disease?, columnId=1190669170040783872, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Expert Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Monkeypox is a rare viral zoonosis that is mainly endemic in West and Central Africa through animal-to-human transmission. Monkeypox virus has become the orthopoxvirus family which poses greatest threat to public health since smallpox eradication in 1980 s. The clinical manifestations of monkeypox cases are similar, but less severe, to smallpox. There are no specific treatments available for monkeypox infection until now. Until now, 2780 confirmed and suspected cases have been reported in more than 50 countries or regions out of Africa and human-to-human transmission has occurred, which have increasingly drawn attention worldwide. There are no confirmed cases of monkeypox in our country so far, we still need to be highly alert about the outbreak of monkeypox,improve diagnosis and treatment capabilities, and make emergency plans and technical reserves.

, correspAuthors=Ji-Yuan Zhang, Fu-Sheng Wang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* Wang Fu-Sheng, E-mail: ;
Zhang Ji-Yuan, E-mail:
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猴痘是一种罕见的病毒性人畜共患病,可由动物传播至人类,主要在非洲中西部地区流行。自20世纪80年代天花被消灭以来,猴痘病毒已成为对公共卫生影响最大的正痘病毒。猴痘病例的临床表现与天花相似,但症状较轻,目前仍缺乏特异性的治疗方案。至今,已有50多个国家和地区持续报告了2780例猴痘确诊及疑似病例,并发生了人传人现象,引起了全球广泛关注。我国尚未出现猴痘确诊病例,但仍需高度警惕猴痘的暴发流行,提高临床医师的诊疗能力,做好应急预案和技术储备。

, correspAuthors=张纪元, 王福生, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
王福生,E-mail:;
张纪元,E-mail:
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张纪元,副研究员,解放军总医院第五医学中心感染病研究所副所长,北京免疫学会常务理事。主要从事感染性疾病免疫致病机制等方面的研究。在Nature ImmunologyCell Metabolism等SCI收录期刊发表论文80余篇;获国家科技进步二等奖、中华医学科技奖一等奖各1项。

王福生,中国科学院院士,主任医师,解放军总医院第五医学中心感染病医学部主任,生物安全专家,长期从事感染性疾病的临床诊治、转化研究及生物安全工作。带队圆满完成SARS、埃博拉出血热、新冠肺炎等重大疫情的临床救治工作。

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张纪元,副研究员,解放军总医院第五医学中心感染病研究所副所长,北京免疫学会常务理事。主要从事感染性疾病免疫致病机制等方面的研究。在Nature ImmunologyCell Metabolism等SCI收录期刊发表论文80余篇;获国家科技进步二等奖、中华医学科技奖一等奖各1项。

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张纪元,副研究员,解放军总医院第五医学中心感染病研究所副所长,北京免疫学会常务理事。主要从事感染性疾病免疫致病机制等方面的研究。在Nature ImmunologyCell Metabolism等SCI收录期刊发表论文80余篇;获国家科技进步二等奖、中华医学科技奖一等奖各1项。

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王福生,中国科学院院士,主任医师,解放军总医院第五医学中心感染病医学部主任,生物安全专家,长期从事感染性疾病的临床诊治、转化研究及生物安全工作。带队圆满完成SARS、埃博拉出血热、新冠肺炎等重大疫情的临床救治工作。

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王福生,中国科学院院士,主任医师,解放军总医院第五医学中心感染病医学部主任,生物安全专家,长期从事感染性疾病的临床诊治、转化研究及生物安全工作。带队圆满完成SARS、埃博拉出血热、新冠肺炎等重大疫情的临床救治工作。

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非典型猴痘:一场新的疫情?
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王会芳 1, 2 , 张利萍 1, 2 , 张纪元 2, * , 王福生 2, *
解放军医学杂志 | 专家述评 2022,47(6): 533-537
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解放军医学杂志 | 专家述评 2022, 47(6): 533-537
非典型猴痘:一场新的疫情?
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王会芳1, 2, 张利萍1, 2, 张纪元2, * , 王福生2, *
作者信息
  • 1郑州大学第一附属医院感染科,郑州 450052
  • 2解放军总医院第五医学中心感染病医学部,北京 100039
  • 张纪元,副研究员,解放军总医院第五医学中心感染病研究所副所长,北京免疫学会常务理事。主要从事感染性疾病免疫致病机制等方面的研究。在Nature ImmunologyCell Metabolism等SCI收录期刊发表论文80余篇;获国家科技进步二等奖、中华医学科技奖一等奖各1项。

    王福生,中国科学院院士,主任医师,解放军总医院第五医学中心感染病医学部主任,生物安全专家,长期从事感染性疾病的临床诊治、转化研究及生物安全工作。带队圆满完成SARS、埃博拉出血热、新冠肺炎等重大疫情的临床救治工作。

通讯作者:

王福生,E-mail:;
张纪元,E-mail:
Atypical monkeypox: a potential epidemic disease?
Hui-Fang Wang1, 2, Li-Ping Zhang1, 2, Ji-Yuan Zhang2, * , Fu-Sheng Wang2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
  • 2Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
出版时间: 2022-06-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.06.0533
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猴痘是一种罕见的病毒性人畜共患病,可由动物传播至人类,主要在非洲中西部地区流行。自20世纪80年代天花被消灭以来,猴痘病毒已成为对公共卫生影响最大的正痘病毒。猴痘病例的临床表现与天花相似,但症状较轻,目前仍缺乏特异性的治疗方案。至今,已有50多个国家和地区持续报告了2780例猴痘确诊及疑似病例,并发生了人传人现象,引起了全球广泛关注。我国尚未出现猴痘确诊病例,但仍需高度警惕猴痘的暴发流行,提高临床医师的诊疗能力,做好应急预案和技术储备。

猴痘  /  人畜共患病  /  人传人  /  天花

Monkeypox is a rare viral zoonosis that is mainly endemic in West and Central Africa through animal-to-human transmission. Monkeypox virus has become the orthopoxvirus family which poses greatest threat to public health since smallpox eradication in 1980 s. The clinical manifestations of monkeypox cases are similar, but less severe, to smallpox. There are no specific treatments available for monkeypox infection until now. Until now, 2780 confirmed and suspected cases have been reported in more than 50 countries or regions out of Africa and human-to-human transmission has occurred, which have increasingly drawn attention worldwide. There are no confirmed cases of monkeypox in our country so far, we still need to be highly alert about the outbreak of monkeypox,improve diagnosis and treatment capabilities, and make emergency plans and technical reserves.

monkeypox  /  zoonosis  /  human-to-human transmission  /  smallpox
王会芳, 张利萍, 张纪元, 王福生. 非典型猴痘:一场新的疫情?. 解放军医学杂志, 2022 , 47 (6) : 533 -537 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.06.0533
Hui-Fang Wang, Li-Ping Zhang, Ji-Yuan Zhang, Fu-Sheng Wang. Atypical monkeypox: a potential epidemic disease?[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2022 , 47 (6) : 533 -537 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.06.0533
自2022年5月7日英国卫生安全局报告今年首例罕见的猴痘确诊病例以来,多个非猴痘流行国家相继报道了猴痘确诊及疑似病例。世界卫生组织(WHO)指出此次猴痘流行属于“非典型”现象,且已出现人传人,引起了全球的广泛关注。虽然目前我国尚未出现猴痘确诊病例,但了解该病的流行病学特点、病原学特征、临床特点、诊疗及预防原则,总结此次疫情暴发的特点,对充分认识我们所面临的挑战并做好应急预案和技术储备至关重要。
2022年5月7日,英国卫生安全局表示,英格兰确诊1例罕见的猴痘病例。随后,西班牙、葡萄牙、瑞典等欧洲多国,以及美国、加拿大、澳大利亚等非猴痘流行区均发现猴痘确诊及疑似病例,且多个病例无任何疫区旅居史,可能存在多条传播链[1]。5月21日,报告确诊病例的国家已增至15个,WHO召开会议讨论了有关猴痘的应对策略并发布疫情暴发预警,称此次疫情正在人与人之间发生传播,预计随着监测范围的扩大,未来有可能在已报告猴痘病例的国家和其他国家发现更多病例[2]。截至5月27日,已在全球50多个国家发现了2780例猴痘确诊及疑似病例[3],目前尚无相关死亡报告,疫情走势尚不清晰,引发了全球科学家的高度警惕[4]
猴痘病毒源于非洲热带雨林,因最早于1958年在一组用于研究的猕猴属食蟹猴身上分离得到而命名[5-6],但猴并不是主要的携带者,非洲啮齿动物最有可能是其天然宿主。现已发现松鼠、冈比亚鼠、土拨鼠、不同种类的非人类灵长类动物以及人类均能感染猴痘病毒,从而成为传染源[7]
1970年,在刚果(金)一名儿童身上首次发现人感染猴痘[8],此后非洲国家多次暴发猴痘疫情,因此猴痘多被认为是局限在非洲中西部地区的人畜共患病。人类感染猴痘多是由于接触、被咬伤、食入猴肉或松鼠等,因而推测是通过接触受感染动物的血液、体液、皮肤或黏膜伤口而导致传播。美国2003年暴发的猴痘疫情就是源于从加纳进口的冈比亚巨鼠,后者通过本土宠物草原犬鼠引起国内传播[7]。此次英国首例猴痘病例被认为与其之前的尼日利亚旅行史相关[1]
2022年5月18日以来,西班牙、葡萄牙等多个非猴痘流行国家相继出现确诊病例。5月21日WHO发布声明称,与有症状的猴痘病例发生密切身体接触的人群中,正在发生人传人现象,可能通过接触感染者的呼吸道分泌物、皮肤损伤部位或被污染的物品(如患者皮疹破裂后流出液体沾染的衣物、床单)等方式传播,此外还包括长时间面对面的呼吸道飞沫传播、母婴传播以及性传播等,因此高风险人员包括医务工作者、家庭成员以及性伴侣[2]。目前多国的报道显示,猴痘病例主要发现但不限于男男性行为者中,5月21日西班牙公布猴痘溯源结果,显示疫情暴发与马德里一家同性桑拿浴室的超级传播者事件有关[9]
猴痘病毒属于痘病毒科(Poxviridae)脊索病毒亚科(Chordopoxvirinae)正痘病毒属(Orthopoxvirus)猴痘病毒种(Monkeypox),与我们熟悉的天花病毒同属痘病毒科,因此猴痘又称猴天花[10]
在电子显微镜下,猴痘病毒颗粒相对较大,外形为圆角砖形或卵圆形,大小为200~250 nm。其核心为双凹哑铃状,核心外包裹着双层脂蛋白外膜。核心内基因为长约197 kb的双链DNA,基因组末端包含一个相同但方向相反的末端反向重复序列,两端呈单链发夹样结构。在低温干燥条件下很稳定,可耐乙醚,但易被氯仿、甲醛灭活,56 ℃ 20 min也可将其灭活[11]
猴痘病毒主要有两个进化分支,即西非进化支和刚果盆地(中非)进化支。一般来说,西非猴痘感染在人类和非人类灵长类动物中症状较轻,大约1%的感染会导致死亡,而中非分支则可导致11%的死亡率。截至2018年,西非分支尚未发生人与人之间的传播,而中非分支已有6次人-人传播事件[7]。流行病学数据显示,中非分支病例更常见,刚果(金)每年报道的疑似中非猴痘病例就超过2000例[7,12]。5月29日,来自葡萄牙、比利时、美国、法国等国家的9份猴痘病毒基因测序报告公布,初步显示病毒的DNA序列同源,同属温和的西非株系,与2018年和2019年在英国、新加坡、以色列发现的猴痘病毒关系密切[2,13]
猴痘的临床症状与天花相似,但严重程度较轻。其病程共分为以下三个阶段。(1)一般潜伏期6~13 d,最大波动范围可达5~21 d;(2)疾病初期,即发热期,可持续1~3 d,以急性发热(体温≥38.5 ℃)、头痛、淋巴结大、肌痛(肌肉和身体疼痛)、背痛、无力(极度虚弱)等为特点,约90%的病例可出现颈部、耳后、腋窝或腹股沟区淋巴结大,这是区别于天花的特异性体征;(3)特异性皮疹期,皮疹大小为2~5 mm,从斑疹发展至丘疹、水疱、脓疱,最终结痂脱落。皮疹主要集中在面部(约95%的病例)和四肢(75%),呈离心性分布,口腔黏膜(70%)、生殖器(30%)、结膜(20%)以及角膜等均可受到影响,皮疹的数量在不同患者之间存在巨大差异,可从数个到数千个不等[10,14-15]
对于大多数感染者,猴痘是一种病毒自限性疾病,症状持续2~4周,但在儿童、孕妇或因其他原因导致免疫抑制的人群中症状较为严重。早期的统计数据显示,感染者中未接种天花疫苗的患者(74.0%)相比接种者(39.5%)更容易出现严重的并发症和后遗症,包括继发感染、支气管肺炎、脑炎、败血症、眼部感染致角膜瘢痕和永久性视力丧失等,且存在1%~11%的致死风险[14,16-17]
实验室检查包括从患者标本中鉴定或培养猴痘活病毒,电镜下观察形态特异的痘病毒颗粒,PCR技术检测猴痘病毒特异性DNA,荧光抗体法和放射免疫法检测正痘病毒抗原及IgG/IgM抗体等。
活病毒鉴定或培养是最可靠的检测手段,但耗时较长,对取材和检测技术的要求较高;电镜传统负染可以观测到痘病毒的特异性形态,但无法确诊猴痘病毒;PCR可以检测到猴痘病毒特异性DNA,但也具有较高的技术要求;抗原抗体检测因其血清学交叉反应仅能识别到正痘病毒属,且病毒抗体产生较晚,检测结果受滴度和疫苗接种情况的影响。因此,实验室检查结果需要结合患者的临床表现以及流行病学信息等进行综合判断[16]
WHO已经为非猴痘流行地区制定了最新的临床诊断标准(持续更新中)[2]。(1)疑似病例:出现不明原因皮疹,2022年3月15日后出现1项及以上体征或症状,排除其他常见的出疹性疾病(无需获得其他出疹性疾病的阴性实验室结果);(2)可能病例(临床诊断病例):符合疑似病例诊断标准,且流行病学史有1项符合;(3)确诊病例:符合疑似病例或可能病例的诊断标准,且通过PCR扩增或测序方法检测到猴痘病毒特异性DNA;(4)排除病例:通过PCR扩增或测序方法检测猴痘病毒特异性DNA为阴性的疑似病例或可能病例。
流行病学史包括:(1)面对面的流行病学暴露史(包括眼部及呼吸道职业暴露的医务工作者);(2)与皮肤或皮肤破损处的直接身体接触(包括性接触);(3)临床症状出现前21 d内接触过可能或确诊的猴痘病例可能污染的衣服、床上用品或用具等;(4)临床症状出现前21 d内有猴痘流行地区的旅居史;(5)临床症状出现前21 d内有多个或匿名性伴侣;(6)在未接种天花疫苗或其他已知的正痘病毒暴露的情况下,正痘病毒血清学检测结果呈阳性。
猴痘病毒感染需要与出疹性疾病相鉴别,主要通过皮疹特征及特异性淋巴结肿大与水痘-带状疱疹、带状疱疹、麻疹、寨卡病毒病、登革热、奇昆古尼亚热病、单纯疱疹、细菌性皮肤感染、播散性淋球菌感染、原发性或继发性梅毒、软下疳、性病性淋巴肉芽肿、腹股沟肉芽肿、触染性软疣、过敏反应及其他当地常见出疹性疾病进行鉴别。
目前猴痘尚无明确的特异性治疗方法,主要采用对症支持治疗:休息、补充水分和营养;加强护理,保持眼、鼻、口腔及皮肤清洁;可用抗生素预防继发性感染。欧洲药品管理局于2022年批准小分子抗病毒药物Tecovirimat (ST-246) 用于治疗猴痘,但尚未广泛使用,缺乏治疗人类猴痘病例有效性的数据[14]
避免接触被病毒感染的动物和患者及其污染物,对患病的动物及患者(疑似和确诊病例)进行严格的隔离,直至病损部位结痂脱落。比利时卫生部门已于5月19日发布声明要求猴痘病例进行21 d自我隔离。
严格限制进口野生动物,尤其是任何非洲啮齿类动物;禁止贩卖、运输及放归草原犬鼠和非洲啮齿类动物;检疫入境的疑似或确诊患者,或与感染动物或患者密切接触者;已输入患者和密切接触者须就地隔离治疗,患者分泌物、痰液、血液、渗出物等应严格消毒后处理。禁止个人饲养、捕捉、食用野生动物,更严禁作为宠物饲养。与受感染的动物或人类接触后应保持良好的手部卫生,照顾患者时应做好眼部及呼吸道防护[18]
既往数据显示,天花疫苗对猴痘病毒的有效性高达85%,可在接触猴痘病毒后接种,有助于预防感染或减轻其病情严重程度[19]。因此美国疾病预防与控制中心建议,在与患病动物或确诊病例接触4 d前,或发生重大无保护接触后的2周内接种天花疫苗,能有效预防猴痘病毒的感染及减轻临床症状[20]。丹麦Bavrian Nordic公司的JYNNEOSTM疫苗(亦称Imvamune或Imvanex)已获美国FDA批准用于预防猴痘和天花;美国Emergent BioSolutions公司的ACAM2000疫苗是一种具有复制能力的痘苗活病毒疫苗,已获准用于18岁以上且具有天花感染高风险人群的免疫接种。
美国疾病预防与控制中心官网指出,西多福韦(Cidofovir)和牛痘免疫球蛋白也可用于控制猴痘暴发。目前尚无西多福韦治疗人类猴痘病例有效性的数据,但已在体外和动物研究[21]中证实了其对痘病毒的活性;牛痘免疫球蛋白同样缺少治疗猴痘并发症有效性的数据,但美国疾病预防与控制中心认为可预防性应用于伴有严重T细胞免疫功能缺陷的暴露者[21]
从全球范围来看,在过去50年间,人类猴痘的确诊病例和疑似病例数正逐年上升[12,22],仅2020年和2021年就分别报告了超过6200例和9400例确诊病例和疑似病例[23]。这不仅源于疾病监测能力的提升,还由于自天花被人类清除进而停止天花疫苗接种后,对猴痘无免疫力的人群不断增多;此外,人类活动范围的扩大加剧了生态环境的失衡,不同物种之间的接触机会增多,使疾病从动物传到人类的风险随之上升;国际经济一体化进展使人与人之间多维度的交流增多,也造成了病毒在人群中传播途径的多样化;基因组的突变也可能导致不同寻常病毒株的出现,上述多种因素的叠加使疫情暴发成为可能。但猴痘病毒不同于当下流行的新型冠状病毒。首先,猴痘病毒为颗粒较大的双链DNA病毒,具有结构稳定、突变率较低的特点;其次,猴痘病毒在人与人之间大多经过密切接触传播,有别于气溶胶传播,更容易控制并切断传播途径;第三,根据既往公开的资料和研究结果来看,中非分支猴痘病毒的基本传染指数R0为0.6~1.0,对于西非分支推测其R0应该低于中非分支,这就意味着其发生持续人传人的可能性极小。同时,人类已经研发出了针对天花病毒的药物和疫苗,这也为应对猴痘提供了选择。
目前我国尚未报道猴痘病例,但随着1981年以后逐步停止接种天花疫苗,40岁以下人群对猴痘病毒缺乏足够的免疫能力,在当前新型冠状病毒肺炎全球大流行的背景下,猴痘病毒暴发仍值得我们高度重视。首先,国内临床医师需密切关注和监测可能出现的猴痘病例,做到早发现、早报告、早隔离、早诊断、早治疗;其次,需要持续关注国际猴痘疫情的发展趋势,及时研发相应的筛查试剂、检测技术,严防该病原体的境外输入,同时我国还要形成相应的临床诊疗方案;最后,须进一步提高人群免疫保护水平,包括提高相关疫苗和抗病毒药物的储备,对高风险人群进行疫苗的预防接种,加快安全有效的猴痘疫苗及治疗药物的研究和开发。以上措施均可为可能发生的猴痘疫情防治提供切实有效的保障。
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2022年第47卷第6期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.06.0533
  • 接收时间:2022-05-31
  • 首发时间:2025-12-17
  • 出版时间:2022-06-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-05-31
  • 录用日期:2022-06-01
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    1郑州大学第一附属医院感染科,郑州 450052
    2解放军总医院第五医学中心感染病医学部,北京 100039

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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