Article(id=1208055575624126804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1208055572495179979, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.06.0614, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1628611200000, receivedDateStr=2021-08-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1633968000000, acceptedDateStr=2021-10-12, onlineDate=1765952493813, onlineDateStr=2025-12-17, pubDate=1656345600000, pubDateStr=2022-06-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765952493813, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765952493812, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765952493812, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1208055572495179979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2022', volume='47', issue='6', pageStart='533', pageEnd='638', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1765952493070, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765952764848, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208056712481841868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1208055572495179979, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208056712481841869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1208055572495179979, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=614, endPage=624, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208055577037607259, articleId=1208055575624126804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Research progress on the mechanism of long non-coding RNA in atherosclerotic "Injury-Response", columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) is a kind of non-protein coding RNA with a sequence length of more than 200 bp. It regulates the epigenetic characters of organisms by regulating pre-transcription, transcription, and post-translation modification. Atherosclerosis is a kind of vascular disease that gradually narrowed and blocked due to the atherosclerotic lesions in the large and middle arteries. The mechanisms of initiation and progression of atherosclerosis can be summarized as "Injury-Response" doctrine, which involves lipid deposition, intimal inflammation, cell proliferation and apoptosis. It is reported that lncRNA can regulate the "Injury-Response" process by regulating different gene and molecular expression. Here, we provide a mechanistic review of how lncRNA regulate the "Injury-Response", which will provide reference for the future basic research and clinical diagnosis and treatment.

, correspAuthors=Zheng-Long Wang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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长链非编码RNA(lncRNA)是一类序列长度大于200 bp的非蛋白编码RNA,通过调节前转录、转录、翻译及翻译后修饰而调控生物的表观遗传性状。动脉粥样硬化是因大、中动脉发生粥样病变而逐渐狭窄、闭塞,从而使靶器官出现缺血缺氧的血管病变。动脉粥样硬化的始动、进展机制可概括为“损伤-应答”学说,涉及脂质沉积、血管内膜炎症、细胞增殖与凋亡过程。有研究报道,lncRNA可通过调控不同的基因及分子表达来调控“损伤-应答”的发生发展。本文针对lncRNA调控“损伤-应答”的机制进行综述,旨在为相关的基础研究及临床诊疗提供参考。

, correspAuthors=王正龙, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
王正龙,E-mail:
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陈宇恒,硕士研究生,主要从事冠心病方面的基础与临床研究

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陈宇恒,硕士研究生,主要从事冠心病方面的基础与临床研究

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陈宇恒,硕士研究生,主要从事冠心病方面的基础与临床研究

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J Cell Biochem, 2019, 120(9): 14670-14678., articleTitle=LncRNA LEF1-AS1 regulates the migration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells by targeting miR-544a/PTEN axis, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1208055583312286321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055575624126804, awardId=81760072, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(81760072), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1208055583396172405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055575624126804, awardId=81760072, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(81760072), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1208055579726156258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055575624126804, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1208055579730350564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055575624126804, companyId=1208055579726156258, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1208055579738739172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055575624126804, companyId=1208055579726156258, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=遵义医科大学附属医院心血管内科,贵州遵义 563000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1208055582225961518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055575624126804, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=NEXN-AS1 inhibits the progression of "Injury-Response", figureFileSmall=4UqfyNopnq4LyQLl/Q3+PA==, figureFileBig=H59kjd2LnebRj1x3KSRy3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208055582288876084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055575624126804, language=CN, label=图1, caption=NEXN-AS1通过NENX抑制“损伤-应答”的机制

TNF-α. 肿瘤坏死因子-α;IL-6. 白细胞介素-6;MCP-1. 单核细胞趋化蛋白-1;ICAM-1. 细胞黏附分子-1;VCAM-1.血管黏附分子-1;Mo-Mφ. 单核-巨噬细胞;VEC. 血管内皮细胞;VSMC. 血管平滑肌细胞;NF-κB. 核因子κB;IκBα. 核因子κB抑制因子α;BAZ1A. 溴基结构域相邻的锌指结构域蛋白1A;TLR-4. Toll样受体4。阿托伐他汀可促进lncRNA NEXN-AS1的表达,lncRNA NEXN-AS1与组蛋白BAZ1A交联后,Nexn启动子附近的染色质由致密变疏松,使NEXN的表达水平升高;NEXN通过阻断TLR-4-NF-κB通路,下调TNF-α、IL-6、MCP-1、ICAM-1、VCAM-1的表达,进而抑制Mo-Mφ的趋化,VSMC的增殖、迁移,以及进一步的免疫细胞浸润,减少了泡沫细胞与焦亡微环境的形成

, figureFileSmall=4UqfyNopnq4LyQLl/Q3+PA==, figureFileBig=H59kjd2LnebRj1x3KSRy3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208055582498591296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055575624126804, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effect of lncRNA MANTIS promotes endothelial growth and differentiation, figureFileSmall=5t6krPpqAL6dYJMmwi8Q0g==, figureFileBig=gx8q0k/R7e77M+N0gA2yIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208055582586671685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055575624126804, language=CN, label=图2, caption=LncRNA MANTIS对内皮细胞生长、分化的促进作用

BAF155. SWI/SNF复合物155 kD亚基;BRG-1. 染色质重构复合物核心催化亚基;SOX18. 性别决定区Y框蛋白18;COUP-TF Ⅱ. 鸡卵清蛋白上游启动子转录因子Ⅱ;H3K27. 组蛋白H3的第27位赖氨酸。SWI/SNF复合物通过乙酰化的H3K27识别、结合组蛋白;随后lncRNA MANTIS通过Alu元件结合、稳定SWI/SNF复合体的BRG-1/BAF155亚基;最后,BRG-1通过水解ATP促进染色质重塑,使SOX18、SMAD6、COUP-TF Ⅱ的表达得以整合,并最终促进内皮细胞的生长、分化

, figureFileSmall=5t6krPpqAL6dYJMmwi8Q0g==, figureFileBig=gx8q0k/R7e77M+N0gA2yIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208055582670557774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055575624126804, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Regulatory mechanism of lncRNA LeXis on lipid metabolism, figureFileSmall=FIfpFNYaqjYr9rG3WqXEHg==, figureFileBig=BJcOhJpNRIKIuENaUOZTAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208055582737666645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055575624126804, language=CN, label=图3, caption=LncRNA LeXis对脂代谢的调节机制

LXR. 肝X受体;RXR. 维甲酸X受体;SERBP2. 甾醇调节元件结合蛋白;Hmgcr. 羟甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶A还原酶;Fdft1. 法尼基二磷酸法尼基转移酶-1;AAV-8. 腺相关病毒8;hTBG. 人甲状腺结合球蛋白;GFP. 绿色荧光蛋白。胆固醇与LXR结合,使lncRNA LeXis的转录得以启动,随后LeXis可通过与RALY交联以减少RNA聚合酶Ⅱ在Srebp2HmgcrFdft1处的转录,最终下调SREBP2、HMG-CoA还原酶、FDFT1的表达,使胆固醇的生物合成减少;在高脂喂养的LDL-R–/–小鼠体内通过腺相关病毒过表达LeXis也明显降低了LDL-R–/–小鼠的动脉粥样硬化程度

, figureFileSmall=FIfpFNYaqjYr9rG3WqXEHg==, figureFileBig=BJcOhJpNRIKIuENaUOZTAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208055582821552730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055575624126804, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Processing of the lncRNA MALAT1 and its downstream target molecules, figureFileSmall=5oTE/TMI0nlTL07upjheAw==, figureFileBig=+HxONWnebiYYF178CxNFIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208055582930604637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055575624126804, language=CN, label=图4, caption=LncRNA MALAT1的加工过程及下游靶分子

MALAT1. 肺腺癌转移相关转录本1;RNase P. RNA酶P;RNase Z. RNA酶Z;CCA. CCA基序;NF-κB. 核因子κB。MALT1的初始转录本经RNase P切割为成熟的MALAT1及其近3'端片段,后者经RNase、CCA修饰,形成MALAT1-associated small cytoplasmic RNA(mascRNA);MALAT1还可作为miR-503的分子海绵,直接沉默NF-κB

, figureFileSmall=5oTE/TMI0nlTL07upjheAw==, figureFileBig=+HxONWnebiYYF178CxNFIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208055583027073636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055575624126804, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

LncRNAs that accelerated and inhibit the "Injury-Response" process

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
LncRNA“损伤-应答”靶点效应参考文献
促进作用
 MARRSMo-Mφ与HuR作用,抑制早期斑块内巨噬细胞的凋亡[47]
 VINASVEC激活NF-κB、MAPK通路,促进血管炎症[50]
 RAPIAMo-Mφ至少部分通过靶向miR-183-5p/ITGB1以促进Mφ的增殖[60-61]
 Kcnq1qt1Mo-Mφ通过miR-452-3p/HDAC3/ABCA1途径促进脂质在Mφ的聚集[53]
 MIATMo-Mφ通过miR-149-5p的分子海绵效应,促进抗吞噬分子CD47的表达[62]
 ZFAS1脂代谢紊乱以miR-654-3p依赖的方式上调ADAM10/RAB22A的表达,减少胆固醇外流[63]
 SNHG16Mo-Mφ、VSMC通过miR-17-5p/NF-κB促进内膜的炎症;通过miR-205/Smad2促进VSMC增殖、迁移[64-65]
 SNHG-7VEC通过E2F1/mi186-5p抑制VEC增殖[66]
 MEG3VEC通过miR-223/NLRP3增加NLRP3的表达,促进VEC焦亡[53]
 FOXC2-AS1VSMC通过miR-1253/FOXF1促进VSMC增殖[67]
 MAP3K4VEC、VSMC、Mo-Mφ通过p38-MAPK通路促进血管内膜炎症的进展[68]
抑制作用
 NEXN-AS1VEC、SMC、Mo-Mφ负向调控TLR-4/NF-κB通路,抑制巨噬细胞趋化、VSMC增生、VEC焦亡[12, 18]
 MANTISVEC调节SWI/SNF复合物活性,促进、整合SOX18/SMAD6/COUP-TF Ⅱ的血管内皮生成功能[19]
 LeXis脂代谢紊乱促进RALY与Serbp2、Hmgcr、Fdft1的解聚,削弱三者的转录[27]
 MALAT1Mo-Mφ、DC抑制NF-κB、miR-503活性,减轻单核细胞在血管内膜的促炎效应与DC的抗原提呈效应[35-37]
 NORADVEC通过p53-p21、NF-κB、IL-8抑制VEC的衰老、凋亡[56]
 MeXis脂代谢紊乱通过LXR扩增Abca1基因的转录,而后者对胆固醇外流的调节至关重要[39]
 PEBP1P2VSMC通过直接与CDK9结合,抑制血管平滑肌细胞的增殖和迁移[58]
 LEF1-AS1VSMC通过miR-544a/PTEN抑制VSMC的增殖和迁移[70]
 SNHG-12VEC、Mφ通过DNA-PK/DNA-PKcs与Ku70、Ku80的相互作用,促进VEC的DNA损伤修复[43]
 FA2H-2VEC、VSMC通过下调MLKL的表达,抑制ox-LDL-C诱导的炎症反应,促进VSMC与VEC的自噬[59]
), ArticleFig(id=1208055583136125549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208055575624126804, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

促进及抑制“损伤-应答”的lncRNA

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
LncRNA“损伤-应答”靶点效应参考文献
促进作用
 MARRSMo-Mφ与HuR作用,抑制早期斑块内巨噬细胞的凋亡[47]
 VINASVEC激活NF-κB、MAPK通路,促进血管炎症[50]
 RAPIAMo-Mφ至少部分通过靶向miR-183-5p/ITGB1以促进Mφ的增殖[60-61]
 Kcnq1qt1Mo-Mφ通过miR-452-3p/HDAC3/ABCA1途径促进脂质在Mφ的聚集[53]
 MIATMo-Mφ通过miR-149-5p的分子海绵效应,促进抗吞噬分子CD47的表达[62]
 ZFAS1脂代谢紊乱以miR-654-3p依赖的方式上调ADAM10/RAB22A的表达,减少胆固醇外流[63]
 SNHG16Mo-Mφ、VSMC通过miR-17-5p/NF-κB促进内膜的炎症;通过miR-205/Smad2促进VSMC增殖、迁移[64-65]
 SNHG-7VEC通过E2F1/mi186-5p抑制VEC增殖[66]
 MEG3VEC通过miR-223/NLRP3增加NLRP3的表达,促进VEC焦亡[53]
 FOXC2-AS1VSMC通过miR-1253/FOXF1促进VSMC增殖[67]
 MAP3K4VEC、VSMC、Mo-Mφ通过p38-MAPK通路促进血管内膜炎症的进展[68]
抑制作用
 NEXN-AS1VEC、SMC、Mo-Mφ负向调控TLR-4/NF-κB通路,抑制巨噬细胞趋化、VSMC增生、VEC焦亡[12, 18]
 MANTISVEC调节SWI/SNF复合物活性,促进、整合SOX18/SMAD6/COUP-TF Ⅱ的血管内皮生成功能[19]
 LeXis脂代谢紊乱促进RALY与Serbp2、Hmgcr、Fdft1的解聚,削弱三者的转录[27]
 MALAT1Mo-Mφ、DC抑制NF-κB、miR-503活性,减轻单核细胞在血管内膜的促炎效应与DC的抗原提呈效应[35-37]
 NORADVEC通过p53-p21、NF-κB、IL-8抑制VEC的衰老、凋亡[56]
 MeXis脂代谢紊乱通过LXR扩增Abca1基因的转录,而后者对胆固醇外流的调节至关重要[39]
 PEBP1P2VSMC通过直接与CDK9结合,抑制血管平滑肌细胞的增殖和迁移[58]
 LEF1-AS1VSMC通过miR-544a/PTEN抑制VSMC的增殖和迁移[70]
 SNHG-12VEC、Mφ通过DNA-PK/DNA-PKcs与Ku70、Ku80的相互作用,促进VEC的DNA损伤修复[43]
 FA2H-2VEC、VSMC通过下调MLKL的表达,抑制ox-LDL-C诱导的炎症反应,促进VSMC与VEC的自噬[59]
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长链非编码RNA在动脉粥样硬化“损伤-应答”中的作用机制研究进展
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陈宇恒 , 王正龙 *
解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2022,47(6): 614-624
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解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2022, 47(6): 614-624
长链非编码RNA在动脉粥样硬化“损伤-应答”中的作用机制研究进展
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陈宇恒, 王正龙*
作者信息
  • 遵义医科大学附属医院心血管内科,贵州遵义 563000
  • 陈宇恒,硕士研究生,主要从事冠心病方面的基础与临床研究

通讯作者:

王正龙,E-mail:
Research progress on the mechanism of long non-coding RNA in atherosclerotic "Injury-Response"
Yu-Heng Chen, Zheng-Long Wang*
Affiliations
  • Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China
出版时间: 2022-06-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.06.0614
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长链非编码RNA(lncRNA)是一类序列长度大于200 bp的非蛋白编码RNA,通过调节前转录、转录、翻译及翻译后修饰而调控生物的表观遗传性状。动脉粥样硬化是因大、中动脉发生粥样病变而逐渐狭窄、闭塞,从而使靶器官出现缺血缺氧的血管病变。动脉粥样硬化的始动、进展机制可概括为“损伤-应答”学说,涉及脂质沉积、血管内膜炎症、细胞增殖与凋亡过程。有研究报道,lncRNA可通过调控不同的基因及分子表达来调控“损伤-应答”的发生发展。本文针对lncRNA调控“损伤-应答”的机制进行综述,旨在为相关的基础研究及临床诊疗提供参考。

长链非编码RNA  /  损伤-应答  /  动脉粥样硬化

Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) is a kind of non-protein coding RNA with a sequence length of more than 200 bp. It regulates the epigenetic characters of organisms by regulating pre-transcription, transcription, and post-translation modification. Atherosclerosis is a kind of vascular disease that gradually narrowed and blocked due to the atherosclerotic lesions in the large and middle arteries. The mechanisms of initiation and progression of atherosclerosis can be summarized as "Injury-Response" doctrine, which involves lipid deposition, intimal inflammation, cell proliferation and apoptosis. It is reported that lncRNA can regulate the "Injury-Response" process by regulating different gene and molecular expression. Here, we provide a mechanistic review of how lncRNA regulate the "Injury-Response", which will provide reference for the future basic research and clinical diagnosis and treatment.

long non-coding RNA  /  Injury-Response  /  atherosclerosis
陈宇恒, 王正龙. 长链非编码RNA在动脉粥样硬化“损伤-应答”中的作用机制研究进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2022 , 47 (6) : 614 -624 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.06.0614
Yu-Heng Chen, Zheng-Long Wang. Research progress on the mechanism of long non-coding RNA in atherosclerotic "Injury-Response"[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2022 , 47 (6) : 614 -624 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.06.0614
动脉粥样硬化(atherosclerosis,AS)的发生发展机制可简要概括为“损伤-应答”学说,即多因素导致血管内皮细胞(vascular endothelia cell,VEC)功能失调,单核-巨噬细胞(Mo-Mφ)及淋巴细胞介导动脉内膜炎症,导致血管平滑肌细胞(vascular smooth muscle cell,VSMC)迁移增殖及泡沫细胞沉积,最终以斑块破裂、钙化或纤维化为结局[1-3]。尽管目前针对AS的治疗策略已明显改善了患者的预后,但长期用药、药物不耐受及用药禁忌等问题的存在,使AS的合理、规范化治疗仍面临一定挑战[4-5]。长链非编码RNA(long non-coding RNA,lncRNA)是一类核酸序列长度大于200 bp的非编码RNA,因其缺乏开放阅读框,不通过编码蛋白调控生物体机能[6],曾被认为是人类基因组中的“噪点”及“暗物质”。随着高通量测序与蛋白组学的发展,人们发现lncRNA可在转录、翻译、翻译后修饰等多个层面影响疾病的发生发展过程[7-10],且目前已有lncRNA参与“损伤-应答”调控流程的相关报道。因此,本文汇总了NEXN-AS1、MANTIS、LeXis、MALAT1等lncRNA调控“损伤-应答”的机制,旨在为进一步明确AS的发病机制、完善AS的诊疗提供参考。
NEXN(nexilin-F-actin-binding-protein)在心肌细胞中作为T管的核心,与Jph2(junctional protein junctophilin 2)、RyR2(type 2 reynoldin receptor)共定位于心肌肌质网,组成膜连接复合体以调控心肌细胞膜的钙电流及胞质内的钙瞬变[11],但在VSMC、VEC、Mo-Mφ细胞中则作为肌丝结合蛋白,并调节细胞的黏附及迁移[12]。近年来研究发现,NEXN在人、鼠等多个物种间高度保守,且与多种心血管疾病存在较强的关联,在小鼠模型中,NEXN已被证实参与了AS、扩张型心肌病的病理生理过程[11,13];一项大规模的多中心随机对照临床试验也提示NEXN参与了部分扩张型心肌病的进展[14];此外,冠心病患者外周血、病灶中NEXN的表达水平也低于健康人[12]
2019年,Hu等[12]报道,NEXN-AS1(NEXN antisense RNA 1)作为NEXN的反义RNA与NEXN共定位于1p31.1。
Hu等[12]通过高脂喂养ApoE–/–小鼠模拟脂代谢紊乱,通过LPS处理VEC/VSMC/Mφ模拟血管内炎症,并基于此探讨NEXN-AS1对动脉粥样硬化“损伤-应答”的调控机制,发现NEXN-AS1的5'端1~1000 nt序列可与组蛋白的重塑剂——溴基结构域相邻的锌指结构域蛋白1A (bromodomain adjacent to zinc finger domain 1A,BAZ1A)交联,进而使染色质由致密变得疏松,上调NEXN的表达。此外,该研究还发现,作为NEXN-AS1在表观遗传性状调控上的映射,VEC的Toll样受体4/核因子κB(Toll like receptor-4/nucler factor-κB,TLR-4/NF-κB)通路被下调,单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(monocyte chemoattractant protein-1,MCP-1)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(interleukins-6,IL-6)、细胞黏附分子-1(intercellular adhesion molecule 1,ICAM-1)、血管黏附分子-1(vascular adhesion molecule 1,VCAM-1)的表达水平降低,最终,Mo-Mφ的趋化及VSMC的增殖被抑制,炎症反应对VEC的损伤作用减轻。总之,NEXN-AS1的下游效应几乎涉及了“损伤-应答”反应的每一个阶段,详细过程见图1
细胞焦亡(pyroptosis)是有别于细胞凋亡、自噬性死亡的一种程序性死亡方式,以半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶1(caspase-1)、消皮素D(gasdermin D,GSDMD)、NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3(NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3,NLRP3)、白细胞介素-1β(interleukin 1β,IL-1β)作为分子标志[15],几乎涉及“损伤-应答”的各个环节:VEC焦亡促进了Mo-Mφ在血管内膜的募集,巨噬细胞焦亡加速了AS坏死核心的形成[16],VSMC焦亡则削弱了斑块纤维帽的厚度,可促进不稳定斑块的形成[17]
Wu等[18]使用不同浓度的阿托伐他汀处理VEC,发现NEXN-AS1/NEXN的表达呈剂量依赖方式增加,而细胞焦亡的标志分子caspase-1、GSDMD、NLRP3、IL-1β等则被抑制,NEXN-AS1/NEXN被沉默后,阿托伐他汀的抗焦亡效应消失,提示他汀的内皮保护作用与lncRNA相关,为lncRNA作为AS的干预靶点提供了证据。
有研究采用基因微阵列分析正常及AS病变的主动脉组织,结果发现NEXN-AS1/NEXN在粥样斑块中的表达水平与病变程度呈负相关[12]。此外,人VEC NEXN-AS1/NEXN沉默后,caspase-1、GSDMD、NLRP3、IL-1β的表达明显增高,且小鼠体内NEXN-AS1被沉默后,可明显加速AS的进展[18]。就机制来说,NEXN-AS1广泛参与了血管内炎症及细胞焦亡的调控(图1),就表观性状来说,NEXN-AS1所调控的NEXN涉及AS在内的多种心血管疾病,提示NEXN-AS1或可成为治疗疑难心血管疾病的新靶点。
2017年,Leisegang等[19]报道了lncRNA MANTIS,其基因位于2p13.3,为Anxa4的反义内含子,在人与小鼠间高度保守,与VEC的增殖、分化密切相关。MANTIS受H3K4赖氨酸特异性去甲基化酶5(JARID1B)、肌肉细胞特异性增强因子2A(myocte specific-enhancer factor-2A,MEF2A)的负向调控及Krüppel样转录因子2(KLF2)/KLF4、他汀类药物的正向调控,广泛表达于各种内皮细胞[19-20];此外,在食蟹猴的斑块消退期可检测到MANTIS的高表达,而在人颈动脉粥样斑块内MANTIS则呈低表达[19]
目前认为,性别决定区Y框蛋白18(sex determining region Y-box 18,SOX18)、Smad同源物6(SMAD6)、鸡卵清蛋白上游启动子转录因子Ⅱ(chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor Ⅱ,COUP-TF Ⅱ)在VEC的生长、分化过程中起着至关重要的作用[21-23]。当敲除MANTIS后,SOX18、SMAD6、COUP-TF Ⅱ的表达下调,VEC的出芽、增殖、迁移能力受阻;此外,MANTIS不仅促进了SOX18、SMAD6、COUP-TF Ⅱ的表达,还促进了三者间的功能整合[19]
MANTIS的外显子3为一段含Alu元件的序列,对SOX18、SMAD6、COUP-TF Ⅱ的功能整合及稳定染色质重构复合物核心催化亚基(brahma related gene-1,BRG-1)/BAF155复合物至关重要:在球体生长试验中,敲除VEC的MANTIS后,单纯过表达SOX18SMAD6COUP-TFⅡ不能使内皮的发芽正常化,而过表达Alu元件则可抵消MANTIS敲除的效应,提示MANTIS的生物学功能依赖于其含Alu元件的序列[19]。此外,MANTIS的Alu元件还可通过抑制ICAM-1的表达来抑制Mo-Mφ在血管内膜的黏附、激活,提示其或可抑制由各种“损伤”引起的Mo-Mφ“应答”[20]
SWI/SNF复合物(SWItch/sucrose nonfermentable complex)是广泛存在于哺乳动物细胞核中的ATP依赖的染色质重塑剂,依托乙酰化组蛋白H3K27定位于染色质[24];目前认为SWI/SNF复合物以BAF47/155/170(SWI/SNF complex 47/155/170 kD subunit)、BRG-1为分子核心[25],通过BRG-1提供ATP酶活性,以滑动、消除组蛋白的方式创建DNA区域,实现基因表达的调控[24,26]
LncRNA MANTIS可稳定BRG-1/BAF155复合物,促进SWI/SNF复合物介导的染色质重塑,通过提高RNA聚合酶Ⅱ的转录活性来提高SOX18、SMAD6、COUP-TF Ⅱ的表达水平,促进VEC的增殖分化及功能整合[19](图2)。
尽管目前尚无lncRNA MANTIS直接参与AS发生发展的报道,但作为抗AS基石之一的他汀类药物可通过增强MANTIS启动子活性、诱导KLF2/KLF4、抑制MEF2A等多种途径调控MANTIS的表达[20],且在MANTIS敲除的内皮细胞中,阿托伐他汀的促血管再生、调控血栓调节蛋白转录谱、增加端粒酶活性等抗AS效应均被抑制,提示lncRNA MANTIS或可抑制AS进展,并成为抗AS治疗的潜在靶点[20]
LncRNA LeXis(liver-expressed LXR-induced sequence)又名CT70,基因定位于9p31.1,由Sallam等[27]于2017年在探究肝X受体(liver X receptor,LXR)、固醇调节元件结合蛋白(sterol regulatory element-binding protein,SREBP)调控胆固醇代谢的过程中发现并报道,命名为LeXis,其在人与小鼠间均高度保守。
SREBP本身作为调控胆固醇生物合成的重要分子,在机体固醇含量丰富时被抑制,反馈性下调胆固醇的生物合成途径[28-29]。LeXis通过促进胆固醇流出肝脏,并抑制胆固醇生物合成的方式调控胆固醇稳态,而LeXis的调脂效应不同于他汀、前蛋白转化酶枯草素/Kexin9(proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9,PCSK9)抑制剂的药理作用,不影响肝功能,无内质网应激,也无需低密度脂蛋白受体(LDL-R)的参与,提示LeXis可能干预脂代谢紊乱所引起的“损伤”,进而抑制下游的“应答”[4,27]
Sallam等[27]于小鼠肝细胞过表达LeXis后,提取核蛋白行质谱分析时发现了含RNA结合结构域、亮氨酸拉链结构域的核糖核蛋白RALY,其本身是小鼠肝脏胆固醇生物合成基因的转录辅助因子(transcriptional cofactor)激活剂,而LeXis正是通过与RALY交联,减少RNA聚合酶Ⅱ在Srebp2等靶基因启动子上的起始转录,进而降低SREBP2、3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶A(HMG-CoA)还原酶、法尼基二磷酸法尼基转移酶1(FDFT1)的表达,最终使胆固醇的生物合成明显减少(图3)。
家族性高胆固醇血症(familial hypercholesterolemia,FH)是以血浆低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)明显升高为特征的一种常染色体遗传病,多数FH患者因涉及LdlrApob的突变,即使高强度他汀、PCSK-9抑制剂治疗也无法控制LDL-C达到指南的推荐目标[4,30-31]
Tontonoz等[31]将含LeXis的AAV-8质粒转染入LDL-R–/–FH小鼠,发现LeXis处理后的小鼠总胆固醇及三酰甘油水平明显降低,且AS病变程度明显减轻(图3),提示LeXis可用于治疗FH等难治性高脂血症,强化AS或冠心病的各级预防,改善此类患者的预后,也再次为lncRNA可作为治疗靶点提供了证据。
肺腺癌转移相关转录本1(metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1,MALAT1)基因位于11q13.1,序列长8 kb,在人与小鼠间高度保守。初始MALAT1在其多聚腺苷酸上游可形成类似tRNA的三叶草结构,由RNA酶P (RNase P)识别、剪切形成两个转录本,其中的5'端侧即为7000 nt的成熟MALAT1,而3'端侧经RNase Z、CCA添加酶修饰后进入胞质,形成MALAT1-associated small cytoplasmic RNA(mascRNA)[32](图4)。
MALAT1通过与巨噬细胞、树突状细胞(dendrite cell,DC)中的NF-κB结合而沉默NF-κB,调节巨噬细胞与DC的天然免疫应答,调控血管内膜炎症[33]。T细胞在粥样斑块中占白细胞的25%~38%[34],提示T细胞在“损伤-应答”调控中占有重要地位,而MALAT1可通过抑制DC胞内的NF-κB与CD80启动子结合,下调DC膜表面CD80的表达[35],从而削弱初始T细胞的激活,进一步减弱各种“损伤”因素引起的Mo-Mφ、DC-T细胞“应答”。
MALAT1的另一部分抗炎机制依赖于mascRNA:在MALAT1+/–骨髓源性巨噬细胞株(bone marrow macrophage,BMDM)的趋化、促炎症因子(TNF、NOS2、CCL2、CCL7)水平明显高于野生型BMDM的基础上,利用锁核酸修饰的反义寡核苷酸(lock nucleic acid modified antisense oligonucleotides,LNA-ASO)选择性耗竭MAL AT1+/+BMDMs的mascRNA后,其TNF、IL-6的表达水平可更进一步升高,提示mascRNA也参与了免疫炎症的调控,但目前尚缺乏其机制的研究报道[36]
MALAT1还可通过miR-503的分子海绵效应发挥对“损伤-应答”的负调控作用:Cremer等[37]、Yan等[38]分析了MALAT1+/–小鼠与野生型小鼠的差异性microRNA,发现包括miR-503在内的多种microRNA在转录水平不变的背景下含量增加,而抗miR-503可显著降低TNF-α介导的VEC表型转换,模拟MALAT1的内皮保护效应。
Gast等[36]发现,即使在正常饮食喂养下,MALAT1+/–ApoE–/–小鼠的AS进展也快于ApeE–/–小鼠。Cremer等[37]对MALAT1+/+ApoE–/–小鼠行MALAT1–/–ApoE–/–骨髓移植,发现可解除MALAT1的AS保护效应,粥样斑块也更趋向发展为不稳定斑块。有临床研究也发现粥样斑块内的总MALAT1水平或与患者心脑血管事件的发生率呈负相关,提示MALAT1可抑制AS的进展[36-37]
MeXis (macrophage-expressed LXR-induced sequence)由Sallam等[39]于2018年报道,在人与小鼠间高度保守,可被LXR激活,通过DDX17-ABCA1轴进行调脂,抑制脂代谢紊乱引起的“损伤”,进而抑制下游的“应答”。
MeXis可协助DDX17(一种核受体辅助因子)与LXR在Abca1启动子上结合,激活ATP结合盒转运元件A1(ATP binding cassette transporter A1,ABCA1)的表达,而ABCA1则通过促进游离胆固醇流向Apo A-1,加速HDL-C的生成,促进巨噬细胞内的脂质流出[40]
在动物模型中,MeXis–/– LDL-R–/–小鼠无论是AS进展还是易损斑块的发生率均高于LDL-R–/–小鼠,且一项基于1000个基因组的冠脉疾病全基因组关联meta分析结果发现,人MeXis单核苷酸多态性与冠心病存在明显相关性,提示MeXis可抑制AS的进展[41]
氧化应激可致DNA损伤,加速VEC的功能障碍,继而促进“损伤-应答”[42],小核仁宿主基因-12(small nucleolar host gene-12,SNHG-12)在进化上较为保守,可通过DNA依赖性蛋白激酶(DNA-dependent protein kinase,DNA-PK)/DNA-PKcs-Ku70/Ku80途径,辅助VEC的DNA损伤修复[43]
大多数哺乳动物以非同源末端连接(nonhomologous end-joining,NHEJ)的方式修复DNA双链断裂:通过Ku70/Ku80异二聚体快速识别断裂的DNA末端并保护其免受核酸酶水解,随后DNA-PK的催化亚基(DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit,DNA-PKcs)提供激酶活性,磷酸化大量与之重叠的底物,促进有效而准确的DNA修复,通过抑制“损伤”的进展,继而抑制下游的“应答”[44-46]
LncRNA SNHG-12可与DNA-PK交联,促进DNA-PK/DNA-PKcs与Ku70/Ku80的相互作用,提高NHEJ的效率,抑制氧化应激,而敲除SNHG-12可加速VEC的衰老,促进AS进展[43]
巨噬细胞相关动脉粥样硬化基因序列(macrophage-associated atherosclerosis lncRNA sequence,MARRS)由Simion等[47]于2020年报道,可通过调节HuR(一种RNA结合蛋白,可结合凋亡相关基因的mRNA,抑制细胞凋亡)而加速巨噬细胞的凋亡,抑制斑块内的胞葬作用,促进“损伤-应答”的进展。
胞葬作用是细胞在发生进一步坏死之前清除凋亡细胞的过程[48]。在斑块早期,VSMC及巨噬细胞的凋亡可被胞葬作用清除,但随着AS进展,巨噬细胞凋亡的累积使胞葬作用不足以维持正常的血管内膜结构;最终,斑块内坏死不断加重,斑块性质转变为易损斑块[49]
LncRNA MARRS可通过沉默HuR,促进p53、p27、caspase-8和caspase-9表达,增加巨噬细胞的凋亡,从而削弱巨噬细胞的胞葬作用,加速AS的进展[47]
LncRNA VINAS (Vascular INflammation and Atherosclerosis lncRNA Sequence)与人DEPDC4(DEP domain containing 4)同源,在VEC/VSMC/Mo-Mφ中均有表达,但主要表达于VEC[50],可通过NF-κB和MAPK通路调节血管内炎症,敲低VINAS可减少VEC/VSMC/Mo-Mφ源的MCP-1、TNF-α、IL-1β水平,抑制AS的进展,且人DEPDC4的敲低也可复制VINAS的抗炎效应。
LncRNA MEG3(maternally expressed gene 3)在人、鼠间保守,并表达于多种组织[51];MEG3可充当miR-223(一种重要的抗炎miRNA[52])的分子海绵,以增加NLRP3、凋亡相关斑点样蛋白(apoptosis-associated speck- like protein containing a CARD,ASC)、cleaved caspase-1及GSDMD的表达,促进VEC的焦亡并加速AS进展[53],而具有抗AS效应的褪黑素则可阻断MEG3/miR-223/NLRP3轴以缓解MEG引起的VEC焦亡,提示lncRNA MEG3或可作为AS的干预靶点[53]
KCNQ1重叠转录本1(kcnq1 overlapping transcript 1,Kcnq1ot1)是Kcnq1基因座上的一种印记反义lncRNA[54],在人与小鼠间保守[55]。lncRNA kcnq1qt1通过竞争性结合miR-452-3p以增强组蛋白去乙酰化酶3(histone deacetylase 3,HDAC3)的表达,进而减少ABCA1的表达,使巨噬细胞的胆固醇流出受抑制,最终加重脂代谢紊乱;kcnq1qt1敲除则可抑制人单核细胞白血病细胞系(human monocytic leukemia cell line,THP1)源巨噬细胞的脂质积聚,并明显减缓ApoE–/–小鼠的AS进展[54]
DNA损伤激活的非编码RNA(non-coding RNA activated by DNA damage,NORAD)是一种在哺乳动物高度保守,并参与调节基因组稳定性的lncRNA[56],可通过抑制NF-κB、p53-p21及IL-8来调控细胞周期、血管内炎症,并发挥VEC的保护效应[57]NORAD敲除后,ox-LDL诱导的活性氧、NF-κB及其下游的ICAM、VCAM、IL-8增加,加速了ApoE–/–小鼠的AS进展[57]
LncRNA PEBP1P2是VSMC表型转化的调节因子,不仅可直接与细胞周期依赖的蛋白激酶9(cyclin-dependent kinase 9,CDK9)结合,下调p38-MAPK通路的c-Jun、p38磷酸化水平以拮抗AS进展,还可抑制血小板衍生生长因子BB(PDGF-BB)诱导的VSMC表型转换[58]。基于PEBP1P2可直接结合CDK9而抑制VSMC增殖、迁移的特性,提示其可能成为晚期AS的治疗靶点。
LncRNA-FA2H-2的抗AS效应主要依赖于混合谱系激酶结构域样蛋白(mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein,MLKL),后者可引起哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase,mTOR)/蛋白激酶B(protein kinase B)依赖的VEC/VSMC自噬缺陷,促进MCP-1、VCAM-1、IL-6的表达[59],而lncRNA-FA2H-2的–750~387序列可与MLKL的启动子区域结合,通过下调MLKL的表达而缓解自噬缺陷及炎症反应,减缓“损伤-应答”的进展[59]。其余参与“损伤-应答”调控的lncRNA见表1
NEXN-AS1、MANTIS、LeXis、MALAT1等lncRNA高度保守,具备强大的表观遗传调控能力,并参与调控“损伤-应答”中的脂质沉积、血管内膜炎症、细胞增殖与凋亡等过程,因此,lncRNA可能成为AS新的诊疗靶点。但目前仍存在一些争议,如肿瘤相关lncRNA用于治疗是否会增高肿瘤发病率,lncRNA促进VEC增殖是否会加速支架置入术后的支架内再狭窄,以及lncRNA是否可改善AS的远期预后等。希望心血管领域的科研人员更加重视lncRNA的地位,早日解决上述问题,以实现lncRNA的临床应用,改变目前AS诊疗的窘境,最终使AS患者获益。
  • 国家自然科学基金(81760072)
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2022年第47卷第6期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.06.0614
  • 接收时间:2021-08-11
  • 首发时间:2025-12-17
  • 出版时间:2022-06-28
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  • 收稿日期:2021-08-11
  • 录用日期:2021-10-12
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National Natural Science Foundation of China(81760072)
国家自然科学基金(81760072)
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    遵义医科大学附属医院心血管内科,贵州遵义 563000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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