Article(id=1207751285789528625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1207751280789921836, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.07.0647, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1637164800000, receivedDateStr=2021-11-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1640102400000, acceptedDateStr=2021-12-22, onlineDate=1765879945466, onlineDateStr=2025-12-16, pubDate=1658937600000, pubDateStr=2022-07-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765879945466, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765879945466, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765879945466, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1207751280789921836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2022', volume='47', issue='7', pageStart='639', pageEnd='744', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765879944274, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765879944274, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=647, endPage=652, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1207751286187987522, articleId=1207751285789528625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Interpretation of the UK
Guidelines for the management of glucocorticoids during the peri-operative period for patients with adrenal insufficiency, columnId=1207751281691697198, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Special Issue on Adrenal Gland Diseases, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Surgical injury is a major stressor, because patients with adrenal insufficiency are unable to secrete enough cortisol during perisurgery, such as giving only physiological alternative doses of glucocorticoids can induce adrenal crisis, life-threatening.Based on this, in February 2020, the Association of Anaesthetists, the Royal College of Physicians and the Society for Endocrinology UK published the Guidelines for the management of glucocorticoids during the peri-operative period for patients with adrenal insufficiency.In order to better understand and learn from the guide and promote the standardization of perioperative glucocorticoid replacement therapy in patients with adrenal insufficiency in China, this paper explains the epidemiology of glucocorticoid, adrenal cortex and adrenal crisis and perioperative glucocorticoid supplementation from the main content of the guide.
, correspAuthors=Kang Chen, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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外科手术是重大的应激源,由于肾上腺皮质功能减退患者在围手术期无法分泌足够的皮质醇,如仅给予生理替代剂量的糖皮质激素可诱发肾上腺危象,危及生命。基于此,英国麻醉医师协会联合英国皇家医师学会、英国内分泌学会,于2020年2月共同发布了《肾上腺皮质功能减退患者围手术期糖皮质激素管理指南》。为更好地理解并借鉴该指南,促进我国肾上腺皮质功能减退患者围手术期糖皮质激素替代治疗的规范化,本文从糖皮激素的生理学及药理学、肾上腺皮质功能减退的流行病学、肾上腺皮质功能减退与肾上腺危象、围手术期糖皮质激素的补充等5个方面对该指南的主要内容进行解读。
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1Department of Endocrinology, the Frist Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1207751286808744564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751285789528625, companyId=1207751286770995825, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1解放军总医院第一医学中心内分泌科,北京 100853)]), AuthorCompany(id=1207751286947156605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751285789528625, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1207751286955545215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751285789528625, companyId=1207751286947156605, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2Department of Endocrinology, Jixi Jikuang Hospital, Jixi, Heilongjiang 158100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1207751286959739520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751285789528625, companyId=1207751286947156605, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2鸡西鸡矿医院内分泌科,黑龙江鸡西 158100)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1207751288725541644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751285789528625, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=
Comparison of the pharmacological properties of commonly used glucocorticoids
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| 药物类别 | 药物名称 | 等效剂量(mg) | 糖皮质激素活性 | 盐皮质激素活性 | 抗炎强度 | 作用持续时间(h) | 对HPA轴的抑制强度 | 对HPA轴的抑制时间(d) |
|---|
| 短效 | 氢化可的松 | 20 | 1.0 | 2 | 1.0 | 8~12 | 1 | 1.25~1.50 |
| 可的松 | 25 | 0.8 | 2 | 0.8 | 8~12 | 4 | 1.25~1.50 |
| 中效 | 泼尼松 | 5 | 4.0 | 1 | 3.5 | 12~36 | 4 | 1.25-1.50 |
| 泼尼松龙 | 5 | 4.0 | 1 | 4.0 | 12~36 | 4 | 1.25~1.50 |
| 甲泼尼松龙 | 4 | 5.0 | 0 | 5.0 | 12~36 | 4 | 1.25~1.50 |
| 曲安西龙 | 4 | 5.0 | 0 | 5.0 | 12-36 | 4 | 2.25 |
| 长效 | 倍他米松 | 0.6 | 20.0~30.0 | 0 | 25.0~35.0 | 36~54 | 50 | 3.25 |
| 地塞米松 | 0.75 | 20.0~30.0 | 0 | 20.0~30.0 | 36~54 | 50 | 2.75 |
), ArticleFig(id=1207751288796844819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751285789528625, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
常用糖皮质激素类药物的药理特性比较
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 药物类别 | 药物名称 | 等效剂量(mg) | 糖皮质激素活性 | 盐皮质激素活性 | 抗炎强度 | 作用持续时间(h) | 对HPA轴的抑制强度 | 对HPA轴的抑制时间(d) |
|---|
| 短效 | 氢化可的松 | 20 | 1.0 | 2 | 1.0 | 8~12 | 1 | 1.25~1.50 |
| 可的松 | 25 | 0.8 | 2 | 0.8 | 8~12 | 4 | 1.25~1.50 |
| 中效 | 泼尼松 | 5 | 4.0 | 1 | 3.5 | 12~36 | 4 | 1.25-1.50 |
| 泼尼松龙 | 5 | 4.0 | 1 | 4.0 | 12~36 | 4 | 1.25~1.50 |
| 甲泼尼松龙 | 4 | 5.0 | 0 | 5.0 | 12~36 | 4 | 1.25~1.50 |
| 曲安西龙 | 4 | 5.0 | 0 | 5.0 | 12-36 | 4 | 2.25 |
| 长效 | 倍他米松 | 0.6 | 20.0~30.0 | 0 | 25.0~35.0 | 36~54 | 50 | 3.25 |
| 地塞米松 | 0.75 | 20.0~30.0 | 0 | 20.0~30.0 | 36~54 | 50 | 2.75 |
), ArticleFig(id=1207751288880730905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751285789528625, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=
Recommended doses for intra- and postoperative steroid cover in adults with primary and secondary adrenal insufficiency
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 手术类型 | 术中替代 | 术后替代 |
|---|
| 需要麻醉的手术(全身或局部),包括关节复位、内镜检查、IVF取卵等 | 麻醉诱导时静脉注射氢化可的松100 mg,然后立即开始连续输注氢化可的松200 mg/24 h | 1. 对于无法口服或术后呕吐的患者,给予静脉输注氢化可的松200 mg/24 h(或肌内注射氢化可的松50 mg/6 h);于术后48 h或重大手术后1周内恢复口服双倍日常剂量的氢化可的松 2. 其余患者于24 h内恢复口服双倍日常剂量的氢化可的松 |
| 需要泻药/灌肠剂的肠道手术 | 1. 在临床监测下进行肠道准备,准备期间可静脉输注或注射糖皮质激素; 2. 手术开始后静脉或肌内注射氢化可的松100 mg | 24 h内恢复口服氢化可的松替代,加倍剂量 |
| 阴道分娩 | 分娩开始时静脉注射氢化可的松100 mg,然后立即开始连续输注氢化可的松200 mg/24 h,或肌内注射氢化可的松100 mg,随后肌内注射氢化可的松50 mg/6 h | 恢复口服氢化可的松替代,48 h内剂量加倍 |
| 剖宫产手术 | 同需要麻醉的手术 | |
), ArticleFig(id=1207751288998171425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751285789528625, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
PAI或SAI成人患者围手术期糖皮质激素替代方案
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 手术类型 | 术中替代 | 术后替代 |
|---|
| 需要麻醉的手术(全身或局部),包括关节复位、内镜检查、IVF取卵等 | 麻醉诱导时静脉注射氢化可的松100 mg,然后立即开始连续输注氢化可的松200 mg/24 h | 1. 对于无法口服或术后呕吐的患者,给予静脉输注氢化可的松200 mg/24 h(或肌内注射氢化可的松50 mg/6 h);于术后48 h或重大手术后1周内恢复口服双倍日常剂量的氢化可的松 2. 其余患者于24 h内恢复口服双倍日常剂量的氢化可的松 |
| 需要泻药/灌肠剂的肠道手术 | 1. 在临床监测下进行肠道准备,准备期间可静脉输注或注射糖皮质激素; 2. 手术开始后静脉或肌内注射氢化可的松100 mg | 24 h内恢复口服氢化可的松替代,加倍剂量 |
| 阴道分娩 | 分娩开始时静脉注射氢化可的松100 mg,然后立即开始连续输注氢化可的松200 mg/24 h,或肌内注射氢化可的松100 mg,随后肌内注射氢化可的松50 mg/6 h | 恢复口服氢化可的松替代,48 h内剂量加倍 |
| 剖宫产手术 | 同需要麻醉的手术 | |
), ArticleFig(id=1207751289115611947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751285789528625, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=
Recommended doses for intra- and postoperative steroid cover in adults receiving adrenosuppressive doses of steroids(prednisolone equivalent ≥ 5 mg for 4 weeks or longer)
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 手术类型 | 术中替代 | 术后替代 |
|---|
| 大手术 | 1. 麻醉诱导时静脉注射氢化可的松100 mg,然后立即开始连续输注氢化可的松200 mg/24 h; 2. 如使用地塞米松6~8 mg静脉注射,则可维持24 h | 1. 如无法进食,给予氢化可的松200 mg/24 h静脉输注,或每6 h肌内注射氢化可的松50 mg; 2. 如术后恢复良好,48 h内恢复术前替代剂量,否则口服加倍剂量1周 |
| 体表和中等手术 | 1. 麻醉诱导时静脉注射氢化可的松100 mg,然后立即开始连续输注氢化可的松200 mg/24 h; 2. 如使用地塞米松6~8 mg静脉注射,则可维持24 h | 48 h内口服糖皮质激素剂量加倍,随后可继续常规替代剂量 |
| 需要泻药/灌肠剂的肠镜手术 | 1. 继续常规糖皮质激素剂量,如不能口服,则静脉注射等效剂量; 2. 如担心HPA轴功能减退或AI风险,按原发性肾上腺功能减退治疗 |
| 阴道分娩 | 分娩开始时静脉注射氢化可的松100 mg,然后立即连续输注氢化可的松200 mg/24 h,或者肌内注射氢化可的松100 mg,随后每6 h肌内注射氢化可的松50 mg |
| 剖宫产手术 | 同大手术 | |
), ArticleFig(id=1207751289237246769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751285789528625, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
成人接受肾上腺抑制剂量的糖皮质激素(相当于使用剂量≥5 mg泼尼松,且持续时间≥4周)时术中和术后糖皮质激素替代方案
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 手术类型 | 术中替代 | 术后替代 |
|---|
| 大手术 | 1. 麻醉诱导时静脉注射氢化可的松100 mg,然后立即开始连续输注氢化可的松200 mg/24 h; 2. 如使用地塞米松6~8 mg静脉注射,则可维持24 h | 1. 如无法进食,给予氢化可的松200 mg/24 h静脉输注,或每6 h肌内注射氢化可的松50 mg; 2. 如术后恢复良好,48 h内恢复术前替代剂量,否则口服加倍剂量1周 |
| 体表和中等手术 | 1. 麻醉诱导时静脉注射氢化可的松100 mg,然后立即开始连续输注氢化可的松200 mg/24 h; 2. 如使用地塞米松6~8 mg静脉注射,则可维持24 h | 48 h内口服糖皮质激素剂量加倍,随后可继续常规替代剂量 |
| 需要泻药/灌肠剂的肠镜手术 | 1. 继续常规糖皮质激素剂量,如不能口服,则静脉注射等效剂量; 2. 如担心HPA轴功能减退或AI风险,按原发性肾上腺功能减退治疗 |
| 阴道分娩 | 分娩开始时静脉注射氢化可的松100 mg,然后立即连续输注氢化可的松200 mg/24 h,或者肌内注射氢化可的松100 mg,随后每6 h肌内注射氢化可的松50 mg |
| 剖宫产手术 | 同大手术 | |
), ArticleFig(id=1207751289346298679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751285789528625, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=
Recommended doses for intra- and postoperative steroid cover in children with adrenal insufficiency
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 手术类型 | 术中替代 | 术后替代 |
|---|
| 需麻醉的大手术(全麻或局麻) | 麻醉诱导时静脉或肌内注射氢化可的松2 mg/kg,随后立即连续静脉输注基于体重计算剂量的氢化可的松[<10 kg:25 mg/24 h;11~20 kg:50 mg/24 h;>20 kg:青春期前为100 mg/24 h,青春期为150 mg/24 h] | 1. 氢化可的松2 mg/kg静脉或肌内注射4 h,或基于体重的持续静脉输注[<10 kg:25 mg/24 h;11~20 kg:50 mg/24 h;>20 kg:青春期前为100 mg/24 h,青春期为150 mg/24 h]; 2. 病情稳定后,口服加倍常规剂量氢化可的松,持续48 h,然后在1周内降至正常剂量;建立肠内喂养后,适时加入氟氢可的松 |
| 需全身麻醉的小手术 | 麻醉诱导时静脉或肌内注射氢化可的松2 mg/kg | 肠内喂养建立后,常规氢化可的松剂量加倍,并维持24 h;肠内喂养建立后,适时加入氟氢可的松 |
| 无需全身麻醉的小手术 | 手术日晨给予加倍剂量的氢化可的松 | 常规剂量氢化可的松 |
), ArticleFig(id=1207751289425990463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751285789528625, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
AI患儿围手术期糖皮质激素替代方案
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 手术类型 | 术中替代 | 术后替代 |
|---|
| 需麻醉的大手术(全麻或局麻) | 麻醉诱导时静脉或肌内注射氢化可的松2 mg/kg,随后立即连续静脉输注基于体重计算剂量的氢化可的松[<10 kg:25 mg/24 h;11~20 kg:50 mg/24 h;>20 kg:青春期前为100 mg/24 h,青春期为150 mg/24 h] | 1. 氢化可的松2 mg/kg静脉或肌内注射4 h,或基于体重的持续静脉输注[<10 kg:25 mg/24 h;11~20 kg:50 mg/24 h;>20 kg:青春期前为100 mg/24 h,青春期为150 mg/24 h]; 2. 病情稳定后,口服加倍常规剂量氢化可的松,持续48 h,然后在1周内降至正常剂量;建立肠内喂养后,适时加入氟氢可的松 |
| 需全身麻醉的小手术 | 麻醉诱导时静脉或肌内注射氢化可的松2 mg/kg | 肠内喂养建立后,常规氢化可的松剂量加倍,并维持24 h;肠内喂养建立后,适时加入氟氢可的松 |
| 无需全身麻醉的小手术 | 手术日晨给予加倍剂量的氢化可的松 | 常规剂量氢化可的松 |
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