Article(id=1207751282048213045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1207751280789921836, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.07.0639, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1648483200000, receivedDateStr=2022-03-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1651766400000, acceptedDateStr=2022-05-06, onlineDate=1765879944574, onlineDateStr=2025-12-16, pubDate=1658937600000, pubDateStr=2022-07-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765879944574, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765879944574, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765879944574, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1207751280789921836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2022', volume='47', issue='7', pageStart='639', pageEnd='744', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765879944274, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765879944274, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=639, endPage=646, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1207751282387951673, articleId=1207751282048213045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Expert consensus on terminating status epilepticus seizures, columnId=1190310109461971339, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Guideline and Consensus, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Status epilepticus is one of the critical illnesses involving multiple clinical disciplines. Although treatment is comprehensive, rapid termination of status epilepticus episodes is critical. The purpose of this article is to provide an actionable approach to rapidly terminating status epilepticus episodes by organizing multidisciplinary experts to improve patient outcomes.In the consensus, the experts put forward the purpose of the consensus, the scope of adaptation, the method and clinical practice of rapid termination of status epilepticus, and discuss several issues that need to be paid attention to in the treatment of status epilepticus, hoping to provide clinicians with an alternative when faced with status epilepticus.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
Wang Xue-Feng, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Drug Therapy Committee of Chinese Antiepileptic Association), CN=ArticleExt(id=1207751282752856139, articleId=1207751282048213045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=CN, title=终止癫痫持续状态发作的专家共识, columnId=1190310109688463760, journalTitle=解放军医学杂志, columnName=指南与共识, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

癫痫持续状态是涉及临床多个学科的急危重症之一,尽管其治疗是综合性的,但快速终止癫痫持续状态的发作是治疗的关键。为此,中国抗癫痫协会药物治疗专业委员会组织多学科专家共同制定了《终止癫痫持续状态发作的专家共识》,以期为快速终止癫痫持续状态的发作提供一种可操作的方法,从而改善患者预后。此共识包括共识制定的目的、适用范围、快速终止癫痫持续状态发作的方法及临床实践等,并对癫痫持续状态治疗中需要关注的问题进行探讨,旨在为临床医务人员面对癫痫持续状态时提供可选择的方案。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
王学峰,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=CjNQuaLe4GTfO2nqM9kPMA==, magXml=1aYQ//xyjv8UmZPDXMon9w==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=NE0iafMXNTF6HZ3JfPgT7g==, pdfFileSize=1076683, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=U9fE44GAmP+T3AEtdOzJwA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=中国抗癫痫协会药物治疗专业委员会)}, authors=[Author(id=1207751283050651739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751282048213045, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=2, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1207751283134537822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751282048213045, authorId=1207751283050651739, language=EN, stringName=Drug Therapy Committee of Chinese Antiepileptic Association, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=null, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1207751283256172645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751282048213045, authorId=1207751283050651739, language=CN, stringName=中国抗癫痫协会药物治疗专业委员会, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=null, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=null)], keywords=[Keyword(id=1207751283382001771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751282048213045, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=status epilepticus), Keyword(id=1207751283503636595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751282048213045, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=standard), Keyword(id=1207751283595911289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751282048213045, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=guideline), Keyword(id=1207751283658825856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751282048213045, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=癫痫持续状态), Keyword(id=1207751283725934724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751282048213045, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=标准), Keyword(id=1207751283814015114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751282048213045, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=指南)], refs=[Reference(id=1207751284250222747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751282048213045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=56, issue=10, pageStart=1515, pageEnd=1523, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=Trinka E, Cock H, Hesdorffer D, journalName=Epilepsia, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Trinka E, Cock H, Hesdorffer D, et al. A definition and classification of status epilepticus: report of the ILAE Task Force on Classification of Status Epilepticus[J]. Epilepsia, 2015, 56(10): 1515-1523., articleTitle=A definition and classification of status epilepticus: report of the ILAE Task Force on Classification of Status Epilepticus, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207751284430577822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751282048213045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=Wang XF, Li SC, journalName=Refractory status epilepticus: diagnosis and treatment, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang XF, Li SC. Refractory status epilepticus: diagnosis and treatment[M]. Singapore: Springer, 2017., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207751284506075299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751282048213045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=57, issue=3, pageStart=239, pageEnd=253, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=2, authorNames=Samanta D, Garrity L, Arya R, journalName=Indian Pediatr, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Samanta D, Garrity L, Arya R. Refractory and super-refractory status epilepticus[J]. Indian Pediatr, 2020, 57(3): 239-253., articleTitle=Refractory and super-refractory status epilepticus, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207751284577378472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751282048213045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=118, issue=null, pageStart=107887, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=3, authorNames=Dono F, Nucera B, Lanzone J, journalName=Epilepsy Behav, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Dono F, Nucera B, Lanzone J, et al. Status epilepticus and COVID-19: a systematic review[J]. Epilepsy Behav, 2021, 118: 107887., articleTitle=Status epilepticus and COVID-19: a systematic review, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207751284640293037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751282048213045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=62, issue=8, pageStart=897, pageEnd=905, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=4, authorNames=Specchio N, Pietrafusa N, journalName=Dev Med Child Neurol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Specchio N, Pietrafusa N. New-onset refractory status epilepticus and febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome[J]. Dev Med Child Neurol, 2020, 62(8): 897-905., articleTitle=New-onset refractory status epilepticus and febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207751284745150642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751282048213045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=15, issue=7, pageStart=733, pageEnd=740, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=5, authorNames=Shangguan YF, Liao H, Wang XF, journalName=Expert Rev Neurother, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Shangguan YF, Liao H, Wang XF. Clonazepam in the treatment of status epilepticus[J]. Expert Rev Neurother, 2015, 15(7): 733-740., articleTitle=Clonazepam in the treatment of status epilepticus, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207751284829036727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751282048213045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=65, issue=3, pageStart=219, pageEnd=224, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=6, authorNames=Debruyne D, Pailliet-Loilier M, Lelong-Boulouard V, journalName=Therapie, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Debruyne D, Pailliet-Loilier M, Lelong-Boulouard V, et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring of clonazepam[J]. Therapie, 2010, 65(3): 219-224., articleTitle=Therapeutic drug monitoring of clonazepam, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207751284917117116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751282048213045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=28, issue=1, pageStart=29, pageEnd=43, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=7, authorNames=Rundfeldt C, Löscher W, journalName=CNS Drugs, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Rundfeldt C, Löscher W. The pharmacology of imepitoin: the first partial benzodiazepine receptor agonist developed for the treatment of epilepsy[J]. CNS Drugs, 2014, 28(1): 29-43., articleTitle=The pharmacology of imepitoin: the first partial benzodiazepine receptor agonist developed for the treatment of epilepsy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207751285021974723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751282048213045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=19, issue=5, pageStart=584, pageEnd=590, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=8, authorNames=Kravljanac R, Djuric M, Jankovic B, journalName=Eur J Paediatr Neurol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kravljanac R, Djuric M, Jankovic B, et al. Etiology, clinical course and response to the treatment of status epilepticus in children: a 16-year single-center experience based on 602 episodes of status epilepticus[J]. Eur J Paediatr Neurol, 2015, 19(5): 584-590., articleTitle=Etiology, clinical course and response to the treatment of status epilepticus in children: a 16-year single-center experience based on 602 episodes of status epilepticus, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207751285084889289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751282048213045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=17, issue=1, pageStart=3, pageEnd=23, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=9, authorNames=Brophy GM, Bell R, Claassen J, journalName=Neurocrit Care, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Brophy GM, Bell R, Claassen J, et al. Guidelines for the evaluation and management of status epilepticus[J]. Neurocrit Care, 2012, 17(1): 3-23., articleTitle=Guidelines for the evaluation and management of status epilepticus, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207751285181358290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751282048213045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=17, issue=4, pageStart=444, pageEnd=452, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=10, authorNames=Byun JI, Chu K, Sunwoo JS, journalName=Epileptic Disord, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Byun JI, Chu K, Sunwoo JS, et al. Mega-dose phenobarbital therapy for super-refractory status epilepticus[J]. Epileptic Disord, 2015, 17(4):444-452., articleTitle=Mega-dose phenobarbital therapy for super-refractory status epilepticus, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207751285302993119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751282048213045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=23, issue=3, pageStart=167, pageEnd=174, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=11, authorNames=Yasiry Z, Shorvon SD, journalName=Seizure, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yasiry Z, Shorvon SD. The relative effectiveness of five antiepileptic drugs in treatment of benzodiazepine-resistant convulsive status epilepticus: a meta-analysis of published studies[J]. Seizure, 2014, 23(3): 167-174., articleTitle=The relative effectiveness of five antiepileptic drugs in treatment of benzodiazepine-resistant convulsive status epilepticus: a meta-analysis of published studies, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207751285416239333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751282048213045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=15, issue=10, pageStart=1113, pageEnd=1121, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=12, authorNames=Zheng FS, Du C, Wang XF, journalName=Expert Rev Neurother, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zheng FS, Du C, Wang XF. Levetiracetam for the treatment of status epilepticus[J]. Expert Rev Neurother, 2015, 15(10): 1113-1121., articleTitle=Levetiracetam for the treatment of status epilepticus, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207751285521096939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751282048213045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=13, issue=null, pageStart=2321, pageEnd=2326, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=13, authorNames=Wang MJ, Jiang L, Tang XJ, journalName=Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang MJ, Jiang L, Tang XJ. Levetiracetam is associated with decrease in subclinical epileptiform discharges and improved cognitive functions in pediatric patients with autism spectrum disorder[J]. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat, 2017, 13: 2321-2326., articleTitle=Levetiracetam is associated with decrease in subclinical epileptiform discharges and improved cognitive functions in pediatric patients with autism spectrum disorder, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207751285613371630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751282048213045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=71, issue=2(B), pageStart=640, pageEnd=644, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=14, authorNames=Kazmi A, Abbas G, Khurshid A, journalName=J Pak Med Assoc, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kazmi A, Abbas G, Khurshid A, et al. A comparison of intravenous midazolam and diazepam in management of status epilepticus in children[J]. J Pak Med Assoc, 2021, 71(2(B)): 640-644., articleTitle=A comparison of intravenous midazolam and diazepam in management of status epilepticus in children, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207751285697257715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751282048213045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=10, issue=10, pageStart=922, pageEnd=930, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=15, authorNames=Rossetti AO, Lowenstein DH, journalName=Lancet Neurol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Rossetti AO, Lowenstein DH. Management of refractory status epilepticus in adults: still more questions than answers[J]. Lancet Neurol, 2011, 10(10): 922-930., articleTitle=Management of refractory status epilepticus in adults: still more questions than answers, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207751285797921018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751282048213045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=18, issue=2, pageStart=193, pageEnd=200, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=16, authorNames=Riviello JJ Jr, Claassen J, LaRoche SM, journalName=Neurocrit Care, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Riviello JJ Jr, Claassen J, LaRoche SM, et al. Treatment of status epilepticus: an international survey of experts[J]. Neurocrit Care, 2013, 18(2): 193-200., articleTitle=Treatment of status epilepticus: an international survey of experts, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207751285902778624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751282048213045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=30, issue=null, pageStart=14, pageEnd=20, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=17, authorNames=Fang Y, Wang X, journalName=Seizure, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Fang Y, Wang X. Ketamine for the treatment of refractory status epilepticus[J]. Seizure, 2015, 30: 14-20., articleTitle=Ketamine for the treatment of refractory status epilepticus, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207751286041190669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751282048213045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=83, issue=8, pageStart=878, pageEnd=887, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=18, authorNames=Orinx C, Legros B, Gaspard N, journalName=Minerva Anestesiol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Orinx C, Legros B, Gaspard N. Recent antiseizure medications in the intensive care unit[J]. Minerva Anestesiol, 2017, 83(8): 878-887., articleTitle=Recent antiseizure medications in the intensive care unit, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207751286137659666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751282048213045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=54, issue=8, pageStart=1498, pageEnd=1503, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=19, authorNames=Gaspard N, Foreman B, Judd LM, journalName=Epilepsia, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Gaspard N, Foreman B, Judd LM, et al. Intravenous ketamine for the treatment of refractory status epilepticus: a retrospective multicenter study[J]. Epilepsia, 2013, 54(8): 1498-1503., articleTitle=Intravenous ketamine for the treatment of refractory status epilepticus: a retrospective multicenter study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207751286238322968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751282048213045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=6, issue=6, pageStart=e011565, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=20, authorNames=Rosati A, Ilvento L, L'Erario M, journalName=BMJ Open, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Rosati A, Ilvento L, L'Erario M, et al. Efficacy of ketamine in refractory convulsive status epilepticus in children: a protocol for a sequential design, multicentre, randomised, controlled, open-label, non-profit trial (KETASER01)[J]. BMJ Open, 2016, 6(6): e011565., articleTitle=Efficacy of ketamine in refractory convulsive status epilepticus in children: a protocol for a sequential design, multicentre, randomised, controlled, open-label, non-profit trial (KETASER01), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207751286330597665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751282048213045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2000, volume=42, issue=2/3, pageStart=117, pageEnd=122, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=21, authorNames=Borris DJ, Bertram EH, Kapur J, journalName=Epilepsy Res, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Borris DJ, Bertram EH, Kapur J. Ketamine controls prolonged status epilepticus[J]. Epilepsy Res, 2000, 42(2/3): 117-122., articleTitle=Ketamine controls prolonged status epilepticus, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207751286427066661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751282048213045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=105, issue=1/2, pageStart=183, pageEnd=188, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=22, authorNames=Synowiec AS, Singh DS, Yenugadhati V, journalName=Epilepsy Res, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Synowiec AS, Singh DS, Yenugadhati V, et al. Ketamine use in the treatment of refractory status epilepticus[J]. Epilepsy Res, 2013, 105(1/2):183-188., articleTitle=Ketamine use in the treatment of refractory status epilepticus, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207751286536118571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751282048213045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=54, issue=Suppl 6, pageStart=78, pageEnd=80, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=23, authorNames=Wasterlain CG, Naylor DE, Liu HT, journalName=Epilepsia, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wasterlain CG, Naylor DE, Liu HT, et al. Trafficking of NMDA receptors during status epilepticus: therapeutic implications[J]. Epilepsia, 2013, 54(Suppl 6): 78-80., articleTitle=Trafficking of NMDA receptors during status epilepticus: therapeutic implications, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207751286653559090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751282048213045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=54, issue=9, pageStart=1586, pageEnd=1594, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=24, authorNames=Guilliams K, Rosen M, Buttram S, journalName=Epilepsia, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Guilliams K, Rosen M, Buttram S, et al. Hypothermia for pediatric refractory status epilepticus[J]. Epilepsia, 2013, 54(9): 1586-1594., articleTitle=Hypothermia for pediatric refractory status epilepticus, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207751286750028089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751282048213045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=47, issue=6, pageStart=448, pageEnd=450, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=25, authorNames=Lin JJ, Lin KL, Hsia SH, journalName=Pediatr Neurol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lin JJ, Lin KL, Hsia SH, et al. Therapeutic hypothermia for febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome in two patients[J]. Pediatr Neurol, 2012, 47(6): 448-450., articleTitle=Therapeutic hypothermia for febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome in two patients, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207751286842302783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751282048213045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2009, volume=10, issue=3, pageStart=355, pageEnd=358, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=26, authorNames=Cereda C, Berger MM, Rossetti AO, journalName=Neurocrit Care, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cereda C, Berger MM, Rossetti AO. Bowel ischemia: a rare complication of thiopental treatment for status epilepticus[J]. Neurocrit Care, 2009, 10(3): 355-358., articleTitle=Bowel ischemia: a rare complication of thiopental treatment for status epilepticus, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207751286993297736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751282048213045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=375, issue=25, pageStart=2457, pageEnd=2467, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=27, authorNames=Legriel S, Lemiale V, Schenck M, journalName=N Engl J Med, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Legriel S, Lemiale V, Schenck M, et al. Hypothermia for neuroprotection in convulsive status epilepticus[J]. N Engl J Med, 2016, 375(25):2457-2467., articleTitle=Hypothermia for neuroprotection in convulsive status epilepticus, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207751287068795211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751282048213045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=135, issue=Pt 8, pageStart=2314, pageEnd=2328, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=28, authorNames=Ferlisi M, Shorvon S, journalName=Brain, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ferlisi M, Shorvon S. The outcome of therapies in refractory and super-refractory convulsive status epilepticus and recommendations for therapy[J]. Brain, 2012, 135(Pt 8): 2314-2328., articleTitle=The outcome of therapies in refractory and super-refractory convulsive status epilepticus and recommendations for therapy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207751287161069908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751282048213045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=29, issue=2, pageStart=136, pageEnd=140, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=29, authorNames=Gazdag G, Dragasek J, Takács R, journalName=Psychiatr Danub, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Gazdag G, Dragasek J, Takács R, et al. Use of electroconvulsive therapy in central-eastern European countries: an overview[J]. Psychiatr Danub, 2017, 29(2): 136-140., articleTitle=Use of electroconvulsive therapy in central-eastern European countries: an overview, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207751287240761690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751282048213045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=17, issue=null, pageStart=605, pageEnd=612, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=30, authorNames=Antosik-Wójcińska AZ, Dominiak M, Mierzejewski P, journalName=Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Antosik-Wójcińska AZ, Dominiak M, Mierzejewski P, et al. Changes in the practice of electroconvulsive therapy in Poland: a nationwide survey comparing data between 2005 and 2020[J]. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat, 2021, 17: 605-612., articleTitle=Changes in the practice of electroconvulsive therapy in Poland: a nationwide survey comparing data between 2005 and 2020, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207751287333036384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751282048213045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=15, issue=2, pageStart=135, pageEnd=144, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=31, authorNames=Yang XY, Wang XF, journalName=Expert Rev Neurother, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yang XY, Wang XF. Potential mechanisms and clinical applications of mild hypothermia and electroconvulsive therapy on refractory status epilepticus[J]. Expert Rev Neurother, 2015, 15(2): 135-144., articleTitle=Potential mechanisms and clinical applications of mild hypothermia and electroconvulsive therapy on refractory status epilepticus, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207751287475642727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751282048213045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=32, authorNames=Wang XF, Li F, Pan SY, journalName=Multi-modal EEG monitoring of severely neurologically ill patients, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang XF, Li F, Pan SY. Multi-modal EEG monitoring of severely neurologically ill patients[M]. Singapore: Springer, 2022., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207751287576306029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751282048213045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2007, volume=23, issue=1, pageStart=30, pageEnd=32, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=33, authorNames=Cline JS, Roos K, journalName=JECT, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cline JS, Roos K. Treatment of status epilepticus with electroconvulsive therapy[J]. JECT, 2007, 23(1): 30-32., articleTitle=Treatment of status epilepticus with electroconvulsive therapy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207751287702135153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751282048213045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=12, issue=2, pageStart=204, pageEnd=210, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=34, authorNames=Kamel H, Cornes SB, Hegde M, journalName=Neurocrit Care, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kamel H, Cornes SB, Hegde M, et al. Electroconvulsive therapy for refractory status epilepticus: a case series[J]. Neurocrit Care, 2010, 12(2):204-210., articleTitle=Electroconvulsive therapy for refractory status epilepticus: a case series, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207751287802798456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751282048213045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=20, issue=5, pageStart=433, pageEnd=436, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=35, authorNames=Shin HW, O'Donovan CA, Boggs JG, journalName=Seizure, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Shin HW, O'Donovan CA, Boggs JG, et al. Successful ECT treatment for medically refractory nonconvulsive status epilepticus in pediatric patient[J]. Seizure, 2011, 20(5): 433-436., articleTitle=Successful ECT treatment for medically refractory nonconvulsive status epilepticus in pediatric patient, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207751287907656066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751282048213045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=28, issue=2, pageStart=136, pageEnd=140, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=36, authorNames=Shah N, Pande N, Bhat T, journalName=JECT, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Shah N, Pande N, Bhat T, et al. Maintenance ECT as a therapeutic approach to medication-refractory epilepsy in an adult with mental retardation: case report and review of literature[J]. JECT, 2012, 28(2): 136-140., articleTitle=Maintenance ECT as a therapeutic approach to medication-refractory epilepsy in an adult with mental retardation: case report and review of literature, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=null, figs=[ArticleFig(id=1207751283923067023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751282048213045, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

The main parameters used in international electroconvulsive therapy of status epilepticus during 2007-2012[32]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
文献脉冲宽度(s)脉冲频率(Hz)刺激时间(s)刺激电荷(mC)电流(mA)
Cline and Roos (2007)[34]1.090不详567800
Kamel et al. (2010)[35]0.5708.0504.6~510.0不详
Shin et al. (2011)[36]0.4~2.037~1203~43不详800
Shah et al. (2012)[37]1.0~1.5100~1801.0~5.990~1434900
), ArticleFig(id=1207751284090839189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751282048213045, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2007-2012年国际电休克治疗SE采用的主要参数[32]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
文献脉冲宽度(s)脉冲频率(Hz)刺激时间(s)刺激电荷(mC)电流(mA)
Cline and Roos (2007)[34]1.090不详567800
Kamel et al. (2010)[35]0.5708.0504.6~510.0不详
Shin et al. (2011)[36]0.4~2.037~1203~43不详800
Shah et al. (2012)[37]1.0~1.5100~1801.0~5.990~1434900
)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1146441329971666965, delFlag=0, nameCn=解放军医学杂志, nameEn=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=0577-7402, eissn=null, cn=11-1056/R, coden=null, periodic=0, language=CN, oaType=是, ccby=CC BY-NC-ND, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=6srot5PcoYX30Oa4xeTmeg==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=null, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=1751262512917, updatedTime=1761735725513, createdBy=18614031015, updatedBy=13701087609, firstLetterCn=M, firstLetterEn=M, subjectCode=Life Sciences, subjectName=Life Sciences, subjectCodeEn=Life Sciences, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=6srot5PcoYX30Oa4xeTmeg==, picEn=ELwBh5xqrSTlIs7HmSNt2Q==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1190369167564968109, language=CN, name=解放军医学杂志, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1761735725537, updatedTime=1761735725537, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=#, submissionEditorUrl=#, submissionReviewUrl=#, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1190369167615299758, language=EN, name=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1761735725549, updatedTime=1761735725549, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=#, submissionEditorUrl=#, submissionReviewUrl=#, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1189873630562394117, websiteList=[Website(id=1189873845923287108, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1189873630562394117, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jfjyxzz/CN, language=CN, createTime=1761617631655, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1761622010471, updateBy=18614031015, name=解放军医学杂志-中文, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=解放军医学杂志, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1189924939378520839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873845923287108, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1761629813284, updateTime=1761629813284, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924939353355012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873845923287108, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1761629813278, updateTime=1761629813278, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924939399492362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873845923287108, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1761629813289, updateTime=1761629813289, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924939344966403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873845923287108, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jfjyxzz/CN/file/pic?fileId=+zXjYVhun8ZOAA6+aKx2hw==, createTime=1761629813276, updateTime=1761629813276, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924939412075276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873845923287108, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1761629813292, updateTime=1761629813292, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924939374326534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873845923287108, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jfjyxzz/CN/file/pic, createTime=1761629813283, updateTime=1761629813283, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924939407880971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873845923287108, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1761629813291, updateTime=1761629813291, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924939361743621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873845923287108, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1761629813280, updateTime=1761629813280, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924939386909448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873845923287108, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1761629813286, updateTime=1761629813286, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924939395298057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873845923287108, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1761629813288, updateTime=1761629813288, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1189873846057504839, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1189873630562394117, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jfjyxzz/EN, language=EN, createTime=1761617631687, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1761622030030, updateBy=18614031015, name=解放军医学杂志-英文, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1189924968168223505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873846057504839, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1761629820148, updateTime=1761629820148, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924968147251982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873846057504839, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1761629820143, updateTime=1761629820143, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924968185000724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873846057504839, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1761629820152, updateTime=1761629820152, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924968138863373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873846057504839, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jfjyxzz/EN/file/pic?fileId=+zXjYVhun8ZOAA6+aKx2hw==, createTime=1761629820141, updateTime=1761629820141, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924968197583638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873846057504839, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1761629820155, updateTime=1761629820155, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924968159834896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873846057504839, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jfjyxzz/EN/file/pic, createTime=1761629820146, updateTime=1761629820146, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924968193389333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873846057504839, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1761629820154, updateTime=1761629820154, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924968155640591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873846057504839, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_en_623/, createTime=1761629820145, updateTime=1761629820145, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924968172417810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873846057504839, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1761629820149, updateTime=1761629820149, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924968180806419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873846057504839, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1761629820151, updateTime=1761629820151, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=解放军医学杂志, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=http://zh.jfjyxzz.org.cn/, iacademicId=null, status=1, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, journalPhotoCn=6srot5PcoYX30Oa4xeTmeg==, journalPhotoEn=ELwBh5xqrSTlIs7HmSNt2Q==, journalFirstLetter=M, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jfjyxzz/CN/10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.07.0639, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jfjyxzz/EN/10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.07.0639, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jfjyxzz/CN/PDF/10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.07.0639, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jfjyxzz/EN/PDF/10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.07.0639, aliStartDate=null, aliEndDate=null, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
终止癫痫持续状态发作的专家共识
收藏切换
PDF下载
中国抗癫痫协会药物治疗专业委员会
解放军医学杂志 | 指南与共识 2022,47(7): 639-646
收起
收藏切换
解放军医学杂志 | 指南与共识 2022, 47(7): 639-646
终止癫痫持续状态发作的专家共识
全屏
中国抗癫痫协会药物治疗专业委员会
作者信息

通讯作者:

王学峰,E-mail:
Expert consensus on terminating status epilepticus seizures
Drug Therapy Committee of Chinese Antiepileptic Association
Affiliations
出版时间: 2022-07-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.07.0639
文章导航
收藏切换

癫痫持续状态是涉及临床多个学科的急危重症之一,尽管其治疗是综合性的,但快速终止癫痫持续状态的发作是治疗的关键。为此,中国抗癫痫协会药物治疗专业委员会组织多学科专家共同制定了《终止癫痫持续状态发作的专家共识》,以期为快速终止癫痫持续状态的发作提供一种可操作的方法,从而改善患者预后。此共识包括共识制定的目的、适用范围、快速终止癫痫持续状态发作的方法及临床实践等,并对癫痫持续状态治疗中需要关注的问题进行探讨,旨在为临床医务人员面对癫痫持续状态时提供可选择的方案。

癫痫持续状态  /  标准  /  指南

Status epilepticus is one of the critical illnesses involving multiple clinical disciplines. Although treatment is comprehensive, rapid termination of status epilepticus episodes is critical. The purpose of this article is to provide an actionable approach to rapidly terminating status epilepticus episodes by organizing multidisciplinary experts to improve patient outcomes.In the consensus, the experts put forward the purpose of the consensus, the scope of adaptation, the method and clinical practice of rapid termination of status epilepticus, and discuss several issues that need to be paid attention to in the treatment of status epilepticus, hoping to provide clinicians with an alternative when faced with status epilepticus.

status epilepticus  /  standard  /  guideline
中国抗癫痫协会药物治疗专业委员会. 终止癫痫持续状态发作的专家共识. 解放军医学杂志, 2022 , 47 (7) : 639 -646 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.07.0639
Drug Therapy Committee of Chinese Antiepileptic Association. Expert consensus on terminating status epilepticus seizures[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2022 , 47 (7) : 639 -646 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.07.0639
癫痫持续状态(status epilepticus,SE)是癫痫学及神经重症医学中最常见的危急重症之一。除意外死亡,大多数癫痫患者的死亡都发生在此期,但给予合理的治疗能改善SE患者的预后。尽管SE的治疗涉及多个方面,但快速终止发作仍是治疗的重点[1-5]
国际抗癫痫联盟总结了能引起SE的164种病因,涉及神经内科、神经外科、精神科、儿科、感染科及重症医学科等方面。随着对SE认识的进步以及多学科临床实践的广泛开展,亟须制定一个可操作的终止SE的共识。为此,中国抗癫痫协会药物治疗专业委员会利用自身多学科的优势,组织神经内科、神经外科、儿科、精神科、感染科及重症医学科的专家,并邀请国际同行参与,共同制定了《终止癫痫持续状态发作的专家共识》,以期为我国诊治SE的临床实践提供一种可操作的方法。
为临床医务人员提供一种可供参考的SE治疗方法选择,本共识不否定其他合理选择的存在。
两次癫痫发作之间意识障碍未恢复到正常或一次发作持续5 min以上(失神发作需超过10~15 min),有意识障碍的局灶性发作一次持续10 min以上可诊断为SE,无意识障碍的局灶性发作的持续时间尚在实践总结中[1-3]
RSE定义为使用足够剂量的抗SE发作药物2~3种(通常为苯二氮䓬类药物后续另一种或两种抗癫痫药物)后仍无法终止发作,且脑电图(EEG)上显示为痫样放电[2, 4]
RSE后使用两种以上的抗SE药物治疗,发作仍然继续或虽有效但停药后复发,称为超级RSE,这种类型的SE往往需要选用特殊的治疗方法来处理[2, 5]
专家小组认为SE是一种与多种并发症有关的急性癫痫发作,发作终止后一般不需要长期治疗,而癫痫是一种慢性脑部疾病,需要长期治疗。所以,当SE发作停止后,如发作前有癫痫者,则需继续给予抗癫痫发作的治疗。
目前能用于抗SE的药物主要有劳拉西泮、地西泮、氯硝西泮、苯巴比妥、丙戊酸、异丙酚、戊巴比妥、氯胺酮或硫喷妥钠、磷苯妥英、左乙拉西坦等新抗癫痫药、苯妥英钠、利多卡因、咪达唑仑及其他类别共14种,需要根据不同的治疗目的选用。
推荐按下列顺序选择治疗方法:
地西泮或劳拉西泮→氯硝西泮→苯巴比妥、丙戊酸、左乙拉西坦→咪达唑仑→异丙酚→氯胺酮→联合用药→生酮饮食→亚低温→电休克治疗[1-5]
地西泮是国内外广泛使用并得到认同的抗癫痫药,其疗效确切且为广大医务人员熟知。近几年,西方发达国家推荐使用劳拉西泮代替地西泮,但目前国内尚无劳拉西泮,所以建议仍以地西泮为首选。
(1)适应证:适用于SE的首次治疗及达不到RSE标准且对苯二氮䓬类药物不耐药且无禁忌证的患者,不主张用于肝性脑病及Lennox-Gastaut综合征中的SE[2]
(2)用药途径:静脉用药,院前急救时也可通过非静脉途径给药,如直肠给药等,但不宜肌内注射。
(3)剂量:成人SE静脉用药时可考虑首剂10~20 mg静脉缓慢推注;如无效,5 min后可再次静脉推注;若有效(癫痫发作停止),则用80~100 mg地西泮加入5%葡萄糖溶液中静脉滴注(12 h);若用药有效,但维持中复发,可再次推注10~20 mg地西泮;若治疗无效,应停药并改用其他推荐药物。
(4)用药注意事项:静脉用药需要缓慢推注,每分钟不超过2 mg,注意对患者呼吸及心血管功能的影响,必要时选用可拉明、洛贝林等呼吸兴奋剂对抗其呼吸抑制作用。
氯硝西泮与地西泮同属苯二氮䓬类药物,作为γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)-A受体激动剂,可结合到GABA-A的α和γ亚基,诱导GABA-A受体构象变化,促使细胞超极化,从而对中枢神经系统起到抑制作用[6]。Debruyne等[7]分析了2000-2009年罗斯特大学神经科收治的118例患者的167次SE发作,发现在终止惊厥性SE中氯硝西泮比地西泮、左乙拉西坦、丙戊酸钠、咪达唑仑等更有效,因而Rundfeldt等[8]建议当婴儿和儿童惊厥性SE持续超过5 min时以氯硝西泮作为初始治疗的首选。
(1)适应证:氯硝西泮的作用强度是地西泮的10倍。尽管有学者主张将氯硝西泮作为SE的首选[6],但考虑到广泛的认同度以及临床使用经验还需要积累,目前仍主张将其作为在地西泮治疗失败后的次要选择[6]
(2)用药途径:静脉用药。
(3)剂量:成人SE可考虑1~2 mg静脉缓慢推注,若10~15 min无效,可重复1次,如仍无效,需停药,选用其他推荐药物。静脉推注后有效者,可用1~2 mg静脉推注,每隔12 h维持1次,发作停止1~2 d可考虑停用。
(1)适应证:主要适用于对苯二氮䓬类耐药的SE,由于其对患者的意识没有明显影响,因此特别适用于非惊厥性SE患者。
(2)用药途径:静脉用药。
(3)用药剂量:成人SE患者可考虑20~40 mg/(kg.d)静脉推注,首剂加倍。先按3~6 mg/(kg.min)静脉推注20~40 mg/kg,然后用同等剂量静脉滴注,次日则按20~40 mg/(kg.d)静脉滴注,对于连续治疗2~3 d有效者,待患者发作停止、神志恢复后,可改为口服治疗(序贯疗法),以控制癫痫的长期发作;若无效则停用,选择其他推荐药物。
(4)注意事项:①丙戊酸治疗SE需要首剂加倍,小剂量长时间滴入难以取得预期效果;②使用丙戊酸时需要注意其特殊的禁忌证,如线粒体脑肌病中的癫痫发作等,一般情况下也不主张用于遗传性疾病所致的SE、肝性脑病引起的癫痫发作,以及其他明显不适合应用的疾病[2]
(1)适应证:主要适应于地西泮和氯硝西泮治疗失败后的SE,尤其对儿童SE可能更有效。
(2)用药途径:静脉用药。
(3)用药剂量:成人SE患者可考虑首先缓慢静脉推注10~15 mg/kg(速度50~100 mg/min),有效后以100~200 mg/次,每天两次肌内注射维持,持续1~2 d,无效则停药,选择其他推荐药物。
(4)注意事项:①国内供临床应用的苯巴比妥有肌内注射和静脉使用两种针剂,但大多数厂商生产的剂型仅供肌内注射,因此在使用前需要仔细核查,避免超说明书用药;②尽管国外有大量使用苯巴比妥治疗SE的报道,并积累了丰富的临床经验,但国内受限于较长时间缺少静脉剂型,因而几乎无大样本研究的积累,在选用此药时须慎重[2, 9-11]
Yasiry等[12]系统分析了5种耐苯二氮䓬类药物治疗惊厥性SE的研究结果,共纳入了22个研究798例惊厥性SE患者,分别选择左乙拉西坦、苯巴比妥、苯妥英、丙戊酸钠及拉考酰胺治疗,发现左乙拉西坦的有效率为68.5%[95%可信区间(CI) 56.2%~78.7%],丙戊酸为75.7%(95%CI 63.7%~84.8%),苯巴比妥为73.6%(95%CI 58.3%~84.8%),苯妥英钠为50.2%(95%CI 34.2%~66.1%),拉考酰胺因资料不齐被剔除。作者认为丙戊酸、左乙拉西坦、苯巴比妥都是惊厥性SE患者可以考虑的选择,三者的疗效相差无几。由于缺乏一种疗法优于另一种疗法的客观数据,专家团队中38.9%的专家主张先选用丙戊酸,34.35%主张先选用苯巴比妥。
(1)适应证:主要适应于地西泮和氯硝西泮治疗失败后的SE以及多种药物治疗无效患者的联合用药,文献报道其对儿童睡眠中癫痫性电持续状态(electrical status epilepticus during sleep,ESES)可能有效[2, 13-14]
(2)用药途径:静脉用药。
(3)用药剂量:成人SE患者可考虑1000~1500 mg静脉推注,给药速度为2~5 mg/(kg.min),若癫痫发作仍未停止或EEG提示有持续性痫样放电,应考虑为RSE,可追加药量。有效后可持续输注0.05~2 mg/(kg.h),负荷量1500~3000 mg/d,最大剂量4500 mg,无效则停药,选择其他推荐药物。联合用药主要是与苯二氮䓬类合用,用于治疗超级RSE。与苯二氮䓬类药物联合使用时,推荐使用左乙拉西坦的剂量为2500 mg缓慢静脉注射(>5 min),使用的方法有两种,即在苯二氮䓬类药物治疗失败的基础上加用左乙拉西坦,或与苯二氮䓬类药物同时应用[2, 13]
(4)注意事项:尽管国外有大量使用左乙拉西坦治疗SE的文献报道,并积累了丰富的临床经验,但国内针剂上市时间不长,因而几乎没有研究的积累,在选用此药时须慎重。
(1)适应证:有研究发现,首选咪达唑仑治疗SE的疗效优于地西泮或氯硝西泮[15],但并没有被同行广泛认同,且其对呼吸的抑制作用及对血压的影响明显强于地西泮,同时受使用时条件(麻醉剂使用)的限制,因而专家团队仍认为将咪达唑仑用于RSE可能更符合目前的临床实践。
(2)用药途径:静脉用药。
(3)剂量:成人SE的静脉用药可考虑按0.1~0.2 mg/kg静脉缓慢推注(2~4 mg/min),如无效可重复1次,仍无效则停药,选用其他推荐药物。如有效,则可按0.1~0.3 mg/(kg.h)静脉泵入,维持12 h。在维持中复发可重复推注1次。
(4)注意事项:咪达唑仑对呼吸有明显抑制作用,其降压作用也较突出,因此,最好在神经重症病房内且在严密监护下使用,必要时需要机械通气以推持呼吸功能[2]
(1)适应证:没有证据表明首选异泊酚的疗效优于地西泮或氯硝西泮,且其对呼吸的抑制作用及对血压的影响明显强于地西泮,同时也受使用时的条件限制,因而异泊酚的适应证主要是RSE,在咪达唑仑治疗失败或不适合使用咪达唑仑时选用。
(2)用药途径:静脉用药。
(3)剂量:成人SE的静脉用药可考虑按1~2 mg/kg静脉缓慢推注,如无效可重复1次,仍无效则停药,选用其他推荐药物。如有效,可按1~4 mg/(kg.h)静脉泵入,维持10~12 h。在维持中复发可再推注1次。
(4)注意事项:①与咪达唑仑相同,丙泊酚的使用最好也在神经重症病房内且在严密监护下使用,必要时需要机械通气以推持正常的呼吸功能;②小剂量丙泊酚可引起SE,因此,除非特殊情况,一般在静脉应用时不宜低于推荐剂量;③大剂量、长时间使用丙泊酚,特别是输注速度大于100 µg/(kg.min)时可能会引起横纹肌溶解症,需要加以关注,必要时定期检查磷酸肌酸激酶可能对诊断有帮助[16-17]
咪达唑仑及丙泊酚是治疗RSE的首选药物,并被广泛接受,考虑到丙泊酚有可能会加剧SE的发生,因此,建议在咪达唑仑治疗失败后选用[2, 18-21]
(1)适应证:主要适应于用咪达唑仑及丙泊酚治疗失败后的RSE及多种药物治疗无效患者的联合用药[18-20]。Gaspard等[20]在统计氯胺酮成功控制RSE的数据时发现,在选用氯胺酮之前已治疗失败的抗SE药物种类中位数为6种;Rosati等[21]的研究结果也与此相近(5种),此时加用氯胺酮治疗的有效率可达到66.7%(6/9),提示氯胺酮治疗RSE一般用于晚期,在5~6种抗SE药治疗无效后才开始选用。Borris等[22]开展的动物实验结果也支持上述结论:若在SE出现后15 min即选用氯胺酮,所有动物的SE均无法控制(0/4),但若在超级RSE出现后1 h才开始使用,SE的控制率为100%(4/4)。
(2)用药途径:静脉用药。
(3)用药剂量:成人SE患者可考虑负荷剂量为1~3 mg/kg(最大4.5 mg/kg),按最大速度100 µg/(kg·min)静脉推注。Synowiec等[23]使用氯胺酮控制11例RSE患者的给药方式为先以1~2 mg/kg的剂量静脉推注,随后以0.45~2.1 mg/(kg.h)持续静脉滴注,平均使用时间为9.8(4~27) d,最终所有患者的SE均得到完全控制且无不良反应发生;氯胺酮通过静脉给药时,既可先静脉推注,然后持续静脉滴入,也可仅通过持续静脉滴入的方式来进行治疗[2]。氯胺酮联合用药主要在地西泮、劳拉西泮、苯妥英等一线或二线药物治疗无效后选择加用。
(4)注意事项:①氯胺酮属麻醉剂,需要在麻醉师的指导下应用,其对呼吸有明显的抑制作用,因此,使用时最好在神经重症病房中且在严密监护下进行,必要时需机械通气以推持正常的呼吸功能;②由于明显的呼吸抑制作用,美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)建议氯胺酮的使用须从小剂量开始,缓慢加量;③由于氯胺酮可能存在中枢神经系统兴奋作用,尽管很少发生,但美国FDA仍然不建议用于严重高血压及对该药过敏者,有冠心病、心功能不全、青光眼、动脉硬化、肺心病、肺动脉高压、严重颅内压增高、妊娠、精神病史、甲状腺功能亢进症、快速型心律失常及肾上腺嗜咯细胞瘤的患者也应慎用,同时需先进行头颅CT扫描,排除可引起颅内压升高的颅内病变;④因酒精中毒引起的SE需谨慎给药;⑤氯胺酮导致的骨骼肌张力增高的症状需与癫痫强直-阵挛发作鉴别[18-20]
(1)潜在优势:SE是一种多因性、异质性疾病,不仅病因繁多,而且机制也非常复杂。多种不同机制的抗SE药物联合应用可能比单一机制的药物更符合SE的临床实际,且SE还是一个连续的疾病过程,在发作的不同时间其发病机制可能不完全相同[2]。Wasterlain等[24]研究发现,随着癫痫反复发作及发作时间延长,突触后膜上GABA-A受体的活性降低,N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸(NMDA)受体的数量及活性增加,导致苯二氮䓬类药物引起的耐药性SE发生率增高,针对多种神经递质的药物联合应用可能更有优势,尤其是新上市的一些抗癫痫药物作为添加剂合用更能改善患者的预后[2];持续的癫痫发作足以引起实质性脑部损害,包括神经元损伤、脑水肿等,早期联合应用多种机制的抗SE药物有利于尽早终止发作,改善患者预后。
(2)临床应用:目前抗SE药物的联合应用主要涉及左乙拉西坦、氯胺酮、咪达唑仑、苯妥英、巴比妥类、司替戊醇及免疫调节药物等,但较为成功的是氯胺酮、咪达唑仑、丙戊酸、左乙拉西坦。Guilliams等[25]采用动物实验的方法证实在需要联合用药时,以首选氯胺酮+咪达唑仑为佳,如无效可选氯胺酮+咪达唑仑+丙戊酸联合应用。
主要用于超级RSE的患者,剂量需要根据生酮饮食的成分来确定。
亚低温对癫痫发作具有抑制作用,该作用引起了临床医师的重视并逐步将其应用于经药物治疗无效或撤药后复发的RSE患者。
(1)适应证:主要用于经上述推荐药物治疗仍不能控制发作的RSE或经上述药物治疗发作得到控制,但在撤药后复发的患者[25-28]
(2)使用方法:在足量抗SE药物治疗的同时,采用血管内低温冷却系统进行亚低温诱导或使用低温治疗仪(冰毯、冰帽)等进行低温诱导,将体温逐渐降至目标温度(31~35 ℃),癫痫停止发作或EEG出现爆发抑制达24~48 h,开始复温至36.5 ℃,复温速度不能大于1 ℃/d。
(3)起效时间:一般情况下,在达到目标体温后3~48 h开始起效,此时EEG上可见广泛的抑制表现。
(4)注意事项:①在亚低温诱导、治疗及复温过程中需进行EEG监测,复温后未复发,可撤去抗SE药物,必要时改为口服抗癫痫发作的药物;②在亚低温诱导过程中出现寒战时,需要停止亚低温治疗,同时予以复温;③在亚低温治疗过程中继续使用抗SE的药物(如苯巴比妥、咪达唑仑等);④当温度小于30 ℃时易出现室颤、凝血功能障碍、静脉血栓形成等情况[25-26]。2009年,Cereda等[27]报道了RSE患者在亚低温治疗中由于全身体温过低发生了急性肠缺血坏死需要手术切除阑尾的病例。2012年,Lin等[26]报道1例患儿在亚低温治疗过程中出现了短暂性的低钾血症。2013年,Guilliams等[25]报道5例RSE患儿接受亚低温治疗,在亚低温及复温过程中,部分患儿出现了电解质紊乱(如低钾血症、高钠血症),尽管这些不良反应在亚低温治疗结束后即可恢复正常,但仍需在亚低温及复温阶段监测动脉血气、凝血功能、电解质及血常规,每6小时1次,每周进行1次下肢静脉超声检查也是必要的[25-26]
在20世纪30年代就有电休克治疗癫痫的报道。2001年,美国精神病协会将难治性癫痫及RSE列为电休克治疗的适应证。2005年,英国电休克治疗指南中首次将其纳入临床治疗RSE的行业规范。2012年,Ferlisi等[29]再次提出电休克是治疗SE的备选方法,建议将其纳入SE的治疗方案中。随后,很多学者也提出了相同的观点[30-33]
(1)适应证:用上述方法治疗无效的超级RSE。
(2)电休克治疗参数:电休克治疗电量的确定有两种方法:固定剂量及滴定剂量(逐渐增加剂量)。美国精神病学会推荐采用滴定剂量进行治疗,即以能引起惊厥发作的最小电量为初始电量,逐渐增加电量。滴定剂量的优势在于剂量个体化——根据个体惊厥阈值给予相应的治疗剂量,既保证达到治疗效果,又尽可能减少了对患者认知功能的影响。具体治疗SE参数见表1[32]
(3)使用方法:①双侧放置电极;②采用连续3个单刺激组成一组连续刺激;③麻醉剂的选用可能影响电休克的效果[31];由于丙泊酚可以减弱电休克引起的血流动力学反应,提供快速复苏,因而更适合与电休克配合使用[33],所以在英国,丙泊酚成为电休克治疗实施麻醉时最常用的麻醉药物[32]
(4)注意事项:该治疗方法是相对安全的,主要并发症为认知功能损害,因而在实施电休克治疗时需要注意以下事项:①评估病情,并取得患者及家属的知情同意;②由专业的麻醉人员实施麻醉,麻醉可缓解患者的紧张情绪,减少电休克可能带来的并发症,如骨折及牙齿、肌腱、肌肉损伤等;③根据患者对电休克治疗的反应及可能出现的并发症调整电量、时间及治疗频率;④患者合并心力衰竭、严重心脏瓣膜病及心律失常等疾病时,可增加电休克治疗的风险,引起心血管方面的并发症,因而需要在治疗全过程中密切监测癫痫发作持续时间、EEG表现、气道是否通畅、生命体征及并发症等;⑤由于电休克治疗可诱发惊厥及非惊厥性SE,因此,在电休克治疗后持续进行EEG监测是必要的。由于电休克治疗SE在临床上的应用有限,目前尚未有达成一致的治疗方案[29-32]
SE的治疗需要EEG指导,原因如下:
(1)国际抗癫痫联盟要求在SE的治疗中,不仅需要终止SE的临床发作,而且要求同时终止EEG上的痫样放电,许多惊厥性SE患者用药后临床发作停止,但意识并没有恢复,提示其有可能转变成了非惊厥性SE,需要增加剂量以求完全控制SE的发生,此时,EEG检查能发现非惊厥性SE的存在,帮助临床医师制定进一步的治疗方案。
(2)2015年,国际抗癫痫联盟提出的非惊厥性SE诊断标准中,经EEG检查发现痫样放电是必须具备的标准之一。
(3)许多抗SE药物并非用药后马上就会起效,而是需要观察一段时间后才能知道药物的效果,从而给进一步的治疗带来不确定性,但EEG检查对药物治疗的反应非常敏感,用药以后几乎很快就能看到EEG的变化,这种变化在多数情况下能反映药物的疗效疗。
(4)SE发作终止后需要维持治疗一段时间,但具体的时间并没有定论,用药后EEG恢复正常是停止维持治疗的基本条件。
(5)用药后SE发作没有终止有可能是剂量不足,也有可能是患者耐药,双频指数EEG接近或低于40%是患者最大的耐受剂量,不宜再增加药物的剂量。所以,在采用推荐药物治疗SE时,若有条件可以同步行EEG检查,以改进药物治疗的效果[33]
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
[1]
Trinka E, Cock H, Hesdorffer D, et al. A definition and classification of status epilepticus: report of the ILAE Task Force on Classification of Status Epilepticus[J]. Epilepsia, 2015, 56(10): 1515-1523.
[2]
Wang XF, Li SC. Refractory status epilepticus: diagnosis and treatment[M]. Singapore: Springer, 2017.
[3]
Samanta D, Garrity L, Arya R. Refractory and super-refractory status epilepticus[J]. Indian Pediatr, 2020, 57(3): 239-253.
[4]
Dono F, Nucera B, Lanzone J, et al. Status epilepticus and COVID-19: a systematic review[J]. Epilepsy Behav, 2021, 118: 107887.
[5]
Specchio N, Pietrafusa N. New-onset refractory status epilepticus and febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome[J]. Dev Med Child Neurol, 2020, 62(8): 897-905.
[6]
Shangguan YF, Liao H, Wang XF. Clonazepam in the treatment of status epilepticus[J]. Expert Rev Neurother, 2015, 15(7): 733-740.
[7]
Debruyne D, Pailliet-Loilier M, Lelong-Boulouard V, et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring of clonazepam[J]. Therapie, 2010, 65(3): 219-224.
[8]
Rundfeldt C, Löscher W. The pharmacology of imepitoin: the first partial benzodiazepine receptor agonist developed for the treatment of epilepsy[J]. CNS Drugs, 2014, 28(1): 29-43.
[9]
Kravljanac R, Djuric M, Jankovic B, et al. Etiology, clinical course and response to the treatment of status epilepticus in children: a 16-year single-center experience based on 602 episodes of status epilepticus[J]. Eur J Paediatr Neurol, 2015, 19(5): 584-590.
[10]
Brophy GM, Bell R, Claassen J, et al. Guidelines for the evaluation and management of status epilepticus[J]. Neurocrit Care, 2012, 17(1): 3-23.
[11]
Byun JI, Chu K, Sunwoo JS, et al. Mega-dose phenobarbital therapy for super-refractory status epilepticus[J]. Epileptic Disord, 2015, 17(4):444-452.
[12]
Yasiry Z, Shorvon SD. The relative effectiveness of five antiepileptic drugs in treatment of benzodiazepine-resistant convulsive status epilepticus: a meta-analysis of published studies[J]. Seizure, 2014, 23(3): 167-174.
[13]
Zheng FS, Du C, Wang XF. Levetiracetam for the treatment of status epilepticus[J]. Expert Rev Neurother, 2015, 15(10): 1113-1121.
[14]
Wang MJ, Jiang L, Tang XJ. Levetiracetam is associated with decrease in subclinical epileptiform discharges and improved cognitive functions in pediatric patients with autism spectrum disorder[J]. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat, 2017, 13: 2321-2326.
[15]
Kazmi A, Abbas G, Khurshid A, et al. A comparison of intravenous midazolam and diazepam in management of status epilepticus in children[J]. J Pak Med Assoc, 2021, 71(2(B)): 640-644.
[16]
Rossetti AO, Lowenstein DH. Management of refractory status epilepticus in adults: still more questions than answers[J]. Lancet Neurol, 2011, 10(10): 922-930.
[17]
Riviello JJ Jr, Claassen J, LaRoche SM, et al. Treatment of status epilepticus: an international survey of experts[J]. Neurocrit Care, 2013, 18(2): 193-200.
[18]
Fang Y, Wang X. Ketamine for the treatment of refractory status epilepticus[J]. Seizure, 2015, 30: 14-20.
[19]
Orinx C, Legros B, Gaspard N. Recent antiseizure medications in the intensive care unit[J]. Minerva Anestesiol, 2017, 83(8): 878-887.
[20]
Gaspard N, Foreman B, Judd LM, et al. Intravenous ketamine for the treatment of refractory status epilepticus: a retrospective multicenter study[J]. Epilepsia, 2013, 54(8): 1498-1503.
[21]
Rosati A, Ilvento L, L'Erario M, et al. Efficacy of ketamine in refractory convulsive status epilepticus in children: a protocol for a sequential design, multicentre, randomised, controlled, open-label, non-profit trial (KETASER01)[J]. BMJ Open, 2016, 6(6): e011565.
[22]
Borris DJ, Bertram EH, Kapur J. Ketamine controls prolonged status epilepticus[J]. Epilepsy Res, 2000, 42(2/3): 117-122.
[23]
Synowiec AS, Singh DS, Yenugadhati V, et al. Ketamine use in the treatment of refractory status epilepticus[J]. Epilepsy Res, 2013, 105(1/2):183-188.
[24]
Wasterlain CG, Naylor DE, Liu HT, et al. Trafficking of NMDA receptors during status epilepticus: therapeutic implications[J]. Epilepsia, 2013, 54(Suppl 6): 78-80.
[25]
Guilliams K, Rosen M, Buttram S, et al. Hypothermia for pediatric refractory status epilepticus[J]. Epilepsia, 2013, 54(9): 1586-1594.
[26]
Lin JJ, Lin KL, Hsia SH, et al. Therapeutic hypothermia for febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome in two patients[J]. Pediatr Neurol, 2012, 47(6): 448-450.
[27]
Cereda C, Berger MM, Rossetti AO. Bowel ischemia: a rare complication of thiopental treatment for status epilepticus[J]. Neurocrit Care, 2009, 10(3): 355-358.
[28]
Legriel S, Lemiale V, Schenck M, et al. Hypothermia for neuroprotection in convulsive status epilepticus[J]. N Engl J Med, 2016, 375(25):2457-2467.
[29]
Ferlisi M, Shorvon S. The outcome of therapies in refractory and super-refractory convulsive status epilepticus and recommendations for therapy[J]. Brain, 2012, 135(Pt 8): 2314-2328.
[30]
Gazdag G, Dragasek J, Takács R, et al. Use of electroconvulsive therapy in central-eastern European countries: an overview[J]. Psychiatr Danub, 2017, 29(2): 136-140.
[31]
Antosik-Wójcińska AZ, Dominiak M, Mierzejewski P, et al. Changes in the practice of electroconvulsive therapy in Poland: a nationwide survey comparing data between 2005 and 2020[J]. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat, 2021, 17: 605-612.
[32]
Yang XY, Wang XF. Potential mechanisms and clinical applications of mild hypothermia and electroconvulsive therapy on refractory status epilepticus[J]. Expert Rev Neurother, 2015, 15(2): 135-144.
[33]
Wang XF, Li F, Pan SY. Multi-modal EEG monitoring of severely neurologically ill patients[M]. Singapore: Springer, 2022.
[34]
Cline JS, Roos K. Treatment of status epilepticus with electroconvulsive therapy[J]. JECT, 2007, 23(1): 30-32.
[35]
Kamel H, Cornes SB, Hegde M, et al. Electroconvulsive therapy for refractory status epilepticus: a case series[J]. Neurocrit Care, 2010, 12(2):204-210.
[36]
Shin HW, O'Donovan CA, Boggs JG, et al. Successful ECT treatment for medically refractory nonconvulsive status epilepticus in pediatric patient[J]. Seizure, 2011, 20(5): 433-436.
[37]
Shah N, Pande N, Bhat T, et al. Maintenance ECT as a therapeutic approach to medication-refractory epilepsy in an adult with mental retardation: case report and review of literature[J]. JECT, 2012, 28(2): 136-140.
2022年第47卷第7期
PDF下载
293
132
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.07.0639
  • 接收时间:2022-03-29
  • 首发时间:2025-12-16
  • 出版时间:2022-07-28
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2022-03-29
  • 录用日期:2022-05-06
基金
作者信息

通讯作者:

王学峰,E-mail:
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jfjyxzz/CN/10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.07.0639
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏