Article(id=1207751281700085807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1207751280789921836, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.07.0731, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1627488000000, receivedDateStr=2021-07-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1632240000000, acceptedDateStr=2021-09-22, onlineDate=1765879944491, onlineDateStr=2025-12-16, pubDate=1658937600000, pubDateStr=2022-07-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765879944491, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765879944491, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765879944491, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1207751280789921836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2022', volume='47', issue='7', pageStart='639', pageEnd='744', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765879944274, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765879944274, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=731, endPage=738, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1207751282018852916, articleId=1207751281700085807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Conversion-therapeutic strategies for unresectable advanced hepatocellular carcinoma, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Radical hepatectomy is the well-established and highly effective therapeutic tool for early- and middle-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) to improve the survival. However, the majority of HCC patients in China are not amenable to surgical excision due to the advanced tumor stage at the initial diagnosis. Therefore, it is the bottom line to convert and downstage unresectable tumor into resectable tumor in clinical practice, which is an important means for improving patient survival rate and is currently a clinical research focus as well. In recent years, the rate of conversion surgery for unresectable advanced HCC has achieved dramatic improvement thanking to the accumulating effective therapeutic arsenals, and an increasing number of patients benefit from conversion therapy. Herein, several clinically relevant issues on conversion therapy for HCC were discussed in this review, including the definition of conversion therapy, the optimal selection of patients as well as conversion strategy, and the timing of sequential surgery together with strategy and safety of surgery.

, correspAuthors=Jia-Yong Dong, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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根治性肝切除是改善早中期肝癌患者预后的主要治疗手段。我国大部分肝癌患者在初诊时已为晚期,失去了手术治疗的机会。因此,临床上将不可切除肝癌转化降期为可切除肝癌尤为重要,这是延长患者生存期的重要途径,也是目前临床研究的热点。近年来,随着肝癌有效治疗手段的增多,不可切除晚期肝癌转化手术的切除率得到明显提高,越来越多的患者从转化治疗中获益。本文主要对肝癌转化治疗的内涵、适合转化人群的筛选、转化策略的选择,以及序贯手术的时机、方案及安全性等方面进行综述。

, correspAuthors=董家勇, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
董家勇,E-mail:
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骆亿,博士研究生,主要从事肝脏肿瘤及肝移植的基础与临床研究

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骆亿,博士研究生,主要从事肝脏肿瘤及肝移植的基础与临床研究

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骆亿,博士研究生,主要从事肝脏肿瘤及肝移植的基础与临床研究

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不可切除晚期肝癌的转化治疗策略研究进展
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骆亿 , 丁国善 , 董家勇 *
解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2022,47(7): 731-738
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解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2022, 47(7): 731-738
不可切除晚期肝癌的转化治疗策略研究进展
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骆亿, 丁国善, 董家勇*
作者信息
  • 海军军医大学附属长征医院器官移植科,上海 200003
  • 骆亿,博士研究生,主要从事肝脏肿瘤及肝移植的基础与临床研究

通讯作者:

董家勇,E-mail:
Conversion-therapeutic strategies for unresectable advanced hepatocellular carcinoma
Yi Luo, Guo-Shan Ding, Jia-Yong Dong*
Affiliations
  • Department of Organ Transplantation, the Affiliated Changzheng Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
出版时间: 2022-07-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.07.0731
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根治性肝切除是改善早中期肝癌患者预后的主要治疗手段。我国大部分肝癌患者在初诊时已为晚期,失去了手术治疗的机会。因此,临床上将不可切除肝癌转化降期为可切除肝癌尤为重要,这是延长患者生存期的重要途径,也是目前临床研究的热点。近年来,随着肝癌有效治疗手段的增多,不可切除晚期肝癌转化手术的切除率得到明显提高,越来越多的患者从转化治疗中获益。本文主要对肝癌转化治疗的内涵、适合转化人群的筛选、转化策略的选择,以及序贯手术的时机、方案及安全性等方面进行综述。

肝癌  /  不可切除肝癌  /  转化治疗  /  降期

Radical hepatectomy is the well-established and highly effective therapeutic tool for early- and middle-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) to improve the survival. However, the majority of HCC patients in China are not amenable to surgical excision due to the advanced tumor stage at the initial diagnosis. Therefore, it is the bottom line to convert and downstage unresectable tumor into resectable tumor in clinical practice, which is an important means for improving patient survival rate and is currently a clinical research focus as well. In recent years, the rate of conversion surgery for unresectable advanced HCC has achieved dramatic improvement thanking to the accumulating effective therapeutic arsenals, and an increasing number of patients benefit from conversion therapy. Herein, several clinically relevant issues on conversion therapy for HCC were discussed in this review, including the definition of conversion therapy, the optimal selection of patients as well as conversion strategy, and the timing of sequential surgery together with strategy and safety of surgery.

hepatocellular carcinoma  /  unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma  /  conversion therapy  /  downstaging
骆亿, 丁国善, 董家勇. 不可切除晚期肝癌的转化治疗策略研究进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2022 , 47 (7) : 731 -738 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.07.0731
Yi Luo, Guo-Shan Ding, Jia-Yong Dong. Conversion-therapeutic strategies for unresectable advanced hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2022 , 47 (7) : 731 -738 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.07.0731
原发性肝癌在我国的发病率居恶性肿瘤谱的第4位,死亡率居第2位,因恶性程度高,进展迅速,患者的5年生存率仅12.1%[1-3]。肝癌起病隐匿,早诊率低,仅15%~30%的患者有手术治疗指征,39.0%~53.6%的患者在初诊时已为晚期[中国肝癌分期标准(CNLC)Ⅲ~Ⅳ期][4]。这类患者多伴有血管侵犯及肝外转移,异质性高,对治疗反应差,1年生存率仅12.0%~38.3%,多数指南不推荐手术切除[4]。即使是技术上可切除的Ⅲa期肿瘤,仍应慎重选择。因手术难以达到根治性切除[5],术后复发率高,并且相较于其他治疗手段,手术切除的获益有限[6-8]。所以,临床上将不可切除肝癌转化降期为可切除肝癌尤为重要,这是提高患者生存率的重要途径,也是目前临床急需攻克的难题。随着介入治疗、靶向治疗、放疗、化疗、免疫治疗等手段的发展,越来越多的患者可通过转化治疗获得手术机会,从而改善预后。目前,不可切除肝癌转化治疗的报道越来越多,也展示出了可喜的结果[9-12]。本文就晚期肝癌的转化治疗策略、手术时机及手术安全性等进行综述。
肝癌转化治疗是不可切除肝癌实现降期转化切除、控制肿瘤进展、提高生存率的重要治疗模式。转化治疗与新辅助治疗有一定共同点,临床上易混淆。二者皆为术前辅助治疗策略,但在实施对象及治疗结局等方面存在明显区别。新辅助治疗是指对初始可切除的肿瘤,在术前接受局部或系统疗法,以期杀灭潜在转移病灶并取得降期效果,提高R0切除率,降低复发率,提高生存预期,主要适用于中期肝癌患者。转化治疗是指对初始不可切除的晚期患者,在经过较高强度的治疗后,部分肿瘤病灶降期,呈现部分缓解甚至完全缓解,获得转化切除机会,进而进行序贯手术切除,以根治性R0切除为目标,从而改善这类潜在可切除肝癌患者的生存预期[13]
回顾性研究表明,不可切除肝癌在接受转化治疗后,有8%~18%的患者成功获得转化切除,5年生存率为24.9%~57.0%[14]。近年来,随着治疗手段的发展,肝癌对转化治疗的客观反应率不断提高。同时,转化治疗的范畴也在不断延伸。因肝脏失代偿、余肝体积不足、肿瘤分期晚等因素导致病灶无法切除的患者,通过治疗获得手术切除的机会,也可称为转化治疗。而肿瘤分期较晚导致的无法切除是影响疗效的主要因素,是目前转化治疗急需解决的问题。
目前国内外采用的肝癌分期标准尚未统一,除CNLC分期外,巴塞罗那临床肝癌分期(BCLC)及TNM分期的应用也较多,但是不同分期标准对晚期肝癌的界定基本一致,即伴有门脉或其他主要血管侵犯、区域淋巴结转移或肝外转移、通常不可手术切除的肝癌。中国临床肿瘤协会已将CNLC分期作为Ⅰ级推荐,本文主要采用CNLC分期对不可切除晚期肝癌的转化策略进行综述。
转化治疗的目标人群是不可切除肝癌患者,多为CNLC Ⅲ-Ⅳ期[8]。对于CNLC Ⅳ期肝癌患者,由于其一般情况差,体力状况评分(performance status,PS)大于2分,难以耐受抗肿瘤治疗,通常需要先积极实施内科综合治疗干预,待身体机能好转后再接受转化治疗。此外,Ⅲa期患者尽管在某些情况下也可直接实施手术,但疗效并不明显优于其他治疗,肿瘤学上应视为不可切除,手术切除不应作为其首选方案[4, 8]。因此,肝癌的转化治疗更适合于CNLC Ⅲa、Ⅲb期患者。
目前,不可切除肝癌的转化治疗主要分局部性治疗和系统性治疗。局部性治疗主要包括肝动脉化疗栓塞(transcatheter arterial chemoembolization,TACE)、肝动脉灌注化疗(hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy,HAIC)、经肝动脉放疗栓塞(transarterial radioembolization,TARE)、局部同步放化疗(concurrent chemoradiotherapy,CCRT)、消融等。系统性治疗主要包括靶向治疗、免疫治疗及全身化疗等[15-16]
TACE是肝癌常用的治疗手段之一,通过肝动脉向肿瘤营养动脉注入化疗药物及栓塞剂,发挥阻塞血管及局部化疗作用,导致肿瘤坏死。临床上,单纯TACE治疗晚期不可切除肝癌的疗效有限,客观反应率为3.9%~37.9%,中位生存期为5.0~15.5个月,1、3、5年生存率分别为36.0%~68.0%、13.0%~22.0%、5.0%~8.0%[4]。从现有证据来看,TACE转化降期后接受序贯手术治疗的患者,其肿瘤学获益优于单纯接受TACE治疗的患者,转化率为11.9%~24.0%[17-19]。上海中山医院报道了360例初始不可切除的肝癌患者,在接受TACE治疗后,有65例行序贯手术切除,转化率为18.1%,1、3、5年生存率为80%、65%、56%[20]。最近的一项研究纳入了831例不可切除肝癌患者,在实施TACE治疗后,82例成功转化为可切除,转化率为9.87%。在成功转化的患者中,有43例序贯肝切除术,39例拒绝手术。与未手术组相比,手术组的中位生存期长(49个月 vs. 31个月,P=0.027),2、4、5年生存率高(93% vs. 74%、47% vs. 26%、18% vs.10%,P<0.05),提示序贯手术能明显改善转化成功患者的预后[17]。对患者进行分层分析发现,在完全缓解的患者中,手术组与未手术组的中位生存期无明显差异(50个月 vs. 54个月,P=0.699),而在部分缓解的患者中,手术组的中位生存期明显长于未手术组(49个月 vs. 24个月,P<0.001)。因此,对接受TACE治疗的患者,若肿瘤达到部分缓解标准且评估为可切除时,应尽早实施手术切除[17]。然而,TACE的具体适用人群、治疗次数等问题还需要更多证据明确,尤其是对于门静脉入肝血流受阻(主干或左右支主干癌栓)的晚期肝癌患者,应谨慎使用TACE,因其可能会进一步加重肝脏缺血,导致肝衰竭的发生。
HAIC属于肝癌介入治疗的范畴,通过股动脉插管或置入性药盒将化疗药物持续注入肿瘤营养动脉,发挥区域性局部化疗作用而杀伤肿瘤细胞,对合并门静脉癌栓的局部晚期肝癌患者疗效更好。相较于全身化疗,HAIC可显著提高靶向肿瘤的药物浓度,同时减轻全身不良反应。以日本、韩国为代表的国家主要采用顺铂为基础的化疗方案,客观缓解率为27.6%~40.5%[21-23]。而国内主要采用奥沙利铂为基础的化疗方案,中山大学肿瘤防治中心开展了多项采用FOLFOX4化疗方案(5-FU+亚叶酸钙+奥沙利铂)的HAIC治疗晚期肝癌患者的研究,根据改良实体瘤疗效评价标准(mRECIST),其客观缓解率为40.8%~47.8%[24-25]。与TACE及索拉菲尼等常用的治疗手段相比,HAIC具有更高的缓解率及转化率。2017年发表的一项前瞻性非随机对照Ⅱ期临床研究比较了HAIC与TACE治疗不可切除肝癌的效果,结果显示,相较于TACE组,HAIC组具有更高的肿瘤缓解率(52.6% vs. 9.8%,P<0.001)及转化率(26.3% vs. 7.3%,P=0.033)[26]。另一项回顾性研究比较了HAIC与索拉菲尼在晚期肝癌中的疗效,结果显示,HAIC比索拉菲尼具有高的客观缓解率(47.8% vs. 9.1%,P<0.01),有26.1%的患者达到降期目标,有机会接受手术切除[25]。在联合治疗方面,一项关于HAIC联合放疗用于伴有门脉癌栓的不可切除肝癌的研究显示,17.3%(9/52)的患者肿瘤获得转化,且序贯手术的患者3年生存率明显高于未转化手术者(P=0.009)[27]。在2020年美国临床肿瘤学会(ASCO)大会上,陈敏山教授分享了一项非随机、前瞻性研究(NCT03869034)的初步结果:对于局部晚期、肿瘤局限于半肝并伴门脉癌栓的肝癌患者,信迪利单抗联合HAIC组的客观缓解率为42.9%(9/21),单纯HAIC组的客观缓解率为40%(2/5),共17例序贯手术,手术率为65.4%(17/26)[28]。He等[29]报道了HAIC联合仑伐替尼及特瑞普利单抗在晚期肝癌中的应用效果,根据mRECIST评价标准,客观缓解率达67.6%,高于现有的单药方案及联合方案。由此可见,以HAIC为基础的治疗方案在晚期不可切除肝癌转化治疗中具有一定应用潜力,是值得考虑的选择。
与TACE类似,TARE通过阻断肿瘤营养血管使肿瘤缺血坏死,同时通过载有放射性物质(多为90Y)的玻璃微球发挥局部的放疗杀伤作用。TARE不仅通过缩小肿瘤局部降期,还可促进健侧肝脏增生,在转化肝切除中有一定优势,对有血管癌栓的晚期患者效果较好[30-31]。与TACE在不可切除肝癌中的疗效相比,TARE具有更高的客观缓解率(30.8% vs. 13.3%,P<0.05),以及相当的转化率(10%~22% vs. 11.9%~24.0%)[17-19, 32-35]。TARE对肿瘤细胞的杀伤作用滞后,可持续3~6个月,短期内无需反复治疗。
对于晚期肝癌患者(如合并门、腔静脉癌栓),常常失去手术机会,而癌栓对放疗敏感,局部放疗可能将其转化,获得手术机会。放疗联合HAIC等肝脏局部化疗手段(即CCRT),不仅协同增强抗肿瘤反应,还可增加剩余肝体积,提高手术的安全性[9]。一项回顾性研究分析了106例伴门脉癌栓的晚期肝癌患者,经过放疗后,12例患者序贯手术切除,转化率为11.3%,中位生存期30个月,2年生存率为67%[36]。Lee等[9]报道晚期肝细胞癌经CCRT联合HAIC治疗后取得了较为满意的转化成果,转化率为16.9%(41/243),5年生存率达49.6%,且术前功能性残肝体积由47.5%增加至69.9%,极大程度地减少了术后发生肝衰竭的风险。放疗与CRRT作为转化手段在晚期不可切除肝癌治疗中具有良好的应用前景[37-39]
消融是早期肝癌的重要治疗手段,包括化学消融(乙醇、乙酸等)及物理消融(射频、微波、超声、激光及冷冻等)。对于某些早期肝癌,射频消融的疗效甚至不劣于根治性手术。但是对于有血管、胆管和邻近器官侵犯,以及远处转移的患者,即伴有不可切除高危因素的患者,消融的疗效还不明确。有回顾性研究纳入了33例伴门静脉侵犯的不可切除肝癌患者,经过高功率超声聚焦消融(HIFU)治疗后,客观缓解率达51.5%,提示消融用于肝癌转化治疗具有一定潜力[40]。还有研究结果显示,消融对肝外寡转移灶有较好疗效,能以较小的创伤改善患者的生存状况,对于伴有较小肝外寡转移灶(Ⅲb期)的患者,消融是一种可考虑的方案[41-42]。但是消融无法消灭潜在的循环肿瘤细胞,在转化策略上还应联合其他治疗方案,即使转化成功,消融能否代替手术也需要更多研究进一步验证。
总体来说,局部性治疗对于晚期不可切除肝癌具有无可替代的作用,可改善患者的生存预期。但晚期肝癌患者的病情复杂,目前研究的转化率仍偏低,适用人群主要为肿瘤负荷在肝内、肝功能较好(Child-Pugh A及B级)的Ⅲa期患者。晚期不可切除肝癌患者常伴有全身性的转移(Ⅲb期),局部转化治疗效果有限,因此常需联合系统性治疗来干预转移灶及杀灭循环肿瘤细胞,以取得更满意的转化收益,更好地改善患者的生存预期。
传统的肝癌化疗药物主要为5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)、阿霉素、铂类等。因为是全身给药,不良反应较大,正逐渐被肝脏局部化疗手段替代,如HAIC。一项多中心随机Ⅲ期临床研究评价了FOLFOX4方案在晚期肝癌中的疗效,有效率仅8.15%,中位生存期6.4个月[43]。然而,Kaseb等[44]对84例不可切除肝癌患者采用顺铂+α干扰素+阿霉素+5-FU联合化疗方案治疗,高达33%的患者肿瘤成功转化根治切除,中位生存期为21.3个月。尽管化疗对晚期不可切除肝癌具有一定疗效,但考虑到全身毒性作用及存在可替代的治疗手段,应用时应全面充分评估患者情况,做出个性化选择。
靶向药物主要分为小分子酪氨酸激酶抑制剂及大分子单抗,前者包括索拉菲尼、仑伐替尼等,后者包括贝伐珠单抗、雷莫芦单抗等。索拉菲尼及仑伐替尼目前均为晚期肝癌一线推荐药物,最近,IMbrave150研究确立了阿替丽珠单抗联合贝伐珠单抗(T+A方案)在晚期肝癌一线治疗中的地位[45]
由于晚期肿瘤恶性程度高,具有高度异质性,单纯靶向治疗效果有限。SHARP研究单用索拉菲尼治疗的有效率仅3.3%,REFLECT研究单用仑伐替尼治疗的有效率为21.5%,瑞戈非尼为6.5%,卡博替尼为4%[46-48]。目前有证据显示单纯靶向治疗或联合治疗能使肿瘤降期获得转化切除机会[49-53]。Shindoh等[54]报道了107例晚期肝癌患者在接受仑伐替尼治疗后,16例接受手术治疗,其中R0切除9例;转化切除组的中位生存期明显长于未转化切除组(19.3个月 vs.11.1个月,P<0.001)。国内有研究纳入142例初始不可切除的肝癌患者,经TACE联合索拉非尼治疗后,21例获得降期切除,转化率为14.8%,1年及3年生存率分别为85.7%、57.1%[52]
免疫治疗主要包括免疫检查点抑制剂、细胞过继输注、肿瘤疫苗等,目前在肝癌中研究最多的是免疫检查点抑制剂,如纳武单抗、帕博利珠单抗、伊匹木单抗。CheckMate 040研究显示,纳武单抗一线治疗肝癌的有效率为20%[55]。Keynote224研究显示,帕博利珠单抗二线治疗肝癌的有效率为17%[56]。CheckMate 040研究也评估了纳武单抗联合伊匹木单抗在晚期肝癌二线治疗中的有效性,结果显示其客观缓解率达32%[57]。因此,免疫治疗有着不劣于靶向治疗的表现,免疫治疗联合靶向治疗甚至有协同增效的作用。
IMbrave150研究用阿替丽珠单抗联合仑伐替尼治疗336例晚期肝癌患者,根据mRECIST标准,33.2%的患者获得缓解,10.2%的患者获得完全缓解,1年生存率为67.2%[45]。类似的结果也见于卡瑞珠单抗联合阿帕替尼(RESCUE研究)及帕博利珠单抗联合仑伐替尼(Keynote 524研究),客观缓解率分别为34.3%(作为二线治疗22.5%)及46%[58-59]
在转化治疗方面,卢实春团队开展了一项免疫检查抑制剂联合靶向治疗合并肝内大血管癌栓的晚期肝癌转化治疗的前瞻性研究,共有60例患者入组,49例达到评估标准,客观缓解率为53.1%(26/49),其中完全缓解率10.2%(5/49)、部分缓解率42.9%(21/49);转化成功率为51.0%(25/49),有15例转化成功的患者接受手术治疗,1年无复发生存率达61.1%[4]。同样,上海中山医院在2020年ASCO大会上公布了免疫治疗联合靶向治疗晚期不可切除肝癌的数据,18.3%(11/60)的患者肿瘤成功转化为可切除。此外,仑伐替尼+特瑞普利单抗+HAIC联合治疗晚期肝癌展现出了非凡的疗效,客观缓解率达67.6%(mRECIST标准)[29]
在晚期肝癌中,免疫治疗及靶向治疗都有着卓越的表现,对伴有门、腔静脉癌栓的患者更有效,是有效的降期方案,尤其对Ⅲa期患者。前面提到的系统联合局部治疗的三联方案有着令人满意的客观缓解率,这也为晚期不可切除肝癌的转化治疗提供了方向。
转化治疗序贯手术干预必须满足两个条件。(1)有效性:肿瘤取得降期,评估为可切除;(2)安全性:ECOG-PS评分0~1分;Child-Pugh分级A或B级;无肝硬化病史患者功能性残肝体积≥35%标准肝体积,有肝硬化背景患者≥45%;吲哚菁绿(ICG)15 min滞留率≤20%[60]
目前,对于肿瘤有效性的评价主要依赖实体瘤疗效评价标准(RECIST),但仅通过测量肿瘤直径变化评估治疗反应,忽略了治疗后肿瘤内部存在坏死的情况,所以美国肝脏疾病协会引入增强CT或MRI来评价肿瘤区域及坏死区域,制定了mRECIST,更适用于转化治疗反应的评估,更推荐增强MRI进行疗效定期评估[4, 61-62]。根据mRECIST评估的肿瘤反应,一般把转化结局分为3类。(1)转化失败、肿瘤进展:这类患者通常失去手术机会,二线治疗应选择温和、不良反应小的单药或联合方案。此时的目标已不是转化切除,而是争取更长的生存期。值得注意的是,转化治疗与现行的晚期肝癌常规治疗策略并不矛盾,即使未能转化成功,患者的生存预期也不会受到大的影响。(2)肿瘤部分缓解或疾病稳定,未降期成功:这类患者虽无手术机会,但如果患者一般状况允许,转化治疗持续时间较短,无明显耐药,可维持或加强目前治疗,或更换其他方案,争取降期转化切除。孙惠川团队正进行一项临床研究(NCT04649489),选取出现客观缓解或病情能够稳定一段时间的患者,以期研究手术切除的获益情况,目前该研究正在进行,尚无结果报道。(3)肿瘤缓解,转化成功:这类患者可行手术切除甚至根治性切除,对于可切除的肝外转移病灶应同期切除[4]
对于转化成功的患者,选择手术时机至关重要。从晚期肝癌临床试验的结果看,转化治疗的持续缓解时间在9~12个月,50%的患者会在12个月内出现进展[63]。因此,对于部分缓解而获得转化机会的患者,影像学评估肿瘤属于技术上可切除,若维持治疗或联合其他治疗在连续两次评估后仍无进一步获益,则应在患者能耐受的情况下尽早实施手术切除,尽量追求原发灶R0切除,转移灶应同期处理,术后予以相应的治疗。而对于影像学完全缓解获得转化的患者,也应尽快行手术治疗。因为影像学检查无法确保所有肿瘤细胞完全失活,手术切除不仅可以移除原发灶,最大程度清除未失活的肿瘤细胞,而且对降低药物耐受性及毒性有益[60]。鉴于靶向联合免疫治疗有着较高的反应率及转化率,治疗敏感的患者3~7个周期即有机会转化成功,转化期间应至少每3个周期进行一次有效性评估。对于可转化切除的患者,术前推荐根据药物半衰期停用靶向治疗药物,免疫检查点抑制剂可随其同期停用。术后1个月,根据其复发危险分层,病理完全缓解的患者应继续给予免疫检查点抑制剂药物6个月,部分缓解的患者应继续术前联合方案6~12个月,并定期复查评估[4]
目前转化手术的选择标准尚无定论,可借鉴常规肝细胞癌切除术手术适应证选择个性化的手术方案[64]。但是转化手术比常规肝细胞癌切除术复杂,除了常规的原发灶切除、足够的切缘、血管癌栓的切除及保留足够的功能性残肝体积,还需要处理肝外转移灶,而且要应对不同转化治疗方式对手术治疗的潜在影响,因此转化手术通常需要在具有相应技术水平的中心完成。既往研究表明,对于合并有肺转移的晚期肝癌患者,转移灶的切除也能够带来一定的生存获益[65-66],这提示在转化切除原发灶时,可采用消融、手术等方法对转移灶进行同期处理。对于功能性残肝体积不足需行联合肝脏分隔及门静脉结扎的二步肝切除术(ALPPS)患者,可采用ALPPS改进术式如射频ALPPS、腹腔镜微波ALPPS等,有助于减少损伤及并发症。
接受转化治疗的患者病情复杂,而且较高强度的转化治疗方案会对手术的成功实施造成一定影响,这可能会使患者暴露于更高的并发症风险。比如TACE、HAIC、TARE等治疗会损伤肝储备功能,增加术后肝衰竭的风险;免疫治疗会引起免疫相关性肝炎,增加组织脆性;靶向治疗会增加出血及切口不愈合的风险。然而,最近卢实春教授团队开展的一项研究表明,晚期肝癌转化后序贯手术治疗是安全可行的。与28例BCLC-0/A接受根治手术的患者相比,18例接受靶向联合免疫治疗序贯手术切除的BCLC-C患者手术方式更复杂、术中输血更多、住院时间更长、术后恢复更慢,但两组术后Clavien-Dindo Ⅲ-Ⅳ级并发症发生率无明显差异(P=0.690),且两组均未发生围手术期死亡[4]。其他类似研究也提示转化手术的安全性良好[27]。虽然在肝脏外科技术快速发展的今天,已不存在完全的手术禁区,但仍需要高质量的随机对照研究进一步评估转化治疗的整体安全性,以甄别具有高危风险的人群,提高患者的生存获益。
总体来说,转化治疗使部分晚期不可切除的肝癌得以转化切除,获得根治切除的患者预后甚至不劣于初始可切除的患者,而局部治疗联合靶向治疗及免疫治疗可能是不可切除肝癌最有前景的转化方案。但转化治疗也面临着诸多挑战:(1)肝癌分期标准尚未统一,不同研究的纳入标准不一致;(2)缺乏特异的治疗策略对特定的高危风险进行转化,无法识别潜在的受益人群,整体转化率偏低;(3)TACE、HAIC等转化策略会增加肝脏负担,增加肝衰竭风险;(4)序贯手术时机难以把握;(5)转化后辅助治疗策略及监测策略尚无共识,需要更多高质量的临床研究来深入探讨。同时,未来临床需要常态化依托多学科团队模式,整合不同学科的治疗优势,将潜在受益的患者纳入规范化管理,制定立体治疗方案,以提高转化成功率并有效管控并发症风险。
随着靶向治疗、免疫治疗以及新药物的发展,转化治疗可选择的策略将越来越多,精准、高效、个性化的治疗方案将会极大改善不可切除晚期肝癌患者的预后。
  • 国家自然科学基金(81871262)
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2022年第47卷第7期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.07.0731
  • 接收时间:2021-07-29
  • 首发时间:2025-12-16
  • 出版时间:2022-07-28
补充材料
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作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2021-07-29
  • 录用日期:2021-09-22
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(81871262)
国家自然科学基金(81871262)
作者信息
    海军军医大学附属长征医院器官移植科,上海 200003

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董家勇,E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jfjyxzz/CN/10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.07.0731
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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