Article(id=1207751281393901612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1207751280789921836, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.07.0674, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1637596800000, receivedDateStr=2021-11-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1645545600000, acceptedDateStr=2022-02-23, onlineDate=1765879944418, onlineDateStr=2025-12-16, pubDate=1658937600000, pubDateStr=2022-07-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765879944418, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765879944418, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765879944418, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1207751280789921836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2022', volume='47', issue='7', pageStart='639', pageEnd='744', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765879944274, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765879944274, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=674, endPage=678, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1207751281763000368, articleId=1207751281393901612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Analysis of the features of 493 hospitalized cases with large adrenal mass, columnId=1207751281691697198, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Special Issue on Adrenal Gland Diseases, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To summarize and analyze the composition features of large adrenal mass for guiding the clinical treatment. Methods The clinical data of 493 cases of large adrenal mass (≥4 cm), admitted in the Chinese PLA General Hospital from January 2016 to December 2020, were collected and retrospectively analyzed, including gender, age, reason for first visit,operation or not, postoperative pathological diagnosis and imaging data. According to the endocrine function evaluation results,all the cases were divided into functional adrenal masses (n=264) and non-functional masses (n=229), and then, according to the tumor nature, they were divided into benign masses (n=348) and malignant masses (n=145), the spectrum of large adrenal masses were analyzed. Results (1) The mean age was (47.7±14.3) years old. Adrenal incidentalomas is the mainly reasons for first visit (n=289, 58.6%). (2) Of the 493 patients reviewed, the proportion of functional adrenal masses (n=264) was higher than non-functional masses (n=229) [53.6% vs. 46.4%]. Pheochromocytomas occupied the highest proportion among functional masses(65.5%), Myelolipoma occupied the highest proportion among non-functional masses (22.3%). There was no significant difference in age, gender, lesion location and tumor diameter between functional masses group and non-functional masses group. (3) Of the 493 patients, the proportion of benign adrenal masses was higher than malignant masses [70.6% (348/493) vs. 29.4% (145/493)].Compared with benign masses, the tumor diameter in malignant masses group was significantly larger [(73.85±29.84) mm vs.(67.12±26.69) mm, P<0.05]. Pheochromocytoma occupied the first proportion in both benign (32.2%) and malignant masses(42.1%). There was no significant difference in age, gender, and lesion location between the two groups. Conclusions Among the patients with large adrenal mass (≥4 cm), pheochromocytomas occupied the highest proportion and adrenal incidentalomas was the mainly reasons for visiting doctors. Functional adrenal masses were more than non-functional adrenal masses, and benign masses were more than malignant adrenal masses. Malignant masses showed the larger tumor diameter.

, correspAuthors=Li Zang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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目的 总结分析肾上腺大占位的构成特点以指导临床治疗。方法 回顾性分析2016年1月—2020年12月于解放军总医院第一医学中心内分泌科住院诊治的493例肾上腺占位直径≥4 cm患者的临床资料,包括性别、年龄、首诊原因、是否手术、术后病理诊断、影像学资料等。所有患者按内分泌功能评估结果分为功能性占位(n=264)与无功能性占位(n=229),按良恶性评估结果分为良性占位(n=348)与恶性占位(n=145),分析功能性占位、恶性占位所占比例及疾病谱分布情况。结果 (1)493例患者就诊年龄(47.7±14.3)岁,首诊原因主要为肾上腺意外瘤(289例,58.6%)。(2)肾上腺大占位中功能性占位多于无功能性占位[53.6%(264/493) vs. 46.4%(229/493)];功能性占位中嗜铬细胞瘤占比最高(65.5%),无功能性占位中髓样脂肪瘤占比最高(22.3%);功能性占位与无功能占位患者的年龄、性别、病变位置及瘤体直径差异无统计学意义。(3)肾上腺大占位中良性占位多于恶性占位[70.6%(348/493) vs.29.4% (145/493)],恶性占位瘤体直径大于良性占位[(73.85±29.84) mm vs.(67.12±26.69) mm,P<0.05];良性和恶性占位中嗜铬细胞瘤占比均居首位,分别为32.2%和42.1%;良性占位与恶性占位患者的年龄、性别、病变位置差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 肾上腺占位直径≥4 cm的患者中嗜铬细胞瘤比例最高,主要以肾上腺意外瘤就诊;功能性占位多于无功能性占位,良性占位多于恶性占位;恶性占位直径更大。

, correspAuthors=臧丽, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
臧丽,E-mail:
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刘静,医学硕士,主治医师,主要从事内分泌与代谢性疾病方面的临床研究

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2龙口市人民医院内分泌科,山东烟台 265700, bio={"content":"

刘静,医学硕士,主治医师,主要从事内分泌与代谢性疾病方面的临床研究

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刘静,医学硕士,主治医师,主要从事内分泌与代谢性疾病方面的临床研究

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Natl Med J China, 2014, 94(42):3314-3318., articleTitle=Clinical analysis of 4049 hospitalized cases of adrenal lesions, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207751289421799880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751281393901612, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=94, issue=42, pageStart=3314, pageEnd=3318, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=18, authorNames=李乐乐, 窦京涛, 谷伟军, journalName=中华医学杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=[李乐乐, 窦京涛, 谷伟军, 等. 4049例肾上腺病变患者回顾性临床分析[J]. 中华医学杂志, 2014, 94(42): 3314-3318.], articleTitle=4049例肾上腺病变患者回顾性临床分析, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1207751282450866237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751281393901612, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1207751282459254846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751281393901612, companyId=1207751282450866237, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Endocrinology, the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1207751282471837759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751281393901612, companyId=1207751282450866237, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1解放军总医院第一医学中心内分泌科,北京 100853)]), AuthorCompany(id=1207751282564112449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751281393901612, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1207751282576695362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751281393901612, companyId=1207751282564112449, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Department of Endocrinology, the People's Hospital of Longkou, Yantai, Shandong 265700, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1207751282606055492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751281393901612, companyId=1207751282564112449, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2龙口市人民医院内分泌科,山东烟台 265700)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1207751286993297737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751281393901612, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Analysis of the etiologies of large adrenal mass

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目合计(n=493)按功能分类按良恶性分类
功能性占位(n=264)无功能性占位(n=229)P良性占位(n=348)恶性占位(n=145)P
年龄(岁,$\bar{x}±s$)47.7±14.347.9±14.147.7±14.50.88347.2±14.349.2±14.40.156
男/女(例)246/247127/137119/1100.39317117775/700.601
病变位置(例,左/右/双)215/228/50111/119/34104/109/160.096149/169/3066/59/200.112
瘤体直径(mm, $\bar{x}±s$)69.35±27.6468.33±25.6170.51±29.870.38967.12±26.6973.85±29.840.019
), ArticleFig(id=1207751287077183820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751281393901612, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

肾上腺大占位病因构成分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目合计(n=493)按功能分类按良恶性分类
功能性占位(n=264)无功能性占位(n=229)P良性占位(n=348)恶性占位(n=145)P
年龄(岁,$\bar{x}±s$)47.7±14.347.9±14.147.7±14.50.88347.2±14.349.2±14.40.156
男/女(例)246/247127/137119/1100.39317117775/700.601
病变位置(例,左/右/双)215/228/50111/119/34104/109/160.096149/169/3066/59/200.112
瘤体直径(mm, $\bar{x}±s$)69.35±27.6468.33±25.6170.51±29.870.38967.12±26.6973.85±29.840.019
), ArticleFig(id=1207751287173652820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751281393901612, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Disease spectrum of large adrenal mass [n(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目合计(n=493)按功能分类按良恶性分类
功能性占位(n=264)无功能性占位(n=229)良性占位(n=348)恶性占位(n=145)
嗜铬细胞瘤173(35.1)173(65.5)0112(32.2)61(42.1)
副神经节瘤54(11.0)54(20.5)034(9.8)20(13.8)
嗜铬细胞瘤合并副神经节瘤3(0.6)3(1.1)003(2.0)
肾上腺性库欣综合征13(2.6)13(4.9)013(3.7)0
肾上腺皮质癌38(7.7)10(3.8)28(12.2)038(26.2)
亚临床库欣综合征10(2.0)10(3.8)010(2.9)0
原发性醛固酮增多症1(0.2)1(0.4)01(0.3)0
髓样脂肪瘤51(10.3)051(22.3)51(14.7)0
肾上腺囊肿46(9.3)046(20.1)46(13.2)0
无功能腺瘤31(6.3)031(13.5)31(8.9)0
节细胞神经瘤21(4.3)021(9.2)21(6.0)0
神经鞘瘤20(4.1)020(8.7)20(5.7)0
肾上腺转移癌20(4.1)020(8.7)020(13.8)
淋巴瘤2(0.4)02(0.9)02(1.4)
神经母细胞瘤1(0.2)01(0.4)01(0.7)
其他9(1.8)09(4.0)9(2.6)0
), ArticleFig(id=1207751287270121820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207751281393901612, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

肾上腺大占位疾病谱[例(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目合计(n=493)按功能分类按良恶性分类
功能性占位(n=264)无功能性占位(n=229)良性占位(n=348)恶性占位(n=145)
嗜铬细胞瘤173(35.1)173(65.5)0112(32.2)61(42.1)
副神经节瘤54(11.0)54(20.5)034(9.8)20(13.8)
嗜铬细胞瘤合并副神经节瘤3(0.6)3(1.1)003(2.0)
肾上腺性库欣综合征13(2.6)13(4.9)013(3.7)0
肾上腺皮质癌38(7.7)10(3.8)28(12.2)038(26.2)
亚临床库欣综合征10(2.0)10(3.8)010(2.9)0
原发性醛固酮增多症1(0.2)1(0.4)01(0.3)0
髓样脂肪瘤51(10.3)051(22.3)51(14.7)0
肾上腺囊肿46(9.3)046(20.1)46(13.2)0
无功能腺瘤31(6.3)031(13.5)31(8.9)0
节细胞神经瘤21(4.3)021(9.2)21(6.0)0
神经鞘瘤20(4.1)020(8.7)20(5.7)0
肾上腺转移癌20(4.1)020(8.7)020(13.8)
淋巴瘤2(0.4)02(0.9)02(1.4)
神经母细胞瘤1(0.2)01(0.4)01(0.7)
其他9(1.8)09(4.0)9(2.6)0
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493例肾上腺大占位构成特点分析
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刘静 1, 2 , 臧丽 1, * , 谷伟军 1 , 李冰 1 , 陈康 1 , 裴育 1 , 杜锦 1 , 郭清华 1 , 巴建明 1 , 吕朝晖 1 , 窦京涛 1 , 母义明 1
解放军医学杂志 | 肾上腺疾病专题研究 2022,47(7): 674-678
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解放军医学杂志 | 肾上腺疾病专题研究 2022, 47(7): 674-678
493例肾上腺大占位构成特点分析
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刘静1, 2, 臧丽1, * , 谷伟军1, 李冰1, 陈康1, 裴育1, 杜锦1, 郭清华1, 巴建明1, 吕朝晖1, 窦京涛1, 母义明1
作者信息
  • 1解放军总医院第一医学中心内分泌科,北京 100853
  • 2龙口市人民医院内分泌科,山东烟台 265700
  • 刘静,医学硕士,主治医师,主要从事内分泌与代谢性疾病方面的临床研究

通讯作者:

臧丽,E-mail:
Analysis of the features of 493 hospitalized cases with large adrenal mass
Jing Liu1, 2, Li Zang1, * , Wei-Jun Gu1, Bing Li1, Kang Chen1, Yu Pei1, Jin Du1, Qing-Hua Guo1, Jian-Ming Ba1, Zhao-Hui Lv1, Jing-Tao Dou1, Yi-Ming Mu1
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Endocrinology, the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
  • 2Department of Endocrinology, the People's Hospital of Longkou, Yantai, Shandong 265700, China
出版时间: 2022-07-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.07.0674
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目的 总结分析肾上腺大占位的构成特点以指导临床治疗。方法 回顾性分析2016年1月—2020年12月于解放军总医院第一医学中心内分泌科住院诊治的493例肾上腺占位直径≥4 cm患者的临床资料,包括性别、年龄、首诊原因、是否手术、术后病理诊断、影像学资料等。所有患者按内分泌功能评估结果分为功能性占位(n=264)与无功能性占位(n=229),按良恶性评估结果分为良性占位(n=348)与恶性占位(n=145),分析功能性占位、恶性占位所占比例及疾病谱分布情况。结果 (1)493例患者就诊年龄(47.7±14.3)岁,首诊原因主要为肾上腺意外瘤(289例,58.6%)。(2)肾上腺大占位中功能性占位多于无功能性占位[53.6%(264/493) vs. 46.4%(229/493)];功能性占位中嗜铬细胞瘤占比最高(65.5%),无功能性占位中髓样脂肪瘤占比最高(22.3%);功能性占位与无功能占位患者的年龄、性别、病变位置及瘤体直径差异无统计学意义。(3)肾上腺大占位中良性占位多于恶性占位[70.6%(348/493) vs.29.4% (145/493)],恶性占位瘤体直径大于良性占位[(73.85±29.84) mm vs.(67.12±26.69) mm,P<0.05];良性和恶性占位中嗜铬细胞瘤占比均居首位,分别为32.2%和42.1%;良性占位与恶性占位患者的年龄、性别、病变位置差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 肾上腺占位直径≥4 cm的患者中嗜铬细胞瘤比例最高,主要以肾上腺意外瘤就诊;功能性占位多于无功能性占位,良性占位多于恶性占位;恶性占位直径更大。

肾上腺占位  /  嗜铬细胞瘤  /  髓样脂肪瘤  /  肾上腺皮质癌

Objective To summarize and analyze the composition features of large adrenal mass for guiding the clinical treatment. Methods The clinical data of 493 cases of large adrenal mass (≥4 cm), admitted in the Chinese PLA General Hospital from January 2016 to December 2020, were collected and retrospectively analyzed, including gender, age, reason for first visit,operation or not, postoperative pathological diagnosis and imaging data. According to the endocrine function evaluation results,all the cases were divided into functional adrenal masses (n=264) and non-functional masses (n=229), and then, according to the tumor nature, they were divided into benign masses (n=348) and malignant masses (n=145), the spectrum of large adrenal masses were analyzed. Results (1) The mean age was (47.7±14.3) years old. Adrenal incidentalomas is the mainly reasons for first visit (n=289, 58.6%). (2) Of the 493 patients reviewed, the proportion of functional adrenal masses (n=264) was higher than non-functional masses (n=229) [53.6% vs. 46.4%]. Pheochromocytomas occupied the highest proportion among functional masses(65.5%), Myelolipoma occupied the highest proportion among non-functional masses (22.3%). There was no significant difference in age, gender, lesion location and tumor diameter between functional masses group and non-functional masses group. (3) Of the 493 patients, the proportion of benign adrenal masses was higher than malignant masses [70.6% (348/493) vs. 29.4% (145/493)].Compared with benign masses, the tumor diameter in malignant masses group was significantly larger [(73.85±29.84) mm vs.(67.12±26.69) mm, P<0.05]. Pheochromocytoma occupied the first proportion in both benign (32.2%) and malignant masses(42.1%). There was no significant difference in age, gender, and lesion location between the two groups. Conclusions Among the patients with large adrenal mass (≥4 cm), pheochromocytomas occupied the highest proportion and adrenal incidentalomas was the mainly reasons for visiting doctors. Functional adrenal masses were more than non-functional adrenal masses, and benign masses were more than malignant adrenal masses. Malignant masses showed the larger tumor diameter.

adrenal mass  /  pheochromocytoma  /  myelolipomas adrenocortical carcinoma
刘静, 臧丽, 谷伟军, 李冰, 陈康, 裴育, 杜锦, 郭清华, 巴建明, 吕朝晖, 窦京涛, 母义明. 493例肾上腺大占位构成特点分析. 解放军医学杂志, 2022 , 47 (7) : 674 -678 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.07.0674
Jing Liu, Li Zang, Wei-Jun Gu, Bing Li, Kang Chen, Yu Pei, Jin Du, Qing-Hua Guo, Jian-Ming Ba, Zhao-Hui Lv, Jing-Tao Dou, Yi-Ming Mu. Analysis of the features of 493 hospitalized cases with large adrenal mass[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2022 , 47 (7) : 674 -678 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.07.0674
近年来,随着医学影像技术的不断进步和人们健康意识的日趋增强,肾上腺病变检出率逐年增高。肾上腺占位瘤体直径≥4 cm时恶性风险明显升高,且肾上腺恶性肿瘤的风险随占位直径增大而增高,国内外指南建议直径≥4 cm的肾上腺意外瘤应行手术治疗或密切随访[1-2]。了解直径≥4 cm的肾上腺大占位的病变特征有助于其诊断和后续管理。目前国内尚缺乏肾上腺大占位病变构成的相关报道,本研究收集解放军总医院第一医学中心近5年收治的直径≥4 cm的肾上腺占位患者的临床资料,总结其病变特征,以期指导其临床诊治。
收集2016年1月1日-2020年12月31日于解放军总医院第一医学中心住院诊治的影像学检查提示占位直径≥4 cm的493例肾上腺占位患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。同一患者多次就诊记录第一次住院诊治资料。肾上腺大占位依据2016年欧洲内分泌协会编写的肾上腺意外瘤指南中建议,以直径≥4 cm作为诊断标准[2]。纳入标准:肾上腺影像学提示有占位性病变,且直径≥4 cm。排除标准:(1)未行肾上腺功能评估;(2)有酗酒、感染、创伤、抑郁症、服用糖皮质激素及其他影响下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴功能药物史。本研究获解放军总医院第一医学中心伦理委员会的豁免。
收集患者性别、年龄、首诊原因、临床诊断、是否手术、术后病理诊断、影像学资料等临床资料。
所有患者按内分泌功能评估结果分为无功能性占位(n=229)与功能性占位(肾上腺性库欣综合征、原发性醛固酮增多症、嗜铬细胞瘤、副神经节瘤、肾上腺皮质癌等)(n=264);按良恶性评估结果(行手术治疗者结合术后病理结果)分为良性占位(n=348)与恶性占位(肾上腺皮质癌、转移癌、淋巴瘤等)(n=145)。疾病诊断标准如下。(1)肾上腺性库欣综合征[2]:皮质醇节律紊乱,小剂量地塞米松抑制试验(LDDST)抑制后血皮质醇水平>50 nmol/L,ACTH水平受抑制。(2)原发性醛固酮增多症[3]:采用立位血浆醛固酮/肾素(ARR)比值进行筛查,比值>30者进一步行盐水输注试验、开博通试验确诊,盐水输注后醛固酮>10 ng/dl(1 ng/dl=27.7 pmol/L)、服用开博通后醛固酮未被抑制30%诊断为原发性醛固酮增多症;如存在自发低血钾、醛固酮>20 ng/dl(1 ng/dl=27.7 pmol/L)、肾素低于检测值下限可无需行确诊试验。(3)嗜铬细胞瘤[4]:24 h尿儿茶酚胺、血甲氧基肾上腺素、甲氧基去甲肾上腺素、甲氧基酪胺升高2倍以上,激素水平未升高者根据影像学[磁共振成像(MRI)、间碘苄胍(MIBG)扫描、正电子发射计算机断层显像(PET-CT)]及术后病理结果确诊。依据是否转移及术后病理判断其良恶性,有其他部位转移或Ki-67≥3%提示恶性嗜铬细胞瘤。(4)其他:肾上腺皮质癌、转移癌、淋巴瘤等依据术后或穿刺病理结果进行诊断。
采用多层螺旋CT平扫及增强扫描、MRI平扫及增强扫描进行肾上腺占位直径测量。CT层厚和层距为1.5 mm,MRI层厚和层距为4.0 mm,肿瘤直径择最大径层面测量。
根据内分泌功能评估结果进行功能分类,分析组间年龄、性别、直径、位置、所占比例、疾病谱分布有无差异;根据良恶性评估结果进行良恶性分类,分析组间年龄、性别、直径、位置、所占比例、疾病谱有无差异;并分析肾上腺大占位患者的首诊原因。
采用SPSS 26.0软件进行统计分析。计量资料服从正态分布的以$\bar{x}±s$表示,组间比较采用t检验;计数资料以例(%)表示,组间比较采用χ2检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
5年间解放军总医院第一医学中心住院诊治的肾上腺占位≥4 cm患者共493例,其中男246例,女247例,无性别差异;年龄(47.7±14.3)岁;440例患者在解放军总医院第一医学中心行手术治疗,53例患者未在解放军总医院第一医学中心进一步就诊,治疗方法不详。493例患者中,合并高血压235例(47.7%),合并糖尿病67例(13.6%)。首诊原因主要为肾上腺意外瘤(289例,58.6%);其后依次为腹部不适(62例,12.6%),发作性头痛、心悸、多汗(43例,8.7%),血压升高(41例,8.3%),腰背部不适(34例,6.9%),其他部位恶性肿瘤复查(17例,3.5%),典型库欣综合征症状外貌(7例,1.4%)。
肾上腺大占位中功能性占位多于无功能性占位[53.6%(264/493) vs.46.4%(229/493)],两组患者的年龄、性别、病变位置及瘤体直径差异均无统计学意义。良性占位多于恶性占位[70.6%(348/493) vs.29.4%(145/493)],恶性占位瘤体直径明显大于良性占位[(73.85±29.84) mm vs. (67.12±26.69) mm,P<0.05],但两组患者的年龄、性别、病变位置差异无统计学意义(表1)。
功能性占位中嗜铬细胞瘤占比最高(65.5%),其次为副神经节瘤(20.5%)和肾上腺性库欣综合征(4.9%);无功能性占位中髓样脂肪瘤占比最高(22.3%),其次为肾上腺囊肿(20.1%)、皮质腺瘤(13.5%)和肾上腺皮质癌(12.2%)。良性占位中嗜铬细胞瘤占比最高(32.2%),其次为髓样脂肪瘤(14.7%)和肾上腺囊肿(13.2%);恶性占位中恶性嗜铬细胞瘤占比最高(42.1%),其次为肾上腺皮质癌(26.2%)、转移癌(13.8%)和恶性副神经节瘤(13.8%)(表2)。
肾上腺由来源和功能均不相同的皮质和髓质两部分组成,其组织结构和功能的复杂性导致肾上腺病变呈多样性。根据来源可将肾上腺疾病分为肾上腺皮质、髓质及肾上腺外病变;根据病变的功能状态可分为功能亢进性病变、功能减退性病变和无功能性病变;根据生物学行为及病理类型可分为良性病变和恶性病变。既往研究报道,肾上腺意外瘤中无功能性占位多于功能性占位[5-7]。本研究组曾对1173例肾上腺意外瘤病因构成进行分析,结果发现无功能性占位及功能性占位占比分别为68.97%、24.38%[5]。韩国一项针对肾上腺意外瘤的多中心研究结果显示,无功能性占位及功能性占位的占比分别为83.28%、16.50%[6]。Yilmaz等[7]对755例肾上腺意外瘤的随访研究显示,无功能性占位及功能性占位占比分别为71.8%、15.8%。而本研究根据肾上腺功能评估结果将肾上腺大占位患者分为功能性占位组和无功能性占位组,结果显示,功能性占位所占比例高于无功能性占位(53.6% vs. 46.4%),不同于既往研究结果,其可能原因如下:(1)本研究纳入的研究对象为直径≥4 cm的较大肾上腺占位,随肾上腺占位体积的增大,功能性占位的发生率也相应增高,这与Cyranska-Chyrek等[8]研究结果一致,即肾上腺功能性占位的发生率与肿瘤体积增大呈正相关;(2)因医师对较大肾上腺占位恶性风险的顾虑、患者自身不适症状及对于较大“肿瘤”的恐慌导致手术意愿较强烈,因此本研究纳入患者的手术治疗比例较高,有助于寂静型嗜铬细胞瘤等功能性肿瘤的检出。
国外研究报道,对于合并高血压的肾上腺占位应警惕原发性醛固酮增多症的可能,而肿瘤体积较大时需考虑嗜铬细胞瘤或副神经节瘤的可能[9-10]。一项来自印度的研究发现,直径≥4 cm的肾上腺意外瘤中嗜铬细胞瘤的占比(37.7%)最高[11]。本研究结果也显示,嗜铬细胞瘤在所有肾上腺大占位中占比最高(35.1%),在功能性占位中占比也最高(65.5%),与国外文献报道一致。因此,对直径≥4 cm的肾上腺占位应重点警惕嗜铬细胞瘤的可能。土耳其一项纳入229例肾上腺意外瘤的研究表明,功能性占位患者的平均年龄明显低于无功能性占位,可能是由于功能性占位患者因相应症状出现更早而就诊[12];日本肾上腺意外瘤的调查结果显示,功能性占位患者的瘤体直径明显大于无功能性占位[13],Cyranska-Chyrek等[8]研究也表明,肾上腺意外瘤患者中,功能性占位的发生率与肿瘤直径呈正相关,肿瘤<4 cm组、4~6 cm组、>6 cm组的功能性肿瘤检出率依次为14.6%、37.0%、51.2%。本研究结果显示,功能性占位及无功能性占位患者的就诊年龄、性别、病变位置及瘤体直径差异均无统计学意义,这可能归因于近年来人们体检意识的提高,可提早发现无功能性肾上腺占位、症状不明显的功能性占位及亚临床功能性占位病变。上述研究结果均显示,肾上腺大占位中功能性占位的比例较高,且以嗜铬细胞瘤占比最高。任何一种功能性肾上腺占位,均可因过量激素分泌导致心血管疾病、糖尿病等代谢性疾病的发病率和病死率增高。因此,所有直径≥4 cm的肾上腺占位患者均需行肾上腺功能评估,以排查寂静型嗜铬细胞瘤及亚临床库欣综合征等隐匿性病变,避免漏诊。对于功能性占位,应在充分术前准备的情况下及时手术治疗,而对非功能性占位也需密切随诊,定期行影像学检查。此外,嗜铬细胞瘤是具有恶性潜能的肿瘤,易出现复发、多发、转移的情况,同时,RET原癌基因、VHL肿瘤抑制基因等突变可引起嗜铬细胞瘤相关的多发性内分泌腺瘤综合征2型(MEN-2)、Von Hippel-Lindau综合征(VHL综合征),因此建议对所有嗜铬细胞瘤患者进行基因检测以做到精准诊断,并进行终身随访。
本课题组既往对1661例肾上腺意外瘤的分析结果显示,直径4~6 cm和>6 cm的肿瘤恶性率分别为8.94%和27.33%[14]。Vural等[15]对肿瘤大小与肾上腺无功能瘤恶性风险的相关性分析发现,直径4~6 cm和>6 cm的肿瘤恶性率分别为2.9%和13.6%。Cyranska-Chyrek等[8]研究发现,肾上腺意外瘤患者中恶性肿瘤的风险随肿瘤直径增大而增加,4~6 cm组、>6 cm组恶性肿瘤发生率依次为4.8%、37.7%。本研究依据占位生物学行为及术后病理将纳入患者分为良性占位组和恶性占位组,结果显示,良性占位占比多于恶性占位(70.6% vs. 29.4%),直径≥4 cm的肾上腺占位恶性风险与文献报道基本一致。良性肿瘤中居前三位的分别为嗜铬细胞瘤、髓样脂肪瘤和肾上腺囊肿,恶性肿瘤中居前三位的分别为恶性嗜铬细胞瘤、肾上腺皮质癌、转移癌。恶性占位组患者瘤体直径较良性占位组大,而年龄、性别、病变位置差异无统计学意义,提示肾上腺大占位恶性风险随瘤体直径增大而增高。因此,对瘤体直径≥4 cm的肾上腺占位建议根据生物学行为、CT值、MRI抑脂相、造影剂廓清率、术后病理等评估良恶性,对于怀疑恶性的肾上腺大占位建议进一步完善PET-CT等检查以了解有无其他部位转移,恶性占位者则建议及时手术治疗并密切随访,无法进行手术者可给予靶向治疗或放射治疗;良性占位也需进行密切随诊,定时行影像学检查。
本课题组既往报道的2009-2011年、2011-2013年肾上腺意外瘤在总体肾上腺病变中的占比分别为56.61%、50.36%[16]。本研究结果显示,肾上腺大占位患者的首诊原因主要为肾上腺意外瘤(58.6%),其次为占位效应、嗜铬细胞瘤发作症状及因库欣综合征外貌而就诊。这主要源于随着人口老龄化和寿命的延长,肾上腺意外瘤的发病率逐渐升高,同时人们对健康体检的重视程度增加,以及高分辨率CT技术提高了肾上腺占位的检出率。虽然以肾上腺意外瘤就诊的患者中无功能性占位多于功能性占位,良性占位多于恶性占位,但恶性占位的比例仍高达19.4%,建议有条件的患者健康体检时行肾上腺超声或CT平扫检查以发现潜在的无功能恶性肾上腺占位。
综上所述,本研究结果显示,肾上腺大占位中功能性占位多于无功能性占位;功能性占位中以嗜铬细胞瘤、副神经节瘤、肾上腺性库欣综合征多见,无功能性占位中以髓样脂肪瘤、肾上腺囊肿和无功能皮脂腺瘤多见;良性占位多于恶性占位,但直径≥4 cm的肾上腺占位恶性风险明显增高,且恶性占位瘤体直径更大,良性和恶性肾上腺大占位中均以嗜铬细胞瘤最常见,恶性占位中肾上腺皮质癌和转移癌发生率亦较高。对直径≥4 cm的肾上腺占位要全面评估其功能及恶性可能,必要时可行基因检测,选择合理的治疗方案。由于本研究为单中心回顾性研究,代表性有限,且未分析患者随访和预后等信息,因此,仍有待多中心前瞻性研究来明确肾上腺占位直径等相关信息对其功能及良恶性的预测价值。
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2022年第47卷第7期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.07.0674
  • 接收时间:2021-11-23
  • 首发时间:2025-12-16
  • 出版时间:2022-07-28
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  • 收稿日期:2021-11-23
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    1解放军总医院第一医学中心内分泌科,北京 100853
    2龙口市人民医院内分泌科,山东烟台 265700

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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