Article(id=1207433497451533195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1207433493215289544, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.08.0824, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1643299200000, receivedDateStr=2022-01-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1648569600000, acceptedDateStr=2022-03-30, onlineDate=1765804178822, onlineDateStr=2025-12-15, pubDate=1661616000000, pubDateStr=2022-08-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765804178822, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765804178822, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765804178822, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1207433493215289544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2022', volume='47', issue='8', pageStart='745', pageEnd='850', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1765804177811, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765804292764, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1207433975413444883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1207433493215289544, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1207433975413444884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1207433493215289544, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=824, endPage=830, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1207433497954849701, articleId=1207433497451533195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Research progress on the relationship between visceral fat and vascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Vascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) include macrovascular complications and microvascular complications, of which the increased incidence is often accompanied with a high incidence of obesity. Obesity is an independent risk factor for T2DM. In obese patients, body fat distribution rather than total body fat is associated with metabolic and cardiovascular risk. Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) cannot accurately reflect body fat distribution in obese patients, so visceral fat has received more and more attention and may be as a related risk factor for vascular complications in T2DM.The research progress on the relationship between visceral fat and vascular complications of T2DM and its action mechanism have been reviewed in present paper, in order to provide a reference for in-depth research and clinical examination of visceral fat.

, correspAuthors=Xiang-Mei Chen, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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2型糖尿病(T2DM)血管并发症包括大血管并发症和微血管并发症,其发病率的升高往往伴随着高肥胖发生率。肥胖是T2DM的独立危险因素。研究显示,体脂分布而不是体脂总量与肥胖患者的代谢及心血管风险相关。体重指数(BMI)和腰围(WC)不能准确地反映肥胖患者的体脂分布情况,因此,内脏脂肪越来越受重视,并可能成为T2DM血管并发症的预测指标。本文就内脏脂肪与T2DM血管并发症的相关性及其作用机制研究进展进行综述,以期为内脏脂肪的深入研究和临床检查提供参考。

, correspAuthors=陈香美, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
陈香美,E-mail:
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李航天,硕士研究生,主要从事糖尿病合并肾脏疾病方面的研究

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李航天,硕士研究生,主要从事糖尿病合并肾脏疾病方面的研究

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内脏脂肪与2型糖尿病血管并发症的关系研究进展
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李航天 1, 2 , 王倩 2 , 董哲毅 2 , 张伟光 2 , 林雯文 1 , 骆雅咏 1 , 陈香美 1, 2, *
解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2022,47(8): 824-830
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解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2022, 47(8): 824-830
内脏脂肪与2型糖尿病血管并发症的关系研究进展
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李航天1, 2, 王倩2, 董哲毅2, 张伟光2, 林雯文1, 骆雅咏1, 陈香美1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1广东药科大学临床医学院,广东广州 510006
  • 2解放军总医院第一医学中心肾脏病医学部/解放军肾脏病研究所/肾脏疾病国家重点实验室/国家慢性肾脏病临床医学研究中心/肾脏疾病研究北京市重点实验室,北京 100853
  • 李航天,硕士研究生,主要从事糖尿病合并肾脏疾病方面的研究

通讯作者:

陈香美,E-mail:
Research progress on the relationship between visceral fat and vascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Hang-Tian Li1, 2, Qian Wang2, Zhe-Yi Dong2, Wei-Guang Zhang2, Wen-Wen Lin1, Ya-Yong Luo1, Xiang-Mei Chen1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Clinical Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
  • 2Department of Nephrology, the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital/Chinese PLA Institute for Nephrology/State Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease/National Clinical Research Center for Chronic Kidney Disease/Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Research, Beijing 100853, China
出版时间: 2022-08-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.08.0824
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2型糖尿病(T2DM)血管并发症包括大血管并发症和微血管并发症,其发病率的升高往往伴随着高肥胖发生率。肥胖是T2DM的独立危险因素。研究显示,体脂分布而不是体脂总量与肥胖患者的代谢及心血管风险相关。体重指数(BMI)和腰围(WC)不能准确地反映肥胖患者的体脂分布情况,因此,内脏脂肪越来越受重视,并可能成为T2DM血管并发症的预测指标。本文就内脏脂肪与T2DM血管并发症的相关性及其作用机制研究进展进行综述,以期为内脏脂肪的深入研究和临床检查提供参考。

肥胖  /  内脏脂肪  /  糖尿病,2型  /  血管并发症

Vascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) include macrovascular complications and microvascular complications, of which the increased incidence is often accompanied with a high incidence of obesity. Obesity is an independent risk factor for T2DM. In obese patients, body fat distribution rather than total body fat is associated with metabolic and cardiovascular risk. Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) cannot accurately reflect body fat distribution in obese patients, so visceral fat has received more and more attention and may be as a related risk factor for vascular complications in T2DM.The research progress on the relationship between visceral fat and vascular complications of T2DM and its action mechanism have been reviewed in present paper, in order to provide a reference for in-depth research and clinical examination of visceral fat.

obese  /  visceral fat  /  diabetes mellitus, type 2  /  vascular complications
李航天, 王倩, 董哲毅, 张伟光, 林雯文, 骆雅咏, 陈香美. 内脏脂肪与2型糖尿病血管并发症的关系研究进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2022 , 47 (8) : 824 -830 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.08.0824
Hang-Tian Li, Qian Wang, Zhe-Yi Dong, Wei-Guang Zhang, Wen-Wen Lin, Ya-Yong Luo, Xiang-Mei Chen. Research progress on the relationship between visceral fat and vascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2022 , 47 (8) : 824 -830 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.08.0824
随着人口老龄化的加剧及饮食模式的改变[1],我国2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)患者已达1.16亿[2],其发病率与国际糖尿病联合会(International Diabetes Federation,IDF)糖尿病地图集发布的2019年全球糖尿病发病率(9.3%)一致[3]。糖尿病以高血糖为特征,其并发症(包括大血管并发症和微血管并发症)是造成患者死亡的重要原因[4]。T2DM的患病率随肥胖的发病率增高而增高,肥胖是T2DM的独立危险因素[5]。有研究发现,肥胖和体重增加导致的代谢及心血管风险增高更多地与体脂分布有关,而不是与体脂总量相关[6]。既往研究中常用的肥胖测量指标为体重指数(body mass index,BMI)和腰围(waist circumference,WC),但BMI未考虑局部脂肪沉积的异质性,不能区分瘦体重(去脂体重)与胖体重,而腰围不能区分内脏脂肪与皮下脂肪[7]。相关研究发现,体脂的区域分布是与并发症相关的关键表型[8],尤其是腹部内脏脂肪累积是代谢风险的决定性因素之一,而BMI及WC均不能明确提示腹部内脏脂肪[9-10]。大量研究表明,肥胖患者的体脂分布与T2DM各种并发症的发生风险有关,尤其是内脏脂肪肥胖可能是T2DM的独立预测因子[11-12]。内脏脂肪的累积与胰岛素抵抗、T2DM及高血压等疾病相关,且可使T2DM血管并发症发生风险明显增高[13],此外内脏脂肪对T2DM血管并发症还具有较好的预测价值。本文就内脏脂肪与T2DM大血管及微血管并发症的相关性研究及其作用机制进行综述,旨在为早期预防和管理T2DM血管并发症提供参考。
内脏脂肪主要分布在腹部器官周围,按照储存的区域可分为肝脏脂肪、肾周脂肪、心外膜脂肪等[14]。内脏脂肪的分布不仅存在性别差异,还存在种族差异。总体来说,男性内脏脂肪含量明显高于女性;与欧洲人、非洲人比较,亚洲人更容易发生内脏脂肪堆积[15-16]。相关研究表明,内脏脂肪高的患者糖尿病发生风险更高,可能的原因是内脏脂肪含有更多大脂肪细胞,大脂肪细胞具有胰岛素抵抗、高脂分解和胰岛素抗脂解作用[17]。此外,内脏脂肪还能表达更多的脂联素,更易被炎性细胞浸润,从而产生更多的促炎细胞因子,如肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)和白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6),合成更多血管紧张素原、纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1[18]。随着内脏脂肪检测技术的发展,电子计算机断层扫描(computed tomography,CT)、磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)、双能X线吸收测定法(dual-X-ray absorptiometry,DXA)、生物电阻抗分析技术(bioelectrical impedance analysis,BIA)已经在临床开展应用。此外,还有一些根据临床指标计算的内脏脂肪相关指数,如内脏肥胖指数(visceral adiposity index,VAI)、中国内脏肥胖指数(Chinese visceral adiposity index,CVAI)等,使得内脏脂肪的测量更加方便。在众多测量内脏脂肪的方法中,MRI和CT被认为是金标准,但因其自身的局限性不适合在临床进行大规模筛查,而BIA和内脏脂肪指数由于操作简便,其临床应用越来越广泛。
人体内脏脂肪堆积引起的内脏型肥胖被认为是一种慢性低度炎症状态[19]。在内脏脂肪不断累积的过程中,脂肪组织经历了不同的细胞和结构重塑以适应过量的热量摄入,同时会导致脂肪因子分泌改变和促炎脂肪因子上调[20]。此外,内脏脂肪组织中巨噬细胞[包括M1(促炎,经典激活的巨噬细胞)和M2(抗炎,交替激活的巨噬细胞)两种类型]浸润增多,可在先天免疫层面介导人体的慢性低度炎症反应,其中M1型巨噬细胞分泌IL-6、IL-1β、单核细胞趋化蛋白及TNF-α等炎性细胞因子,而M2型巨噬细胞则参与组织修复和炎症消退[21]。在T2DM血管并发症的发生发展过程中,内脏脂肪分泌各种细胞因子造成的炎症过程异常激活贯穿血管损伤全程。这些细胞因子包括循环因子(IL-6、TNF-α)、炎性细胞因子[IL-1β、核因子κB(NF-κB)]、单核细胞趋化蛋白1(MCP-1)、血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)及黏附分子[血管细胞黏附分子-1(VCAM-1)、细胞间黏附分子-1(ICAM-1)],它们不仅推动动脉粥样硬化斑块的形成,增加心肌梗死和卒中的风险,还可促进炎性细胞进入肾微血管而导致糖尿病肾病(diabetic kidney disease,DKD)[13, 22]
血管内皮功能障碍通常表现为内皮依赖性血管舒张功能受损、氧化应激升高、慢性炎症、白细胞黏附和高渗透性及内皮细胞衰老[23]。在内脏脂肪不断堆积导致内脏肥胖和胰岛素抵抗的状态下,血浆胰岛素和醛固酮水平会升高,最终使血管盐皮质激素受体和胰岛素受体激活,这两个受体激活的下游介质内皮钙离子通道被认为是内皮功能障碍的关键[24-25]。当内皮钙离子通道活性增强时,血管内皮中皮质肌动蛋白细胞骨架硬化、内皮一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)释放受损、氧化应激增加导致NO破坏、血管通透性增加及炎性环境刺激,可进一步加重内皮功能障碍,从而促进糖尿病血管并发症的发生[26]。此外,糖尿病本身也可诱导血管内皮功能障碍,是发生糖尿病血管并发症的关键和起始因素。大血管和微血管内皮功能障碍的特点有所不同,前者主要为NO生物利用度降低,前列环素的产生增加,内皮依赖性超极化,以及内皮源性血管收缩剂的生成或作用增强,后者主要为NO释放减少、氧化应激增强、炎性因子产生增多、血管生成异常和内皮修复受损[4, 27]
血管平滑肌细胞作为维持血管壁内环境稳定的细胞类型之一,其功能障碍被认为是T2DM血管功能障碍及血管并发症发生的基本作用机制[28]。内脏脂肪产生的脂肪因子和细胞因子可通过调节血管平滑肌细胞的基因表达及功能,造成血管平滑肌功能障碍,从而直接影响血管壁的内环境稳定[29]。同时,在内脏脂肪引起的炎症状态下,血管平滑肌细胞可将细胞自身表型转变为骨/软骨母细胞样细胞,这些转分化的细胞可产生局部的钙化环境,从而促进动脉中层钙化[30-31],并在T2DM动脉粥样硬化的发生发展中发挥重要作用。
体内氧化与抗氧化作用失衡状态称为氧化应激。内脏脂肪组织的堆积会造成低度炎症,从而激活内脏脂肪组织固有免疫系统,进一步促进炎症和氧化应激,触发系统性急性期反应[32]。不断累积的内脏脂肪组织可诱导TNF-α、IL-1及IL-6等促炎因子的合成,促进巨噬细胞和单核细胞产生更多的活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)和NO,因此,NO浓度升高可能是氧化应激增强的主要原因[33]。此外,内脏脂肪过度累积可导致血清游离脂肪酸水平病理性升高,从而引起自由基产生、线粒体DNA损伤、三磷酸腺苷消耗,这些均可损伤细胞结构。细胞损伤又可导致TNF-α等细胞因子大量产生,从而在组织中进一步生成ROS,使脂质过氧化率增高[34]。总之,内脏脂肪的功能障碍可诱发全身性氧化应激,反过来氧化应激又会导致内脏脂肪产生大量的脂肪因子,造成内脏脂肪的功能障碍[35]。过量自由基导致的脂质过氧化可降低抗氧化酶的活性,从而导致糖尿病血管并发症的发生发展。
除了经典的内脏脂肪外,部分异位脂肪如心外膜脂肪、肾周脂肪等可能在炎症、全身血管内皮功能障碍、氧化应激等机制基础上再次对局部器官产生机械性作用力[36]。当局部脂肪增加时,脏器外包裹的筋膜可限制脂肪组织的扩张,从而对器官血管和组织产生物理压力,导致血流动力学改变,引起器官形态和功能的损伤[37]。此外,这些部位的异位脂肪分泌的脂肪因子及炎性因子也可能直接作用于局部器官而造成损伤[38]
动脉粥样硬化主要位于大多数大、中动脉内膜,尤其是血管分裂处,是T2DM患者心血管疾病的根本原因[39]。颈动脉内膜中层厚度(carotid intima-media thickness,CIMT)增加被认为是动脉内膜的早期恶化及动脉粥样硬化的临床前阶段[40]
Silaghi等[41]纳入336例T2DM患者进行回顾性研究,通过超声来评估肝脂肪变性、CIMT,并通过BIA来评估身体成分,探讨临床参数和身体成分指数对T2DM患者中非酒精性脂肪肝(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)与CIMT关系的影响,结果发现,CIMT与内脏脂肪面积(visceral fat area,VFA)呈正相关(r=0.18,P=0.014),而与肝脂肪变性无关。该研究的多变量回归分析结果显示,年龄、HbA1c和VFA是CIMT良好的独立预测因子,因此,可通过控制内脏脂肪来降低合并NAFLD的T2DM患者动脉粥样硬化的发生风险。Zhou等[40]则在上述研究基础上进一步确定了CIMT的相关危险因素,以促进CVD的早期预防。该研究发现,吸烟、VFA增加、女性及BMI增加是CIMT的危险因素(OR分别为5.759、1.364、2.239、1.186);在决策树模型中,吸烟为第一个变量或根节点(树根),其次为性别、腰围、VFA和慢性肾脏病(CKD)。
18F-脱氧葡萄糖(18F-FDG)正电子发射体层摄影术(18F-deoxyglucose-positron emission tomography,18F-FDG PET)可用于评估早期T2DM的动脉炎症情况,但动脉粥样硬化与内脏脂肪的关系尚不完全清楚。Reijrink等[42]在一项纳入44例早期T2DM患者的横断面研究中对此进行了探讨,他们采用CT在L1-L5水平之间自动分割内脏脂肪与皮下脂肪体积,以主动脉、颈动脉、髂动脉和股动脉的葡萄糖校正最大标准化摄取值(SUVmax)来量化动脉炎症,并将背景活动(blood pool)校正为目标背景比(meanTBR)。结果发现,与皮下脂肪相比,内脏脂肪与T2DM患者的早期动脉粥样硬化呈正相关(r=0.325,P=0.031),即使在矫正性别和其他成分(如HbA1c、胰岛素抵抗、NAFLD、脂联素、瘦素、CRP等)后,内脏脂肪与meanTBR仍独立相关。
在T2DM的血管并发症中,心血管疾病是导致患者死亡的重要原因,其风险为非糖尿病患者的2~3倍[40]
Omura-Ohata等[43]发现,BIA测量内脏脂肪的精确度与CT一致,他们通过BIA和CT评估纳入的98例T2DM患者的内脏脂肪,结果显示在无潜在亚临床心力衰竭的T2DM患者中,VFA-BIA与VFA-CT呈明显正相关(r=0.917;P<0.001),且VFA-BIA与VFA-CT检测到的心血管风险因素相似,提示BIA可替代CT作为评估糖尿病患者心室颤动的标准方法。此外,该研究在T2DM合并高血压和(或)血脂异常(内脏肥胖的主要共病)的受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线分析中发现,VFA-BIA的曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC)与VFA-CT相当,提示VFA-BIA同样可用于评估内脏肥胖。
使用弗雷明翰10年心血管风险评分进行心血管疾病总风险评估的一项为期10年的T2DM患者VFA与心血管疾病风险的相关性研究也采用BIA来进行内脏脂肪的测量,结果发现VFA是T2DM患者心血管疾病的独立危险因素,且VFA≥100 cm²的年龄较大的女性心室颤动患者存在较高的心血管疾病风险[44]。另一项纳入183例T2DM患者的研究同样使用BIA来估计VFA和骨骼肌质量,结果也证实有内脏脂肪堆积的T2DM患者骨骼肌质量明显低于无内脏脂肪堆积者,且有内脏脂肪堆积、骨骼肌质量较低的T2DM患者更易患心血管疾病(OR=2.72,P=0.018;OR=2.28,P=0.012)[45]
除利用BIA或CT进行VFA相关性研究外,内脏脂肪与其他身体成分的比值,如骨骼肌质量与内脏脂肪的比值也受到研究者的青睐。一项以臂踝脉搏波速度测量动脉粥样硬化僵硬度的横断面研究,以骨骼肌质量与VFA的比值(SVR)作为分组依据,将423例T2DM患者按照SVR三分位数分为3组,多元logistic回归分析发现,SVR与臂踝脉搏波速率(baPWV)明显相关,且SVR三分位数较低者动脉硬化的风险更高(Q1:男性OR=4.33,女性OR=4.66;Q3OR=1),SVR降低与T2DM患者动脉硬度增加独立相关,提示SVR是T2DM患者心血管风险较好的评估指标(男性高baPWV的SVR最佳临界值为191.7 g/cm²,女性为157.3 g/cm²)[46]
一项纳入127例T2DM患者的回顾性研究发现,心外膜脂肪组织(EAT)是T2DM患者发生主要心血管不良事件(major adverse cardiovascular events,MACE)的独立预测因子。当EAT含量>123.2 ml时,其预测T2DM患者长期MACE的特异度为72.7%、敏感度为77.1%(AUC=0.820,95%CI 0.733~0.908)[47]
DKD已经成为全球终末期肾病的主要原因,其发病率随T2DM患者的增多而上升[48]
内脏脂肪对DKD的影响在临床方面主要表现为进行性的肾功能下降[49],这与Moh等[50]的前瞻性研究结果一致,该研究纳入2057例平均年龄为57岁的T2DM患者进行3年随访后,根据体重、BMI、VFA及经BMI调整的VFA(VFABMI)将受试者按三分位数分为3组,结果发现,经多变量调整后,三分位数较高组的Δ体重、ΔBMI、ΔVFA和ΔVFABMI可预测估算肾小球滤过率(eGFR)的快速下降[≥3 ml/(min.1.73 m2)],同时还发现ΔVFABMI与男性eGFR快速下降明显相关(OR=2.7,95%CI 1.5~4.7,P=0.001),而在女性中无此相关性;体重和内脏脂肪的增加可独立预测T2DM患者的肾功能降低。
与典型的内脏脂肪相比,肾周脂肪(位于肾纤维膜与腹膜后间隙的肾筋膜之间)在参与能量代谢及分泌脂肪因子方面更加活跃。Fang等[51]在评估T2DM患者肾周脂肪与eGFR关系的横断面研究中,将纳入的171例T2DM患者根据肾周脂肪厚度的四分位数分为3组,结果发现,T2DM患者尤其是男性患者的肾周脂肪厚度与eGFR呈负相关(r=–0.181,P<0.05),且亚组分析结果显示,男性患者的肾周脂肪厚度仍与eGFR明显相关(r=–0.264,P<0.05),而女性则未见相关(r=–0.199,P=0.062)。
在探讨肾周脂肪与DKD的相关性时,横断面研究无法建立两者的因果关系。因此,Chen等[52]对190例T2DM患者进行了2年随访,结果发现,按标准差分级的基线肾周脂肪厚度增厚,则CKD发病率增高(HR=1.67,95%CI 1.04~2.68),进一步证实了上述结论,表明肾周脂肪不仅对CKD的预测价值高于总脂肪、皮下脂肪或内脏脂肪,而且是DKD患者的独立危险因素。内脏脂肪与肾损伤的相关性不仅体现在eGFR的降低,还体现在蛋白尿上。Hanai等[53]对208例T2DM患者内脏脂肪与尿蛋白的关系进行横断面研究,通过CT对患者VFA进行扫描,结果发现,尿白蛋白与肌酐比值(albumin-to-creatinine ratio,ACR)与内脏脂肪明显相关(r=0.14,P=0.047),而与皮下脂肪面积无关(r=0.08,P=0.237)。
一项关于T2DM患者腹部肥胖与DKD关系的荟萃分析发现,DKD患者的VFA、WC、腰臀比及腰高比与非DKD患者比较差异有统计学意义(SMD=0.24,95%CI 0.13~0.36,P=0.000),同时VFA、WC与DKD的发病率增高相关,而DKD患者也更易罹患腹型肥胖尤其是内脏脂肪肥胖[54]
DR是失明人群中常见的致盲原因,其发病率随糖尿病患病人数的增加而增高[55-56]
随着糖尿病持续时间的延长,T2DM患者对DR更易感,且内脏肥胖和肾脏负荷造成的全身性血管损伤也影响了DR的发生发展过程。Moh等[57]纳入糖尿病病史≥10年的953例T2DM患者,结果发现DR患病率明显增高,且DR组的BMI、WC及内脏脂肪均明显高于非DR组,但在控制ACR和eGFR后,DR与VFA无明显相关性(OR=1.030,95%CI 0.974~1.089,P=0.302)。另一项纳入102例T2DM患者的研究则是从胰岛素抵抗的角度验证DR与VFA的相关性,结果发现DR组的空腹血糖、胰岛素浓度、稳态模型评估指数、VFA均明显高于非DR组(P<0.001),且多变量logistic回归分析结果显示,高VFA(OR=4.83,95%CI 1.74~13.40,P=0.0025)和胰岛素抵抗(OR=6.39,95%CI 2.19~18.60,P=0.0007)是DR的独立危险因素[58]
然而,Dossarps等[59]选取了179例T2DM患者,为确定T2DM患者腹部脂肪因子分泌与DR的关系,依据美国眼科学会的分类标准将患者分为无DR组、轻度和重度DR组、晚期DR组,结果发现,三组的脂肪因子(脂联素和瘦素)、内脏脂肪及皮下脂肪差异均无统计学意义,提示T2DM患者的体脂分布、脂肪因子与DR无关。可能的原因,一方面是DN对脂联素的影响,另一方面是个体差异和不同药物对脂联素和瘦素的影响。因此,仍需要大规模的前瞻性试验来确定内脏脂肪与DR的关系。
DPN是造成T2DM患者溃疡、无创截肢和足部感染风险增加的最复杂和最严重的并发症之一[60]
在一项关于65例中年T2DM患者身体成分与DPN的关系研究中,研究者从胰岛素抵抗这一经典途径来解释T2DM患者肥胖与DPN的关系。该研究通过血浆胰岛素(μU/ml)×血糖(mg/dl)/405这个公式来计算胰岛素抵抗的稳态模型,并使用BIA来评估VFA,结果发现,患有DPN者的VFA明显高于未患DPN者,提示内脏脂肪是DPN的危险因素(OR=1.026,95%CI 1.005~1.048,P=0.015);但在校正胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)后,HOMA-IR较低的受试者患DPN的可能性较小,提示胰岛素抵抗可能是内脏脂肪与DPN之间的关键调节因子[61]。T2DM患者不仅会产生胰岛素抵抗,也会导致基础代谢率(basal metabolic rate,BMR)增高,在上述研究的基础上,Kumar等[62]进一步分析了50例T2DM合并DPN患者的BMR、胰岛素抵抗与内脏脂肪的相关性,结果发现患者的BMR随内脏脂肪的增加而增高(r=0.332,P=0.018),提示代谢率的增高可能是由于内脏脂肪独特的代谢特征所致。
Müller-Stich等[63]对20例长期胰岛素依赖型T2DM患者行腹腔镜下Roux-en-Y胃分流术(Roux-en-Y gastric bypass,RYGB),结果发现术后6个月患者的BMI和HbA1c水平明显改善,且神经病变评分(如神经病变症状评分和神经病变缺陷评分)也明显改善,13例(65%)患者的症状性神经病变是完全可逆的,主要是因为RYGB手术可诱导患者体脂减少、脂肪组织重新分布(尤其是内脏脂肪明显减少),以及脂肪细胞重塑为更良性的轮廓所致[64]。上述研究表明,T2DM患者DPN的发生可能与胰岛素抵抗、内脏脂肪和基础代谢率相关,且可通过减少内脏脂肪来缓解DPN患者的临床症状。
综上所述,内脏脂肪肥胖是T2DM的独立危险因素,与T2DM合并大血管疾病、微血管疾病均存在明显的相关性;且内脏脂肪可能通过炎症、氧化应激、血管内皮功能障碍、血管平滑肌功能障碍、异位脂肪对器官的作用等机制,导致T2DM血管并发症的发生发展。内脏脂肪反映的是脂肪局部沉积的异质性,更加证实了体脂的分布而不是体脂的总量与T2DM血管并发症的发生风险相关。BIA因具有无辐射和检查方便的特点,临床可常规用于筛查内脏脂肪肥胖,以更加客观、全面地评估患者的肥胖状态。内脏脂肪对T2DM血管并发症具有较好的预测价值,且无创、便捷,可在临床上推广应用,以指导T2DM的早期预防。未来对T2DM患者肥胖症的治疗可通过设计新的药物和不同的方案或疗法来减少内脏脂肪,以有效预防T2DM的进展及其相关的血管并发症。此外,内脏脂肪与T2DM合并脑血管疾病的相关性尚不清楚,未来可开展相关临床研究来探讨两者的关系。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2018YFC1704203)
  • 北京市科技计划课题(D17110700280000)
  • 北京市科技计划课题(D171100002817002)
  • 北京市科技计划课题(D181100000118002)
  • 北京市科技计划课题(D181100000118004)
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2022年第47卷第8期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.08.0824
  • 接收时间:2022-01-28
  • 首发时间:2025-12-15
  • 出版时间:2022-08-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-01-28
  • 录用日期:2022-03-30
基金
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFC1704203)
国家重点研发计划(2018YFC1704203)
Science and Technology Project of Beijing(D17110700280000)
北京市科技计划课题(D17110700280000)
Science and Technology Project of Beijing(D171100002817002)
北京市科技计划课题(D171100002817002)
Science and Technology Project of Beijing(D181100000118002)
北京市科技计划课题(D181100000118002)
Science and Technology Project of Beijing(D181100000118004)
北京市科技计划课题(D181100000118004)
作者信息
    1广东药科大学临床医学院,广东广州 510006
    2解放军总医院第一医学中心肾脏病医学部/解放军肾脏病研究所/肾脏疾病国家重点实验室/国家慢性肾脏病临床医学研究中心/肾脏疾病研究北京市重点实验室,北京 100853

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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