Article(id=1207416369998565803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1207416365246419268, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.09.0871, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1640188800000, receivedDateStr=2021-12-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1642867200000, acceptedDateStr=2022-01-23, onlineDate=1765800095319, onlineDateStr=2025-12-15, pubDate=1664294400000, pubDateStr=2022-09-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765800095319, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765800095319, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765800095319, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1207416365246419268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2022', volume='47', issue='9', pageStart='851', pageEnd='956', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1765800094186, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765800167087, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1207416671069904914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1207416365246419268, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1207416671069904915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1207416365246419268, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=871, endPage=878, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1207416370267001271, articleId=1207416369998565803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Construction and immune efficacy evaluation of a hydrogel sustained-release system containing a combined DNA vaccine of Pseudomonas aeruginosa OprF and PcrV genes, columnId=1190310110212751762, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Basic Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To construct a PAEH/PEG DA hydrogel sustained-release system containing combined Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) outer membrane protein F (OprF) and Pseudomonas V antigen (PcrV) gene DNA vaccine, and evaluate the in vivo immune efficacy of the system. Methods The PAEH/PEG DA hydrogel containing combined PA DNA vaccine was prepared with a simple mixing method. The gelation time was tested, and the cytotoxicity (DC 2.4), degradation and cumulative release rate in vitro of the hydrogel were evaluated. Nine mice were randomly divided into 3 groups (3 each): 30 min group, 2 d group and 7 d group, the in vivo degradability and security of the hydrogel were evaluated by gelation volume changes at the injection site and histopathological sections of the skin, respectively. Eighteen mice were randomly divided into 6 groups (3 each): control group (PBS),hydrogel group (Gel), En/pVAX1-OprF group (O), En/pVAX1-PcrV group (P), En/(pVAX1-OprF+pVAX1-PcrV) group (OP), and hydrogel + En/(pVAX1-OprF+pVAX1-PcrV) group (GOP). Mice were immunized 3 times with a 10-day interval, then sacrificed 2 weeks after last immunization. The levels of serum specific IgG antibody, splenic lymphocyte stimulation index (SI) and interferon-γ(IFN-γ) in the supernatant of splenic lymphocytes were detected. Results The PAEH/PEG DA hydrogel sustained-release system required only about 30 min to form a gelation state. There was no significant toxicity to DC 2.4 cells in vitro, and approximately 85%of plasmid DNA was released after 36 hours of in vitro release. The degradation time of the hydrogel was nearly the same in vitro and in vivo. It could be almost completely degraded in about 7 days, and had good in vivo biodegradability and biosafety. The results of in vivo immune test showed that, compared with PBS group, no significant changes existed in the levels of specific IgG antibodies,splenic lymphocyte SI and IFN-γ in the Gel group (P>0.05). Compared with the corresponding DNA vaccine groups (O group or P group) and PBS group, the specific IgG antibody levels, spleen lymphocyte SI and IFN-γ level increased obviously in OP group and GOP group (P<0.05, P<0.01). While compared with OP group, the levels of specific IgG antibodies, splenic lymphocyte SI and IFN-γ increased markedly in GOP group (P<0.05, P<0.01). Conclusion The PAEH/PEG DA hydrogel sustained-release systems containing PA OprE and PcrF gene combined DNA vaccines, which can slowly release the combined DNA vaccine and further enhance the immune efficacy of combined DNA vaccine, are one of the promising strategies for the development of PA vaccines.

, correspAuthors=Xian Yu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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目的 构建载铜绿假单胞菌(PA)外膜蛋白F(OprF)和V抗原(PcrV)基因联合DNA疫苗的PAEH/PEG DA水凝胶缓释系统,并评价该系统的体内免疫效力。方法 采用简单混合法制备载PA联合DNA疫苗的PAEH/PEG DA水凝胶,测定其凝胶时间,并评价其体外细胞毒性(DC 2.4)、体外降解性能及累积释放率。将9只小鼠随机分为30 min组、2 d组、7 d组,每组3只,通过注射部位凝胶体积变化及皮肤组织病理切片分别评价水凝胶的体内降解性能和安全性;将18只小鼠随机分为6组(n=3):对照组(PBS)、水凝胶组(Gel)、En/pVAX1-OprF组(O)、En/pVAX1-PcrV组(P)、En/(pVAX1-OprF+pVAX1-PcrV)组(OP)、水凝胶+En/(pVAX1-OprF+pVAX1-PcrV)组(GOP),每只小鼠均免疫3次,每次间隔10 d,末次免疫2周后处死小鼠,检测血清特异性IgG抗体、脾淋巴细胞刺激指数(SI)及细胞上清液中γ干扰素(IFN-γ)水平。结果 该水凝胶缓释系统约30 min即可形成凝胶态,体外对DC 2.4细胞无明显毒性,体外36 h时可释放约85%的质粒DNA。该水凝胶体内外降解时间基本一致,7 d内即可完全降解,且具有良好的体内降解性能和安全性;体内免疫实验结果显示,与PBS组比较,Gel组特异性IgG抗体水平、脾淋巴细胞SI及IFN-γ水平无明显变化(P>0.05);与相应的DNA疫苗组(O组或P组)和PBS组比较,OP组和GOP组特异性IgG抗体水平、脾淋巴细胞SI和IFN-γ水平均明显升高(P<0.05,P<0.01);而与OP组比较,GOP组特异性IgG抗体水平、脾淋巴细胞SI和IFN-γ水平均明显升高(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论 载PA OprFPcrV基因联合DNA疫苗的PAEH/PEG DA水凝胶缓释系统能够缓慢释放联合DNA疫苗,进一步增强联合DNA疫苗的免疫效力,是研发PA疫苗有前景的策略之一。

, correspAuthors=余娴, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
余娴,E-mail:
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赵轩,硕士研究生,主要从事细菌诊疗新技术方面的研究

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赵轩,硕士研究生,主要从事细菌诊疗新技术方面的研究

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赵轩,硕士研究生,主要从事细菌诊疗新技术方面的研究

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PAEH. 聚天冬氨酸酰肼;PEG DA. 聚乙二醇二醛

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PBS. PBS溶液;Gel. 空白水凝胶;P. En/pVAX1-PcrV;GP. 水凝胶+En/pVAX1-PcrV

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PAEH. 聚天冬氨酸酰肼;PEG DA. 聚乙二醇二醛

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PAEH. 聚天冬氨酸酰肼;PEG DA. 聚乙二醇二醛;红色虚圈示小鼠背部注射部位形成的PAEH/PEG DA水凝胶

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PBS. PBS溶液;Gel. 空白水凝胶;O. En/pVAX1-OprF;P. En/pVAX1-PcrV;OP. En/(pVAX1-OprF+pVAX1-PcrV);GOP. 水凝胶+En/(pVAX1-OprF+pVAX1-PcrV);A. 各组小鼠血清特异性抗OprF IgG抗体水平;B. 各组小鼠血清特异性抗PcrV IgG抗体水平;(1)P<0.05,(2)P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=4o+F1Hf1UHb+gzMM+VGB+w==, figureFileBig=2xrKqjBWgEjjYdWGVxAjfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207416377376346797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207416369998565803, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Comparison of the stimulation index (SI) of splenic lymphocytes from mice immunized ($\bar{x}±s$, n=3), figureFileSmall=1FfrOCmbWVnwB2p/M33Xtg==, figureFileBig=YCpaPN8Dt4jsZ1zASMD/uA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207416377439261359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207416369998565803, language=CN, label=图6, caption=抗原刺激后各组小鼠脾淋巴细胞刺激指数(SI)比较($\bar{x}±s$, n=3)

PBS. PBS溶液;Gel. 空白水凝胶;O. En/pVAX1-OprF;P. En/pVAX1-PcrV;OP. En/(pVAX1-OprF+pVAX1-PcrV);GOP. 水凝胶+En/(pVAX1-OprF+pVAX1-PcrV);A. OprF抗原刺激;B. PcrV抗原刺激;(1)P<0.05,(2)P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=1FfrOCmbWVnwB2p/M33Xtg==, figureFileBig=YCpaPN8Dt4jsZ1zASMD/uA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207416378609472178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207416369998565803, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Concentration of IFN-γ in the supernatant of antigen-stimulated splenic lymphocytes of immunized mice in each group(Determined by ELISA,$\bar{x}±s$, n=3), figureFileSmall=4kvQwvcs8SHS2qipkiFTbQ==, figureFileBig=UwrTH2pGoMM6oXFZHUfy8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207416378705941171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207416369998565803, language=CN, label=图7, caption=ELISA法检测抗原刺激后各组小鼠脾淋巴细胞上清液中IFN-γ的浓度($\bar{x}±s$, n=3)

PBS. PBS溶液;Gel. 空白水凝胶;O. En/pVAX1-OprF;P. En/pVAX1-PcrV;OP. En/(pVAX1-OprF+pVAX1-PcrV);GOP. 水凝胶+En/(pVAX1-OprF+pVAX1-PcrV);A. OprF抗原刺激;B. PcrV抗原刺激;(1)P<0.05,(2)P<0.01

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载铜绿假单胞菌OprFPcrV基因联合DNA疫苗的水凝胶缓释系统的构建及免疫效力评价
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赵轩 1 , 江晓烽 1 , 秦江雷 2 , 王勇 2 , 石敏 1 , 雍琴 1 , 余娴 1, *
解放军医学杂志 | 基础研究 2022,47(9): 871-878
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解放军医学杂志 | 基础研究 2022, 47(9): 871-878
载铜绿假单胞菌OprFPcrV基因联合DNA疫苗的水凝胶缓释系统的构建及免疫效力评价
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赵轩1, 江晓烽1, 秦江雷2, 王勇2, 石敏1, 雍琴1, 余娴1, *
作者信息
  • 1重庆医科大学附属第二医院Ⅰ期临床试验研究室,重庆 400010
  • 2河北省炎症自身免疫性疾病发病机制与控制重点实验室,河北保定 071002
  • 赵轩,硕士研究生,主要从事细菌诊疗新技术方面的研究

通讯作者:

余娴,E-mail:
Construction and immune efficacy evaluation of a hydrogel sustained-release system containing a combined DNA vaccine of Pseudomonas aeruginosa OprF and PcrV genes
Xuan Zhao1, Xiao-Feng Jiang1, Jiang-Lei Qin2, Yong Wang2, Min Shi1, Qin Yong1, Xian Yu1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Phase I Clinical Trial Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis Mechanism and Control of Inflammatory-Autoimmune Diseases in Hebei Province, Baoding, Hebei 071002, China
出版时间: 2022-09-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.09.0871
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目的 构建载铜绿假单胞菌(PA)外膜蛋白F(OprF)和V抗原(PcrV)基因联合DNA疫苗的PAEH/PEG DA水凝胶缓释系统,并评价该系统的体内免疫效力。方法 采用简单混合法制备载PA联合DNA疫苗的PAEH/PEG DA水凝胶,测定其凝胶时间,并评价其体外细胞毒性(DC 2.4)、体外降解性能及累积释放率。将9只小鼠随机分为30 min组、2 d组、7 d组,每组3只,通过注射部位凝胶体积变化及皮肤组织病理切片分别评价水凝胶的体内降解性能和安全性;将18只小鼠随机分为6组(n=3):对照组(PBS)、水凝胶组(Gel)、En/pVAX1-OprF组(O)、En/pVAX1-PcrV组(P)、En/(pVAX1-OprF+pVAX1-PcrV)组(OP)、水凝胶+En/(pVAX1-OprF+pVAX1-PcrV)组(GOP),每只小鼠均免疫3次,每次间隔10 d,末次免疫2周后处死小鼠,检测血清特异性IgG抗体、脾淋巴细胞刺激指数(SI)及细胞上清液中γ干扰素(IFN-γ)水平。结果 该水凝胶缓释系统约30 min即可形成凝胶态,体外对DC 2.4细胞无明显毒性,体外36 h时可释放约85%的质粒DNA。该水凝胶体内外降解时间基本一致,7 d内即可完全降解,且具有良好的体内降解性能和安全性;体内免疫实验结果显示,与PBS组比较,Gel组特异性IgG抗体水平、脾淋巴细胞SI及IFN-γ水平无明显变化(P>0.05);与相应的DNA疫苗组(O组或P组)和PBS组比较,OP组和GOP组特异性IgG抗体水平、脾淋巴细胞SI和IFN-γ水平均明显升高(P<0.05,P<0.01);而与OP组比较,GOP组特异性IgG抗体水平、脾淋巴细胞SI和IFN-γ水平均明显升高(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论 载PA OprFPcrV基因联合DNA疫苗的PAEH/PEG DA水凝胶缓释系统能够缓慢释放联合DNA疫苗,进一步增强联合DNA疫苗的免疫效力,是研发PA疫苗有前景的策略之一。

铜绿假单胞菌  /  水凝胶  /  联合DNA疫苗  /  免疫效力

Objective To construct a PAEH/PEG DA hydrogel sustained-release system containing combined Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) outer membrane protein F (OprF) and Pseudomonas V antigen (PcrV) gene DNA vaccine, and evaluate the in vivo immune efficacy of the system. Methods The PAEH/PEG DA hydrogel containing combined PA DNA vaccine was prepared with a simple mixing method. The gelation time was tested, and the cytotoxicity (DC 2.4), degradation and cumulative release rate in vitro of the hydrogel were evaluated. Nine mice were randomly divided into 3 groups (3 each): 30 min group, 2 d group and 7 d group, the in vivo degradability and security of the hydrogel were evaluated by gelation volume changes at the injection site and histopathological sections of the skin, respectively. Eighteen mice were randomly divided into 6 groups (3 each): control group (PBS),hydrogel group (Gel), En/pVAX1-OprF group (O), En/pVAX1-PcrV group (P), En/(pVAX1-OprF+pVAX1-PcrV) group (OP), and hydrogel + En/(pVAX1-OprF+pVAX1-PcrV) group (GOP). Mice were immunized 3 times with a 10-day interval, then sacrificed 2 weeks after last immunization. The levels of serum specific IgG antibody, splenic lymphocyte stimulation index (SI) and interferon-γ(IFN-γ) in the supernatant of splenic lymphocytes were detected. Results The PAEH/PEG DA hydrogel sustained-release system required only about 30 min to form a gelation state. There was no significant toxicity to DC 2.4 cells in vitro, and approximately 85%of plasmid DNA was released after 36 hours of in vitro release. The degradation time of the hydrogel was nearly the same in vitro and in vivo. It could be almost completely degraded in about 7 days, and had good in vivo biodegradability and biosafety. The results of in vivo immune test showed that, compared with PBS group, no significant changes existed in the levels of specific IgG antibodies,splenic lymphocyte SI and IFN-γ in the Gel group (P>0.05). Compared with the corresponding DNA vaccine groups (O group or P group) and PBS group, the specific IgG antibody levels, spleen lymphocyte SI and IFN-γ level increased obviously in OP group and GOP group (P<0.05, P<0.01). While compared with OP group, the levels of specific IgG antibodies, splenic lymphocyte SI and IFN-γ increased markedly in GOP group (P<0.05, P<0.01). Conclusion The PAEH/PEG DA hydrogel sustained-release systems containing PA OprE and PcrF gene combined DNA vaccines, which can slowly release the combined DNA vaccine and further enhance the immune efficacy of combined DNA vaccine, are one of the promising strategies for the development of PA vaccines.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa  /  hydrogel  /  combined DNA vaccine  /  immune efficacy
赵轩, 江晓烽, 秦江雷, 王勇, 石敏, 雍琴, 余娴. 载铜绿假单胞菌OprFPcrV基因联合DNA疫苗的水凝胶缓释系统的构建及免疫效力评价. 解放军医学杂志, 2022 , 47 (9) : 871 -878 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.09.0871
Xuan Zhao, Xiao-Feng Jiang, Jiang-Lei Qin, Yong Wang, Min Shi, Qin Yong, Xian Yu. Construction and immune efficacy evaluation of a hydrogel sustained-release system containing a combined DNA vaccine of Pseudomonas aeruginosa OprF and PcrV genes[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2022 , 47 (9) : 871 -878 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.09.0871
铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa,PA)在自然界中分布广泛,可感染多种宿主[1],尤其是可引起人类呼吸道、烧伤伤口等感染,严重者可危及患者生命[2]。PA由于其高耐药性和基因多样性[3],临床防治具有一定的挑战性。早在2017年,WHO就将耐碳青霉烯类PA列入细菌病原体的关键类别[4]。鉴于有效抗菌药物的缺乏,亟需研发一种行之有效的PA疫苗来解决这一困境。相较于灭活疫苗、减毒活疫苗等传统疫苗,DNA疫苗具有易生产、成本低、稳定性高和不存在毒力逆转风险等优势[5]。近年来研究发现,PA外膜蛋白F(outer membrane protein F,OprF)免疫原性强,在不同菌株中高度保守,参与了PA生物膜的形成,与PA耐药及定植相关,是PA疫苗研发的热门候选抗原之一[6-7]。此外,位于PA Ⅲ型分泌系统尖端的V抗原(Pseudomonas V antigen,PcrV)是该系统的主要转运蛋白,起着“开关”的作用,是决定毒素分泌启动的关键,其编码基因在不同PA菌株中高度保守[8],具有良好的免疫原性,是一种很有前景的疫苗候选抗原[9-11]。本课题组前期研究发现,聚天冬氨酸酰肼/聚乙二醇二醛[poly(aspartic acid) derivatives with hydrazide functional groups/poly(ethylene glycol) dialdehyde,PAEH/PEG DA]水凝胶易于制备,且具有良好的稳定性、安全性及缓释作用等优点[12],可进一步用于体内DNA疫苗的递送。本研究在前期研制载PA OprF DNA疫苗温敏水凝胶系统[13]的基础上,研制了OprFPcrV基因联合DNA疫苗,希望该疫苗可同时产生OprF及PcrV抗体以减弱不同血清型PA的致病性和耐药性,同时全面诱导细胞、体液免疫,从而达到免疫保护的作用。此外,创新性地联合PAEH/PEG DA水凝胶,以实现抗原提呈细胞(antigen presenting cell,APC)对联合DNA疫苗的长时间摄取,进一步增强联合DNA疫苗的免疫效力,最终达到预防PA感染的目的。
L-天冬氨酸购自上海麦克林生化科技有限公司,聚乙二醇由光复精细化工研究所提供,pVAX1-OprF和pVAX1-PcrV重组质粒、OprF和PcrV抗原蛋白购自上海生工生物有限公司并保存于–80 ℃,小鼠骨髓源树突状细胞DC 2.4由本实验室保存,EntransterTM-in vivo体内转染试剂(En)购自北京英格恩生物有限公司,胎牛血清购自上海VivaCell逍鹏生物科技有限公司,RPMI 1640细胞培养基、CCK-8试剂盒购自重庆赛米克生物有限公司,无内毒素质粒大提试剂盒、单组份TMB显色液、ELISA终止液购自北京索莱宝科技有限公司,小鼠γ干扰素(IFN-γ)ELISA试剂盒购自上海江莱生物科技有限公司。3-18台式高速离心机购自湖南可成仪器设备有限公司,Varioskan LUX酶标仪、NanoDropTM one超微量紫外分光光度计购自美国Thermo公司,iCEN-24R低温高速离心机购自杭州奥盛仪器有限公司。27只6~8周龄SPF级健康雌性BALB/c小鼠购自重庆医科大学实验动物中心,自由进食、饮水。本研究获重庆医科大学附属第二医院伦理委员会批准[第2019(137)号]。
根据参考文献[12]的方法制备PAEH和PEG DA。通过L-天冬氨酸的热缩聚反应合成聚天冬氨酸,然后将其溶于二甲基亚砜溶液,并在冰水浴条件下加入水合肼,室温下反应24 h,在丙酮溶液中获得PAEH。通过“简单四步法”制备PEG DA。
首先,室温条件下分别称取一定量的Na2HPO4和NaH2PO4固体粉末,溶于适量ddH2O中配制pH 5.4的缓冲体系。然后分别称取一定量的PAEH和PEG DA固体粉末,溶于上述缓冲体系中,配制质量分数均为10%的PAEH溶液和PEG DA溶液。最后将上述两种溶液等体积混合,无需额外刺激即可成胶。后续所用水凝胶无特殊说明均为此浓度。
利用倒置试管法检测水凝胶的凝胶时间。将配制好的水凝胶溶液及含pVAX1-PcrV的水凝胶样品(pVAX1-PcrV质量浓度为0.1 μg/μl)置于EP管内,放置在25 ℃恒温水浴锅中,密切观察凝胶溶液状态,当倒置EP管30 s后溶液均不流动则视为水凝胶已完全凝胶化,记录此时的时间即为水凝胶的凝胶时间。在相同实验条件下分别测量3次取均值。
采用CCK-8法检测DNA疫苗pVAX1-PcrV水凝胶缓释系统的细胞毒性。将DC 2.4细胞以5×104/孔的密度接种于96孔板,在含有10%胎牛血清的RPMI 1640培养基中培养过夜,按处理因素分为以下4组:对照组(10 μl PBS)、水凝胶组(Gel,5倍水凝胶稀释液5 μl+PBS 5 μl)、En/pVAX1-PcrV组(P,En/pVAX1-PcrV 5 μl+PBS 5 μl)、水凝胶+En/pVAX1-PcrV组(GP,5倍水凝胶稀释液5 μl+En/pVAX1-PcrV 5 μl),其中En/pVAX1-PcrV复合物配制方法参照En说明书(DNA:En=1:2,V:V)。各组设3个复孔,在37 ℃、5% CO2条件下分别培养24、48 h后弃去原培养基,每孔加入CCK-8试剂10 μl及无血清培养基90 μl,37 ℃继续孵育4 h,置于酶标仪中测定450 nm波长处的吸光度(OD)值,计算细胞存活率。
制备水凝胶及含pVAX1-PcrV的水凝胶(200 μl水凝胶中含pVAX1-PcrV 60 μg),混匀后室温下平衡1 h,然后向水凝胶及含pVAX1-PcrV的水凝胶中加入37 ℃预热的PBS溶液500 μl,37 ℃下60 r/min恒温振摇,取出全部上清液,将凝胶表面和管壁上残余的液体用吸水纸擦净后称重,并在称量完毕后补足37 ℃预热的PBS溶液500 μl,利用超微量紫外分光光度计检测上清液中pVAX1-PcrV重组质粒的浓度。
将9只BALB/c小鼠随机分为3组(n=3),取水凝胶溶液200 μl注射于BALB/c小鼠背部皮下,分别于注射后30 min、2 d、7 d脱颈处死小鼠,对注射部位的凝胶进行拍照,观察凝胶体内降解情况,同时收集凝胶周围皮肤组织,4%多聚甲醛固定后行HE染色,观察该水凝胶在小鼠体内的组织安全性。
将18只BALB/c小鼠随机分为6组(n=3):对照组(PBS)、水凝胶组(Gel)、En/pVAX1-OprF组(O)、En/pVAX1-PcrV组(P)、En/(pVAX1-OprF+pVAX1-PcrV)组(OP)、水凝胶+En/(pVAX1-OprF+pVAX1-PcrV)组(GOP)。体内转染试剂En与质粒DNA的配制参照说明书进行。各组小鼠背部皮下注射相应免疫制剂200 μl/只,其中O组、P组每只小鼠含相应质粒DNA 20 μg,OP组、GOP组每只小鼠含两种质粒DNA各10 μg。首次免疫后,每隔10 d加强免疫1次,共免疫3次,于末次免疫2周后脱颈处死小鼠。
各组小鼠在末次免疫2周后行眼球摘除法采血并分离血清,参考文献[14]中的方法,利用间接ELISA法检测血清中特异性IgG抗体水平,其中,特异性抗OprF IgG抗体检测分为PBS组、Gel组、O组、OP组和GOP组,而特异性抗PcrV IgG抗体检测分为PBS组、Gel组、P组、OP组和GOP组。两种特异性IgG抗体检测分别以OprF和PcrV蛋白(浓度均为5 μg/ml)作为包被抗原包被酶标板,以100倍稀释的小鼠血清为一抗,250倍稀释的HRP标记的山羊抗小鼠IgG抗体为二抗,采用间接ELISA法测定血清特异性抗OprF IgG抗体和抗PcrV IgG抗体水平。
采用CCK-8法检测免疫小鼠脾淋巴细胞的增殖情况。末次免疫2周后脱颈处死小鼠,无菌分离各组小鼠脾脏,参考文献[15]中的方法制备脾淋巴细胞悬液,调整细胞密度为2×106/ml,每孔加细胞悬液100 μl于96孔板中,设置两个组,分别加入OprF蛋白和PcrV蛋白(浓度均为10 μg/ml)进行特异性刺激,随后将其放置于37 ℃、5% CO2培养箱中孵育72 h,然后加入10 μl CCK-8试剂,用酶标仪于450 nm波长处测定各组OD值,并计算脾淋巴细胞刺激指数(stimulation index,SI)。
按照1.10的方法制备脾淋巴细胞悬液,并于96孔板中培养,设置两个组,分别用OprF和PcrV蛋白(浓度均为10 μg/ml)刺激各组淋巴细胞,于37 ℃、5% CO2培养箱中孵育72 h后收集上清液,参照小鼠IFN-γ检测试剂盒说明书检测各组脾淋巴细胞分泌的IFN-γ水平。
采用SPSS 26.0软件进行统计分析。所有数据均以$\bar{x}±s$表示,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,进一步两两比较采用LSD-t检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
PAEH上的肼基可与PEG DA上的醛基1:1反应形成动态酰腙键,PAEH/PEG DA水凝胶的制备机制及其凝胶化过程见图1。倒置试管法测定室温下PAEH/PEG DA水凝胶的凝胶时间,结果显示,在25 ℃条件下,空白PAEH/PEG DA水凝胶凝胶时间为(29.39±0.26) min,载pVAX1-PcrV的PAEH/PEG DA水凝胶凝胶时间为(29.45±0.25) min,二者无明显差异,均可在30 min内形成稳定的凝胶态。
检测凝胶化浓度以下的PAEH/PEG DA水凝胶缓释系统对DC 2.4细胞的毒性,结果显示,与PBS组比较,Gel组、P组及GP组24及48 h的细胞存活率均在90%以上,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05,图2),提示PAEH/PEG DA水凝胶具有良好的细胞安全性,且负载En/pVAX1-PcrV复合物后仍无明显细胞毒性,可进一步用于体内研究。
水凝胶体外降解实验结果显示,初始水凝胶质量有所增加,6 h到达峰值(116%),随后凝胶质量不断下降,在108 h时,水凝胶质量约为原有质量的20%,提示水凝胶具有良好的体外降解性能(图3A)。利用无膜溶出法评价该水凝胶的体外释放特性,在不同时间点检测水凝胶释放介质中pVAX1-PcrV的含量以计算水凝胶释放介质中pVAX1-PcrV的累积释放率,结果发现,在体外释放36 h后,该水凝胶累积释放出pVAX1-PcrV总量的85%左右(图3B)。
水凝胶体内降解实验结果显示,将液态的水凝胶注射到皮下后,即可在原位形成凝胶,随着时间的推移,水凝胶在体内逐渐降解,注射7 d后观察到水凝胶几乎完全降解(图4A),表明该水凝胶具有良好的生物可降解性。HE染色结果显示,皮肤组织保持完整的表皮和真皮结构,胶原束排列紧密有序(图4B)。
间接ELISA法检测结果显示,与PBS组比较,Gel组小鼠血清特异性抗OprF IgG抗体水平无明显变化(P>0.05),而O组、OP组及GOP组小鼠血清特异性抗OprF IgG抗体水平明显升高(P<0.01),且OP组和GOP组明显高于O组(P<0.05,P<0.01),GOP组明显高于OP组(P<0.05)(图5A)。与PBS组比较,Gel组和P组小鼠血清特异性抗PcrV IgG抗体水平无明显变化(P>0.05),而OP组和GOP组小鼠血清特异性抗PcrV IgG抗体水平明显升高(P<0.01),且OP组和GOP组明显高于Gel组和P组(P<0.05),GOP组明显高于OP组(P<0.01)(图5B)。
CCK-8法检测结果显示,在OprF特异性抗原刺激下,与PBS组比较,Gel组脾淋巴细胞SI无明显变化(P>0.05),而O组、OP组及GOP组脾淋巴细胞SI明显升高(P<0.01),且OP组及GOP组明显高于O组(P<0.05),GOP组明显高于OP组(P<0.05)(图6A)。在PcrV特异性抗原刺激下,与PBS组相比,Gel组脾淋巴细胞SI无明显变化(P>0.05),而P组、OP组和GOP组脾淋巴细胞SI明显升高(P<0.05,P<0.01),且OP组及GOP组明显高于P组(P<0.05,P<0.01),GOP组明显高于OP组(P<0.05)(图6B)。
ELISA法检测结果显示,在OprF特异性抗原刺激下,与PBS组相比,Gel组脾淋巴细胞分泌的IFN-γ水平无明显变化(P>0.05),而O组、OP组及GOP组小鼠脾淋巴细胞分泌的IFN-γ水平明显升高(P<0.01),且OP组及GOP组明显高于O组(P<0.01),GOP组明显高于OP组(P<0.05)(图7A)。在PcrV特异性抗原刺激下,与PBS组比较,Gel组脾淋巴细胞分泌的IFN-γ水平无明显变化(P>0.05),而P组、OP组及GOP组小鼠脾淋巴细胞分泌的IFN-γ水平明显增高(P<0.01),且OP组及GOP组明显高于P组(P<0.05,P<0.01),GOP组明显高于OP组(P<0.01)(图7B)。
PA是导致院内感染的常见病原体之一,而当前新抗菌药物的研发严重不足,难以应对日益严重的PA耐药的威胁,因此亟需开发一种PA疫苗来防治PA感染。近年来,随着基因工程技术的发展,直接利用抗原表位基因构建DNA疫苗已成为主流的研究方向之一[16]。DNA疫苗虽然具有安全性高、易于制备多价疫苗等优势,但在体内易受pH值及酶等因素的影响而被降解和灭活,限制了其临床应用[13]。因此,探索新的DNA疫苗递送系统对提高DNA疫苗的免疫效力,有效防治PA感染具有重要意义。
本研究在课题组前期研究的基础上,构建了载PA OprFPcrV基因联合DNA疫苗的PAEH/PEG DA水凝胶缓释系统。该系统具有易于制备、便于免疫注射和增强DNA疫苗免疫效力等优点。本研究结果显示,在室温条件下,载PA DNA疫苗的PAEH/PEG DA水凝胶缓释系统可在30 min内形成稳定的凝胶,提示该缓释系统具有良好的可注射性,有望在注射部位形成稳定的凝胶疫苗储库。相较于传统温敏水凝胶不易与DNA疫苗制剂混合、在常温条件下注射性差等缺点,PAEH/PEG DA水凝胶具有易于制备、与DNA疫苗制剂混合均匀、便于注射等优点,避免了混合不均匀导致的无效释放,确保了水凝胶的缓释作用。因组织安全性是生物材料在体内应用的前提,本研究评价了含或不含En/DNA疫苗复合物水凝胶溶液的细胞毒性,结果显示PAEH/PEG DA水凝胶具有良好的细胞及组织安全性,可进一步用于DNA疫苗的体内递送。体内外降解实验表明,该凝胶约7 d即可完全降解,具有良好的生物可降解性;体外释放实验表明,该凝胶可持续缓慢地释放所负载的DNA疫苗,有望延长DNA疫苗在体内的存留时间,从而持续刺激免疫系统,提高DNA疫苗的有效性。
近年来研究发现,OprFPcrV基因高度保守、免疫原性好、与PA致病及耐药高度相关,相应抗体及疫苗对小鼠感染模型均有免疫保护作用[9-10, 17]。体液免疫和细胞免疫是机体抵抗细菌感染的主要因素,IgG抗体水平直接反映机体的体液免疫水平[18],脾淋巴细胞作为机体的重要免疫细胞,其增殖及细胞因子IFN-γ分泌水平是细胞免疫反应的重要指标[19]。本研究证实PAEH/PEG DA水凝胶材料本身不具有特异性免疫原性,与PBS一样,在小鼠体内不会诱发免疫反应。单基因OprF DNA疫苗可引起小鼠体内产生细胞及体液免疫反应,与课题组前期研究结果一致[13]。单基因PcrV DNA疫苗组小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖明显,IFN-γ水平升高,而IgG抗体水平无明显变化,表明PcrV DNA疫苗可引起小鼠体内产生细胞免疫反应,但其诱导产生体液免疫反应的能力不足,与Jiang等[14]的研究一致,可能与PcrV DNA疫苗免疫原性不足有关。本研究联合OprF和PcrV作为候选抗原,与单基因OprFPcrV DNA疫苗相比,联合DNA疫苗可产生更多的抗OprF和抗PcrV抗体,表明其具有更强的体液免疫诱导能力。通过对免疫小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖和细胞因子IFN-γ分泌水平的测定,发现联合DNA疫苗对脾淋巴细胞增殖的诱导作用强于单基因OprFPcrV DNA疫苗,且联合DNA疫苗在OprF或PcrV抗原刺激下均能诱导有效的IFN-γ分泌,其效果优于单基因OprFPcrV DNA疫苗。以上结果表明,相较于单基因OprFPcrV DNA疫苗,OprFPcrV基因联合DNA疫苗具有更强的免疫原性,能诱导更强的细胞及体液免疫。
本研究还发现,易制备、具有缓释性能的PAEH/PEG DA水凝胶系统可进一步增强联合DNA疫苗诱导的细胞及体液免疫反应,考虑可能的原因为水凝胶包载联合DNA疫苗在注射部位形成凝胶疫苗储库,避免了部分DNA疫苗的直接降解,同时能够持续缓慢地释放DNA疫苗,使注射部位周围的DNA疫苗浓度保持在一个较高的水平,以延长APC对DNA疫苗的摄取时间,从而持续刺激机体免疫系统,引发更强的免疫反应[13, 20]
综上所述,本研究在前期研究的基础上,进一步优化了载DNA疫苗的水凝胶缓释系统,制备了PA OprFPcrV基因联合DNA疫苗,获得载PA OprFPcrV基因联合DNA疫苗的PAEH/PEG DA水凝胶缓释系统,并在体液免疫和细胞免疫层面证实了该缓释系统的优良免疫效力。但本研究尚缺少免疫保护实验,后续研究可构建PA感染小鼠模型并验证该系统的免疫保护作用,为研发有效、安全、经济的PA疫苗提供新的策略,为预防PA引起难治性感染奠定实验基础。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(82072327)
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2022年第47卷第9期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.09.0871
  • 接收时间:2021-12-23
  • 首发时间:2025-12-15
  • 出版时间:2022-09-28
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  • 收稿日期:2021-12-23
  • 录用日期:2022-01-23
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National Natural Science Foundation of China(82072327)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(82072327)
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    1重庆医科大学附属第二医院Ⅰ期临床试验研究室,重庆 400010
    2河北省炎症自身免疫性疾病发病机制与控制重点实验室,河北保定 071002

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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