Article(id=1207394344638718711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1207394339840431074, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.10.1020, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1637078400000, receivedDateStr=2021-11-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1645718400000, acceptedDateStr=2022-02-25, onlineDate=1765794844064, onlineDateStr=2025-12-15, pubDate=1666886400000, pubDateStr=2022-10-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765794844064, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765794844064, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765794844064, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1207394339840431074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2022', volume='47', issue='10', pageStart='957', pageEnd='1062', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1765794842920, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765794898634, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1207394573588992611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1207394339840431074, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1207394573588992612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1207394339840431074, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1020, endPage=1025, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1207394346643596055, articleId=1207394344638718711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Effects of PaCO2 on regional cerebral oxygen saturation during robot assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty in children, columnId=1190310109000602400, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Clinical Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the effects of different arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) on regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rScO2) in robot assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty (RALP) in children. Methods Forty-five children who received RALP in Pediatric Urology Department of the Seventh Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital from February 2019 to February 2020 were selected as the study subjects, by adjusting tidal volume and respiratory rate maintained PaCO2 at 35-45 mmHg (group N), 30-34 mmHg (group M) and 25-29 mmHg (group L) with 15 patients in each group. Before anesthesia (T0), 10 min after endotracheal intubation (T1), before lateral decubitus surgery (T2), 30 min after pneumoperitoneum(T3), 10 min after pneumoperitoneum (T4), and 10 min after recumbent position (T5), rScO2 of affected side, percutaneous pulse oxygen saturation (SpO2), heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), pharyngeal temperature (T), pH and hemoglobin (Hb)were recorded respectively. Arterial blood was extracted for blood gas analysis, and PaCO2 was recorded, operation time was recorded after operation. Results Compared with T0, rScO2 in the three groups was increased significantly at T1, and decreased significantly at T3 in group L (P<0.05); compared with T2, rScO2 in group L at T3 was significantly lower (P<0.05); compared with T3, rScO2 in group L was increased significantly at T4 and T5 (P<0.05). Compared with group N, rScO2 in group L was decreased significantly at T3 (P<0.05). Two-factor ANOVA showed that there was no interaction between group and pneumoperitoneum at T2 and T3, T3 and T4 in the three groups (P>0.05); compared with T2, rScO2 at T3 in group L was significantly lower (P<0.05); compared with T3,rScO2 at T4 in group L was significantly increased (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in SpO2, HR, MAP, T, pH and Hb among the threes groups at each time point of T0-T5. Conclusion Pneumoperitoneum resulted in a significant decrease in rScO2 on the affected side when PaCO2 was within 25-29 mmHg during pediatric RALP and the risk of the cerebral oxygen supply-demand unbalance increased.

, correspAuthors=An-Shi Wu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* Email:
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目的 探讨小儿机器人辅助腹腔镜肾盂成形术(RALP)中动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)对患儿局部脑氧饱和度(rScO2)的影响。方法 选择2019年2月-2020年2月于解放军总医院第七医学中心小儿泌尿外科行RALP的45例患儿为研究对象,通过调节潮气量和呼吸频率将术中PaCO2分别维持在35~45 mmHg(N组)、30~34 mmHg(M组)与25~29 mmHg(L组),每组15例。分别于麻醉前(T0)、气管插管后10 min (T1)、侧卧位手术开始前(T2)、气腹后30 min (T3)、气腹结束后10 min (T4)、手术结束恢复平卧位后10 min (T5),记录患侧rScO2、经皮脉搏氧饱和度(SpO2)、心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、咽温(T)、pH值及血红蛋白(Hb)水平,并抽取动脉血进行血气分析,记录PaCO2水平,术毕记录手术时间。结果 与T0时比较,三组患儿T1时rScO2均明显升高,L组T3时rScO2明显降低(P<0.05);与T2时比较,L组患儿T3时rScO2明显降低(P<0.05);与T3时比较,L组患儿T4、T5时rScO2明显升高(P<0.05)。与N组比较,L组患儿T3时rScO2明显下降(P<0.05)。双因素方差分析结果显示,三组患儿在T2与T3、T3与T4时组别和气腹之间均无交互关系(P>0.05);与T2时比较,L组患儿T3时rScO2明显降低(P<0.05);与T3时比较,L组患儿T4时rScO2明显升高(P<0.05)。三组T0-T5各时间点的SpO2、HR、MAP、T、pH、Hb组间和组内比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 在小儿RALP术中,PaCO2在25~29 mmHg时,气腹可导致手术侧rScO2明显下降,大脑氧供需失衡的风险增加。

, correspAuthors=吴安石, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
吴安石,E-mail:
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史素慧,主治医师,主要从事小儿麻醉方面的研究

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史素慧,主治医师,主要从事小儿麻醉方面的研究

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Comparison of the general information in three groups of children (n=15)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目N组M组L组P
男/女(例)8/710/511/40.507
年龄(月,$\bar{x}±s$)8.20±7.1611.00±8.4111.00±3.160.581
体重(kg, $\bar{x}±s$)7.97±3.239.28±2.667.67±3.610.542
气腹压力[mmHg, M(Q1, Q3)]8(7.50, 8.00)8 (7.50, 8.00)8 (7.75, 8.00)0.951
手术时间(min, $\bar{x}±s$)199.62±15.47198.33±15.00207.50±19.690.532
左/右侧卧位(例)5/104/113/120.912
), ArticleFig(id=1207394351546737654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207394344638718711, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

三组患儿一般情况比较(n=15)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目N组M组L组P
男/女(例)8/710/511/40.507
年龄(月,$\bar{x}±s$)8.20±7.1611.00±8.4111.00±3.160.581
体重(kg, $\bar{x}±s$)7.97±3.239.28±2.667.67±3.610.542
气腹压力[mmHg, M(Q1, Q3)]8(7.50, 8.00)8 (7.50, 8.00)8 (7.75, 8.00)0.951
手术时间(min, $\bar{x}±s$)199.62±15.47198.33±15.00207.50±19.690.532
左/右侧卧位(例)5/104/113/120.912
), ArticleFig(id=1207394351643206649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207394344638718711, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Comparison of related indicators at each time point in the three groups of children ($\bar{x}±s$, n=15)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标T0T1T2T3T4T5
SpO2(%)
 N组99.00±1.0099.08±0.6299.38±0.6599.33±0.7899.15±1.1499.31±0.95
 M组98.78±0.9799.33±0.4299.78±0.4499.75±0.4699.56±0.7399.44±0.73
 L组99.00±1.1599.50±0.5898.00±0.9098.50±0.5898.50±0.5898.50±0.58
HR(次/min)
 N组127.67±6.41130.92±13.40132.00±16.37127.83±15.53133.25±20.08131.50±6.60
 M组127.00±9.70123.89±14.22125.78±15.36123.89±10.55129.11±16.50127.56±11.22
 L组120.50±13.03128.50±9.54122.75±17.02122.25±16.07122.75±17.23120.75±19.41
MAP(mmHg)
 N组66.17±10.7966.25±6.3769.00±10.1270.75±11.4566.75±11.64
 M组70.67±10.2669.56±11.9367.89±13.9671.78±8.5173.11±10.23
 L组63.50±14.0168.25±7.0959.75±13.7066.50±2.8965.75±8.14
T(℃)
 N组36.66±0.4636.56±0.6236.45±0.4736.57±0.4836.55±0.54
 M组36.68±0.5036.63±0.5436.67±0.5536.74±0.3136.53±0.35
 L组36.55±0.5836.50±0.5036.45±0.5836.50±0.6336.65±0.39
pH值
 N组7.35±0.037.32±0.047.40±0.017.31±0.037.34±0.03
 M组7.38±0.037.36±0.017.38±0.027.35±0.017.36±0.01
 L组7.35±0.027.35±0.037.35±0.037.33±0.017.33±0.03
Hb(g/L)
 N组101.80±2.10102.25±1.91101.74±2.91105.12±0.03101.90±3.00
 M组100.50±2.94102.50±1.82101.50±3.74103.50±2.04104.10±1.05
 L组100.00±3.31101.50±2.74102.00±1.96100.25±3.06104.00±1.77
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三组患儿各时间点相关指标比较($\bar{x}±s$, n=15)

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指标T0T1T2T3T4T5
SpO2(%)
 N组99.00±1.0099.08±0.6299.38±0.6599.33±0.7899.15±1.1499.31±0.95
 M组98.78±0.9799.33±0.4299.78±0.4499.75±0.4699.56±0.7399.44±0.73
 L组99.00±1.1599.50±0.5898.00±0.9098.50±0.5898.50±0.5898.50±0.58
HR(次/min)
 N组127.67±6.41130.92±13.40132.00±16.37127.83±15.53133.25±20.08131.50±6.60
 M组127.00±9.70123.89±14.22125.78±15.36123.89±10.55129.11±16.50127.56±11.22
 L组120.50±13.03128.50±9.54122.75±17.02122.25±16.07122.75±17.23120.75±19.41
MAP(mmHg)
 N组66.17±10.7966.25±6.3769.00±10.1270.75±11.4566.75±11.64
 M组70.67±10.2669.56±11.9367.89±13.9671.78±8.5173.11±10.23
 L组63.50±14.0168.25±7.0959.75±13.7066.50±2.8965.75±8.14
T(℃)
 N组36.66±0.4636.56±0.6236.45±0.4736.57±0.4836.55±0.54
 M组36.68±0.5036.63±0.5436.67±0.5536.74±0.3136.53±0.35
 L组36.55±0.5836.50±0.5036.45±0.5836.50±0.6336.65±0.39
pH值
 N组7.35±0.037.32±0.047.40±0.017.31±0.037.34±0.03
 M组7.38±0.037.36±0.017.38±0.027.35±0.017.36±0.01
 L组7.35±0.027.35±0.037.35±0.037.33±0.017.33±0.03
Hb(g/L)
 N组101.80±2.10102.25±1.91101.74±2.91105.12±0.03101.90±3.00
 M组100.50±2.94102.50±1.82101.50±3.74103.50±2.04104.10±1.05
 L组100.00±3.31101.50±2.74102.00±1.96100.25±3.06104.00±1.77
), ArticleFig(id=1207394351865503745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207394344638718711, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Comparison of the rScO2 in the three groups of children at different time points (%, $\bar{x}±s$, n=15)

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组别T0T1T2T3T4T5
N组64.16±5.8767.20±5.32(1)65.14±3.4665.86±2.5566.03±6.9366.25±5.59
M组64.03±2.7267.02±2.24(1)65.36±4.9465.04±3.7166.22±4.8266.41±5.66
L组64.13±3.5666.70±2.47(1)(3)66.58±2.3962.00±3.44(1)(2)(4)66.39±2.42(3)67.20±1.62(3)
), ArticleFig(id=1207394351974555654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1207394344638718711, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

三组患儿不同时间点rScO2比较(%, $\bar{x}±s$, n=15)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别T0T1T2T3T4T5
N组64.16±5.8767.20±5.32(1)65.14±3.4665.86±2.5566.03±6.9366.25±5.59
M组64.03±2.7267.02±2.24(1)65.36±4.9465.04±3.7166.22±4.8266.41±5.66
L组64.13±3.5666.70±2.47(1)(3)66.58±2.3962.00±3.44(1)(2)(4)66.39±2.42(3)67.20±1.62(3)
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小儿机器人辅助腹腔镜肾盂成形术中动脉血二氧化碳分压对局部脑氧饱和度的影响
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史素慧 1, 2 , 范春玲 3 , 刘永哲 4 , 吴安石 1, *
解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2022,47(10): 1020-1025
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解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2022, 47(10): 1020-1025
小儿机器人辅助腹腔镜肾盂成形术中动脉血二氧化碳分压对局部脑氧饱和度的影响
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史素慧1, 2, 范春玲3, 刘永哲4, 吴安石1, *
作者信息
  • 1首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院麻醉科,北京 100020
  • 2解放军总医院第七医学中心麻醉科,北京 100700
  • 3北京大学首钢医院麻醉科,北京 100144
  • 4解放军总医院第三医学中心麻醉科,北京 100039
  • 史素慧,主治医师,主要从事小儿麻醉方面的研究

通讯作者:

吴安石,E-mail:
Effects of PaCO2 on regional cerebral oxygen saturation during robot assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty in children
Su-Hui Shi1, 2, Chun-Ling Fan3, Yong-Zhe Liu4, An-Shi Wu1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
  • 2Department of Anesthesiology, the Seventh Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100700, China
  • 3Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Shougang Hospital, Beijing 100144, China
  • 4Department of Anesthesiology, the Third Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
出版时间: 2022-10-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.10.1020
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目的 探讨小儿机器人辅助腹腔镜肾盂成形术(RALP)中动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)对患儿局部脑氧饱和度(rScO2)的影响。方法 选择2019年2月-2020年2月于解放军总医院第七医学中心小儿泌尿外科行RALP的45例患儿为研究对象,通过调节潮气量和呼吸频率将术中PaCO2分别维持在35~45 mmHg(N组)、30~34 mmHg(M组)与25~29 mmHg(L组),每组15例。分别于麻醉前(T0)、气管插管后10 min (T1)、侧卧位手术开始前(T2)、气腹后30 min (T3)、气腹结束后10 min (T4)、手术结束恢复平卧位后10 min (T5),记录患侧rScO2、经皮脉搏氧饱和度(SpO2)、心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、咽温(T)、pH值及血红蛋白(Hb)水平,并抽取动脉血进行血气分析,记录PaCO2水平,术毕记录手术时间。结果 与T0时比较,三组患儿T1时rScO2均明显升高,L组T3时rScO2明显降低(P<0.05);与T2时比较,L组患儿T3时rScO2明显降低(P<0.05);与T3时比较,L组患儿T4、T5时rScO2明显升高(P<0.05)。与N组比较,L组患儿T3时rScO2明显下降(P<0.05)。双因素方差分析结果显示,三组患儿在T2与T3、T3与T4时组别和气腹之间均无交互关系(P>0.05);与T2时比较,L组患儿T3时rScO2明显降低(P<0.05);与T3时比较,L组患儿T4时rScO2明显升高(P<0.05)。三组T0-T5各时间点的SpO2、HR、MAP、T、pH、Hb组间和组内比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 在小儿RALP术中,PaCO2在25~29 mmHg时,气腹可导致手术侧rScO2明显下降,大脑氧供需失衡的风险增加。

脑氧饱和度  /  动脉血二氧化碳分压  /  小儿  /  腹腔镜肾盂成形术  /  机器人辅助手术

Objective To investigate the effects of different arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) on regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rScO2) in robot assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty (RALP) in children. Methods Forty-five children who received RALP in Pediatric Urology Department of the Seventh Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital from February 2019 to February 2020 were selected as the study subjects, by adjusting tidal volume and respiratory rate maintained PaCO2 at 35-45 mmHg (group N), 30-34 mmHg (group M) and 25-29 mmHg (group L) with 15 patients in each group. Before anesthesia (T0), 10 min after endotracheal intubation (T1), before lateral decubitus surgery (T2), 30 min after pneumoperitoneum(T3), 10 min after pneumoperitoneum (T4), and 10 min after recumbent position (T5), rScO2 of affected side, percutaneous pulse oxygen saturation (SpO2), heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), pharyngeal temperature (T), pH and hemoglobin (Hb)were recorded respectively. Arterial blood was extracted for blood gas analysis, and PaCO2 was recorded, operation time was recorded after operation. Results Compared with T0, rScO2 in the three groups was increased significantly at T1, and decreased significantly at T3 in group L (P<0.05); compared with T2, rScO2 in group L at T3 was significantly lower (P<0.05); compared with T3, rScO2 in group L was increased significantly at T4 and T5 (P<0.05). Compared with group N, rScO2 in group L was decreased significantly at T3 (P<0.05). Two-factor ANOVA showed that there was no interaction between group and pneumoperitoneum at T2 and T3, T3 and T4 in the three groups (P>0.05); compared with T2, rScO2 at T3 in group L was significantly lower (P<0.05); compared with T3,rScO2 at T4 in group L was significantly increased (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in SpO2, HR, MAP, T, pH and Hb among the threes groups at each time point of T0-T5. Conclusion Pneumoperitoneum resulted in a significant decrease in rScO2 on the affected side when PaCO2 was within 25-29 mmHg during pediatric RALP and the risk of the cerebral oxygen supply-demand unbalance increased.

regional cerebral oxygen saturation  /  arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide  /  children  /  laparoscope pyeloplasty  /  robot assisted surgery
史素慧, 范春玲, 刘永哲, 吴安石. 小儿机器人辅助腹腔镜肾盂成形术中动脉血二氧化碳分压对局部脑氧饱和度的影响. 解放军医学杂志, 2022 , 47 (10) : 1020 -1025 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.10.1020
Su-Hui Shi, Chun-Ling Fan, Yong-Zhe Liu, An-Shi Wu. Effects of PaCO2 on regional cerebral oxygen saturation during robot assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty in children[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2022 , 47 (10) : 1020 -1025 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.10.1020
先天性肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻(ureteropelvic junction obstruction,UPJO)是小儿肾积水最常见的病因之一[1],机器人辅助腹腔镜肾盂成形术(robot assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty,RALP)具有失血量少、手术时间短及并发症少等优点,已逐渐应用于小儿UPJO的治疗[2-5]。此类手术所需的CO2气腹常导致动脉血二氧化碳分压(arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure,PaCO2)发生变化。PaCO2是脑血流量(cerebral blood flow,CBF)的主要调节剂[6],当PaCO2为20~80 mmHg时,CBF与PaCO2呈正相关,PaCO2每变化1 mmHg,CBF即增加或减少2%~4%[7]。小儿脑血流调节速度较成人快,但其脑血管弹性自动调节范围较窄[8],因此,维持合适的PaCO2对于维持小儿脑组织氧供需平衡至关重要。局部脑氧饱和度(regional cerebral oxygen saturation,rScO2)可无创、实时、连续反映局部脑组织氧供需状态[8-10],对及时发现患儿围手术期脑功能异常及减少术后神经系统并发症具有重要意义[11]。研究发现,rScO2随PaCO2的增高而增加,并随PaCO2的降低而降低[12],通过对rScO2进行监测,可快速准确地判断脑组织的氧供需平衡状态。本研究探讨了PaCO2对小儿RALP术中rScO2的影响,以明确此类患儿术中PaCO2的安全范围,为临床应用提供依据。
本研究为前瞻性研究。选择2019年2月-2020年2月于解放军总医院第七医学中心小儿泌尿外科行RALP的45例患儿为研究对象。纳入标准:(1)美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级Ⅰ-Ⅱ级;(2)性别不限;(3)年龄≤2岁;(4)体重≥3.5 kg;(5)无重要脏器严重疾病。排除标准:(1)早产儿(孕龄<38周);(2)术前有腹部手术史;(3)合并穿孔、梗阻、严重感染、中重度脱水、重度营养不良、高热等;(4)严重心、肝、肾功能异常及恶性肿瘤;(5)术中出现重大并发症,如心跳骤停、肺栓塞、死亡等。根据既往研究结果[13]进行分组,将患儿按照就诊顺序编号,依据术中PaCO2范围区间分为N组(PaCO2 35~45 mmHg)、M组(PaCO2 30~34 mmHg)与L组(PaCO2 25~29 mmHg),每组15例。本研究经解放军总医院第七医学中心医学伦理委员会批准(2021-12),患儿家属均签署知情同意书。
患儿入室前建立外周静脉通路,静脉注射咪达唑仑0.1 mg/kg、长托宁0.02 mg/kg、甲泼尼龙1 mg/kg;待患儿入睡后入室,常规监测心电图(electrocardiogram,ECG)、无创血压(non-invasive blood pressure,NIBP)、心率(heart rate,HR)、经皮脉搏氧饱和度(pulse oxygen saturation,SpO2)及脑电双频指数(bispectral index,BIS)。麻醉诱导:静脉注射丙泊酚3 mg/kg、芬太尼4 μg/kg、罗库溴铵1 mg/kg,诱导后行气管插管,采用容量控制呼吸,调节呼吸机参数为新鲜气体流量2 L/min,潮气量(tidal volume,VT) 8~10 ml/kg,吸呼比1:1.5,吸入氧浓度(fraction of inspired oxygen,FiO2)50%~70%。麻醉后行桡动脉或股动脉穿刺动脉测压。吸入2%~4%七氟醚维持麻醉,手术开始前和结束前分别追加芬太尼2 μg/kg和1 μg/kg,根据手术需要间断静脉注射罗库溴胺,维持BIS在40~60。术中气腹压维持在6~8 mmHg,采用麻黄素维持平均动脉压(mean arterial pressure,MAP)在基础值的±20%。术中补液采用复方醋酸钠林格液8~10 ml/(kg.h)。术后采用静脉自控镇痛泵:芬太尼20 μg/kg,昂丹司琼1 mg/kg,加入生理盐水至100 ml,背景剂量为2 ml/h,自控给药单次剂量0.5 ml,锁定时间15 min。术中根据呼气末CO2分压(end-tidal carbon dioxide pressure,PETCO2)及间断动脉血气分析,通过调节VT和呼吸频率使患儿PaCO2维持在相应范围。当rScO2下降超过基础值的20%或绝对值低于50时即刻停止干预措施,将PaCO2调节至正常水平,患儿退出本研究。
使用酒精棉球擦拭患儿额头,将rScO2监测组织血氧探头放置于额头手术侧,连接近红外组织血氧参数无损监测仪(EGOS-600A,苏州爱琴生物医疗电子有限公司),持续监测rScO2。每隔1 min记录1次,连续记录3次,取平均值作为该时间点的rScO2值。
记录患儿性别、年龄、体重、气腹压力、手术时间。记录麻醉前(T0)小儿患侧rScO2、SpO2、HR;动脉穿刺成功后,在气管插管后10 min (T1)、侧卧位手术开始前(T2)、气腹后30 min (T3)、气腹结束后10 min (T4)、手术结束恢复平卧位后10 min (T5)分别记录患侧rScO2、SpO2、HR、MAP、咽温(pharyngeal temperature,T)、pH值、PaCO2及血红蛋白(hemoglobin,Hb)水平。
应用SPSS 25.0软件进行统计分析。定性资料以例(%)表示,组间比较采用Pearson χ2检验或Fisher确切概率法;符合正态分布的定量资料以$\bar{x}±s$表示,多组间比较采用方差分析,进一步两两比较采用重复测量的方差分析;非正态分布的定量资料以M(Q1Q3)表示,组间比较采用克鲁斯卡尔-沃利斯检验(Kruskal-Wallis test)。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
三组均未出现由于rScO2下降超过基础值20%或绝对值低于50而退出研究者。三组患儿性别、年龄、体重、气腹压力、手术时间、手术体位比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05,表1)。
三组患儿T0-T5各时间点SpO2、HR、MAP、T、pH值、Hb组间及组内比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05,表2)。
与T0时比较,N组、M组、L组患儿T1时rScO2均明显升高,L组患儿T3时rScO2明显降低(P<0.05);与T2时比较,L组患儿T3时rScO2明显降低(P<0.05);与T3时比较,L组患儿T4、T5时rScO2明显升高(P<0.05)。与N组比较,L组患儿T3时rScO2明显下降(P<0.05)(表3)。
双因素方差分析结果显示,三组患儿T1与T2、T4与T5时组别和体位之间均无交互关系(P>0.05);与T1时比较,三组患儿T2时rScO2无明显变化(P>0.05),与T4时比较,三组患儿T5时rScO2无明显变化(P>0.05)。三组患儿T2与T3、T3与T4时组别和气腹之间均无交互关系(P>0.05);与T2时比较,L组患儿T3时rScO2明显降低(P<0.05),与T3时比较,L组患儿T4时rScO2明显升高(P<0.05)(表3)。
本研究结果显示,RALP术中患儿PaCO2为25~29 mmHg时,气腹可导致术侧rScO2明显下降。成人血压在50~170 mmHg范围内波动时大脑可通过自动调节来维持CBF稳定[6],而小儿CBF及脑血管的结构、形态与成人差别较大,脑血流调节速度虽然较成人快,但脑血管自动调节范围较窄[8]。2岁以下小儿基础血压较低,发生脑缺血的风险增加。有研究发现,rScO2在12~36个月儿童组中最高,在6个月以下儿童组中最低[14],监测rScO2可及时反映CBF降低、脑灌注不足以及脑氧供需失衡[15-16],有助于临床采取相应干预措施以降低围手术期神经认知障碍风险,减少术后认知功能障碍的发生[9,14]
研究发现,体位会对脑血流产生影响。当患者行肩关节手术时,全麻下沙滩椅位可引起大脑血供下降并易导致低血压事件,rScO2明显降低[17]。在非麻醉的志愿者中,坐位与仰卧位时rScO2没有明显差异,但患者麻醉后坐位时的rScO2明显低于仰卧位,原因可能为全身麻醉削弱了包括外周血循环调节和大脑自动调节在内的代偿机制[18]。由此可见,体位与rScO2关系密切。本研究发现,由平卧位转换至侧卧位时(即由T1至T2时),三组患儿rScO2均略有下降,但差异无统计学意义,当手术结束患儿由侧卧转为平卧位时(即由T4至T5时),rScO2略有升高,但差异亦无统计学意义,表明单纯侧卧位变化并未对患儿术侧rScO2造成明显影响。
手术所需的CO2气腹可影响脑灌注,气腹导致静脉回流减少,中心静脉压(central venous pressure,CVP)和颅内压(intracranial pressure,ICP)增高[12]。脑灌注压为MAP与CVP或ICP的差值,所以除非MAP改变,气腹所致的CVP或ICP增加可使脑灌注压下降。本研究结果显示,患儿MAP在气腹前后的变化并不明显,存在脑灌注压降低的风险,因此腹腔镜手术中监测rScO2非常有必要。CO2也具有影响血管平滑肌张力、调节微循环的作用,高碳酸血症已被证实对脑血管有舒张作用[19]。低碳酸血症可导致脑血管收缩,诱发性低碳酸血症常被用于治疗脑损伤患者的高ICP[20]。研究发现,rScO2与PaCO2呈明显正相关[12]。室间隔缺损患儿在麻醉诱导阶段,当PETCO2维持在30~45 mmHg范围内时,rScO2随着PETCO2的升高而升高,≥6个月患儿的rScO2明显高于<6个月患儿,表明年龄较小的患儿因脑血管储备功能有限,脑氧合受PETCO2波动的影响更大[21]。本研究中,在平卧位、无气腹的T0、T1、T5时间点,三组患儿的rScO2仅在气管插管后T1时明显增高,表明即使PaCO2维持在低于正常值的25~34 mmHg范围内,rScO2并未出现明显下降,这可能与麻醉诱导时吸入氧浓度增加及脑血管的调节作用有关。但L组患儿侧卧位气腹后的rScO2明显低于基础值以及同一时间点的N组,虽然本研究并未直接监测脑灌注压,但此时rScO2降低表明患儿脑灌注欠佳,因此应密切关注PaCO2的变化并及时干预;当气腹解除后rScO2明显回升,表明当PaCO2在25~29 mmHg时,体位与气腹的双重作用具有致使患儿脑灌注不足的风险,提示在侧卧气腹状态下,为防止rScO2过低而导致脑灌注不足,PaCO2不宜过低,30~45 mmHg为安全范围。此外,当PaCO2在25~29 mmHg时,虽然气腹后rScO2明显降低,但均未低于基础值的20%,在研究过程中未发生患儿因rScO2过低(低于基础值20%)而退出的情况。
小儿RALP术中,体位、气腹与低PaCO2三者叠加可对患儿脑血流或脑灌注造成一定影响,其中体位和气腹是手术所必须的条件,提示术中应维持合适的PaCO2以预防脑氧供需失衡的发生,减少术后神经系统并发症,改善预后。
本研究具有以下创新之处:(1)既往体位与rScO2关系的研究大多侧重于沙滩椅位和Trendelenburg体位,侧卧位相关报道极少。(2)目前关于小儿腹腔镜手术对rScO2影响的报道较多,但大多集中在3岁以上儿童,对于3岁以下的小儿尤其是1岁以内幼儿的研究较少。本研究的局限之处为虽然根据既往研究结果,通过调节VT和呼吸频率并间断进行血气分析以维持患儿术中PaCO2在相应水平,但并未记录每组患儿术中PETCO2水平。
综上所述,在小儿RALP术中,PaCO2在25~29 mmHg时,气腹会导致术侧rScO2明显下降,虽然下降幅度未超过基础值的20%,但发生脑氧供需失衡的风险增加,故建议将PaCO2维持在30~45 mmHg内;此外,术中若伴有体位变化,更需密切监测PaCO2
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2022年第47卷第10期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.10.1020
  • 接收时间:2021-11-17
  • 首发时间:2025-12-15
  • 出版时间:2022-10-28
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  • 收稿日期:2021-11-17
  • 录用日期:2022-02-25
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    1首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院麻醉科,北京 100020
    2解放军总医院第七医学中心麻醉科,北京 100700
    3北京大学首钢医院麻醉科,北京 100144
    4解放军总医院第三医学中心麻醉科,北京 100039

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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