Article(id=1207394342784831495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1207394339840431074, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.10.1057, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1628438400000, receivedDateStr=2021-08-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1639324800000, acceptedDateStr=2021-12-13, onlineDate=1765794843622, onlineDateStr=2025-12-15, pubDate=1666886400000, pubDateStr=2022-10-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765794843622, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765794843622, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765794843622, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1207394339840431074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2022', volume='47', issue='10', pageStart='957', pageEnd='1062', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1765794842920, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765794898634, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1207394573588992611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1207394339840431074, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1207394573588992612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1207394339840431074, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1057, endPage=1062, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1207394343070044187, articleId=1207394342784831495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Research progress of neo-antigen mRNA vaccines in glioma therapy, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Glioma is of the most common malignant tumors in the central nervous system. The prognosis of patients is poor, and its effective treatment has always been a major clinical challenge. In tumor cells, genetic instability often leads to a large number of mutations. The expression of nonsynonymous mutations can produce tumor-specific antigens, called neo-antigens, which have high immunogenicity. They could activate specific T cells to produce an immune response and become a new tumor immunotherapy target. Among the tumor vaccines targeting neo-antigens, the mRNA tumor vaccine has obvious advantages: easy access, low cost, high safety, and great stability. Therefore, a neo-antigen mRNA vaccine is likely to become an effective treatment for glioma. At present, some clinical trials have proved the safety and effectiveness of these vaccines. This article reviews the research progress of the neo-antigen tumor mRNA vaccine and its application in glioma therapy, and predict the direction of future research.

, correspAuthors=Dao-Feng Tian, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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脑胶质瘤是中枢神经系统常见的恶性肿瘤,预后较差,其有效治疗一直是临床的重大挑战。在肿瘤细胞中,遗传不稳定性常导致大量的突变,非同义突变的表达可产生肿瘤特异性抗原,称为新抗原。新抗原具有高度的免疫原性,可激活特异性T细胞产生免疫应答,有可能成为肿瘤免疫治疗的新靶点。在靶向新抗原的肿瘤疫苗中,mRNA疫苗具有易获得、成本较低、安全性高及稳定性好等明显的优势,有望成为抗胶质瘤的有效免疫治疗手段。目前,多个临床试验已经证实了新抗原疫苗的安全性和有效性。本文对新抗原mRNA肿瘤疫苗的研究进展及其在胶质瘤中的应用现状进行综述,并对未来的研究方向进行展望。

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田道锋,E-mail:
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叶立果,硕士研究生,主要从事脑胶质瘤肿瘤微环境及其免疫治疗方面的研究

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叶立果,硕士研究生,主要从事脑胶质瘤肿瘤微环境及其免疫治疗方面的研究

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新抗原mRNA肿瘤疫苗在脑胶质瘤治疗中的研究进展
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叶立果 , 綦仰之 , 陈谦学 , 田道锋 *
解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2022,47(10): 1057-1062
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解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2022, 47(10): 1057-1062
新抗原mRNA肿瘤疫苗在脑胶质瘤治疗中的研究进展
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叶立果, 綦仰之, 陈谦学, 田道锋*
作者信息
  • 武汉大学人民医院神经外科,湖北武汉 430060
  • 叶立果,硕士研究生,主要从事脑胶质瘤肿瘤微环境及其免疫治疗方面的研究

通讯作者:

田道锋,E-mail:
Research progress of neo-antigen mRNA vaccines in glioma therapy
Li-Guo Ye, Yang-Zhi Qi, Qian-Xue Chen, Dao-Feng Tian*
Affiliations
  • Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
出版时间: 2022-10-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.10.1057
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脑胶质瘤是中枢神经系统常见的恶性肿瘤,预后较差,其有效治疗一直是临床的重大挑战。在肿瘤细胞中,遗传不稳定性常导致大量的突变,非同义突变的表达可产生肿瘤特异性抗原,称为新抗原。新抗原具有高度的免疫原性,可激活特异性T细胞产生免疫应答,有可能成为肿瘤免疫治疗的新靶点。在靶向新抗原的肿瘤疫苗中,mRNA疫苗具有易获得、成本较低、安全性高及稳定性好等明显的优势,有望成为抗胶质瘤的有效免疫治疗手段。目前,多个临床试验已经证实了新抗原疫苗的安全性和有效性。本文对新抗原mRNA肿瘤疫苗的研究进展及其在胶质瘤中的应用现状进行综述,并对未来的研究方向进行展望。

新抗原  /  mRNA肿瘤疫苗  /  免疫微环境  /  脑胶质瘤

Glioma is of the most common malignant tumors in the central nervous system. The prognosis of patients is poor, and its effective treatment has always been a major clinical challenge. In tumor cells, genetic instability often leads to a large number of mutations. The expression of nonsynonymous mutations can produce tumor-specific antigens, called neo-antigens, which have high immunogenicity. They could activate specific T cells to produce an immune response and become a new tumor immunotherapy target. Among the tumor vaccines targeting neo-antigens, the mRNA tumor vaccine has obvious advantages: easy access, low cost, high safety, and great stability. Therefore, a neo-antigen mRNA vaccine is likely to become an effective treatment for glioma. At present, some clinical trials have proved the safety and effectiveness of these vaccines. This article reviews the research progress of the neo-antigen tumor mRNA vaccine and its application in glioma therapy, and predict the direction of future research.

neo-antigen  /  tumor vaccine, mRNA  /  tumor immune microenvironment  /  glioma
叶立果, 綦仰之, 陈谦学, 田道锋. 新抗原mRNA肿瘤疫苗在脑胶质瘤治疗中的研究进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2022 , 47 (10) : 1057 -1062 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.10.1057
Li-Guo Ye, Yang-Zhi Qi, Qian-Xue Chen, Dao-Feng Tian. Research progress of neo-antigen mRNA vaccines in glioma therapy[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2022 , 47 (10) : 1057 -1062 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.10.1057
脑胶质瘤是最常见的原发性中枢神经肿瘤,患者的中位生存期主要取决于肿瘤的组织学分级[1]。目前,手术切除仍是胶质瘤的主要治疗手段,此外,放疗联合替莫唑胺化疗为一线辅助治疗策略,可将患者的生存时间延长2.5个月[2],但患者获得性耐药和放化疗抵抗的风险较高[3]。随着分子生物学技术的发展,免疫治疗已成为胶质瘤治疗的一个快速发展的领域[4-5],尤其是针对细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关蛋白4(cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4,CTLA4)、程序性死亡受体1(programmed cell death 1,PD-1)和细胞程序性死亡配体1(programmed cell death 1 ligand 1,PD-L1)的免疫检查点阻断疗法的成功,使肿瘤免疫治疗取得了突破性进展[6-8]。作为肿瘤免疫治疗的重要组成部分,治疗性肿瘤疫苗被证实对多种实体癌有效,并引起了广泛关注[9]。2015年Kübler等[10]的研究发现,CV9103(一种mRNA肿瘤疫苗)可在大部分前列腺癌患者中保持良好的免疫原性和耐受性,增强患者的免疫应答,最终延长患者的总生存时间;2016年Hong等[11]发现,RNActive®疫苗CV9201可提高或延长部分非小细胞肺癌患者的特异性免疫应答率及生存时间。以上研究结果表明,采用mRNA肿瘤疫苗治疗实体癌是一种可行且具有巨大潜力的治疗策略。本文对新抗原mRNA肿瘤疫苗在脑胶质瘤治疗中的研究进展进行综述。
在肿瘤癌变的过程中,遗传不稳定性引起的基因突变通常发生在非编码区和编码区,其中编码区DNA的变化包括非同义突变或单核苷酸变异[12]、突变框架(插入/删除)[13]、基因融合[14]、改变氨基酸序列的翻译后修饰[15]及内含子保留[16]等,这些DNA变化引起的氨基酸序列改变可产生正常细胞中没有的短肽(2~20个氨基酸残基),这些短肽被称为新抗原(neo-antigen)。其中一些短肽被运送到内质网,装载到主要组织相容性复合体Ⅰ(major histocompatibility complex class Ⅰ,MHC-Ⅰ)上[17],这些载有多肽的MHC-Ⅰ分子通过高尔基体进入细胞膜,从而引起抗原呈现,并被CD8+ T细胞上的受体识别,细胞毒性T细胞(cytotoxic T lymphocyte,CTL)因此被激活并发挥肿瘤杀伤作用[18-21]
肿瘤免疫治疗通过刺激和加强人体的抗肿瘤免疫反应来消灭癌细胞[22]。肿瘤相关抗原(tumor-associated antigen,TAA)[23]是一种由未突变基因表达的蛋白质,在肿瘤细胞中显著高表达,但在正常细胞中却很少表达[24],免疫细胞可识别这些过表达的蛋白,并激活免疫系统,从而起到杀伤肿瘤细胞的作用。但由于TAA是正常的宿主蛋白,同时受到中枢和外周免疫耐受机制的影响[18],靶向TAA也可能导致自身免疫毒性[25]。相反,新抗原是肿瘤特异性抗原,包括整合到基因组中的肿瘤病毒产生的抗原和突变蛋白产生的抗原,这些抗原只在肿瘤细胞中大量表达,而不在正常细胞中表达,具有很强的免疫原性和异质性,且不受中枢耐受的影响[14,26]。此外,靶向新抗原不易诱导自身免疫[25]。因此,新抗原是治疗性肿瘤疫苗和基于T细胞的免疫治疗的理想靶点。利用新抗原的免疫活性,根据肿瘤细胞的突变情况可设计合成新抗原药物,激活免疫系统,从而达到抗肿瘤的目的。
异柠檬酸脱氢酶1型(isocitrate dehydrogenase type 1,IDH1)是胶质瘤中的特异性分子标志物[27],弥漫性2级和3级胶质瘤中发生的最常见的突变为R132H型IDH1突变[27-28]。IDH1(R132H)被认为是世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)2级和3级弥漫性星形胶质瘤中潜在的特异性新抗原,可被免疫系统特异性识别,并诱导突变特异性CD4+ T辅助细胞-1(CD4+ T-helper 1,Th1)反应[29]。Platten等[30]的多中心临床试验发现,接种IDH1(R132H)肽类疫苗可明显激活WHO 3、4级胶质瘤患者(与对照组比较)的T细胞抗肿瘤反应,最终改善预后。
新抗原是高度个体特异性的,通常不涉及已知的癌基因[20]。识别新抗原对mRNA肿瘤疫苗的制备至关重要。测序深度、肿瘤组织的质量、测序材料的来源、单核苷酸变异的算法及其他因素都可能影响新抗原的鉴定[31-32]。新抗原识别的第一步通常是使用高通量测序技术对肿瘤细胞和正常细胞的DNA序列进行快速比较。但由于肿瘤细胞的突变比较复杂,包括非编码突变和无义突变,筛选出能表达突变蛋白的DNA突变序列具有一定的难度[33]。随着测序技术和生物信息学算法的发展,新抗原预测及识别的准确性和可靠性有所提高,全外显子测序技术具有识别效率高、覆盖面广、假阴性率低等优点[34],目前大多数新抗原是通过全外显子测序技术鉴定的。
突变能否形成新抗原取决于以下因素:(1)突变序列能否转化为蛋白质;(2)突变蛋白能否加工成肽并被抗原提呈细胞(antigen presenting cell,APC)所识别;(3)突变肽与患者MHC分子的亲和力;(4)突变肽-MHC复合物与T细胞受体的亲和力[35]。因此,新抗原的预测不仅需要识别可表达的基因组突变,还需要关注患者肿瘤MHC类型相关的分子信息。
与普通的预防性疫苗不同,肿瘤疫苗是用于恶性肿瘤患者并辅以适当的佐剂,以激活患者的自身免疫反应并杀死肿瘤细胞[36]。肿瘤细胞的基因突变改变了蛋白质的氨基酸序列,这些氨基酸序列随后被翻译并加工成为新抗原(一种短肽)。作为非自身抗原,新抗原接触到MHC分子,随后触发机体的抗肿瘤免疫反应[20]。肿瘤疫苗的治疗效果通常取决于肿瘤细胞与正常细胞之间靶抗原表达的差异。新抗原作为外源抗原,不仅能增强抗肿瘤免疫反应,而且能降低自身免疫的风险[37]。Schumacher等[29]观察到,IDH1单等位基因点突变的积累在弥漫性星形细胞瘤的发展过程中是一个早期和决定性的事件,可导致致癌代谢物2-羟基戊二酸的产生,使细胞内遗传不稳定性增加,基因组高甲基化,以及蛋白突变,最终引起细胞恶性转化。该研究将IDH1突变产生的短肽作为新抗原用于小鼠肿瘤疫苗接种,触发了小鼠体内有效的MHC-Ⅱ型抗肿瘤免疫应答反应[29]
由于测序技术的快速发展和生物信息学算法的不断优化,目前研究者能够准确地识别新抗原,并预测其MHC亲和力及免疫原性,从而开发出个体化的治疗策略。目前,研究者设计了多种形式的肿瘤疫苗,包括肿瘤细胞疫苗[38]、长肽疫苗或蛋白疫苗[39-40]、基因组疫苗(以mRNA或DNA为主)[41]和树突状细胞疫苗[42]等。与其他类型疫苗相比,mRNA肿瘤疫苗应用于临床治疗具有明显优势:(1)mRNA序列很容易修改,以编码需要的蛋白质[43];(2)传统的肽疫苗需要对肿瘤进行全基因组分析,成本较高,而mRNA疫苗则不需要[44];(3)为了确保安全性,mRNA的半衰期可通过RNA序列修饰或传递系统进行调节[45];(4)mRNA可防止基因缺失和插入突变,DNA类型的抗原经常发生不相关序列排除和基因整合,而mRNA抗原不存在这样的风险[46];(5)mRNA疫苗的佐剂特性可提高其体内免疫原性,诱导强烈和持久的免疫反应[47]。已有研究证实了mRNA肿瘤疫苗在临床试验中的有效性[10-11]
Sahin等[48]对13例Ⅲ/Ⅳ期黑色素瘤患者进行新抗原mRNA疫苗临床试验发现,8例(治疗前影像学排除肿瘤存在)在肿瘤疫苗接种12~23个月的随访期间没有复发;5例在接受治疗时已发生肿瘤转移,其中2例在治疗后产生了客观存在的免疫反应,3例接受新抗原mRNA肿瘤疫苗联合PD-1阻断剂治疗后产生了明显的免疫反应。免疫监测显示,所有患者都对疫苗中包含的新抗原及表位产生了T细胞相关反应。最近,Ali等[49]用编码新抗原的mRNA转染单核细胞来源的树突状细胞,以刺激健康供体的自体幼稚CD8+ T细胞,该程序可使T细胞的激活不受肿瘤宿主免疫抑制环境的影响,结果显示,联合肿瘤疫苗和免疫检查点抑制治疗较单一治疗更有效[50-51]。Curran等[52]对黑色素细胞瘤小鼠模型进行研究发现,新抗原疫苗结合PD-1和CTLA-4阻断治疗能有效延长小鼠的生存期,并增加小鼠肿瘤微环境中效应T细胞与调节T细胞的比例。在Ott等[53]的临床研究中,6例接受手术切除的黑色素瘤患者注射了新抗原mRNA疫苗,其中2例治疗效果较差,但通过联合抗PD-1治疗获得了完全的抗肿瘤免疫应答。此外,新抗原疫苗与适应性T细胞疗法的组合在其他肿瘤的免疫治疗中也已取得成功[54]
截至目前,免疫疗法对神经胶质瘤(特别是胶质母细胞瘤)的治疗效果十分有限,有研究认为这可能是由于部分胶质瘤中新抗原数量不足导致的[55]。在部分胶质瘤进展过程中,可能存在的少量新抗原是否真正被免疫系统识别尚不明确。Nejo等[56]对25例不同WHO分级的胶质瘤组织样本进行外显子及转录组测序分析,发现胶质瘤组织中新抗原数目和表达水平、肿瘤突变负荷及免疫学特征随时间而发生变化,表明由于免疫监视的存在,新抗原的数量和表达均会随着时间的推移而减少,而新抗原表达减少有助于肿瘤细胞的免疫逃逸。
肿瘤细胞的免疫逃逸是阻碍肿瘤疫苗有效应用的关键。Tran等[57]的研究发现,人类白细胞抗原(human leukocyte antigen,HLA)位点杂合性的缺失可影响靶向新抗原或过继性T细胞治疗的肿瘤疫苗的临床应答。除了抗原丢失外,肿瘤细胞还具有多种复杂的免疫逃逸机制,如PD-1和CTLA-4等免疫检查点相关的肿瘤逃逸机制,肿瘤微环境中各种细胞的免疫抑制作用[58],以及肿瘤细胞坏死后释放的离子或蛋白等影响T细胞对新抗原的识别和激活[59]等。另外,肿瘤细胞本身固有的特性,如突变景观、干扰素信号通路的功能、抗原呈递分子的表达及免疫逃避致癌信号通路等均可影响T细胞在肿瘤微环境中的启动、激活和招募[60],最终影响免疫治疗的效果。
免疫抑制微环境是胶质瘤的重要特征[61-62],骨髓源性抑制细胞(myeloid-derived suppressor cells,MDSCs)和调节性T细胞(regulatory T cells,Tregs)可特异性抑制效应T细胞的活性及功能[63]。因此,胶质瘤的免疫抑制特性很可能会抑制患者免疫系统介导的抗肿瘤反应,并影响肿瘤疫苗的治疗效果,尤其是胶质母细胞瘤。胶质母细胞瘤是具有高度固有和适应性免疫抵抗的高级别胶质瘤,研究发现,在特异性表达表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)的胶质母细胞瘤患者中,对免疫治疗有反应者不到10%[55],且由于胶质母细胞瘤微环境中存在较强的获得性免疫抵抗,导致免疫治疗产生的反应极为短暂,对治疗效果无法产生实质性的影响[64]
中枢神经系统由于其独特的免疫微环境,在基线水平,大脑处于免疫性静止的状态,另外,由于血脑屏障的存在,大多数外周免疫细胞无法穿透血脑屏障进入大脑[65]。然而,当检测到危险信号时,在干扰素诱导的趋化因子的帮助下,外周免疫细胞容易通过血脑屏障,引起强烈的炎症反应,这可能为脑肿瘤的免疫治疗提供了必要的条件[66]
神经胶质瘤的个体异质性很强[67],每个肿瘤产生的新抗原几乎只对同一肿瘤具有特异性,患者之间没有共享,不同个体产生同一新抗原的概率极低[21],必须根据某一类型的胶质瘤寻找新抗原。因此,肿瘤类型和个体之间的巨大差异可能会限制针对突变新抗原的mRNA肿瘤疫苗的应用。Hilf等[68]为15例HLA-A* 02:01或HLA-A* 24:02阳性的非复发胶质母细胞瘤患者制备并接种了两种高度个性化的疫苗,结果显示,疫苗均激活了患者体内的特异性T细胞,这些T细胞从外周血液迁移到大脑,改变了胶质母细胞瘤的免疫微环境,并且患者的中位总生存期延长至29.0个月。因此,新抗原肿瘤疫苗的制备必须强调个体特异性才能达到较可观的治疗效果。
胶质瘤微环境中内在的免疫抵抗阻止了免疫治疗反应的产生,适应性抵抗阻止了肿瘤浸润免疫细胞的抗肿瘤活动,获得性抵抗能够保护肿瘤细胞在免疫系统的攻击下不被消除。这些免疫抵抗机制均严重影响新抗原mRNA肿瘤疫苗的治疗效果。因此,开发同时针对这些机制的治疗策略非常必要。联合免疫检查点抑制剂(如抗PD-1、PD-L1及CTLA-4),在干扰素的介导下协助外周免疫细胞进入神经系统发挥免疫效应,是提高新抗原mRNA肿瘤疫苗治疗效果的重要策略。另外,借助生物信息学或者机器学习算法,通过对不同类型及不同WHO分级的胶质瘤组织多组学数据进行聚类分析,从而识别出不同亚型的免疫微环境特征,以制定个性化的免疫治疗方案非常关键。此外,虽然目前的测序技术已经取得了长足的进步[33],但新抗原的识别及验证仍然是耗时和昂贵的,从组织样本到制备疫苗的过程通常需要3~5个月[48],严重限制了新抗原疫苗的临床应用。实体肿瘤中新抗原的鉴定对肿瘤组织样本量的需求较大,新抗原的预测算法工作量繁多,除了预测不同MHC分子与新抗原的结合外,还需要预测基因融合、插入和其他变化所产生的潜在新抗原[20]。这都需要耗费大量的时间和费用,可能是新抗原mRNA肿瘤疫苗在未来临床应用中面临的重要挑战。
新抗原对个体具有高度特异性,靶向新抗原的mRNA肿瘤疫苗可在不杀死正常细胞的情况下有效地诱导患者体内肿瘤特异性T细胞发挥抗肿瘤效应,从而实现个体化的精准治疗。作为一种新兴的抗肿瘤免疫治疗方法,新抗原疫苗在多项试验中取得了预期的治疗效果,在一定程度上延长了患者的生存期,且在多种类型的胶质瘤及其他肿瘤中显示出较高的安全性和诱导能力。然而,由于胶质瘤的抑制性免疫微环境特征、免疫逃逸机制及不同的免疫抵抗机制,新抗原mRNA肿瘤疫苗在诱导特异性T细胞活化后可能无法使其继续发挥预期的肿瘤杀伤作用,这是其应用于脑胶质瘤的主要挑战。进一步深入了解肿瘤组织的免疫抑制和逃逸机制,有助于制定更有效的免疫治疗策略。如何将mRNA新抗原疫苗疗法与其他免疫治疗策略结合起来,以克服肿瘤免疫逃逸及抵抗机制,提高胶质瘤患者的治疗效果,需要不断进行测试和完善。
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2022年第47卷第10期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.10.1057
  • 接收时间:2021-08-09
  • 首发时间:2025-12-15
  • 出版时间:2022-10-28
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  • 收稿日期:2021-08-09
  • 录用日期:2021-12-13
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    武汉大学人民医院神经外科,湖北武汉 430060

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田道锋,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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