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直接前侧入路全髋关节置换术治疗老年股骨颈骨折的效果分析
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谭小龙 , 姥伟 * , 梁柱天 , 陈伟
解放军医学杂志 | 短篇论著 2022,47(12): 1268-1270
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解放军医学杂志 | 短篇论著 2022, 47(12): 1268-1270
直接前侧入路全髋关节置换术治疗老年股骨颈骨折的效果分析
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谭小龙, 姥伟* , 梁柱天, 陈伟
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  • 解放军联勤保障部队第942医院骨科中心关节病区,宁夏银川 750004

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姥伟,E-mail:
Analysis of the effect of direct anterior approach total hip arthroplasty in the treatment of femoral neck fractures in the elderly
Xiao-Long Tan, Wei Lao* , Zhu-Tian Liang, Wei Chen
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出版时间: 2022-12-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.12.1268
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直接前侧入路  /  髋关节置换  /  股骨颈骨折
谭小龙, 姥伟, 梁柱天, 陈伟. 直接前侧入路全髋关节置换术治疗老年股骨颈骨折的效果分析. 解放军医学杂志, 2022 , 47 (12) : 1268 -1270 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.12.1268
Xiao-Long Tan, Wei Lao, Zhu-Tian Liang, Wei Chen. Analysis of the effect of direct anterior approach total hip arthroplasty in the treatment of femoral neck fractures in the elderly[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2022 , 47 (12) : 1268 -1270 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.12.1268
老年人多伴有骨质疏松,往往低能量损伤即可导致股骨颈骨折。对于此类骨折,非手术治疗易引起一系列卧床并发症,甚至危及生命[1],若行骨折内固定手术则可能发生骨折不愈合、股骨头坏死。关节置换术能够取得良好的疗效,既往多数医师采取后外侧入路进行关节置换,直接前侧入路(direct anterior approach,DAA)使用较少。随着微创理念及加速康复理论的提出,DAA入路[2]成为近年来的研究热点,其主要优点是创伤小,前侧肌间隙入路理论上不损伤任何肌肉组织,可避免后外侧入路带来的脱位风险,且术后可早期负重,更有利于术后康复,现已被越来越多的术者所选用。本研究初步探讨了DAA入路全髋关节置换术治疗老年股骨颈骨折的效果。
回顾性分析2018年11月-2020年9月解放军联勤保障部队第942医院骨科中心关节病区收治的行微创全髋关节置换手术治疗的31例老年股骨颈骨折(新鲜股骨颈骨折)患者的临床资料。纳入标准:(1)骨盆X线片示股骨颈骨折(Garden分型Ⅲ型或Ⅳ型);(2)新鲜骨折;(3)接受DAA入路全髋关节置换术;(4)术前心、肺功能评估可耐受硬膜外麻醉或全麻手术;(5)术前双下肢动静脉彩超提示无血栓。排除标准:(1)合并全身其他部位活动性感染;(2)合并其他部位骨折需同期治疗;(3)无法完成术后随访观察;(4)因严重骨质疏松选用骨水泥型人工假体。本研究经解放军联勤保障部队第942医院医学伦理委员会审核批准。
入院后行髋部X线检查,进行骨折分型并评估髋关节周围骨质情况,完善各项检查,评估患者麻醉、手术风险。在排除肺部感染及下肢血栓等风险因素后尽可能在入院后48 h内完成手术。对于合并基础内科疾病不能耐受麻醉手术者需积极治疗基础疾病;对于合并高血压和(或)糖尿病者,由内科医师会诊处理,待血压控制在160/100 mmHg以内、空腹血糖降至8.0 mmol/L以下、餐后血糖降至11.1 mmol/L以下再行手术。
手术均采用气管插管全麻,患者取仰卧位,平耻骨联合于骨盆下横行放置约10 cm厚体位垫,使髋关节过伸,患者耻骨联合与手术床调节中心位于同一平面。切口起于髂前上棘远端3 cm并向外3 cm处,指向腓骨小头纵行切开,长8~10 cm。切开皮肤、皮下组织,显露筋膜层,保护股外侧皮神经,将阔筋膜张肌从缝匠肌分离,经股直肌、臀中肌间隙进入,可见旋股外侧动脉升支走行于两肌肉间(Hueter间隙),需仔细结扎。显露前侧髋关节囊,L形切开后向内侧翻开,将2把拉钩分别放置在股骨颈内、外侧,在小粗隆上1.5 cm处截取股骨颈,分别取出截取的骨块及股骨头并测量股骨头大小。清理盂唇及增生骨赘,充分显露髋臼缘及横韧带,利用髋臼解剖标志(髋臼横韧带及髋臼前切迹)来定位髋臼假体位置[3],用较股骨头测定值小1号的髋臼挫打磨髋臼,逐渐增大至髋臼面点状出血,尽可能多地保留髋臼骨质。植入髋臼假体及内衬。将手术床调整为床头低10°、床尾低30°,使髋关节保持在后伸位,极度内收、外旋髋关节,松解股骨颈基底部附着的关节囊并用骨撬撬起股骨近端,双偏心髓腔锉行股骨髓腔扩髓,植入假体。恢复手术床原平面,通过触摸胫骨结节和内踝尖确定双下肢等长,选择合适长度的股骨柄及股骨头假体植入,复位髋关节。紧密缝合关节囊,逐层缝合筋膜、皮下组织,关闭切口。
术前30 min及术后常规给予二代头孢菌素预防感染,术后6 h开始应用抗凝药物,皮下注射低分子肝素钙(根据体重计算用量),1次/12 h,或口服利法沙班10 mg/次,1次/d,持续35 d。切口内无需放置引流,术后第2天即可下地负重行走,并逐渐恢复正常行走及髋关节功能。
(1)观察并记录手术切口长度、手术时间、术中出血量、人工髋臼角度,以及术后首次下床时间等,其中术中出血量为吸引器内血液容量、血纱布、切口周边辅料的出血量之和。(2)术前及术后1周、1个月、3个月,采用Harris评分法评估患者髋关节功能,指标包括疼痛、功能、畸形和活动度等。(3)术后通过门诊复查或电话回访等方式进行随访,记录患者术后并发症及处置情况。
采用SPSS 26.0软件进行统计分析。计量资料以$\bar{x}±s$表示,计数资料以率(%)表示。
共纳入老年股骨颈骨折31例(31髋),其中男13例,女18例;左髋14例,右髋17例,均为摔伤致新鲜股骨颈骨折;年龄72.4(65~83)岁;体重指数(25.23±3.16) kg/m2;Garden分型Ⅲ型11例,Ⅳ型20例;合并高血压23例,糖尿病12例,脑梗死后遗症8例,冠心病9例,慢性支气管炎27例;同时患有2种以上内科疾病者29例。手术均顺利完成,手术时间(78.23±8.08) min,切口长度(9.37±1.08) cm,术中出血量(237.00±38.92) ml,术中无股动、静脉及股神经损伤,无肺栓塞,无下肢不等长,术后均于第2天下地负重行走,手术切口均一期愈合。
随访12~24(13.8±8.2)个月,术前及术后1周、1个月、3个月髋关节Harris评分分别为(33.58±2.36)分、(72.57±7.28)分、(80.35±4.37)分、(91.07±2.98)分;所有患者髋关节功能恢复良好。2例出现股外侧皮神经损伤症状,经口服神经营养药物对症治疗3个月症状消失;4例因术前血红蛋白低于100 g/L,术中无输血,术后均即刻给予同型红细胞悬液400 ml输入,术后第3天复查血常规,无再次输血。本组病例因可早期下地负重,未发生肺部感染、深静脉血栓、关节脱位、假体松动及假体周围骨折、髋部疼痛等并发症。
既往老年股骨颈骨折多采用非手术治疗,需要患者长时间卧床、制动,不但降低了生活质量,且对护理质量要求较高,往往因并发肺部感染、下肢深静脉血栓、压疮等导致病死率较高。人工关节置换可使患者尽快在床上坐起、活动,甚至早期下地负重行走,避免卧床相关并发症的发生[4-5]。因此,髋关节置换术已成为老年股骨颈骨折首选的治疗方案[6]。既往临床多选择后外侧入路行人工关节置换术,但其手术切口较长,创伤较大,会破坏关节囊等软组织,影响术后髋关节功能的恢复[7],且髋关节后脱位发生率较高。DAA入路是一种微创技术,通过特殊器械辅助完成前方手术入路的髋关节置换,可减轻组织损伤[8]。与后外侧入路相比,DAA入路具有微创、可早期恢复髋关节功能的优势。本研究采用DAA入路行人工髋关节置换术,具有以下优点:(1)为真正的神经、肌肉间隙入路,可将软组织干扰降至最低;创伤轻、出血少,疼痛轻或无痛,术后恢复快。(2)便于术中更精确地调整双下肢长度,确保术后双下肢等长,术后无跛行步态或步态在较短时间内恢复正常。(3)采用平卧位,便于术中麻醉管理,可控制麻醉风险。(4)不切断外旋肌群及后侧关节囊,可有效避免髋关节后方关节囊及短外旋肌群、外展肌群等髋周肌群损伤,有助于提高髋关节稳定性,改善术后髋关节功能[9]。术后假体后脱位率远低于后外侧手术入路,术后早期活动限制低或无限制,可早期做深蹲、盘腿、跷二郎腿等动作。(5)不切断外旋肌群,不影响外展肌力,术后恢复较快,术后第2天即可下床行走,对步态影响小,患者恢复快,可早期出院,真正做到了快速康复。
对于大多数医师,尤其是处于学习曲线早期的医师,DAA入路最困难的部分是如何确定正确的解剖间隙及术中髋臼、股骨侧的暴露,最危险的情况是切口过于偏内而损伤股动脉、股静脉及股神经。因此,通过正确的解剖间隙(Hueter间隙)进入显得尤为重要。以髋臼横韧带为基准,外展40°~45°打磨。对于肌肉发达的患者,因髋臼位置深,往往容易增大髋臼前倾角,应用偏心磨挫可避免肌肉阻挡,方便调整髋臼外展角及前倾角。股骨侧暴露往往是手术的难点,因此可调节床或牵引床的使用显得尤为重要,一定要保持髋关节的过伸位和极度内收、外旋。紧贴大粗隆尖内侧充分松解外侧关节囊附着处,使扩髓髓腔入口抬起,双偏心髓腔锉有利于股骨髓腔扩髓。
双下肢不等长(leg-length discrepancy,LLD)是人工全髋关节置换术后的常见并发症,可引起跛行、假体松动、腰背部疼痛、同侧膝关节疼痛、骨盆倾斜、脊柱侧凸以及增高髋关节的翻修率等。当LLD超过1.0 cm时,患者可感觉到明显的腰背痛、跛行等不适症状。目前越来越多的学者认识到髋关节置换术后双下肢等长的重要性,本组病例采用DAA入路,取仰卧位,保证双下肢处于同一水平面并与身体纵轴平行,可准确触摸双侧胫骨结节或双侧内踝尖是否处于同一平面,从而确定双下肢是否等长。若双下肢长度不满意,可通过更换股骨柄型号或不同深度的头颈接触型号进行调整。与后外侧入路(侧卧位)比较,DAA入路术中可控性强,可更方便、准确地确定肢体长度,降低LLD的发生率。股外侧皮神经损伤及感觉异常是DAA的常见并发症。Martin等[7]研究发现,DAA入路的股外侧皮神经损伤和感觉障碍发生率达17%。本组病例中,2例出现股外侧皮神经损伤,分析原因为切口位置选择偏内,拉钩过度长期牵拉及缝合筋膜时损伤所致。因此,在深筋膜切开过程中,不可于间隙处直接切开,而应于阔筋膜张肌内侧约1/3处将其切开,并于阔筋膜张肌与缝匠肌间进入,从而避开股外侧皮神经,避免其损伤[10]
DAA入路的缺点:(1)无法消除早期旋转对股骨柄稳定性的影响,故术后早期负重需借助手杖或助行器,避免做旋转动作;(2)术中需用特殊工具包括双偏心磨挫及髓腔锉进行髋臼打磨及股骨髓腔扩髓,故常规器械操作困难,会增加手术难度;(3)在学习早期可能出现较多的手术并发症,但随着术者手术经验的积累,并发症发生率会有明显下降的趋势[11]。手术医师需要长期、反复实践才能掌握此项技术。为了缩短学习曲线,避免并发症,获得满意的疗效,初学者可遵循由简到难的原则,先从老年股骨颈骨折开始,选择体重较轻、容易显露的患者入手,通过提高手术操作熟练程度及经验总结,逐渐增加难度,以取得满意的效果。相信随着临床经验的积累,可使手术时间大幅缩短,显著降低麻醉风险及手术并发症发生率,术中出血量会更少,最终完全符合微创及快速康复的理念。Manrique等[12]应用DAA入路行全髋关节置换术后翻修术,Tamaki等[13]应用DAA入路行全髋关节置换治疗强直髋,均取得了满意疗效。由此可见,DDA入路不仅在简单股骨颈骨折行髋关节置换手术中疗效满意,也可用于复杂髋关节置换、翻修手术,临床应用前景广阔。
综上所述,采用DAA入路行全髋关节置换术治疗老年股骨颈骨折具有微创、手术切口小、出血少、肌间隙进入、对肌肉损伤小、术中可准确判断双下肢长度、避免后侧入路带来的脱位风险、术后可早期负重行走,以及术后疼痛轻于传统后外侧入路的优点,更符合人工髋关节置换术后围术期加速康复的理念,临床疗效满意,值得推广。
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2022年第47卷第12期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.12.1268
  • 接收时间:2021-11-12
  • 首发时间:2025-12-14
  • 出版时间:2022-12-28
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  • 收稿日期:2021-11-12
  • 录用日期:2022-03-08
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    解放军联勤保障部队第942医院骨科中心关节病区,宁夏银川 750004

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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