Article(id=1206995862446752096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1206995859061952854, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.12.1180, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1646236800000, receivedDateStr=2022-03-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1653148800000, acceptedDateStr=2022-05-22, onlineDate=1765699838506, onlineDateStr=2025-12-14, pubDate=1672156800000, pubDateStr=2022-12-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765699838506, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765699838506, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765699838506, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1206995859061952854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2022', volume='47', issue='12', pageStart='1169', pageEnd='1270', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1765699837699, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765700204449, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1206997397385859947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1206995859061952854, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1206997397385859948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1206995859061952854, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1180, endPage=1189, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1206995862769713509, articleId=1206995862446752096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Erythroblastic island-like macrophages from human embryonic stem cells promotes erythroid differentiation, columnId=1190310110212751762, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Basic Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To explore the phenotypes of erythroblastic island-like (EBI-like) macrophages during erythroid differentiation from human embryonic stem cells in vitro and the function of EBI-like macrophages in the differentiation of erythroid. Methods To study the function of EBI- like macrophages in the differentiation of erythroid, we used the Spin-EB method to induce human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) to differentiate into red blood cells. The expression of specific surface markers of erythrocytes and macrophages and the cell morphology were tested by flow cytometry and imaging flow cytometry. Multiple gene expressions were detected by qRT-PCR. An immunofluorescence assay was used to identify the phenotype of EBI-like macrophages. Results Erythroid cells were induced by embryonic stem cells in vitro. Giemsa staining revealed that EBI-like structures derived from the hESCs were similar to natural EBI. Immunofluorescence staining confirmed that the erythroid cells (CD235a) were surrounded by macrophages (CD68); CD45+CD235a+CD163+CD169+CD106+ EBI-like macrophage (0.092%±0.013%) resembles in vivo EBI macrophage. Imaging flow cytometry observed that CD45+CD235a+CD163+CD106+CD169+ EBI-like macrophages were surrounded by CD235a+ erythroid cells. The proportion of induced CD71+CD235a+ cells was 37.37%±1.68% after removing the EBI structure, which was significantly lower than the untreated group (46.97%±4.16%). We found that central macrophages of EBI-like may play a role in promoting erythroid differentiation through the interaction of CD169 and CD43. Conclusions EBI-like structure in the erythroid induction system of hESCs is similar to the natural EBI. The central EBI-like macrophages maybe promote the differentiation of erythrocytes in vitro through the interaction of CD169 and CD43. We provided a theoretical and practical reference for optimizing the erythroid induction system in vitro.

, correspAuthors=Jia-Fei Xi, Wen Yue, Xue-Tao Pei, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*Xi Jia-Fei, E-mail: ;
Yue Wen, E-mail: ;
Pei Xue-Tao, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xuan Li, Xiao-Ling Wang, Tian-Tian Cui, Zeng Fan, Ling-Ping Zhao, Hao Yan, Zhen-Zhao Xu, Li-Juan He, Jun-Nian Zhou, Hai-Yang Wang, Biao Zhang, Quan Zeng, Jia-Fei Xi, Wen Yue, Xue-Tao Pei), CN=ArticleExt(id=1206995864329994652, articleId=1206995862446752096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=CN, title=胚胎干细胞来源的拟血岛巨噬细胞对红细胞分化的促进作用, columnId=1190310110472798614, journalTitle=解放军医学杂志, columnName=基础研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 探索胚胎干细胞体外向红细胞诱导分化过程中出现的拟血岛结构中巨噬细胞的表型,以及拟血岛巨噬细胞对红细胞分化的作用。方法 利用单细胞聚团拟胚体(Spin-EB)方法诱导人胚胎干细胞向红细胞分化,流式细胞术和成像流式细胞术分析诱导体系中红系细胞和巨噬细胞特征标志物的表达及细胞形态,实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(qRT-PCR)检测红系及巨噬细胞特征标记基因在转录水平的表达情况,利用免疫荧光染色鉴定拟血岛巨噬细胞的表型,并分析拟血岛巨噬细胞对红系细胞分化的作用。结果 吉姆萨染色结果显示,胚胎干细胞体外诱导过程中出现了类似于体内红细胞发育中的血岛结构;免疫荧光染色显示,此拟血岛结构为红系细胞(CD235a)围绕在巨噬细胞(CD68)的周围。该拟血岛巨噬细胞表型为CD45+CD235a+CD163+CD169+CD106+(比例为0.092%±0.013%),与体内血岛巨噬细胞相似,流式细胞术结果亦表明CD45+CD235a+CD163+CD106+CD169+的血岛巨噬细胞被CD235a+红系细胞包围。去除拟血岛结构后诱导所得CD71+CD235a+细胞占比为37.37%±1.68%,明显低于未处理组(46.97%±4.16%,P<0.05)。免疫荧光染色结果显示,CD169+巨噬细胞周围的红系细胞表达CD43。结论 胚胎干细胞体外红系诱导体系中可形成与体内血岛类似的拟血岛样结构,拟血岛巨噬细胞可能通过CD169与CD43的相互作用促进体外红细胞分化。

, correspAuthors=习佳飞, 岳文, 裴雪涛, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
习佳飞,E-mail:;
岳文,E-mail:;
裴雪涛,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=KwbZClIHOveR8EdNRhJh1g==, magXml=MgaWXu5Mi3vShbFNGSuUXQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=Is3Fm0jk4xfERvDVi1xsLQ==, pdfFileSize=8135070, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=l4ClQCloXiXxx66/75NHwg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=bjr6vr2rMAID6NBzIAs1Ig==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

李璇,硕士研究生,主要从事多能干细胞造血分化方面的研究

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李璇,硕士研究生,主要从事多能干细胞造血分化方面的研究

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李璇,硕士研究生,主要从事多能干细胞造血分化方面的研究

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A. 流式细胞术检测胚胎干细胞TRA-1-60、TRA-1-81、SSEA4多能性表面标志物的表达;B. 碱性磷酸酶染色检测胚胎干细胞干性;C. 免疫荧光染色(DAPI)检测胚胎干细胞Nanog、Sox2、Oct4蛋白的表达情况

, figureFileSmall=T0uOWGXKvq1e911Opq5tIg==, figureFileBig=x9GWN5E8Obit0WtvNr6yAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207064335831089961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995862446752096, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Induction of erythrocytes from embryonic stem cells in vitro, figureFileSmall=mpu5y4sxy/8Dq7ulPEPLTg==, figureFileBig=zg9gGqS6waVgqIwXZCCuQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207064335910781739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995862446752096, language=CN, label=图2, caption=胚胎干细胞体外诱导生成红细胞

A. 诱导过程中EB球及悬浮细胞的变化;B. 吉姆萨染色观察悬浮细胞的形态变化(箭头所示为网织红细胞)

, figureFileSmall=mpu5y4sxy/8Dq7ulPEPLTg==, figureFileBig=zg9gGqS6waVgqIwXZCCuQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207064336019833646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995862446752096, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Detection of specific markers during erythroid induction, figureFileSmall=HlbylMPgpyTFi7ebIGXHyQ==, figureFileBig=y0O3CxWfEYDciRnKAmnkOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207064336116302640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995862446752096, language=CN, label=图3, caption=红系诱导过程中特异性标志物的检测

A. 流式细胞术检测诱导第3、6、12及18天造血标志物的表达量;B. 诱导过程中细胞沉淀的颜色变化;C. 诱导起始阶段及末期细胞中CD71+CD235a+的表达比例

, figureFileSmall=HlbylMPgpyTFi7ebIGXHyQ==, figureFileBig=y0O3CxWfEYDciRnKAmnkOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207064336200188721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995862446752096, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Detection of non-erythroid cells--macrophages in erythroid induction system, figureFileSmall=J7TCDV+gD/CaSZOp8B/Lvg==, figureFileBig=KrNZpD0diq5JwZIpdwMgVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207064336284074804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995862446752096, language=CN, label=图4, caption=红系体外诱导体系中形成的拟血岛样结构及鉴定

A. 明场观察拟血岛样结构;B. 吉姆萨染色观察不同来源的细胞诱导体系(均有不同分化阶段的红系细胞包围在巨噬细胞周围);C. 免疫荧光染色观察CD68+(绿色)细胞被CD235a+(红色)细胞包围;D. 流式细胞术检测诱导第18天时巨噬细胞及红系细胞的比例

, figureFileSmall=J7TCDV+gD/CaSZOp8B/Lvg==, figureFileBig=KrNZpD0diq5JwZIpdwMgVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207064336346989367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995862446752096, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Identification of erythroblastic island-like macrophages, figureFileSmall=/PaToGN3XZEzIS5fjXnDVg==, figureFileBig=iZT2LVksaGGoTXZ1UtU8OA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207064336418292538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995862446752096, language=CN, label=图5, caption=拟血岛巨噬细胞的鉴定

MAEA. 巨噬细胞红细胞连接蛋白;A. 流式细胞术检测血岛巨噬细胞的比例;B. 流式成像观察血岛结构;C. 诱导第0天和第18天MAEA的基因表达水平比较(n=3),*P<0.05;D. 免疫荧光染色MAEA蛋白在诱导末期细胞中的表达

, figureFileSmall=/PaToGN3XZEzIS5fjXnDVg==, figureFileBig=iZT2LVksaGGoTXZ1UtU8OA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207064336539927357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995862446752096, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Functional verification of macrophages in erythroblastic island, figureFileSmall=LxO1T06dXfGX0uiwtzOkPg==, figureFileBig=1pNQfak+ehCoItgx6CrXSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207064336695116608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995862446752096, language=CN, label=图6, caption=血岛巨噬细胞的功能验证

A. 对照组和实验组明场对比图;B. 流式细胞术检测两组CD71+CD235a+细胞比例,与对照组比较,*P<0.05(n=3);C. 第0天和第18天SIGLEC1SPN mRNA表达水平,*P<0.05(n=3);D. 免疫荧光检测CD169、CD43的表达

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胚胎干细胞来源的拟血岛巨噬细胞对红细胞分化的促进作用
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李璇 1, 2 , 王晓玲 1, 2 , 崔甜甜 1, 2 , 范增 1, 2 , 赵玲萍 1, 2 , 颜颢 1, 2 , 徐振钊 1, 2 , 何丽娟 1, 2 , 周军年 2, 3 , 王海洋 1, 2 , 张彪 1, 2 , 曾泉 1, 2 , 习佳飞 1, 2, * , 岳文 1, 2, * , 裴雪涛 1, 2, *
解放军医学杂志 | 基础研究 2022,47(12): 1180-1189
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解放军医学杂志 | 基础研究 2022, 47(12): 1180-1189
胚胎干细胞来源的拟血岛巨噬细胞对红细胞分化的促进作用
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李璇1, 2, 王晓玲1, 2, 崔甜甜1, 2, 范增1, 2, 赵玲萍1, 2, 颜颢1, 2, 徐振钊1, 2, 何丽娟1, 2, 周军年2, 3, 王海洋1, 2, 张彪1, 2, 曾泉1, 2, 习佳飞1, 2, * , 岳文1, 2, * , 裴雪涛1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1军事科学院军事医学研究院卫生勤务与血液研究所干细胞与再生医学实验室,北京 100850
  • 2华南生物医药研究院华南干细胞与再生医学研究中心,广东广州 510005
  • 3军事科学院军事医学研究院辐射医学研究所血液与生化实验室,北京 100850
  • 李璇,硕士研究生,主要从事多能干细胞造血分化方面的研究

通讯作者:

习佳飞,E-mail:;
岳文,E-mail:;
裴雪涛,E-mail:
Erythroblastic island-like macrophages from human embryonic stem cells promotes erythroid differentiation
Xuan Li1, 2, Xiao-Ling Wang1, 2, Tian-Tian Cui1, 2, Zeng Fan1, 2, Ling-Ping Zhao1, 2, Hao Yan1, 2, Zhen-Zhao Xu1, 2, Li-Juan He1, 2, Jun-Nian Zhou2, 3, Hai-Yang Wang1, 2, Biao Zhang1, 2, Quan Zeng1, 2, Jia-Fei Xi1, 2, * , Wen Yue1, 2, * , Xue-Tao Pei1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
  • 2South China Research Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute of Biomedicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510005, China
  • 3Experimental Hematology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
出版时间: 2022-12-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.12.1180
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目的 探索胚胎干细胞体外向红细胞诱导分化过程中出现的拟血岛结构中巨噬细胞的表型,以及拟血岛巨噬细胞对红细胞分化的作用。方法 利用单细胞聚团拟胚体(Spin-EB)方法诱导人胚胎干细胞向红细胞分化,流式细胞术和成像流式细胞术分析诱导体系中红系细胞和巨噬细胞特征标志物的表达及细胞形态,实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(qRT-PCR)检测红系及巨噬细胞特征标记基因在转录水平的表达情况,利用免疫荧光染色鉴定拟血岛巨噬细胞的表型,并分析拟血岛巨噬细胞对红系细胞分化的作用。结果 吉姆萨染色结果显示,胚胎干细胞体外诱导过程中出现了类似于体内红细胞发育中的血岛结构;免疫荧光染色显示,此拟血岛结构为红系细胞(CD235a)围绕在巨噬细胞(CD68)的周围。该拟血岛巨噬细胞表型为CD45+CD235a+CD163+CD169+CD106+(比例为0.092%±0.013%),与体内血岛巨噬细胞相似,流式细胞术结果亦表明CD45+CD235a+CD163+CD106+CD169+的血岛巨噬细胞被CD235a+红系细胞包围。去除拟血岛结构后诱导所得CD71+CD235a+细胞占比为37.37%±1.68%,明显低于未处理组(46.97%±4.16%,P<0.05)。免疫荧光染色结果显示,CD169+巨噬细胞周围的红系细胞表达CD43。结论 胚胎干细胞体外红系诱导体系中可形成与体内血岛类似的拟血岛样结构,拟血岛巨噬细胞可能通过CD169与CD43的相互作用促进体外红细胞分化。

胚胎干细胞  /  巨噬细胞  /  体外诱导  /  红细胞  /  拟血岛

Objective To explore the phenotypes of erythroblastic island-like (EBI-like) macrophages during erythroid differentiation from human embryonic stem cells in vitro and the function of EBI-like macrophages in the differentiation of erythroid. Methods To study the function of EBI- like macrophages in the differentiation of erythroid, we used the Spin-EB method to induce human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) to differentiate into red blood cells. The expression of specific surface markers of erythrocytes and macrophages and the cell morphology were tested by flow cytometry and imaging flow cytometry. Multiple gene expressions were detected by qRT-PCR. An immunofluorescence assay was used to identify the phenotype of EBI-like macrophages. Results Erythroid cells were induced by embryonic stem cells in vitro. Giemsa staining revealed that EBI-like structures derived from the hESCs were similar to natural EBI. Immunofluorescence staining confirmed that the erythroid cells (CD235a) were surrounded by macrophages (CD68); CD45+CD235a+CD163+CD169+CD106+ EBI-like macrophage (0.092%±0.013%) resembles in vivo EBI macrophage. Imaging flow cytometry observed that CD45+CD235a+CD163+CD106+CD169+ EBI-like macrophages were surrounded by CD235a+ erythroid cells. The proportion of induced CD71+CD235a+ cells was 37.37%±1.68% after removing the EBI structure, which was significantly lower than the untreated group (46.97%±4.16%). We found that central macrophages of EBI-like may play a role in promoting erythroid differentiation through the interaction of CD169 and CD43. Conclusions EBI-like structure in the erythroid induction system of hESCs is similar to the natural EBI. The central EBI-like macrophages maybe promote the differentiation of erythrocytes in vitro through the interaction of CD169 and CD43. We provided a theoretical and practical reference for optimizing the erythroid induction system in vitro.

human embryonic stem cells  /  macrophage  /  in vitro differentiation  /  erythrocytes  /  erythroblastic island-like
李璇, 王晓玲, 崔甜甜, 范增, 赵玲萍, 颜颢, 徐振钊, 何丽娟, 周军年, 王海洋, 张彪, 曾泉, 习佳飞, 岳文, 裴雪涛. 胚胎干细胞来源的拟血岛巨噬细胞对红细胞分化的促进作用. 解放军医学杂志, 2022 , 47 (12) : 1180 -1189 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.12.1180
Xuan Li, Xiao-Ling Wang, Tian-Tian Cui, Zeng Fan, Ling-Ping Zhao, Hao Yan, Zhen-Zhao Xu, Li-Juan He, Jun-Nian Zhou, Hai-Yang Wang, Biao Zhang, Quan Zeng, Jia-Fei Xi, Wen Yue, Xue-Tao Pei. Erythroblastic island-like macrophages from human embryonic stem cells promotes erythroid differentiation[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2022 , 47 (12) : 1180 -1189 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.12.1180
输血可作为多种疾病的重要治疗方案,但面临着血液来源不足及传播疾病等问题[1]。为缓解临床对献血的依赖,解决临床血液需求问题,利用干细胞定向诱导分化技术提供了可行的新策略[2-3]。自2011年Luc Douay团队成功将体外干细胞制备的人工红细胞用于临床输注以来,利用干细胞制备血细胞作为血液的替代来源受到广泛关注[4-6]。但是,体外利用干细胞技术制备红细胞产品却面临着巨大的挑战,主要包括体外诱导最终获得的红细胞数量少[7],体外干细胞诱导获得的红细胞表达胎儿型血红蛋白[8],以及体外诱导获得的红细胞难以脱核等问题[9]。人体骨髓内红细胞发育成熟是一个复杂的生理过程[10],体内造血干/祖细胞不断分化形成成熟红细胞,红细胞分化成熟过程中不同阶段的红系细胞会包围巨噬细胞形成血岛[11-12],参与调节的细胞主要是血岛巨噬细胞,后者通过细胞间的黏附分子巨噬细胞红细胞连接蛋白(macrophage-erythroblast attacher,MAEA)、血管细胞黏附分子(vascular cell adhesion molecule 1,Vcam1)、细胞间黏附分子4(intercellular adhesion molecule 4,ICAM4)等发挥促进红细胞分化成熟的作用;且MAEA被认为是血岛形成的必要黏附分子,其表达缺失会导致红细胞无法脱核[13],血岛巨噬细胞还为红细胞提供合成血红蛋白的微量元素——铁[14],血岛巨噬细胞在红细胞的发育、分化、调控中发挥关键的核心作用。本研究将拟血岛巨噬细胞作为研究对象,根据体内血岛巨噬细胞的表型及功能,对拟血岛巨噬细胞特异性标志物的表达进行鉴定,旨在探讨拟血岛巨噬细胞在红细胞分化过程中的作用。
胚胎干细胞H9细胞来自本实验室细胞库;小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞(mouse embryonic fibroblast,MEF)分离自小鼠13.5 d的胚胎,辐照后冻存。血清替代物、非必需氨基酸、TrypLe Select消化酶、胰岛素转铁蛋白硒添加剂(insulin-transferrin-selenium,ITS)为美国Gibco公司产品。促血小板生成素(thrombopoietin,TPO)、红细胞生成素(erythropoietin,EPO)、碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(basic fibroblast growth factor,bFGF)购自美国PeproTech公司;骨形态发生蛋白4(bone morphogenetic protein 4,BMP4)、血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)为美国R&D公司产品;转铁蛋白、β-巯基乙醇、聚乙烯醇(poly vinyl alcohol,PVA)、亚油酸、亚麻酸、α-硫代甘油(α-monothioglycerol,α-MTG)为德国Sigma公司产品。
流式细胞术所用抗体有美国BD公司的TRA-1-60-BV421、TRA-1-81-PE、SSEA4-AF647[15-16]、CD34PE-Cy-7、CD43-APC、CD45-APC、CD235a-BV421、CD71-APC、CD14-APC、CD163PE-Cy7、CD106-BV605、CD169-BV711,美国eBioscience公司的CD31-APC和CD144-APC,以及美国Biolegend公司的KDR APC。免疫荧光实验所用抗体有Nanog、Sox2、Oct4[17]、MAEA和CD43(英国Abcam公司),CD235a(美国Santa Cruz Biotechnology公司),CD68(美国Cell Signaling Technology公司),CD169(美国Novus公司)。
将胚胎干细胞与MEF共培养以维持其干性,在胚胎干细胞复苏与传代前,提前1 d复苏已被辐照的MEF,并按1.2×105/孔的密度接种于用0.1%明胶包被的6孔板内,每天通过正置显微镜观察MEF及胚胎干细胞的生长情况,具体操作及培养基配制参考文献[18]。
待胚胎干细胞密度达70%~80%时,进行体外红细胞诱导,建立四阶段红细胞体外诱导技术方法。首先将贴壁生长的细胞经TrypLe Select消化酶消化后离心,用诱导第一阶段的培养基重悬制备成细胞悬液,计数后,按照3000个/孔加入至U型96孔板内,8 ℃下以1 500 r/min离心4 min后,置于37 ℃、5% CO2的孵箱中静置6 d。随后将紧致且半透明的拟胚体(embryonic body,EB)转入已用0.1%明胶包被的24孔板中,进行第二阶段诱导,前3 d静置培养,随后隔天半量换液培养5 d后,第三阶段时将悬浮生长的细胞转入低吸附6孔板内继续培养,期间隔天换液传代,6 d后更换第四阶段培养基。诱导过程中通过正置显微镜及倒置显微镜观察细胞的形态变化。各阶段诱导培养基的配制见附表1。
每个检测样本至少包含2×105个细胞,将待检测细胞置于1.5 ml离心管内,以2 000 r/min离心5 min后,弃上清,用100 μl PBS重悬,设置空白组,其余的作为实验组加入待测抗体,4 ℃避光孵育30 min,加入1 ml PBS清洗2次,用300 μl PBS重悬细胞沉淀,细胞悬液用100 μm筛网过滤,转移至平底96孔板内待检。流式细胞术检测结果使用软件flowjo V10进行分析。
弃去胚胎干细胞培养基后,加入1~2 ml PBS轻轻吹洗后,加入4%多聚甲醛固定10 min,PBS清洗3次,间隔时间5 min;利用洗涤空档时间配制5-溴-4-氯-3-吲哚酚磷酸-4-甲苯胺盐/硝基蓝四氮唑(BCIP/NBT)染色工作液(碱性磷酸酯酶显色缓冲液3 ml+BCIP溶液10 μl+NBT溶液20 μl,总体积3.03 ml),最后一次用PBS清洗结束后,加入染色工作液1 ml/孔,室温下避光5 min,正置显微镜下观察颜色变化,待颜色为深紫色时立即加入PBS终止反应。
吸取约5×103个悬浮细胞,以1000 r/min离心3 min进行甩片,冰甲醇固定5 min,冰PBS清洗3次,5 min/次;用0.2% TritonX-100破膜10 min,继续用PBS清洗3次,5 min/次;室温下用10%驴血清(驴血清∶PBS=1∶9)封闭30 min后,根据抗体说明书稀释抗体,一抗孵育后置于湿盒中4 ℃过夜;24 h后回收一抗,PBS多次清洗,二抗(二抗∶已稀释的驴血清=1∶200)避光孵育1 h,用PBS清洗3次,5 min/次;室温孵育DAPI(DAPI:PBS=1:500)10 min,PBS清洗3次,用吸水纸吸干净水渍,滴加封片剂封片,荧光显微镜下观察。
吸取约5×103个悬浮细胞,以1000 r/min离心3 min进行甩片,冰甲醇中固定5 min,冰PBS清洗3次,染色的具体操作步骤参考文献[19],于倒置显微镜下观察细胞染色情况及细胞形态变化。
将诱导至第三阶段的细胞进行计数,根据计数结果将细胞按照(1×107~1×108)/ml的密度重悬于1.5 ml离心管内,分别准备单标管、空白管及样品管,样品管同时标记5种流式抗体CD235a、CD106、CD169、CD163、CD45,4 ℃孵育0.5 h,洗涤后用50 μl PBS重悬,使用Amnis Image StreamX Mark Ⅱ量化成像流式细胞分析仪检测拟血岛结构细胞的红系及巨噬细胞表面标志物,并记录其形态,数据采用IDEAS软件处理。
采用Trizol法提取细胞RNA,DEPC水溶解RNA沉淀后测量其浓度;根据反转录试剂盒操作说明将提取的RNA反转录为cDNA;采用RT-qPCR法检测目的基因表达水平,所用引物序列如下。SIGLEC1上游引物:5'-CCTCGGGGAGGAACA TCCTT-3',下游引物:5'-AGGCGTACCCCATCCTT GA-3';SPN上游引物:5'-GCTGGTGGTAAGCCCA GAC-3',下游引物:5'-GGCTCGCTAGTAGAGACC AAA-3';MAEA(Emp)上游引物:5'-GCGGCTCAGT TGTCCATGA-3',下游引物:5'-TTTGTTCAGCGT CTCGTAGGG-3';GAPDH上游引物:5'-GAGTCAA CGGATTTGGTCGT-3',下游引物:5'-TTGATTTT GGAGGGATCTCG-3'。以GAPDH为内参照,所有实验均独立重复3次。
选择40 μm滤网对诱导第16天的细胞进行过滤,去除培养体系中的拟血岛结构,并将其作为实验组,对照组不进行任何处理,于显微镜下对比实验组与对照组中拟血岛结构的比例,继续培养2 d后通过流式细胞术检测两组CD71+CD235a+细胞的比例。
采用SPSS 20.0软件进行统计分析。计量资料以$\bar{x}±s$表示,两组比较采用t检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
胚胎干细胞多能性标志物表达超过90%(图1A);碱性磷酸酶染色观察以克隆样生长的细胞,可见胚胎干细胞胞质被均匀地染成深紫色(图1B);免疫荧光染色结果显示,胚胎干细胞稳定传代后依旧高表达3种多能性标志蛋白Nanog、Sox2、Oct4(图1C)。
诱导第一阶段形成具有囊状结构的EB球,有助于向各个胚层分化;第二阶段分化出悬浮生长的造血干/祖细胞,第三阶段继续培养和扩增悬浮生长的造血干/祖细胞(图2A)。在整个诱导过程中观察细胞形态变化,主要表现在胞体、胞质、胞核及胞质内颗粒,细胞的胞体逐渐变小、胞核固缩及胞质减少,诱导末期也可见无核的网织红细胞(图2B)。
流式细胞术检测结果显示,第3天时,内皮细胞的标志物CD31的表达比例为0.27%±0.21%,KDR的比例为0.56%±0.75%,CD144的比例为0.066%±0.041%,造血干/祖细胞的标志物CD34的比例为1.64%±2.46%,CD43的比例为0.069%±0.011%,CD45的比例为0.038%±0.054%;第6天时,内皮细胞标志物CD31的比例升高至21.47%±9.96%,KDR的比例升高至21.43%±8.45%,CD144的比例升高至28.8%±10.91%,造血干/祖细胞的标志物CD34的比例升高至24.57%±8.72%,而红系祖细胞标志物CD43和CD45升高并不明显;与第6天相比,第12天时CD34、CD43、CD45的表达逐步升高,培养至第18天时,早期造血干/祖细胞标志物CD34的表达降低,CD43和CD45的表达持续升高(图3A)。细胞沉淀的颜色由浅粉色逐渐变为鲜红色,最后成为黑红色,并且肉眼可见细胞数量也在不断增多(图3B)。至诱导终末期,红系细胞特异性标志物CD71+CD235a+的表达比例达78.7%±9.9%,与诱导起始阶段相比,升高了70倍,但是脱核率低(图3C)。
体外诱导第三阶段时,显微镜下出现悬浮生长的细胞群中出现聚团结构,胞体大的细胞被多个胞体较小的细胞包围(图4A);吉姆萨染色观察细胞的形态发现,有被不同分化阶段红系细胞包围巨噬细胞所形成的聚团结构(图4B);选择巨噬细胞广谱标志物CD68及红系标志物CD235a进行免疫荧光染色鉴定形成拟血岛样结构的细胞类型,结果显示,中心细胞表达CD68(绿色荧光),周围细胞表达CD235a(红色荧光),证实聚团结构为拟血岛结构(图4C)。选择诱导第18天的细胞进行流式细胞术分析,结果显示CD45+CD14+的巨噬细胞比例为1.81%±0.37%(图4D)。
诱导体系中有血岛巨噬细胞的存在,其比例为0.092%±0.013%(图5A),表型为CD235a+CD163+CD106+CD169+的巨噬细胞与CD235a+的红系细胞聚集形成拟血岛结构(图5B)。诱导第18天巨噬细胞红细胞连接蛋白MAEA的相对表达量(20.83±2.24)高于第0天的相对表达量(1.00),差异有统计学意义(t=8.836,P<0.05,图5C),免疫荧光染色验证MAEA(红色荧光)仅在红系细胞中表达(图5D)。
第三阶段过滤拟血岛结构之后,明场观察实验组和对照组中拟血岛结构的比例,实验组拟血岛结构明显减少(图6A),流式细胞术检测两组CD71+CD235a+细胞比例,实验组明显低于对照组(37.37%±1.68% vs. 46.97%±4.16%),差异有统计学意义(t=3.703,P<0.05,图6B)。RT-qPCR检测结果显示,与诱导起始细胞相比,诱导至第18天时,SIGLEC1(CD169)mRNA的相对表达量(419.7±12.5)、SPN(CD43)mRNA的相对表达量(569.8±108.4)均高于第0天(均为1.00),差异有统计学意义(t=33.280、5.245,P<0.05,图6C)。免疫荧光染色鉴定结果显示,CD169(绿色荧光)在巨噬细胞中表达,CD43(红色荧光)在红系细胞内的表达,巨噬细胞被红系细胞包围(图6D)。以上结果初步证明诱导体系中有CD169与CD43的表达。
目前,将多能干细胞作为种子细胞进行体外诱导生成红细胞已有较多报道[20-22]。细胞起始状态对于体外诱导至关重要,经过连续传代可能会分化出典型的染色体异常亚群,因此,需要对状态良好的种子细胞进行大量冻存保种,并进行基因组质量控制[23]。本研究选用单细胞状态培养的胚胎干细胞作为种子细胞,可较好地维持胚胎干细胞的多能性。不过研究中选用MEF作为基质细胞,可能会引入不可控动物源性,后续若采用人源化技术进行替代,会更便于未来应用。
研究者一般采用与造血微环境细胞共培养的方法来优化体外红系诱导体系,例如,Lopez-Yrigoyen等[24]将红系细胞与巨噬细胞共培养,将红细胞脱核率提高了4倍。Belay等[25]利用原代红系细胞与来自骨髓和脐带血CD34+造血干/祖细胞的巨噬细胞共培养,促进了成红细胞增殖。本研究在常规红系诱导体系中也发现了巨噬细胞,其比例为1.81%±0.37%,并且该自发出现的巨噬细胞可以与红系细胞聚集形成类似于体内血岛的结构。进一步研究证实该拟血岛巨噬细胞与体内血岛巨噬细胞表型相似,可表达CD235a/CD163/CD106/CD169。而在过滤去除拟血岛结构后,红细胞分化比例明显降低,证实该拟血岛结构对体外红细胞分化发育有促进作用。但由于诱导体系中拟血岛巨噬细胞的比例较低,且MAEA仅在红细胞胞质内表达,并未在巨噬细胞上表达[26],与体内血岛结构有所差异,部分限制了拟血岛结构功能的发挥。本文的研究结果初步证实拟血岛结构可促进红细胞分化,未来可进一步研究其对红细胞成熟的影响,深入了解拟血岛结构的作用,为后续工作做好铺垫。
血岛巨噬细胞在红细胞生成过程中起重要作用,可通过分泌促进红系成熟的因子或转运金属离子等原料,为血红蛋白复合物的生成提供原料[27],并参与红细胞的更新维持,清除体内衰老的红细胞[28-32]。血岛巨噬细胞与红细胞之间可通过黏附分子MAEA、ICAM-4/aV、CD169等发挥作用[32-33],但体外拟血岛结构中巨噬细胞与红细胞的互作机制尚未明确。本研究发现CD169与CD43可能是参与体外诱导分化中巨噬细胞与红细胞相互作用的互作分子,但不足之处在于缺乏这两种分子对体外红系分化成熟的进一步研究,仍需要更深层次的机制探索,便于更好地在体外模拟血岛结构。终末脱核率低同样是体外红细胞诱导待解决的关键问题之一,本研究显示拟血岛巨噬细胞会促进体外红细胞分化,但未进一步检测其对红细胞成熟脱核的影响。根据Lopez-Yrigoyen等[24]报道,我们猜测拟血岛巨噬细胞同样会促进体外红细胞脱核,但仍须后续进一步研究。
综上所述,本研究围绕在体外利用胚胎干细胞规模化制备人工红细胞这一核心问题,建立了多能干细胞体外定向诱导分化获得红细胞的技术方法,发现在胚胎干细胞体外红细胞诱导过程中可自发形成与体内血岛类似的拟血岛样结构,且拟血岛巨噬细胞可促进体外红细胞的分化。该结果提示未来可通过建立巨噬细胞与红细胞共存的诱导体系,进一步提高其中巨噬细胞和拟血岛结构的比例,优化体外红细胞诱导体系,为利用干细胞体外规模化制备红细胞奠定实验基础。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年基金(82101969)
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2022年第47卷第12期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.12.1180
  • 接收时间:2022-03-03
  • 首发时间:2025-12-14
  • 出版时间:2022-12-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-03-03
  • 录用日期:2022-05-22
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National Natural Science Foundation of China(82101969)
国家自然科学基金青年基金(82101969)
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    1军事科学院军事医学研究院卫生勤务与血液研究所干细胞与再生医学实验室,北京 100850
    2华南生物医药研究院华南干细胞与再生医学研究中心,广东广州 510005
    3军事科学院军事医学研究院辐射医学研究所血液与生化实验室,北京 100850

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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