Article(id=1206995861721137496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1206995859061952854, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.12.1190, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1630512000000, receivedDateStr=2021-09-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1634659200000, acceptedDateStr=2021-10-20, onlineDate=1765699838333, onlineDateStr=2025-12-14, pubDate=1672156800000, pubDateStr=2022-12-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765699838333, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765699838333, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765699838333, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1206995859061952854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2022', volume='47', issue='12', pageStart='1169', pageEnd='1270', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1765699837699, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765700204449, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1206997397385859947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1206995859061952854, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1206997397385859948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1206995859061952854, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1190, endPage=1200, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1206995862006350170, articleId=1206995861721137496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Molecular mechanism of Astragalus membranaceus and Angelica sinensis combination for diabetes mellitus with cardiovascular complications based on GEO database, columnId=1190310110212751762, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Basic Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To explore the molecular mechanism of a classic traditional Chinese medicine compatibility combination of Astragalus membranaceus (A.m) and Angelica sinensis (A.s) in treatment of diabetes mellitus with cardiovascular complications. Methods The BATMAN database was used to analyze A.m and A.s respectively. The chips data related to diabetes mellitus with cardiovascular complications were retrieved from GEO database. The differential genes were analyzed by GEO2R to construct the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, and the key target genes of A.m-A.s were obtained by topology, and DAVID database was used for gene ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of key genes. A total of 20 SD rats were randomly divided into healthy control group, diabetes mellitus complicated with cardiovascular complications group, metformin group, and A.m-A.s group (5 each). All the rats except those in HC group were fed with high fat and high sugar feeds, and used to establish the model of diabetes mellitus with cardiovascular complications. The expressions of PI3K and Akt3 in cardiomyocytes of the rats in each group were observed. Results (1) A total of 1332 target genes related to A.m-A.s combination were analysis obtained from BATMAN database, and 3 chip data files related to diabetes with cardiovascular diseases (GSE26887, GSE43950 and GSE46262)were retrieved from GEO database including 2759 differential genes screened by GEO2R analysis and 247 key genes of A.m-A.s combination in treatment of diabetes mellitus with cardiovascular complications. (2) The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network diagram of key targets was constructed by STRING database, and the "A.m-A.s- active ingredients-targets" network was constructed by Cytoscape 3.7.2. The functional enrichment analysis with DAVID database showed that the biological process of A.m-A.s in treatment of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular complications was mainly concentrated in positive and negative regulation of RNA polymerase II promoter transcription, redox process, signal transduction, apoptosis process, inflammatory reaction, and positive regulation of cell proliferation, etc. The signaling pathways mainly include metabolic pathway, cancer pathway, TNF signaling pathway, cAMP signaling pathway, cGMP-PKG signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease pathway, and insulin resistance pathway and so on. (3) The animal model experiment with SD rats in vivo of A.m-A.s combination in treatment of diabetes mellitus with cardiovascular complications suggested that, compared with healthy control group, the expressions of PI3K and Akt3 decreased in cardiomyocytes of the untreated model group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05, P<0.01); the expressions of PI3K in the treatment groups were higher than that in the model group, but lower than that in the healthy control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.01). Conclusion The characteristics of A.m-A.s combination in treatment of diabetes mellitus with cardiovascular complications are "multi-components, multi-targets and multi-pathways", and multiple key genes and signal pathways can play important roles. Further research is expected to broaden the ideas of diagnosis and treatments of diabetes with traditional Chinese medicine.

, correspAuthors=Quan-Lin Zhao, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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目的 探究经典中药配伍组合黄芪-当归药对(芪归药对)对糖尿病合并心血管并发症的治疗作用及分子机制。方法 运用BATMAN数据库对芪归药对进行分析,检索GEO数据库中关于糖尿病合并心血管并发症的相关基因芯片数据,借助GEO2R分析差异基因,构建靶点互作关系网络,拓扑得到芪归药对治疗糖尿病心血管并发症的关键基因;运用DAVID 数据库对关键基因进行基因本体功能和KEGG通路富集分析。将20只SD大鼠随机分为健康对照组、糖尿病合并心血管并发症模型组、阳性对照二甲双胍治疗组和芪归药对治疗组,每组5只;除健康对照组外,其余各组均给予高脂高糖饲料并建立糖尿病合并心血管并发症模型;观察各组大鼠心肌细胞中PI3K、Akt3蛋白的表达情况。结果 (1)在BATMAN数据库中分析得到芪归药对的相关靶点基因1332个,在GEO数据库中检索得到3个糖尿病合并心血管病变的芯片数据文件(GSE26887、GSE43950、GSE46262),利用GEO2R分析筛选出2759个差异基因;经映射得到芪归药对治疗糖尿病合并心血管并发症的关键基因247个。(2)通过STRING数据库构建关键靶点的差异蛋白相互作用(PPI)网络图,运用 Cytoscape 3.7.2 构建“芪归药对—活性成分—靶点”网络。采用DAVID数据库进行功能富集分析提示,芪归药对治疗糖尿病合并心血管并发症的生物学进程主要集中在RNA聚合酶Ⅱ启动子转录的正负调控、氧化还原过程、信号转导、凋亡过程、炎症反应、细胞增殖的正调控等,信号通路涉及新陈代谢通路、癌症通路、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)信号通路、5'-单磷酸(cAMP)信号通路、环磷酸鸟苷酸-蛋白激酶(cGMP-PKG)信号通路、磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶与丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶(PI3K-Akt)信号通路、非酒精性脂肪肝通路、胰岛素抵抗通路等。(3)采用SD大鼠的动物模型实验结果显示,与健康对照组比较,未接受治疗的糖尿病合并心血管并发症模型组心肌细胞中PI3K、Akt3蛋白表达量均明显降低(P<0.01);芪归药对治疗组和二甲双胍治疗组心肌细胞中PI3K表达量均高于模型组(P<0.01),但低于健康对照组(P<0.01);芪归药对治疗组Akt3蛋白表达量低于健康对照组(P<0.05),二甲双胍治疗组Akt3蛋白表达量高于模型组(P<0.05)。结论 芪归药对治疗糖尿病合并心血管并发症的特点是“多成分、多靶点、多途径”,多个关键基因和信号通路发挥了重要作用,进一步研究有望拓宽糖尿病中医药诊疗的思路。

, correspAuthors=赵泉霖, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
赵泉霖,E-mail:
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董又滋,博士研究生,主要从事内分泌及代谢性疾病的临床与基础研究

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董又滋,博士研究生,主要从事内分泌及代谢性疾病的临床与基础研究

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董又滋,博士研究生,主要从事内分泌及代谢性疾病的临床与基础研究

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A. 芪归药对-成分-靶点基因网络图;B-C. 维恩图

, figureFileSmall=cg+gUZgo2vuRUsWMTczGyw==, figureFileBig=cyrxEQe9kvaUVizhFOvD8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207064329132786147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995861721137496, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Flow chart of the molecular mechanism of treatment of diabetes with cardiovascular complications with A.m-A.s combination, figureFileSmall=zJ0SIym6Rq1h2dDlGzVWSA==, figureFileBig=km3bseb3dYA+M7PeC1dYMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207064329308946922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995861721137496, language=CN, label=图2, caption=芪归药对治疗糖尿病合并心血管并发症的分子机制研究流程

PPI. 蛋白相互作用;GO. 基因本体

, figureFileSmall=zJ0SIym6Rq1h2dDlGzVWSA==, figureFileBig=km3bseb3dYA+M7PeC1dYMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207064329392833007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995861721137496, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Volcano diagrams of differentially expressed genes in 3 gene chip data sets on diabetes with cardiovascular complications, figureFileSmall=KeUr6OplYh8ju0p1NzZfBQ==, figureFileBig=3EXWFBbhgUd2cdDBpGvc6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207064329522856440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995861721137496, language=CN, label=图3, caption=3个基因芯片数据集中糖尿病合并心血管并发症的差异基因火山图, figureFileSmall=KeUr6OplYh8ju0p1NzZfBQ==, figureFileBig=3EXWFBbhgUd2cdDBpGvc6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207064329598353916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995861721137496, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Cluster diagrams of differentially expressed genes in 3 gene chip data sets on diabetes with cardiovascular complications, figureFileSmall=3t7McMQJBO5tk8AY1+MCxA==, figureFileBig=RysNJSvIbgWl67ciCc5iQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207064329673851395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995861721137496, language=CN, label=图4, caption=3个基因芯片数据集中糖尿病合并心血管并发症的差异基因聚类图, figureFileSmall=3t7McMQJBO5tk8AY1+MCxA==, figureFileBig=RysNJSvIbgWl67ciCc5iQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207064329757737481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995861721137496, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=PPI network diagram (A) and topological map (B) of core genes in treatment of diabetes with cardiovascular complications with A.m-A.s combination, figureFileSmall=WmG4eTzCvLz/JmfvkKO25w==, figureFileBig=LLqmjpVhj7jIHNo6D3U9xg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207064329824846351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995861721137496, language=CN, label=图5, caption=芪归药对治疗糖尿病合并心血管并发症的关键基因PPI网络图(A)及拓扑图(B), figureFileSmall=WmG4eTzCvLz/JmfvkKO25w==, figureFileBig=LLqmjpVhj7jIHNo6D3U9xg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207064329896149526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995861721137496, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Protein expression of PI3K and Akt3 in cardiomyocytes of SD rats in each group, figureFileSmall=u1FjIOlSvKwvQDpvV4PGFQ==, figureFileBig=063qsJfcP/EAv7V0kdwIZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207064329971647001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995861721137496, language=CN, label=图6, caption=免疫组化检测各组SD大鼠心肌细胞PI3K和Akt3蛋白表达

NC组. 健康对照组;DM组. 糖尿病合并心血管并发症模型组;AM-AS组. 芪归药对治疗组;PC组. 二甲双胍治疗组;PI3K. 磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶;Akt3. 一种丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶;与NC组比较,(1)P<0.05,(2)P<0.01;与DM组比较,(3)P<0.05,(4)P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=u1FjIOlSvKwvQDpvV4PGFQ==, figureFileBig=063qsJfcP/EAv7V0kdwIZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207064330055533092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995861721137496, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

The retrieval strategy on gene chips for diabetes mellitus with cardiovascular complications in GEO database

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序号检索策略
1#(cardiovascular disease) OR (atherosclerotic heart disease)OR (heart failure) OR (cardiomyopathy)OR (coronary heart disease)
2#(diabetes) OR (diabetes mellitus) OR (diabetic complications)
3#(1#) AND (2#)
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GEO数据库中糖尿病合并心血管并发症相关基因芯片的检索策略

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基于GEO数据库的黄芪-当归药对治疗糖尿病合并心血管并发症的分子机制研究
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董又滋 1 , 赵泉霖 2, * , 王毓国 3
解放军医学杂志 | 基础研究 2022,47(12): 1190-1200
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解放军医学杂志 | 基础研究 2022, 47(12): 1190-1200
基于GEO数据库的黄芪-当归药对治疗糖尿病合并心血管并发症的分子机制研究
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董又滋1, 赵泉霖2, * , 王毓国3
作者信息
  • 1山东中医药大学第一临床医学院,山东济南 250014
  • 2山东中医药大学附属医院综合内科,山东济南 250014
  • 3解放军总医院第六医学中心中医学部,北京 100142
  • 董又滋,博士研究生,主要从事内分泌及代谢性疾病的临床与基础研究

通讯作者:

赵泉霖,E-mail:
Molecular mechanism of Astragalus membranaceus and Angelica sinensis combination for diabetes mellitus with cardiovascular complications based on GEO database
You-Zi Dong1, Quan-Lin Zhao2, * , Yu-Guo Wang3
Affiliations
  • 1The First Clinical Medical College of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
  • 2Department of General Internal Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
  • 3Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Sixth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100142, China
出版时间: 2022-12-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.12.1190
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目的 探究经典中药配伍组合黄芪-当归药对(芪归药对)对糖尿病合并心血管并发症的治疗作用及分子机制。方法 运用BATMAN数据库对芪归药对进行分析,检索GEO数据库中关于糖尿病合并心血管并发症的相关基因芯片数据,借助GEO2R分析差异基因,构建靶点互作关系网络,拓扑得到芪归药对治疗糖尿病心血管并发症的关键基因;运用DAVID 数据库对关键基因进行基因本体功能和KEGG通路富集分析。将20只SD大鼠随机分为健康对照组、糖尿病合并心血管并发症模型组、阳性对照二甲双胍治疗组和芪归药对治疗组,每组5只;除健康对照组外,其余各组均给予高脂高糖饲料并建立糖尿病合并心血管并发症模型;观察各组大鼠心肌细胞中PI3K、Akt3蛋白的表达情况。结果 (1)在BATMAN数据库中分析得到芪归药对的相关靶点基因1332个,在GEO数据库中检索得到3个糖尿病合并心血管病变的芯片数据文件(GSE26887、GSE43950、GSE46262),利用GEO2R分析筛选出2759个差异基因;经映射得到芪归药对治疗糖尿病合并心血管并发症的关键基因247个。(2)通过STRING数据库构建关键靶点的差异蛋白相互作用(PPI)网络图,运用 Cytoscape 3.7.2 构建“芪归药对—活性成分—靶点”网络。采用DAVID数据库进行功能富集分析提示,芪归药对治疗糖尿病合并心血管并发症的生物学进程主要集中在RNA聚合酶Ⅱ启动子转录的正负调控、氧化还原过程、信号转导、凋亡过程、炎症反应、细胞增殖的正调控等,信号通路涉及新陈代谢通路、癌症通路、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)信号通路、5'-单磷酸(cAMP)信号通路、环磷酸鸟苷酸-蛋白激酶(cGMP-PKG)信号通路、磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶与丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶(PI3K-Akt)信号通路、非酒精性脂肪肝通路、胰岛素抵抗通路等。(3)采用SD大鼠的动物模型实验结果显示,与健康对照组比较,未接受治疗的糖尿病合并心血管并发症模型组心肌细胞中PI3K、Akt3蛋白表达量均明显降低(P<0.01);芪归药对治疗组和二甲双胍治疗组心肌细胞中PI3K表达量均高于模型组(P<0.01),但低于健康对照组(P<0.01);芪归药对治疗组Akt3蛋白表达量低于健康对照组(P<0.05),二甲双胍治疗组Akt3蛋白表达量高于模型组(P<0.05)。结论 芪归药对治疗糖尿病合并心血管并发症的特点是“多成分、多靶点、多途径”,多个关键基因和信号通路发挥了重要作用,进一步研究有望拓宽糖尿病中医药诊疗的思路。

糖尿病合并心血管并发症  /  黄芪-当归  /  GEO数据库  /  生物信息学

Objective To explore the molecular mechanism of a classic traditional Chinese medicine compatibility combination of Astragalus membranaceus (A.m) and Angelica sinensis (A.s) in treatment of diabetes mellitus with cardiovascular complications. Methods The BATMAN database was used to analyze A.m and A.s respectively. The chips data related to diabetes mellitus with cardiovascular complications were retrieved from GEO database. The differential genes were analyzed by GEO2R to construct the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, and the key target genes of A.m-A.s were obtained by topology, and DAVID database was used for gene ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of key genes. A total of 20 SD rats were randomly divided into healthy control group, diabetes mellitus complicated with cardiovascular complications group, metformin group, and A.m-A.s group (5 each). All the rats except those in HC group were fed with high fat and high sugar feeds, and used to establish the model of diabetes mellitus with cardiovascular complications. The expressions of PI3K and Akt3 in cardiomyocytes of the rats in each group were observed. Results (1) A total of 1332 target genes related to A.m-A.s combination were analysis obtained from BATMAN database, and 3 chip data files related to diabetes with cardiovascular diseases (GSE26887, GSE43950 and GSE46262)were retrieved from GEO database including 2759 differential genes screened by GEO2R analysis and 247 key genes of A.m-A.s combination in treatment of diabetes mellitus with cardiovascular complications. (2) The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network diagram of key targets was constructed by STRING database, and the "A.m-A.s- active ingredients-targets" network was constructed by Cytoscape 3.7.2. The functional enrichment analysis with DAVID database showed that the biological process of A.m-A.s in treatment of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular complications was mainly concentrated in positive and negative regulation of RNA polymerase II promoter transcription, redox process, signal transduction, apoptosis process, inflammatory reaction, and positive regulation of cell proliferation, etc. The signaling pathways mainly include metabolic pathway, cancer pathway, TNF signaling pathway, cAMP signaling pathway, cGMP-PKG signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease pathway, and insulin resistance pathway and so on. (3) The animal model experiment with SD rats in vivo of A.m-A.s combination in treatment of diabetes mellitus with cardiovascular complications suggested that, compared with healthy control group, the expressions of PI3K and Akt3 decreased in cardiomyocytes of the untreated model group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05, P<0.01); the expressions of PI3K in the treatment groups were higher than that in the model group, but lower than that in the healthy control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.01). Conclusion The characteristics of A.m-A.s combination in treatment of diabetes mellitus with cardiovascular complications are "multi-components, multi-targets and multi-pathways", and multiple key genes and signal pathways can play important roles. Further research is expected to broaden the ideas of diagnosis and treatments of diabetes with traditional Chinese medicine.

diabetes mellitus with cardiovascular complications  /  Astragalus membranaceus and Angelica sinensis  /  GEO database  /  bioinformatics
董又滋, 赵泉霖, 王毓国. 基于GEO数据库的黄芪-当归药对治疗糖尿病合并心血管并发症的分子机制研究. 解放军医学杂志, 2022 , 47 (12) : 1190 -1200 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.12.1190
You-Zi Dong, Quan-Lin Zhao, Yu-Guo Wang. Molecular mechanism of Astragalus membranaceus and Angelica sinensis combination for diabetes mellitus with cardiovascular complications based on GEO database[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2022 , 47 (12) : 1190 -1200 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.12.1190
近年来我国糖尿病患病率显著增高,2018年估计的中国成年人糖尿病患病率达12.4%,且糖尿病的知晓率、治疗率和控制率均较低[1]。长期高血糖状态是心血管疾病的危险因素之一,可导致心血管疾病发生风险增加2~4倍;而糖化血红蛋白每下降1%即可使心肌梗死风险降低14%,微血管并发症风险降低37%[2]。研究显示,二甲双胍具有一定的心血管获益,但由于发病原因及机制的复杂性,糖尿病的基因靶向治疗依旧任重而道远[3-4]。本课题组前期研究发现,经典中药配伍组合黄芪-当归药对(芪归药对)可改善糖尿病患者的血糖、糖化血红蛋白和血脂水平[5],延缓高血糖引起的靶器官损害;芪归药对含药血清可通过调节细胞凋亡、细胞迁移及侵袭,改善高血糖诱导的人脐静脉血管内皮细胞功能障碍[6];芪归药对的主要活性成分阿魏酸和黄芪甲苷能减轻糖尿病大鼠主动脉内皮结构的异常改变,改善糖脂水平,促进血一氧化氮和一氧化氮合酶的释放[7]。然而,由于中药成分的多样性与作用于人体的复杂性,芪归药对及其主要成分在糖尿病合并心血管并发症治疗中的分子机制尚不完全明确。本研究通过GEO数据库挖掘糖尿病合并心血管疾病的相关芯片,分析其差异表达基因,并与中医分子机制生物信息学分析工具(Bioinformatics Analysis Tool for Molecular mechANism of Traditional Chinese Medicine,BATMAN-TCM,http://bionet.ncpsb.org/batman-tcm/)数据库中芪归药对相关靶点进行映射,构建差异蛋白相互作用(protein-protein interaction,PPI)网络,以进一步探讨芪归药对治疗糖尿病合并心血管并发症差异基因的生物学功能及潜在机制。
在BATMAN-TCM数据库中以“HUANG QI”“DANG GUI”为关键词进行检索,检索条件保持默认值[8](Score cutoff≥20,Adjusted P-value <0.05)。将黄芪与当归的成分预测靶点进行合并、去重,在Excel中建立预测靶点数据库,运用Cytoscope 3.7.2软件构建“芪归药对—活性成分—靶点”网络。
糖尿病合并心血管并发症的相关芯片数据来源于GEO数据库[9](the Gene Expression Omnibus,GEO,https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/)。在GEO数据库中搜索与糖尿病合并心血管并发症相关的基因芯片数据,检索策略见表1。经筛选得到3个基因芯片数据原始文件,分别为GSE26887、GSE43950、GSE46262,以及3个平台注释文件,分别为GLP6244、GLP10379、GLP6244-17930。其中,GSE26887芯片原始数据中包含伴或不伴2型糖尿病的心力衰竭患者的左心室心脏活检,共纳入伴2型糖尿病的心力衰竭患者7例、健康对照者5例;GSE43950芯片原始数据中包含糖尿病患者和健康对照组的CD34+细胞,共纳入糖尿病患者和健康对照组各5例;GSE46262芯片原始数据中包含高糖条件下原代CD34+细胞的转录组学分析,纳入在葡萄糖浓度为25 mmol/L及5.5 mmol/L条件下分别培养的CD34+细胞各2组。
利用GEO2R软件对上述芯片数据进行分组、归一化处理及进一步分析,差异基因的筛选条件设定为P<0.05,log(fold change, FC)>1或<–1,采用Heml 1.0.3.7软件绘制差异基因聚类图,采用绘图软件GraphPad Prism 8绘制芯片原始基因火山图。
将1.1和1.2中得到的两个数据集进行映射获得的关键靶点导入STRING数据库[10](https://string-db.org/)中,置信度分数设置为highest confidence(0.9),隐藏网络中无联系的节点,其余参数保持默认。利用Cytoscape 3.7.2对PPI网络进行分析,使用MCODE插件筛选主要的网络模块,采用CytoHubba插件筛选出节点数居前10的药物。
通过DAVID数据库(the Database for Annotation,Visualization and Integrated Discovery v6.8,DAVID,https://david.ncifcrf.gov/)对芪归药对治疗糖尿病合并心血管并发症的关键靶点基因进行基因本体(GO)功能分析,包括生物学过程(biological process,BP)、分子功能(molecular function,MF)、细胞组成(cell composition,CC),并进行KEGG通路富集分析。
SPF级SD大鼠20只,体重180~200 g,由济南朋悦实验动物繁育有限公司提供[实验动物生产许可证号SCXK(鲁)2019-0003];饲养于温度20~28 ℃,相对湿度40%~70%,昼夜明暗交替时间12 h/12 h,恒温恒湿的安静饲养室内。本研究获得山东中医药大学附属医院实验动物伦理委员会批准(批件号AWE-2019-007),实验过程符合国家和单位有关实验动物的管理和使用规定。
将20只SD大鼠随机分为4组,即健康对照(NC)组、糖尿病合并心血管并发症模型(DM)组、阳性对照二甲双胍治疗(PC)组和芪归药对治疗(AM-AS)组,每组5只。除NC组给予普通饲料外,其余各组均给予高脂高糖饲料;饲养6周后,禁食12 h,腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(STZ)30 mg/kg,72 h后经尾静脉取血测空腹血糖(fasting plasma glucose,FPG);连续3次FPG≥16.7 mmol/L则提示模型建立成功[11-12]。AM-AS组选用中药配方颗粒(购自山东中医药大学附属医院)治疗,配制浓度1.0 g/ml(黄芪∶当归=1∶1)的灌胃溶液,5.4 g/(kg·d);PC组给予二甲双胍溶液0.045 g/(kg·d)灌胃[13]。灌胃12周后将各组大鼠处死。
选取4%多聚甲醛固定的各组大鼠心肌组织,经脱水、包埋、石蜡切片后,采用SP免疫组化法进行脱蜡、抗原修复、血清封片,分别加入PI3K、Akt3抗体进行孵育,洗涤后孵育二抗,依次进行显色、复染、脱水、封片,于显微镜下采集图像,通过免疫组化平均光密度值(Mean Density)分析法,观察大鼠心肌组织中PI3K、Akt3的表达情况。应用Image-Pro Plus 6.0软件选取相同的棕黄色作为判断所有照片阳性的统一标准,得出每张照片阳性的累积光密度值(IOD)、组织的像素面积(AREA),并计算平均光密度值以反映阳性强弱程度。平均光密度值=累积光密度值/像素面积。该值越大提示阳性表达水平越高。
采用GraphPad Prism 8.0软件进行统计分析。计量资料以$\bar{x}±s$表示,两组间比较采用t检验,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,进一步两两比较采用LSD-t检验;计数资料比较采用χ2检验。P<0.05 为差异有统计学意义。
BATMAN-TCM数据库检索得到芪归药对相关化学成分101个(图1A)。其中黄芪相关化学成分24个,预测靶点基因424个;当归相关化学成分83个,预测靶点基因1184个;共有化学成分6个,共同靶点基因276个(图1B)。最终获得核心预测靶点基因1332个。对3个糖尿病合并心血管并发症的基因芯片原始数据集进行分析,其中GSE26887芯片包含差异基因207个,GSE43950芯片包含差异基因2150个,GSE46262芯片包含差异基因532个;将以上3个数据集合并后去除重复值,共得到差异基因2759个。将得到的差异基因与芪归药对核心预测靶点基因进行映射取交集,得到芪归药对治疗糖尿病合并心血管并发症的关键基因247个(图1C);流程图如图2所示。选取芯片差异基因绘制火山图(图3)及聚类图(图4)。
通过STRING对关键基因进行分析,得到PPI网络,其中节点数为247,边数为208,平均节点度为1.68,平均局部聚类系数为0.311,PPI富集的P值<1.0×10–16(图5A)。将结果导入Cytoscape 3.7.2,使用MCODE对PPI网络进行分析,筛选出核心网络模块,采用CytoHubba插件筛选出节点数为前10的靶点,分别为丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶1(Akt1)、二磷酸核糖核酸还原酶大亚基(RRM1)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)、糖皮质激素受体(NR3C1)、核受体共激活剂1(NCOA1)、视黄酸受体 RXR-α(RXRA)、胸苷酸合成酶(TYMS)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)、胸苷酸激酶(DTYMK)、核糖核苷二磷酸还原酶亚基M2(RRM2)等(图5B)。
运用DAVID数据库对上述247个关键基因进行GO分析和KEGG通路分析,得到274个生物学过程、57个分子功能和56个细胞组成,其中,芪归药对治疗糖尿病合并心血管并发症的生物学过程主要富集在RNA聚合酶Ⅱ启动子转录的正负调控、氧化还原过程、信号转导、凋亡过程、炎症反应、细胞增殖的正调控等;分子功能主要体现在蛋白质结合、ATP结合、蛋白质同二聚化活性、酶结合、钙离子结合、转录因子结合、蛋白激酶结合、蛋白激酶活性等;细胞组成显著富集在细胞质、质膜、胞质溶胶、胞外外泌体、膜、线粒体、细胞外间隙、内质网等。选取基因数目居前10位的条目绘制表格,见附件1。
共得到77条KEGG通路,包括新陈代谢通路、癌症通路、TNF信号通路、环腺苷3',5'-单磷酸(cAMP)信号通路、环磷酸鸟苷酸-蛋白激酶(cGMP-PKG)信号通路、磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶与丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶(PI3K-Akt)信号通路、非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)通路、胰岛素抵抗、脂肪细胞因子信号通路、趋化因子信号通路、Rap1信号通路、Toll样受体信号通路、甲状腺激素信号通路、FoxO信号通路、HIF-1信号通路、嘌呤代谢等。选取基因数目>10的条目绘制表格,见附件2。
选取2.3关键基因PPI网络中得到的PI3K、Akt3基因进行动物实验,观察芪归药对对于关键基因KEGG通路分析中得到的PI3K-Akt信号通路的影响。免疫组化染色结果显示,心肌组织中PI3K、Akt3蛋白的阳性表达呈现为细胞质或核内棕黄色颗粒。与NC组比较,DM组的PI3K蛋白和Akt3蛋白表达量均明显降低(0.023±0.007 vs. 0.052±0.004,0.049±0.006 vs. 0.059±0.003,P<0.01);AM-AS组和PC组的PI3K蛋白表达量差异无统计学意义(0.040±0.007 vs. 0.038±0.008,P>0.05),二者均高于DM组、低于NC组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);AM-AS组和PC组的Akt3蛋白表达量差异无统计学意义(0.055±0.007 vs.0.053±0.003,P>0.05),但AM-AS组低于NC组(P<0.05),PC组高于DM组(P<0.05,图6)。
我国中医学着眼于糖尿病患者的整体病程,将辨病与辨证相结合,并以天人相应的整体观为基础,“三因”制宜,注重个体化治疗,“未病先防、既病防变”,且诊疗方式灵活多样,可综合缓解糖尿病患者的临床症状,调节糖脂代谢,有效防治心血管并发症。中医学将糖尿病纳入“消渴”范畴,基本病机可归纳为阴虚燥热,久则元气亏虚,瘀血阻络。临床辨证可分为上、中、下三消,前二者常见于患病前、中期肺胃热盛,可见口渴多饮、消谷善饥等症,处方如消渴方[14]、白虎加人参汤[15]、葛根芩连汤[16]等;下消多见于病程日久,合并大血管及微血管并发症等,元阴元阳亏虚,表现为身体消瘦、潮热骨蒸、尿中可见膏脂等,处方如肾气丸[16]、六味地黄丸[17]等。具有降糖疗效的中成药有天芪降糖胶囊、天麦消渴片、参芪降糖颗粒等,以及用于糖尿病肾病治疗的黄葵胶囊、渴络欣胶囊,主治糖尿病视网膜病变的芪明颗粒,防治糖尿病周围神经病变的木丹颗粒等。
在诸多治疗糖尿病的中药方剂中,芪归药对是临床常用的针对糖尿病中后期气虚血瘀证型的中药药对之一。芪归药对配伍基于气能生血、行血、摄血和血能养气、载气作用等理论,二者相须为用,能起到益气通脉养血的作用,在消渴心脉痹阻者可助心行血。研究显示,芪归药对可缓解糖尿病大鼠多饮、多食、多尿,以及活动量减少等基础症状,降低空腹血糖,抑制主动脉斑块形成及血管内膜脂质沉积,干预糖尿病大鼠动脉粥样硬化早期脂质代谢[18-20]。仝小林常应用当归与黄芪相配,取其气血互生、养血活血以护络脉之意,临床用于治疗气虚血瘀为病机特点的糖尿病心肌病变[21]。芪归药对组方联合基础治疗可改善糖尿病肾病患者的糖脂水平及肾功能状况,促进临床恢复[5]。芪归药对可增加核因子E2相关因子、血红素氧合酶1、超氧化物歧化酶等的表达及活性,降低气虚血瘀型2型糖尿病合并大血管病变患者的血糖及糖化血红蛋白水平[22]。有研究显示,芪归药对及其活性成分可抑制高血糖诱导的氧化应激及炎症反应,保护血管内皮,干预血管生成,改善胰岛素抵抗,调节糖脂代谢,降低血液黏度,提高免疫功能,并能抑制纤维性瘢痕形成,改善心功能,减轻心肌细胞线粒体功能损伤[23-25]
本研究通过挖掘GEO数据库中与糖尿病心血管并发症相关的数据集,运用GEO2R软件进行差异基因分析,筛选得到的上下调差异表达基因较为可靠。通过将疾病差异基因与芪归药对相关靶点基因进行映射比对,结果发现Akt1、RXRA、CREB1、NCOA1、FOS、TNF等核心靶点基因的自由度值均高于10,提示以上靶点在芪归药对治疗糖尿病合并心血管并发症的互作网络中发挥重要作用。有研究显示,芪归药对能减少糖尿病大鼠血清VEGF、TNF-α、IL-6和IL-1β的含量及表达,调控血管脂质代谢,抑制炎症反应过程,促进新生血管生成,影响糖尿病GK大鼠动脉粥样硬化进程[26]。本研究的富集分析结果显示,相关生物学过程主要体现在RNA聚合酶Ⅱ启动子转录的正负调控、氧化还原过程、细胞凋亡、炎症反应等;分子功能多体现在蛋白质及ATP、酶、钙离子、转录因子、蛋白激酶的结合等;细胞组成主要以细胞质、膜、外泌体、线粒体、内质网等细胞核以外的结构为主;KEGG通路主要富集在TNF信号通路、癌症通路、cAMP信号通路、cGMP-PKG信号通路、PI3K-Akt信号通路、胰岛素抵抗、HIF-1信号通路等。有研究报告,芪归药对能显著增加糖尿病心肌cAMP/cGMP值,抑制Janus激酶/信号转导与转录激活子(JAK/STAT)信号通路的激活,降低氧化应激水平,产生抗炎活性,还可调节血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)信号通路,促进血管生成,改善心梗后的心功能[24,27]。PI3K-Akt信号通路与胰岛素信号转导密切相关,是调控血糖的重要信号通路之一。有学者报告,芪归药对的主要成分黄芪多糖联合当归多糖,可上调PI3K、Akt的表达,提高pPI3K、p-Akt蛋白的含量,还可激活PI3K/Akt信号通路,且两药配伍的作用优于单一用药[28]。芪归药对含药血清可调控心肌细胞PI3K/Akt信号通路,增加p-Akt、Akt、血管内皮型一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)等相关蛋白的表达,对肥大的心肌细胞起保护作用[29]。本课题组的前期研究发现,芪归药对可调节糖尿病大鼠的糖脂代谢,增加胰岛素的释放,降低B型脑利钠肽(BNP)水平,改善心室血流状况,减轻心肌结缔组织增生和炎症反应,抑制心室肌肥厚性改变[30]。本研究的动物实验结果也显示,芪归药对可增加心肌细胞Akt3及PI3K的表达,减轻高血糖对PI3K-Akt信号通路的抑制作用,从而延缓糖尿病合并心血管并发症的进程。本研究的动物实验部分选用芪归药对干预的糖尿病合并心血管并发症模型大鼠,结合对蛋白互作网络中关键基因的KEGG通路富集分析结果,观察持续高糖状态对大鼠心肌细胞中PI3K-Akt信号通路和该通路中的关键基因编码蛋白(PI3K、Akt3)表达的影响以及芪归药对的干预作用,结果显示:模型组的PI3K和Akt3蛋白表达量均显著降低,提示高糖状态抑制了心肌组织中PI3K和Akt3的表达;芪归药对治疗组和阳性对照二甲双胍治疗组PI3K、Akt3的蛋白表达量均明显高于模型组,但低于健康对照组,提示芪归药对可在一定程度上减轻高糖对心肌组织PI3K和Akt3的抑制作用;两治疗组间PI3K、Akt3的蛋白表达量无明显差异。由于PI3K-Akt信号通路是经典的响应胰岛素信号的通路之一,正常生理状态下,血液中葡萄糖水平升高可促进胰岛素释放,胰岛素与其细胞表面受体结合导致酪氨酸残基上的受体自磷酸化和胰岛素受体酪氨酸激酶对胰岛素受体底物(insulin receptor substrate,IRSs)的酪氨酸磷酸化,进而导致PI3K-Akt信号通路的激活。Akt可促进葡萄糖的吸收,同时激活哺乳动物雷帕霉素复合物1(mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1,mTORC1)的活性,进一步发挥对糖代谢的调控作用[31-32]。本课题组的前期研究发现,持续高糖状态下大鼠胰岛素释放水平降低,芪归药对可一定程度地恢复糖尿病大鼠的胰岛素释放水平[30]。结合本次研究结果,提示芪归药对可增加心肌组织PI3K和Akt3的表达,部分拮抗高糖对PI3K-Akt信号通路的抑制作用,从而延缓糖尿病合并心血管并发症的进程。该过程可能与芪归药对干预胰岛素与其受体的结合,促进胰岛素释放,进而引起PI3K-Akt信号通路的激活有关,但还需进一步研究验证。
综上,基于GEO数据库的芪归药对治疗糖尿病合并心血管并发症分子机制的研究,初步尝试了从分子水平探索中药复方作用机制的可行性。本研究仍有许多不足之处,例如,由于中药组方的多样性、不同组方药物可能作用机制的差异以及研究样本量有限,研究结果可能存在一定的局限和偏倚。但是,关键差异基因的富集分析体现了芪归药对治疗糖尿病合并心血管并发症“多成分、多靶点、多途径”的联合治疗机制,可为后续的深入研究以及临床诊疗提供线索和新思路。
  • 国家自然科学基金(81774254)
  • 山东省自然科学基金(ZR2021MH275)
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2022年第47卷第12期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.12.1190
  • 接收时间:2021-09-02
  • 首发时间:2025-12-14
  • 出版时间:2022-12-28
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  • 收稿日期:2021-09-02
  • 录用日期:2021-10-20
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(81774254)
国家自然科学基金(81774254)
Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2021MH275)
山东省自然科学基金(ZR2021MH275)
作者信息
    1山东中医药大学第一临床医学院,山东济南 250014
    2山东中医药大学附属医院综合内科,山东济南 250014
    3解放军总医院第六医学中心中医学部,北京 100142

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种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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