Article(id=1206995859661738326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1206995859061952854, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.12.1169, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1660060800000, receivedDateStr=2022-08-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1660233600000, acceptedDateStr=2022-08-12, onlineDate=1765699837842, onlineDateStr=2025-12-14, pubDate=1672156800000, pubDateStr=2022-12-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765699837842, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765699837842, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765699837842, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1206995859061952854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2022', volume='47', issue='12', pageStart='1169', pageEnd='1270', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1765699837699, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765700204449, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1206997397385859947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1206995859061952854, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1206997397385859948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1206995859061952854, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1169, endPage=1179, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1206995860060197210, articleId=1206995859661738326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Chinese experts consensus for standardized diagnosis and treatment of antithrombotic drug-related bleeding, columnId=1206995859972116824, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Expert Consensus, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Antithrombotic drugs are important means to prevent and treat thrombotic diseases. With the wider use of antithrombotic drugs, the incidence of antithrombotic drug-related bleeding has increased year by year. Anticoagulant drugs, antiplatelet drugs and thrombolytic drugs can all cause subcutaneous hemorrhage, gastrointestinal hemorrhage and even intracranial hemorrhage, resulting in death or disability. Therefore, the Chinese Society of Thrombosis, Hemostasis and Critical Care organized multidisciplinary experts to jointly write this specification to help clinicians regulate the treatment of antithrombotic drug-related bleeding. This specification includes four parts: antithrombotic drug monitoring, bleeding evaluation, reversal treatment and restart of antithrombotic treatment.

, correspAuthors=Jing-Chun Song, Jun Yang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*Song Jing-Chun, E-mail: ;
Yang Jun, E-mail:
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抗血栓药物是预防及治疗血栓性疾病的重要药物。随着抗血栓药物的广泛应用,抗血栓药物相关出血的发生率逐年增高。抗凝药物、抗血小板聚集药物及溶栓药物均可引起皮下出血、消化道出血甚至颅内出血,造成致死或致残的不良结局。因此,中国医药教育协会血栓与止血危重病专业委员会组织多学科专家联合撰写本共识,旨在帮助临床医师规范处置抗血栓药物相关出血。本共识包括抗血栓药物监测、出血评估、逆转治疗及重启抗血栓治疗等四个部分,供临床工作者参考。

, correspAuthors=宋景春, 杨军, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
宋景春,E-mail:;
杨军,E-mail:
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J Thromb Haemost, 2021, 19(10): 2383-2393., articleTitle=Anticoagulant-associated gastrointestinal bleeding: Framework for decisions about whether, when and how to resume anticoagulantsv, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207064340507739022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995859661738326, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=261, issue=null, pageStart=84, pageEnd=91, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[50], rfOrder=56, authorNames=Proietti M, Romiti GF, Romanazzi I, journalName=Int J Cardiol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Proietti M, Romiti GF, Romanazzi I, et al. Restarting oral anticoagulant therapy after major bleeding in atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. 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postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=5Department of Experimental Medicine, West China Hospital Affiliated to Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 332001, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1207064329376055789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995859661738326, companyId=1207064329363472875, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=5四川大学华西医院实验医学科,四川成都 332001)]), AuthorCompany(id=1207064329497690613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995859661738326, xref=6, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1207064329501884918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995859661738326, companyId=1207064329497690613, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=6Department of Blood Transfusion, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1207064329510273527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995859661738326, companyId=1207064329497690613, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=6中国医科大学附属盛京医院输血科,辽宁沈阳 110004)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1207064333092209341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995859661738326, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Standardization of diagnosis and treatment of antithrombotic drug-related bleeding, figureFileSmall=rhupvHUJ9I8S+yFgnKuq6A==, figureFileBig=7WgYC6A8isf5w9GuIKhm+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207064333163512512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995859661738326, language=CN, label=图1, caption=抗血栓药物相关出血诊疗规范, figureFileSmall=rhupvHUJ9I8S+yFgnKuq6A==, figureFileBig=7WgYC6A8isf5w9GuIKhm+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207064333289341637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995859661738326, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Schematic diagram of mechanism for common antithrombotic drugs, figureFileSmall=xPpkHwap6rmAnGvJhTwDWA==, figureFileBig=LqpFHBgKqMgMQvyHkapEIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207064333381616332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995859661738326, language=CN, label=图2, caption=常用抗血栓药物作用机制示意图

AT. 抗凝血酶;TF. 组织因子;TXA2. 血栓素2;ADP. 二磷酸腺苷;GP. 糖蛋白

, figureFileSmall=xPpkHwap6rmAnGvJhTwDWA==, figureFileBig=LqpFHBgKqMgMQvyHkapEIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207064333469696719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995859661738326, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Laboratory monitoring process for direct oral anticoagulant, figureFileSmall=WhpYlvWePTVB1lEACaRaxA==, figureFileBig=jgsD4P7iU2JtqVf4QZRtlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207064333582942931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995859661738326, language=CN, label=图3, caption=直接口服抗凝药物的实验室监测流程

DOAC. 直接口服抗凝药物;dTT. 稀释凝血酶时间;ECT. 蝮蛇毒凝血时间;TT. 凝血酶时间;PT. 凝血酶原时间;LC-MS/MS. 液相色谱串联质谱分析法

, figureFileSmall=WhpYlvWePTVB1lEACaRaxA==, figureFileBig=jgsD4P7iU2JtqVf4QZRtlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207064333700383448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995859661738326, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Pharmacokinetic characteristics of common antithrombotic drugs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
药物类别药物名称代谢途径半衰期透析能否清除
维生素K拮抗剂华法林肝脏代谢;92%经肾脏清除20~60 h
直接Ⅹa因子抑制剂利伐沙班66%经肾脏;28%经粪便5 h
阿哌沙班大多数经粪便;27%经肾脏12 h透析清除率约14%
艾多沙班50%经肾脏10~14 h
直接凝血酶抑制剂达比加群>80%经肾脏12~17 h;血液透析患者为34.1 h能,透析4 h清除率57%
阿加曲班肝脏代谢;经粪便清除39~51 min能,透析4 h清除率20%
比伐卢定20%经肾脏25 min;GFR 30~59 ml/min时为34 min;GFR 10~29 ml/min时为57 min能,透析4 h清除率25%
肝素类药物肝素肾脏60~90 min
低分子肝素肾脏2.0~4.5 h
磺达肝癸钠肾脏17~21 h;老年人及肾功能不全者延长透析清除率20%
溶栓药尿激酶肝脏15 min未知
阿替普酶肝脏3~6 min未知
瑞替普酶肾脏11~16 min未知
抗血小板聚集药物阿司匹林5.6%~35.6%经肾脏20 min
氯吡格雷50%经肾脏;46%经粪便6~8 h
替格瑞洛肝脏7 h
替罗非班65%经肾脏;25%经粪便20~45 min
), ArticleFig(id=1207064333817823965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995859661738326, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

常用抗血栓药物的药代动力学特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
药物类别药物名称代谢途径半衰期透析能否清除
维生素K拮抗剂华法林肝脏代谢;92%经肾脏清除20~60 h
直接Ⅹa因子抑制剂利伐沙班66%经肾脏;28%经粪便5 h
阿哌沙班大多数经粪便;27%经肾脏12 h透析清除率约14%
艾多沙班50%经肾脏10~14 h
直接凝血酶抑制剂达比加群>80%经肾脏12~17 h;血液透析患者为34.1 h能,透析4 h清除率57%
阿加曲班肝脏代谢;经粪便清除39~51 min能,透析4 h清除率20%
比伐卢定20%经肾脏25 min;GFR 30~59 ml/min时为34 min;GFR 10~29 ml/min时为57 min能,透析4 h清除率25%
肝素类药物肝素肾脏60~90 min
低分子肝素肾脏2.0~4.5 h
磺达肝癸钠肾脏17~21 h;老年人及肾功能不全者延长透析清除率20%
溶栓药尿激酶肝脏15 min未知
阿替普酶肝脏3~6 min未知
瑞替普酶肾脏11~16 min未知
抗血小板聚集药物阿司匹林5.6%~35.6%经肾脏20 min
氯吡格雷50%经肾脏;46%经粪便6~8 h
替格瑞洛肝脏7 h
替罗非班65%经肾脏;25%经粪便20~45 min
), ArticleFig(id=1207064333926875876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995859661738326, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Effects of different antithrombotic drugs on coagulation function

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
药物PT/INRAPTT纤维蛋白原TTD-二聚体抗凝血酶抗Ⅹa
华法林升高无影响或延长无影响无影响无影响无影响无影响
利伐沙班明显升高无影响或延长无影响无影响无影响Ⅹa底物试剂:升高;
Ⅱa底物试剂:无影响
升高
达比加群无影响或升高明显延长可能假性降低明显延长无影响Ⅹa底物试剂:无影响;
Ⅱa底物试剂:升高
无影响
比伐卢定/阿加曲班无影响或升高明显延长可能假性降低明显延长无影响Ⅹa底物试剂:无影响;
Ⅱa底物试剂:升高
无影响
普通肝素无影响或升高延长无影响延长无影响无影响或降低升高
低分子肝素/磺达肝癸钠无影响无影响或延长无影响无影响或延长无影响无影响或降低升高
溶栓药物无影响无影响降低或无影响延长或无影响升高或明显升高无影响无影响
), ArticleFig(id=1207064334019150570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995859661738326, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同类型抗血栓药物对凝血功能指标的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
药物PT/INRAPTT纤维蛋白原TTD-二聚体抗凝血酶抗Ⅹa
华法林升高无影响或延长无影响无影响无影响无影响无影响
利伐沙班明显升高无影响或延长无影响无影响无影响Ⅹa底物试剂:升高;
Ⅱa底物试剂:无影响
升高
达比加群无影响或升高明显延长可能假性降低明显延长无影响Ⅹa底物试剂:无影响;
Ⅱa底物试剂:升高
无影响
比伐卢定/阿加曲班无影响或升高明显延长可能假性降低明显延长无影响Ⅹa底物试剂:无影响;
Ⅱa底物试剂:升高
无影响
普通肝素无影响或升高延长无影响延长无影响无影响或降低升高
低分子肝素/磺达肝癸钠无影响无影响或延长无影响无影响或延长无影响无影响或降低升高
溶栓药物无影响无影响降低或无影响延长或无影响升高或明显升高无影响无影响
), ArticleFig(id=1207064334128202479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995859661738326, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Laboratory monitoring of safe dose of common antithrombotic drugs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗血栓药物主要监测指标安全范围监测频率
抗血小板聚集药物LTA-ADP(氯吡格雷)最大聚集率30%~40%达到稳态药物浓度(服药3~5 d)后检测,如调整药物剂量或种类,需3~5 d后再次检测
LTA-AA(阿司匹林)最大聚集率<20%
TEG-ADP(氯吡格雷)抑制率70%~90%
TEG-AA(阿司匹林)抑制率70%~90%
华法林PT/INRINR:2.0~3.0(通用安全范围,可根据病情调整)首次服用华法林2~3 d后开始隔日检测INR,直至达标。住院期间达标稳定后1周检测1次,出院后每月检测1次
普通肝素APTT基础值的1.5~2.5倍使用肝素(或调整剂量)后4~6 h检测
抗-Ⅹa显色法0.3~0.7 U/ml
低分子肝素抗-Ⅹa显色法预防剂量:0.3~0.7 U/ml;
治疗剂量:0.5~1.0 U/ml
使用低分子肝素(或调整剂量)后4~6 h检测
口服直接Ⅹa抑制剂金标准:LC-MS/MS法;
定量试验:抗-Ⅹa显色法;
定性试验:PT
LC-MS/MS法或抗-Ⅹa显色法谷值:
利伐沙班44(12~137) ng/ml;
阿哌沙班103(41~230) ng/ml;
艾多沙班36(19~62) ng/ml
达到稳态药物浓度(服药3~5 d)后,于下次服药前采样检测。检测频率为(eGFR/10)个月/次,最长检测周期为6个月。例如,当eGFR为30时,则检测频率为3个月1次
口服直接凝血酶抑制剂金标准:LC-MS/MS法;
定量试验:ECA法;
定性试验:TT
LC-MS/MS法达比加群谷值:
治疗非瓣膜性房颤预防卒中为91(61~143) ng/ml;治疗VTE/PE为60(39~95) ng/ml
达到稳态药物浓度(服药3~5 d)后,在下次服药前采样检测。检测频率为(eGFR/10)个月/次,最长检测周期为6个月
静脉直接凝血酶抑制剂APTT基础值的1.5~2.5倍使用药物(或调整剂量)后4~6 h开始检测
), ArticleFig(id=1207064334233060083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995859661738326, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

常见抗血栓药物安全剂量的实验室监测

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗血栓药物主要监测指标安全范围监测频率
抗血小板聚集药物LTA-ADP(氯吡格雷)最大聚集率30%~40%达到稳态药物浓度(服药3~5 d)后检测,如调整药物剂量或种类,需3~5 d后再次检测
LTA-AA(阿司匹林)最大聚集率<20%
TEG-ADP(氯吡格雷)抑制率70%~90%
TEG-AA(阿司匹林)抑制率70%~90%
华法林PT/INRINR:2.0~3.0(通用安全范围,可根据病情调整)首次服用华法林2~3 d后开始隔日检测INR,直至达标。住院期间达标稳定后1周检测1次,出院后每月检测1次
普通肝素APTT基础值的1.5~2.5倍使用肝素(或调整剂量)后4~6 h检测
抗-Ⅹa显色法0.3~0.7 U/ml
低分子肝素抗-Ⅹa显色法预防剂量:0.3~0.7 U/ml;
治疗剂量:0.5~1.0 U/ml
使用低分子肝素(或调整剂量)后4~6 h检测
口服直接Ⅹa抑制剂金标准:LC-MS/MS法;
定量试验:抗-Ⅹa显色法;
定性试验:PT
LC-MS/MS法或抗-Ⅹa显色法谷值:
利伐沙班44(12~137) ng/ml;
阿哌沙班103(41~230) ng/ml;
艾多沙班36(19~62) ng/ml
达到稳态药物浓度(服药3~5 d)后,于下次服药前采样检测。检测频率为(eGFR/10)个月/次,最长检测周期为6个月。例如,当eGFR为30时,则检测频率为3个月1次
口服直接凝血酶抑制剂金标准:LC-MS/MS法;
定量试验:ECA法;
定性试验:TT
LC-MS/MS法达比加群谷值:
治疗非瓣膜性房颤预防卒中为91(61~143) ng/ml;治疗VTE/PE为60(39~95) ng/ml
达到稳态药物浓度(服药3~5 d)后,在下次服药前采样检测。检测频率为(eGFR/10)个月/次,最长检测周期为6个月
静脉直接凝血酶抑制剂APTT基础值的1.5~2.5倍使用药物(或调整剂量)后4~6 h开始检测
), ArticleFig(id=1207064334316946169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995859661738326, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Bleeding classification of BARC

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出血分型临床指征
0型无出血
1型无需立即干预的出血,患者无需因此就医或住院,包括出血后未经咨询医生而自行停药等情况
2型任何明显的、需要立即干预的出血,包括:(1)需要内科、非手术干预;(2)需住院或提升治疗级别;(3)需要进行持续评估的出血
3型
 3a型明显出血且血红蛋白下降30~50 g/L;需输血治疗
 3b型明显出血且血红蛋白下降≥50 g/L;心脏压塞;需外科手术干预或控制的出血(除外牙齿、鼻部、皮肤及痔疮);需静脉应用血管活性药物的出血
 3c型颅内出血(除外微量脑出血、脑梗死后出血转化、椎管内出血);经影像学检查、腰椎穿刺证实的出血;损害视力的出血
 4型冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)相关的出血:(1)围手术期48 h内颅内出血;(2)胸骨切开术后持续出血需再次手术止血;(3)48 h内输入1000 ml以上全血或浓缩红细胞;(4)24 h内胸管引流≥2 L
5型致死性出血
 5a型未经尸检或影像学检查证实的临床可疑的致死性出血
 5b型经尸检或影像学检查证实的确切的致死性出血
), ArticleFig(id=1207064334379860733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995859661738326, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

出血学术研究会(BARC)出血分型

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出血分型临床指征
0型无出血
1型无需立即干预的出血,患者无需因此就医或住院,包括出血后未经咨询医生而自行停药等情况
2型任何明显的、需要立即干预的出血,包括:(1)需要内科、非手术干预;(2)需住院或提升治疗级别;(3)需要进行持续评估的出血
3型
 3a型明显出血且血红蛋白下降30~50 g/L;需输血治疗
 3b型明显出血且血红蛋白下降≥50 g/L;心脏压塞;需外科手术干预或控制的出血(除外牙齿、鼻部、皮肤及痔疮);需静脉应用血管活性药物的出血
 3c型颅内出血(除外微量脑出血、脑梗死后出血转化、椎管内出血);经影像学检查、腰椎穿刺证实的出血;损害视力的出血
 4型冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)相关的出血:(1)围手术期48 h内颅内出血;(2)胸骨切开术后持续出血需再次手术止血;(3)48 h内输入1000 ml以上全血或浓缩红细胞;(4)24 h内胸管引流≥2 L
5型致死性出血
 5a型未经尸检或影像学检查证实的临床可疑的致死性出血
 5b型经尸检或影像学检查证实的确切的致死性出血
), ArticleFig(id=1207064334488912639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995859661738326, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Common reversal agents for antithrombotic drug

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抗血栓药物逆转药物剂量作用机制药代动力学
华法林维生素K5~10 mg静脉注射/肌内注射作为肝脏合成凝血因子Ⅱ、Ⅶ、Ⅸ、Ⅹ的辅助因子起效时间:口服6~10 h,静脉注射1~2 h;高峰效应:口服24~48 h,静脉注射12~14 h
凝血酶原复合物25~50 U/kg静脉注射含有依赖维生素K 的凝血因子Ⅱ、Ⅶ、Ⅸ、Ⅹ及蛋白C、S快速起效(几分钟内);不同因子的半衰期不同
新鲜冷冻血浆10~15 ml/kg提供所有血浆蛋白及凝血因子快速起效;不同因子的半衰期不同
肝素类硫酸鱼精蛋白12.5~50 mg静脉注射与肝素结合以中和其抗凝活性开始起效:5 min;效果持续:2 h
达比加群依达赛珠单抗5 g静脉注射,可重复1次与达比加群及其代谢物结合起效时间:10~30 min;半衰期:47 min(初始),10 h(终末)
活性炭每剂50~100 g,口服抑制吸收,减少或防止毒性仅在服药2~6 h摄入有效
利伐沙班Andexanet alfa400~800 mg静脉推注,然后4~8 mg/min输注与口服因子Ⅹa抑制剂(利伐沙班等)结合并逆转其作用输液后几分钟内及输液持续时间内有效
活性炭每剂50~100 g,口服抑制吸收,减少或防止毒性仅在服药2~6 h摄入有效
溶栓药物氨甲环酸0.25~0.5 g/次或10~15 mg/kg静脉注射持续20 min与纤溶酶上的赖氨酸结合,阻断纤溶酶与纤维蛋白结合,从而抑制纤维蛋白的降解半衰期120 min
抗血小板聚集药物去氨加压素0.3 μg/kg静脉注射增加血浆中vWF活性3~4 h
), ArticleFig(id=1207064334556021506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995859661738326, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

常用抗血栓药物的逆转剂

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗血栓药物逆转药物剂量作用机制药代动力学
华法林维生素K5~10 mg静脉注射/肌内注射作为肝脏合成凝血因子Ⅱ、Ⅶ、Ⅸ、Ⅹ的辅助因子起效时间:口服6~10 h,静脉注射1~2 h;高峰效应:口服24~48 h,静脉注射12~14 h
凝血酶原复合物25~50 U/kg静脉注射含有依赖维生素K 的凝血因子Ⅱ、Ⅶ、Ⅸ、Ⅹ及蛋白C、S快速起效(几分钟内);不同因子的半衰期不同
新鲜冷冻血浆10~15 ml/kg提供所有血浆蛋白及凝血因子快速起效;不同因子的半衰期不同
肝素类硫酸鱼精蛋白12.5~50 mg静脉注射与肝素结合以中和其抗凝活性开始起效:5 min;效果持续:2 h
达比加群依达赛珠单抗5 g静脉注射,可重复1次与达比加群及其代谢物结合起效时间:10~30 min;半衰期:47 min(初始),10 h(终末)
活性炭每剂50~100 g,口服抑制吸收,减少或防止毒性仅在服药2~6 h摄入有效
利伐沙班Andexanet alfa400~800 mg静脉推注,然后4~8 mg/min输注与口服因子Ⅹa抑制剂(利伐沙班等)结合并逆转其作用输液后几分钟内及输液持续时间内有效
活性炭每剂50~100 g,口服抑制吸收,减少或防止毒性仅在服药2~6 h摄入有效
溶栓药物氨甲环酸0.25~0.5 g/次或10~15 mg/kg静脉注射持续20 min与纤溶酶上的赖氨酸结合,阻断纤溶酶与纤维蛋白结合,从而抑制纤维蛋白的降解半衰期120 min
抗血小板聚集药物去氨加压素0.3 μg/kg静脉注射增加血浆中vWF活性3~4 h
), ArticleFig(id=1207064334635713287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995859661738326, language=EN, label=Tab. 6, caption=

Treatments for reversing warfarin overdose

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药物剂量注意事项
维生素K5~10 mg静脉注射或肌内注射当静脉给药时,INR在1 ~ 2 h 开始降低,在12~14 h出现峰值效应;口服剂量一般在6~10 h起效,在24~48 h达到峰值
PCC策略1:基于INR及体重的给药。INR为2~4时,以25 U/kg静脉推注;INR为4~6时,以35 U/kg静脉推注;INR>6时,以50 U/kg静脉推注
策略2:基于INR的剂量。INR<5时,500 U;INR≥5时,1000 U
策略3:固定剂量为1500 U
3种策略均适用于四因子PCC,固定剂量策略不适用于三因子PCC
FFP10~15 ml/kg仅在无PCC或存在PCC禁忌证时使用
重组因子Ⅶa90 μg/kg,可间隔3 h重复给药重复2~3次可达止血效果
), ArticleFig(id=1207064334723793673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995859661738326, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

华法林过量的逆转治疗

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
药物剂量注意事项
维生素K5~10 mg静脉注射或肌内注射当静脉给药时,INR在1 ~ 2 h 开始降低,在12~14 h出现峰值效应;口服剂量一般在6~10 h起效,在24~48 h达到峰值
PCC策略1:基于INR及体重的给药。INR为2~4时,以25 U/kg静脉推注;INR为4~6时,以35 U/kg静脉推注;INR>6时,以50 U/kg静脉推注
策略2:基于INR的剂量。INR<5时,500 U;INR≥5时,1000 U
策略3:固定剂量为1500 U
3种策略均适用于四因子PCC,固定剂量策略不适用于三因子PCC
FFP10~15 ml/kg仅在无PCC或存在PCC禁忌证时使用
重组因子Ⅶa90 μg/kg,可间隔3 h重复给药重复2~3次可达止血效果
), ArticleFig(id=1207064334807679756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995859661738326, language=EN, label=Tab. 7, caption=

Reversal therapy of heparin drugs overdose

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药物剂量注意事项
肝素-鱼精蛋白根据肝素使用时间给药。即刻:1.0~1.5 mg/100 U肝素;30~60 min:0.5~0.755 mg/100 U肝素;>2 h:0.25~0.375 mg/100 U肝素鱼精蛋白可抑制Ⅴ因子,从而发挥抗凝作用,因此单次剂量不超过50 mg,2 h内不应超过100 mg
低分子肝素-鱼精蛋白达肝素钠:1 mg鱼精蛋白中和100 U达肝素钠;若使用鱼精蛋白后仍持续出血或APTT延长,可额外给予鱼精蛋白0.5 mg/100 U达肝素钠依诺肝素:距上次给药时间<8 h,给予依诺肝素∶鱼精蛋白=1∶1;距上次给药时间8~12 h,给予依诺肝素∶鱼精蛋白=2∶1;距上次给药时间≥12 h,无需给予;若持续出血或APTT延长,可考虑给予依诺肝素∶鱼精蛋白=2∶1(依诺肝素与鱼精蛋白均以mg为单位)鱼精蛋白仅能部分有效逆转低分子肝素
), ArticleFig(id=1207064334904148752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995859661738326, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

肝素类药物过量的逆转治疗

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
药物剂量注意事项
肝素-鱼精蛋白根据肝素使用时间给药。即刻:1.0~1.5 mg/100 U肝素;30~60 min:0.5~0.755 mg/100 U肝素;>2 h:0.25~0.375 mg/100 U肝素鱼精蛋白可抑制Ⅴ因子,从而发挥抗凝作用,因此单次剂量不超过50 mg,2 h内不应超过100 mg
低分子肝素-鱼精蛋白达肝素钠:1 mg鱼精蛋白中和100 U达肝素钠;若使用鱼精蛋白后仍持续出血或APTT延长,可额外给予鱼精蛋白0.5 mg/100 U达肝素钠依诺肝素:距上次给药时间<8 h,给予依诺肝素∶鱼精蛋白=1∶1;距上次给药时间8~12 h,给予依诺肝素∶鱼精蛋白=2∶1;距上次给药时间≥12 h,无需给予;若持续出血或APTT延长,可考虑给予依诺肝素∶鱼精蛋白=2∶1(依诺肝素与鱼精蛋白均以mg为单位)鱼精蛋白仅能部分有效逆转低分子肝素
), ArticleFig(id=1207064334988034835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995859661738326, language=EN, label=Tab. 8, caption=

Evaluation factors before restarting anticoagulation therapy

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相关因素主要内容
出血风险是否需急诊手术/计划有创操作
是否是关键部位出血
是否是高出血风险患者
是否有出血的证据
栓塞风险是否高血栓风险患者
是否有形成血栓的证据
如形成血栓,是否有致命或致残的风险
患者意愿是否按照医患沟通表(重启抗凝的时间、出血风险及获益)进行沟通
患者是否愿意重启抗凝治疗
), ArticleFig(id=1207064335101281045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995859661738326, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

重启抗凝治疗需评估的因素

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相关因素主要内容
出血风险是否需急诊手术/计划有创操作
是否是关键部位出血
是否是高出血风险患者
是否有出血的证据
栓塞风险是否高血栓风险患者
是否有形成血栓的证据
如形成血栓,是否有致命或致残的风险
患者意愿是否按照医患沟通表(重启抗凝的时间、出血风险及获益)进行沟通
患者是否愿意重启抗凝治疗
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中国抗血栓药物相关出血诊疗规范专家共识
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刘晓辉 1 , 宋景春 2, * , 张进华 3 , 张伟 4 , 周静 5 , 王秋实 6 , 杨军 1, * , 中国医药教育协会血栓与止血危重病专业委员会
解放军医学杂志 | 专家共识 2022,47(12): 1169-1179
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解放军医学杂志 | 专家共识 2022, 47(12): 1169-1179
中国抗血栓药物相关出血诊疗规范专家共识
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刘晓辉1, 宋景春2, * , 张进华3, 张伟4, 周静5, 王秋实6, 杨军1, * , 中国医药教育协会血栓与止血危重病专业委员会
作者信息
  • 1武汉亚洲心脏病医院检验科,湖北武汉 430022
  • 2联勤保障部队第908医院重症医学科,江西南昌 330002
  • 3福建医科大学附属协和医院药学科,福建福州 350001
  • 4联勤保障部队第900医院急诊科,福建福州 350025
  • 5四川大学华西医院实验医学科,四川成都 332001
  • 6中国医科大学附属盛京医院输血科,辽宁沈阳 110004

通讯作者:

宋景春,E-mail:;
杨军,E-mail:
Chinese experts consensus for standardized diagnosis and treatment of antithrombotic drug-related bleeding
Xiao-Hui Liu1, Jing-Chun Song2, * , Jin-Hua Zhang3, Wei Zhang4, Jing Zhou5, Qiu-Shi Wang6, Jun Yang1, * , Chinese Society of Thrombosis, Hemostasis and Critical Care, Chinese Medicine Education Association
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wuhan Asian Heart Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
  • 2Department of Critical Care Medicine, the 908th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Forces of Chinese PLA, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330002, China
  • 3Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
  • 4Emergency Department, the 900th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Forces of Chinese PLA, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, China
  • 5Department of Experimental Medicine, West China Hospital Affiliated to Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 332001, China
  • 6Department of Blood Transfusion, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
出版时间: 2022-12-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.12.1169
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抗血栓药物是预防及治疗血栓性疾病的重要药物。随着抗血栓药物的广泛应用,抗血栓药物相关出血的发生率逐年增高。抗凝药物、抗血小板聚集药物及溶栓药物均可引起皮下出血、消化道出血甚至颅内出血,造成致死或致残的不良结局。因此,中国医药教育协会血栓与止血危重病专业委员会组织多学科专家联合撰写本共识,旨在帮助临床医师规范处置抗血栓药物相关出血。本共识包括抗血栓药物监测、出血评估、逆转治疗及重启抗血栓治疗等四个部分,供临床工作者参考。

血栓  /  出血  /  抗凝  /  抗血小板  /  溶栓

Antithrombotic drugs are important means to prevent and treat thrombotic diseases. With the wider use of antithrombotic drugs, the incidence of antithrombotic drug-related bleeding has increased year by year. Anticoagulant drugs, antiplatelet drugs and thrombolytic drugs can all cause subcutaneous hemorrhage, gastrointestinal hemorrhage and even intracranial hemorrhage, resulting in death or disability. Therefore, the Chinese Society of Thrombosis, Hemostasis and Critical Care organized multidisciplinary experts to jointly write this specification to help clinicians regulate the treatment of antithrombotic drug-related bleeding. This specification includes four parts: antithrombotic drug monitoring, bleeding evaluation, reversal treatment and restart of antithrombotic treatment.

thrombus  /  bleeding  /  anticoagulation  /  antiplatelet  /  thrombolysis
刘晓辉, 宋景春, 张进华, 张伟, 周静, 王秋实, 杨军, 中国医药教育协会血栓与止血危重病专业委员会. 中国抗血栓药物相关出血诊疗规范专家共识. 解放军医学杂志, 2022 , 47 (12) : 1169 -1179 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.12.1169
Xiao-Hui Liu, Jing-Chun Song, Jin-Hua Zhang, Wei Zhang, Jing Zhou, Qiu-Shi Wang, Jun Yang, Chinese Society of Thrombosis, Hemostasis and Critical Care, Chinese Medicine Education Association. Chinese experts consensus for standardized diagnosis and treatment of antithrombotic drug-related bleeding[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2022 , 47 (12) : 1169 -1179 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.12.1169
抗血栓药物是急性血栓性疾病应急处置及慢性血栓性疾病长期治疗的重要手段,主要包括抗凝药物、抗血小板聚集药物及纤溶药物等。随着人口老龄化的加剧,血栓性疾病患病人数逐年上升,抗血栓药物被广泛应用,抗血栓药物导致的出血事件也逐年增多。据统计,接受维生素K拮抗剂治疗的患者大出血发生率为1%~3%[1]。接受介入手术的ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者在围手术期进行抗血栓治疗时,消化道出血的发生率高达16.6%[2]。颅内出血(intracranial hemorrhage,ICH)是抗血栓治疗预后最差的不良事件,可导致患者死亡或永久性残疾,据报道大约25%的颅内出血与口服抗凝药物治疗有关[3],接受双联抗血小板聚集治疗的患者发生ICH的风险较单独使用阿司匹林者增加42%[4]。急性脑梗死患者在溶栓后的出血率可高达10%~48%,其中症状性出血转化发生率为2%~7%[5],且与不良预后直接相关[6]。因此,中国医药教育协会血栓与止血危重病专业委员会组织多学科专家联合撰写本共识,包括抗血栓药物监测、出血评估、出血逆转治疗及重启抗血栓治疗4个部分,共14条规范(图1),旨在帮助临床医师规范处置抗血栓药物相关出血。
临床医师应熟练掌握抗血栓药物的作用机制、药理特点及监测方法,提高抗血栓药物的使用安全性。
规范1 临床医师应熟练掌握抗血栓药物的药理学特征。
临床医师必须熟悉各种常见抗血栓药物的作用机制(图2)及药物代谢特征(表1)。抗凝药物可通过抑制凝血因子的活性影响凝血瀑布的形成,从而发挥抗凝作用。按照作用机制不同,抗凝药物可分为4大类:维生素K拮抗剂、间接凝血酶抑制剂、直接凝血酶抑制剂及Xa因子抑制剂。抗血小板聚集药物可通过多种机制抑制血小板聚集,主要包括环氧化酶抑制剂、二磷酸腺苷受体拮抗剂及血小板糖蛋白(GP)Ⅱb/Ⅲa受体拮抗剂等。溶栓药物包括链激酶、尿激酶及重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(recombinant tissue plasminogen activator,r-tPA)。因降纤药物对抗血栓治疗缺乏有力的循证依据,故本文不作推荐。
规范2 临床医师应熟练掌握抗血栓药物的监测方法。
抗血栓药物是否起效、维持剂量是否安全,需要进行实验室监测。所有抗血栓药物相关出血的患者均需检测血常规并筛查凝血功能。常规凝血功能筛查至少包括凝血酶原时间(prothrombin time,PT)、部分活化凝血酶原时间(activated partial thromboplastin time,APTT)、凝血酶时间(thrombin time,TT)及血浆纤维蛋白原。因为不同类型抗血栓药物的作用机制不同,因此药物起效后对凝血功能指标造成的影响也有所不同,医师可根据指标的变化判断药物是否起效或过量(表2)。如需调整抗血栓药物的剂量,则需选择标准化及稳定性较高的凝血功能指标作为依据(表3)。
抗血小板聚集药物是最常用的抗血栓药物。患者长期服用强效抗血小板聚集药物(替格瑞洛、普拉格雷),出血风险会明显升高,应每3个月检测1次血小板功能。如果发生出血事件,应立即检测血小板功能[7]。对于血小板计数<100×109/L的患者,不推荐使用光学比浊法(light transmission aggregometry,LTA)检测血小板功能。血栓弹力图(thrombelastography,TEG)的血小板图法不受血小板减少的影响,但检测费用较高。如LTA法血小板二磷酸腺苷(ADP)聚集率<20%或TEG的血小板图检查结果显示ADP血小板抑制率>90%,说明血小板功能低下,需根据出血情况决定是否进行逆转治疗[8]
华法林可通过抑制维生素K相关凝血因子合成来发挥抗凝作用,常用PT/INR进行监测。华法林的剂量-效应关系在不同个体中差异很大,且其治疗窗较窄,出血风险高,必须密切监测。使用华法林后,应使PT/INR达到2.0~3.0为宜[9]
肝素类药物包括普通肝素、低分子肝素及磺达肝癸钠。APTT是监测普通肝素抗凝效果的常用指标,其正常范围因仪器、试剂的不同会有所不同,故需根据各实验室的正常范围为准。但APTT对低分子肝素及磺达肝癸钠不敏感,不能监测其疗效。普通肝素抗凝达标通常以达到患者APTT基线值的1.5~2.5倍为宜。全血活化凝固时间(activated clotting time,ACT)仅用于监测高剂量肝素时的抗凝效果,且与APTT的相关性较差。抗Ⅹa因子活性测定(Anti-Xa)已成为肝素类药物监测的有效手段[10],也是监测低分子肝素及磺达肝癸钠治疗的金标准[11]
直接口服抗凝药物(direct oral anticoagulant,DOAC)主要包括直接Ⅹa抑制剂(如利伐沙班、阿哌沙班、艾多沙班)及直接凝血酶抑制剂(达比加群)。评估DOAC药物浓度的金标准是液相色谱串联质谱分析法(liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry,LC-MS/MS)。因为药物谷值浓度与临床出血事件高度相关,所以必须测定药物谷值浓度。但LC-MS/MS检测费用昂贵,导致其在临床难以广泛应用。因此,在自动凝血分析仪上使用目标药物校准的凝固法或显色法对DOAC血浆浓度进行定量检测的方法被逐渐推广[12]
直接Ⅹa抑制剂推荐使用PT进行定性评估。PT可随直接Ⅹa抑制剂的血浆浓度升高而延长[13]。但PT对较低浓度的直接Ⅹa抑制剂不敏感,所以PT正常不能排除直接Ⅹa抑制剂的存在。由于国际标准化比值(INR)及国际敏感指数(ISI)是基于机体对维生素K拮抗剂的敏感性,因此对接受直接Ⅹa抑制剂治疗的患者,不应用INR表示PT[14]。对于已知采用直接Ⅹa抑制剂治疗的患者,PT延长应视为起效,不能认为是“治疗强度适中或治疗过度”。因为准确性不高,故不推荐使用肝素校准的显色抗Ⅹa(C-FⅩa)测定法来检测直接Ⅹa抑制剂。
口服直接凝血酶抑制剂推荐使用TT进行定性评估。TT对达比加群非常敏感,低剂量的达比加群也可使TT明显延长。TT正常可排除高水平的达比加群。APTT随着达比加群浓度的增加以非线性方式延长,所以APTT延长也无法判断“治疗强度适中或治疗过度”。定量检测达比加群血浆浓度的方法包括LC-MS/MS法及蝮蛇毒发色试验(ecarin chromogenic assay,ECA)。除此之外,蝮蛇毒凝血时间(ecarin clotting time,ECT)检测、显色抗FⅡa(chromogenic anti-FⅡa,C-FⅡa)测定、稀释凝血酶时间(dilute thrombin time,DTT)检测,以及小程度稀释的蝰蛇毒时间试验(dilute Russell's viper venom time,DRVVT)也可用于定量检测达比加群[15-16]。每个实验室根据自身情况选择定量检测方法,但事先都要与质谱法检测结果进行相关性比对(图3)。持续应用达比加群时,检测达比加群血药浓度谷值时的DTT>200 ng/ml,或ECT检测高于正常上限3倍,或APTT检测高于正常上限2倍时,提示出血风险增高。
值得注意的是,患者可能同时接受两种或两种以上的抗血栓药物治疗,例如,抗血小板聚集药物联合抗凝药物治疗,这会增加实验室检测方法判断药物效果的难度。如果患者本身合并凝血功能障碍,应根据病情进行确诊实验,以协助诊断。
规范3 临床医师应尽快明确抗血栓药物相关出血患者的现病史、既往史及用药史。
针对抗血栓药物相关出血,采集患者病史应重点关注以下几点:(1)现病史,本次出血的详细病史,特别是多种机制导致的出血;(2)既往史,主要了解患者既往的血栓性疾病或出血性疾病史、药物过敏史,判断与药物代谢有关的器官功能状态;(3)用药史,包括患者既往或正在使用的抗血栓药物的种类及用法用量,特别是最近1次的抗血栓药物使用时间及剂量;近期是否调整抗血栓药物的种类及剂量;是否服用与抗血栓药物发生相互作用的药物;近期针对抗血栓药物的监测结果。
规范4 临床医师应准确评估抗血栓药物相关出血的严重程度。
依据2011年出血学术研究会(Bleeding Academic Research Consortium,BARC)制定的出血分类标准,抗血栓药物相关出血患者的预后与出血部位及出血量密切相关[17],其中0~2型为轻度出血,3~4型为严重出血,5型为致死性出血(表4)。准确判断出血的严重程度有助于制定针对抗血栓药物相关出血的治疗方案。例如,对最后1次服用直接Ⅹa抑制剂超过2个半衰期的创伤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者,如出血量很少且神经系统检查正常,可不需要进行逆转;对卒中量表评分>22分的颅内大出血事件,现有证据显示逆转治疗未使患者获益[18-19]。如胸腔、气道、心包、腹腔、腹膜后及关节等关键部位的出血可能导致严重残疾,需要进行外科手术止血;胃肠道出血不属于关键部位出血,但可导致血流动力学不稳定,可根据出血情况于24 h内行内镜检查以探明出血原因,必要时可行内镜下止血或介入治疗[20-21]
规范5 对抗血栓药物导致的非严重出血,在血栓形成高风险时可进行局部止血。
针对血栓高风险且非严重出血的患者,不建议进行常规逆转。非严重出血患者是否继续维持抗血栓治疗,应取决于患者的血栓风险、个人病史、出血程度及抗凝治疗方案;如抗血栓治疗属于关键治疗无法停止,可采取局部止血措施,如使用止血带、止血敷料包扎、填塞等,并密切观察后续出血情况再决定是否停止抗血栓治疗及进行逆转治疗[22]
规范6 对抗血栓药物导致的严重出血,应立即停用抗血栓药物,并尽快止血及维持血流动力学稳定。
发生严重出血时,应立即停止使用抗血栓药物。对于关键部位的出血,应尽早进行确切的止血治疗,如加压止血、介入止血、内镜止血等。对于持续出血和(或)血流动力学不稳定的患者,应积极进行抗休克治疗。在进行容量复苏的同时,需避免血液稀释、低体温、酸中毒等继发因素加重凝血功能障碍。进行适当的输血替代治疗可提高严重出血患者的生存率,并降低再次出血的风险[23-25]
抗血栓药物导致患者处于高出血风险或已经发生严重出血,在患者无禁忌证的前提下,可采取逆转治疗。常用抗血栓药物的逆转剂见表5[26]
规范7 推荐应用凝血酶原复合物联合维生素K逆转华法林过量所致出血。
华法林相关出血可能持续至发病后72 h[27],因此一旦发生出血,须立即逆转华法林的作用。能够逆转维生素K拮抗剂抗凝作用的常用药物主要有3种:维生素K、凝血酶原复合物(prothrombin complex,PCC)及新鲜冷冻血浆(fresh frozen plasma,FFP),情况危急时可使用重组因子Ⅶa,但不推荐其作为急诊逆转抗凝的常规方法[28]。一般维生素K静脉给药后6 h,或口服给药后12 h,INR可恢复正常。对于需紧急逆转的出血,则优先选择PCC。无PCC时,可选择FFP(表6)。
规范8 推荐优先使用鱼精蛋白中和肝素类药物。
如需快速逆转肝素,应立即停止肝素并开始使用硫酸鱼精蛋白。鱼精蛋白的给药剂量应基于肝素使用时间计算(表7)。对于鱼精蛋白无特殊监测手段,但临床可通过观察患者出血情况及APTT的变化情况评价鱼精蛋白的逆转效果。
对肝素类药物进行逆转时须注意:(1)鱼精蛋白如果给得太快,可能引起过敏,既往有对鱼过敏者、接受过鱼精蛋白(如中效胰岛素)者、输精管切除者或男性不育患者的风险更高。如存在鱼精蛋白使用禁忌证,推荐使用rFⅦa进行抗凝逆转。(2)过多的鱼精蛋白(鱼精蛋白∶肝素>1.3∶1,单位为mg)可能导致血小板功能障碍及凝血酶活性降低,并加重出血;(3)鱼精蛋白能够逆转低分子肝素部分抗Ⅹa活性(依诺肝素54%,达肝素钠74%)。磺达肝素无特效解毒剂,可使用FFP、PCC、rFⅦa甚至血浆置换逆转其抗凝作用。
规范9 推荐使用特异性拮抗药物或血液透析治疗直接凝血酶抑制剂所致出血。
直接凝血酶抑制剂主要包括口服用药达比加群、静脉用药阿加曲班及比伐卢定。针对达比加群导致的出血,推荐如下处理流程:(1)停用达比加群;(2)评估最后1次给药时间、剂量及肾功能,若发病前距离最后1次给药超过了3~5个半衰期,则不推荐使用逆转药物;(3)推荐优先选择特异性拮抗剂进行逆转,即给予依达赛珠单抗5 g静脉注射;如果没有特异性拮抗剂,且服药时间在2 h以内,可考虑给予活性炭,标准的成人初始剂量为50~100 g,然后每1、2或4 h使用1次,每次12.5 g/h;(4)对于清除缓慢或清除不完全等特殊情况(如肾功能障碍或肾衰竭),可行血液透析。
针对其他种类的直接凝血酶抑制剂如比伐卢定、阿加曲班等所致出血,还可尝试PCC、活化凝血酶原复合物(aPCCs)及醋酸去氨加压素(desmopressin acetate,DDAVP)等进行逆转,aPCCs使用剂量为25~50 U/kg静脉注射,DDAVP的使用剂量为0.3 μg/kg静脉注射。直接凝血酶抑制剂相关出血不推荐用rFⅦa或FFP治疗[29-30]
规范10 推荐使用特异性拮抗药物或凝血酶原复合物逆转Ⅹa因子抑制剂所致出血。
直接Ⅹa因子抑制剂主要包括利伐沙班、阿哌沙班及艾多沙班。对于直接Ⅹa因子抑制剂过量导致的出血,推荐按照以下流程处理:(1)应首先停止用药。(2)评估最后1次给药时间、剂量及肾功能。如果在口服直接Ⅹa因子抑制剂2 h内,可考虑口服活性炭,标准成人初始剂量为50~100 g,然后每1、2或4小时使用1次,每次12.5 g/h。(3)使用四因子PCC 25~50 U/kg静脉注射,如果四因子PCC不可用或患者对肝素过敏和(或)在过去12个月有肝素相关血小板减少症,可使用三因子PCC静脉注射(50 U/kg)。(4)使用rhFⅦa静脉注射,剂量为20~120 μg/kg。(5)对阿哌沙班及利伐沙班导致的危及生命的出血,可使用直接Ⅹa因子特异性抑制剂Andexanet alfa[31]
规范11 推荐使用纤维蛋白原替代治疗及抗纤溶药物逆转溶栓药物所致出血。
溶栓药物能够降低血浆纤维蛋白原水平,一旦使用过量可能导致出血。溶栓后出血转化一般发生在溶栓后36 h内。因此,溶栓治疗后至少48 h内应密切观察病情变化[32-33]。实验室监测指标推荐血浆纤维蛋白原、纤维蛋白(原)降解产物(fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products,FDP)及D-二聚体等。
对于溶栓药物导致的出血,推荐以下处理流程:(1)立即停止使用溶栓药物。(2)首选输注冷沉淀(5~10 U/次)或纤维蛋白制剂(2~4 g/次)[34]。1 U冷沉淀由200 ml血浆制备,含纤维蛋白原0.1~0.25 g、因子Ⅷ80~100 U、因子ⅩⅢ、血管性血友病因子及纤连蛋白等。(3)可使用氨甲环酸、氨基己酸等抗纤维蛋白溶解药。氨甲环酸体外活性大约是氨基己酸的10倍,半衰期为120 min,可口服或静脉注射/滴注,静脉滴注一般成人1次0.25~0.5 g,或10~15 mg/kg静脉注射持续20 min;或氨基己酸5 g静脉注射[35],有泌尿道出血的患者禁用。(4)若存在因子ⅩⅢ缺乏,则治疗剂量约为0.1 U/kg[36]
规范12 推荐在血小板功能监测的指导下对抗血小板聚集药物相关出血进行逆转治疗。
按照药物作用可将抗血小板聚集药物分为可逆性及不可逆性两类。可逆性抗血小板聚集药物经过3~5个半衰期,血小板功能即可恢复正常。不可逆性抗血小板聚集药物除抑制循环中的血小板功能外,对巨核细胞及新生血小板的功能也会产生影响。临床目前没有特定的“逆转”药物能真正抵消抗血小板聚集药物的效果。多项研究证实,卒中或心血管介入术后进行的长期抗血小板聚集治疗与出血的发生有关,且出血程度因药物种类及组合方案不同而存在区别[37-38]。抗血小板聚集治疗相关的出血部位以消化道最常见,而颅内出血的后果最严重,死亡率可达60%以上[4]
对于抗血小板聚集药物导致的严重出血,推荐以下处理流程:(1)尽可能行血小板功能监测以明确抗血小板聚集药物效能[TEG血小板图法、LTA法、血小板功能测定(PFA)等];明确血小板功能异常后,可进行血小板输注以逆转出血。(2)去氨加压素已被证明可用于正在服用阿司匹林或氯吡格雷的出血患者,能改善患者的血小板功能[39],使用剂量为0.3 μg/kg,用生理盐水稀释到50~100 ml,在15~30 min内静脉滴注,视病情间隔6~12 h重复给药1~2次[40]。(3)rFⅦa能在血小板表面促进凝血酶生成,可用于严重缺乏GPⅡb/Ⅲa的血小板无力症(Glanzmann病)患者,推荐使用剂量为90 μg/kg,可间隔3 h重复给药,2~3次可达止血效果。
规范13 对需要手术治疗的抗血栓药物相关出血,应尽快进行逆转治疗。
对于抗血栓药物导致的大出血,或者正在接受抗血栓治疗的患者发生大出血,如需进行手术止血,应尽快逆转抗血栓药物的作用,以减少手术中出血,提高止血成功率。不同抗血栓药物导致的血凝学异常对手术的影响也不同。研究显示,正在接受阿司匹林治疗的患者发生严重创伤甚至脑外伤时,病死率不会增高,但输血量明显增加[41-42],而正在接受氯吡格雷治疗的患者如发生严重创伤,其病死率会明显增高[43-44]。因此,接受过抗血小板聚集药物治疗的患者如发生需要手术治疗的出血,应立即输注血小板[45]。对于正在接受口服抗凝治疗并发生脑出血的患者,华法林与DOAC均是导致脑出血量增加的重要因素,需要立即进行逆转治疗。华法林可导致出血患者的死亡风险提高至少3倍,而DOAC对脑出血患者的病死率未见明显影响,但会导致手术治疗需求的增加[46-47]
规范14 应在控制出血后全面评估患者形成血栓和(或)再次出血的风险,确定重启抗血栓治疗的最佳时机。
出血及缺血事件风险因素的重叠为临床抗血栓治疗带来了较大的出血风险。多数情况下,出血事件纠正后重启抗血栓治疗可带来临床获益[48]。重启抗血栓药物治疗之前,临床医师应全面评估患者重启抗血栓治疗的临床净获益(表8),并与患者积极沟通,共同决定重启抗血栓治疗的时机。对于消化道大出血已被控制且无抗凝禁忌证者,通常在7~14 d重启抗凝,年龄>75岁患者首选DOAC[49]。颅内出血已被控制且无抗凝禁忌证者,通常在4~8周重启抗凝,启动抗凝前应再次行CT/MRI检查[9]。机械性心脏瓣膜患者因心源性栓塞风险高,建议尽早重启抗凝治疗[50]。针对尚无循证证据的出血情况,可在全面评估患者病情后,经多学科会诊共同决定重启抗凝治疗的时机。
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2022年第47卷第12期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.12.1169
  • 接收时间:2022-08-10
  • 首发时间:2025-12-14
  • 出版时间:2022-12-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-08-10
  • 录用日期:2022-08-12
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    1武汉亚洲心脏病医院检验科,湖北武汉 430022
    2联勤保障部队第908医院重症医学科,江西南昌 330002
    3福建医科大学附属协和医院药学科,福建福州 350001
    4联勤保障部队第900医院急诊科,福建福州 350025
    5四川大学华西医院实验医学科,四川成都 332001
    6中国医科大学附属盛京医院输血科,辽宁沈阳 110004

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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